Problems of raising children in asocial families. The family as a social institution. Dysfunctional family. A differentiated approach to working with parents

In the Vologda Oblast, families with children under one year of age recognized as antisocial will be checked daily by health workers or the police. The decision on this was made by the Department of Health of the Vologda Oblast in agreement with the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, reports cherinfo.ru.

“Lists of dysfunctional families with small children are available not only in medical institutions, but also in ambulances. If the brigade goes to a settlement, it will visit a family from a social risk group along the way, - the head of the childhood department of the regional health department told reporters Tatyana Artemyeva.

There are enough families like this. There are cases of death of children. Therefore, the child alone or together with the mother is temporarily placed in the children's department in order to isolate from danger. The child is in the hospital until the situation returns to normal in the family.”

“If nothing changes, we will connect the guardianship authorities. We are trying to find the most gentle measures to minimize the risks for children. Health care is responsible for the infant mortality rate, but we cannot legally influence many situations, ”explained the representative of the regional health department.

“It is difficult to say with certainty what is meant here by “asocial” families. posing a threat,” commented the director of the Charitable Foundation “Volunteers to help orphans” commented on the message about the decision taken in the Vologda Oblast Elena Alshanskaya. - If I understand correctly, we are talking about families that abuse alcohol, in which small children are brought up.

In this case, it is an attempt to solve the problem by completely inappropriate means. If they want to cure addiction with control, then this is “know-how”, of course. But then the situation in families could be checked not only every day, but every hour - you never know, maybe the parents get drunk immediately after the inspectors leave? How do those who came up with this hope to influence parents who are addicted to alcohol - to scare them?

In fact, if there is a drinking family with a baby, of course, he may be in danger. But it is not continuous control that can help here, but social technologies. You need to understand what kind of family this is, why and how long they have been drinking in it, whether parents and relatives are ready to change for the sake of children.

We need to help people cope with addiction, help in medical and social rehabilitation. Trying to get rid of alcohol addiction with daily visits from doctors and the police is an original idea, but it is unlikely to work. Doctors, of course, could help the mother learn how to adequately care for the baby - but, apparently, they see their task in this project differently.

It is also difficult to understand how this project will be funded. In principle, it requires significant labor costs, which must be paid. The ambulance will not go to the villages every day, and it is unlikely that all families will be able to bypass the district police officer every day. If the Vologda authorities have a lot of extra money, it is necessary to build social technologies for working with dependent families, to develop prevention.

Of course, families where there is a threat to the life of babies must be under control, they must be dealt with Full time job. But social services should lead it first of all.

If the family is really dangerous for the child, if adults are not going to stop drinking, and in a state of intoxication they cannot adequately take care of him and are dangerous for him, he must be transferred to the custody of adequate relatives, and in their absence, to a foster family.

Of course, it is good that the region is concerned about protecting the lives of young children in dysfunctional families. But the problem should not be solved with the help of daily checks and hospitalizations without indications.”

Reading 15 min.

The future of any society depends on the younger generation. It is the children who will determine what will be valued and condemned in it, which traditions will be preserved and which will be forgotten. That is why modern problems family education The child concerns not only his parents, but the whole society as a whole.

Modern parents have ample opportunities for the comprehensive and competent development of a child with any interests and needs. They can assign him to any studio or circle, hire a specialist who is ready to give a speech to a child, solve developmental problems, drive away fear, become more friendly and sociable ... The list of services provided to children is endless. But with all this, parental education has undoubtedly played an important, key role in the process of education at all times.

Family values are the basis for educating a full-fledged personality

Deprived of support and care from the closest people, the child, even being surrounded by many highly qualified specialists, will not be able to accept and truly deeply learn the rules of education.

Principles of family education

What are the features of family education, the consideration of which is mandatory for any family interested in raising a worthy person?

The first and, perhaps, the main condition for successful family upbringing is absolute and unconditional love for the child.

The parental home is destined to become in the life of the child the territory where he will not only feel protected and safe, but count on understanding and care, no matter what happens. Moreover, it is very important that the child understands that he is loved regardless of his successes and personal achievements. And they accept it for who it really is.

Despite the fact that at first glance this condition of education may seem naive and obvious, it carries an important meaning. A child who understands that the measure of parental love depends on how well he studies, pleases his loved ones with sports and other achievements, grows insecure, anxious.

Tasks and goals of family education

In the event that good deeds fail to attract attention to themselves, the child chooses a fundamentally different strategy. And he begins to become stubborn, to hooligan, demonstrating negativism, which is unreasonable at first glance. Parents most often do not understand the reasons for such a child's behavior, attributing everything to a lack of upbringing and most often “load” him even more, thereby moving him away from himself and provoking even more inadequate behavioral reactions. It turns out a vicious circle.

Understanding and acceptance of the feelings and emotions experienced by the child, readiness to demonstrate the most lively and direct participation in the life of the child - this is what should become the basis of family education.

Contrary to popular belief, unconditional love is not capable of spoiling a child and spoiling him. Allowing the child to feel protected and self-confident, it opens up many ways for him to develop himself.

Indulgence in whims - education of the future egoist and tyrant

Of course, unconditional love should not be confused with indulging the slightest whims of a child. The line separating the permitted from the forbidden in the family should be both clear for the full formation in the mind of the child of the idea of the forbidden and the permitted, and flexible enough to adapt to the changing needs of the child. But, most parents, trusting intuition and knowing their child, as a rule, are able to understand what kind of freedom they need at one stage or another. And it is loving parents who, like no one else, know how important it is to prepare a child for reasonable self-discipline, self-development, and work on oneself.

The child's assimilation of ideas about the environment, the formation of a picture of the world - this is another, no less important task of family education.

He learns in an unobtrusive way about the rules in force in the society in which he lives. And over time, he begins to understand how best to behave in a given situation, and how not to act. Family upbringing teaches the child the simplest skills of interacting with the people who surround him. Later, he will transfer his habits and use the acquired skills by playing with peers, and then communicating with neighbors, teachers, etc.

Family is a place of communication between representatives of different generations

Speaking about the role of the family in the development of communication skills, it should be noted that, among other things, it allows the child to interact with representatives of different age categories.

Over time, he begins to understand that you need to communicate with representatives of the older generation in a completely different way than with peers. And that there are separate rules of etiquette that govern interactions with boys and girls, men and women, and so on. The family becomes a "reduced copy" of the society in which he will live.

Families at risk and their characteristics

Considering the modern problems of family education, one cannot ignore the problem of dysfunctional families and families at risk. Of course, every family is interested in the fact that the child brought up in it is surrounded by care, attention and does not need anything. However, a number of economic, demographic, health and other factors lead to the fact that the family finds itself in a difficult situation and is unable to provide the child with a full-fledged upbringing and development. Such “at-risk” families need additional help. And often, due to the deepening of problems, they are unable to fulfill parental responsibilities properly.

Styles of family education and their signs

What threatens the growth of adverse factors?

First of all, we note frightening trends: trouble threatens an increase in the number of neglected and homeless children, families who do not have permanent place residence, as well as low-income families, etc.

Frightening statistics showing a constant increase in the number of cases of deprivation and restriction of parental rights, registration of families indicates that the problem of family distress requires an immediate solution.

Consider the main types of dysfunctional families that are currently found

Incomplete families

Those families where the child lives together with one of the parents are recognized as incomplete. The problems of such families are most often:

Socio-economic problems. These include limited income, low material security. Most often inherent in such children, since in most cases they have a limited source of income. In addition, forced to combine work with childcare, a woman left as a sole guardian is most often unable to get a full-time job, which prevents her from receiving a full salary. And child allowances, alimony, and other social payments most often cannot cover even part of the expenses for children.

Reasons for the emergence of single-parent families in Russia

behavioral problems. The absence of one of the parents most often negatively changes the style of family education. For example, trying to protect the child as much as possible from the stress associated with the experience of divorce, as well as changes that have affected the lifestyle of the family, many mothers begin to overprotect their children, depriving them of their independence. And some fall into the other extreme, depriving children of parental care and attention, loading themselves with work. Another example of an unhealthy relationship in the "child-parent" system can be the desire of the mother to be excessively strict, thereby wanting to "compensate" for the absence of his father. In all these cases, the atmosphere in the family where the child is brought up becomes extremely unhealthy.

Often after a divorce, a mother cannot cope with the negative emotions associated with her ex-spouse. And he begins to take out his anger on his child.

The logical result of the formed negative styles of family education is a break in parent-child relationships, a tendency to mutual distrust, a violation of communication ties and many problems that the child will face in the future.

Psychological problems. These include, first of all, experiences associated with the lack of moral support from one of the parents. In families where a child has experienced a divorce of his parents, he develops many complexes - this is the experience of separation from one of the parents, and blaming himself for what happened. In addition, the absence of one of the parents can have an extremely negative impact on the self-esteem of the child.

The main problems of single-parent families

A separate problem of family education in single-parent families is the child's assimilation of models of gender-role behavior. As you know, gender models, that is, behaviors characteristic of representatives of one sex or another, the child learns, first of all, looking at his parents. Growing up in a family, a child gradually begins to notice first obvious external, then behavioral differences between men and women, and also relates himself to one of these models. An incomplete family significantly limits the child in this opportunity. And if, for example, a boy grows up without a father, in the future it will be more difficult for him to demonstrate forms of male behavior in many situations.

Many parents seek to solve this problem by remarrying. However, building a relationship with a new family member also requires a lot of effort on the part of the child's loved ones.

Ways to solve the problems of single-parent families

The extended single-parent family is a separate category of single-parent families. If in an ordinary incomplete family a child is brought up by a mother or, less often, by a father, then in an extended family, grandparents act as guardians. In such a family, in addition to socio-economic, a number of specific difficulties arise. Grandparents, due to the large age difference with their children, often experience difficulties in building constructive relationships with them, it is difficult for them to earn their authority. Children of such guardians more often than others demonstrate forms of delinquent and deviant behavior.

Types of deviant behavior of children from incomplete families

Large families. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the twentieth century, the presence of eight or more children in a family was considered practically the norm, today the situation has changed radically. And despite the fact that upbringing in a large family greatly facilitates the socialization of the child, developing in him the skills of communication and interaction with peers, and also instills responsibility in him, they still belong to families at risk.

The main problems of large families

Large families can be planned and unplanned. Also, depending on some features, they are divided into the following categories:

Families whose large families are associated with culturally determined factors (for example, in cases where the religion professed by parents categorically prohibits abortion, or traditions, as well as personal beliefs of family members, encourage large families.) Such parents may experience many difficulties associated with raising and providing children, however, children in them are always desired, planned, and parents have a desire to give birth to them and educate them in the future.
Families with many children due to the creation of remarriages. Often, a man and a woman entering into an agreement to live together already have children of their own, born in previous marriages. In most cases, such a decision is made responsibly with an understanding of what potential spouses are going into. But most often they are quite safe, except in cases where the parents failed to establish relations between relatives.
Large families due to the low socio-cultural level of parents. This is the most difficult category of large families, since parents, due to reduced cultural development, bad habits, antisocial lifestyles do not realize the measure of responsibility that is assigned to them in connection with parenthood. And a child born in such a family, most often does not have the necessary conditions for full development. And so it needs serious rehabilitation measures.

Risk factors for children from large families

The problems of children brought up in large families, as a rule, are similar:

Due to the lack of parental attention in children, inadequately low self-esteem is most often formed.
Due to the fact that in families with many children part of the care for the younger falls on the elders, the social age of the former increases, while the latter becomes noticeably lower.
The shorter the interval between the birth of children, the stronger their competition for parental resources will be.
Tendencies towards a negative perception of social institutions (in particular the family).

Family raising a child with disabilities. The socialization of people with disabilities today is significantly difficult. A disabled person needs constant care, his income is significantly limited, and his adaptive capacity is reduced. All this affects not only the financial situation of the family, where there is a person with disabilities, but also its psychological climate.

Families with disabled children are at risk

A family that brings up a child with disabilities is most often forced to solve the following problems:

Socio-economic problems. To care for a disabled child, one of the parents is often forced to leave his job, or hire a person who takes on some of these obligations. Both have a negative impact on the family budget. In addition, for the full growth and development of such a child, expensive drugs and special equipment are often needed. Benefits and social benefits in most cases can only partially solve this problem.
Psychological problems. Despite the fact that the intra-family climate of such families can be quite favorable and prosperous, the risk of divorce in them is much higher. As a result, the child is deprived of a significant part of support and assistance.
If a child has complex or complex disorders, the lack of professional assistance from specialists often leads to the fact that the child begins to notice a serious lag in intellectual development. the absence or limitation in the interaction of the child with others slows down his social development, provoking psychological immaturity.

Families with abuse. Domestic abuse can affect both the children themselves and their family members. The child may be:

economic violence. Depriving a child of material goods, a conscious refusal to provide the child with an adequate level of provision with clothing, food, etc.
Sexual abuse. Forcible coercion of a child to sexual interaction, as well as indecent acts of a sexual nature against him.
Physical violence. Beating, causing bodily harm to a child that worsens his state of health.
Psychological abuse. Depriving the child of the proper environment for the full development and education. Depriving the child of full contact with an adult.

Domestic violence is 'inherited'

Whatever the nature of the harsh treatment of the child, its systematic use fundamentally breaks the child's personality, making him insecure, fearful, and in other cases - overly aggressive and conflict.

Abuse in the family may also extend to other members of the family (eg father's abuse of mother, parent's abuse of grandparents).

Despite the fact that this form of cruelty does not directly affect the child, it cannot but affect his moral and psychological well-being.

In addition, a child, in whose presence family conflicts occur, runs the risk of becoming involved in one of the following behaviors in the future:

Become the object of violence yourself. In families where abuse is practiced, abuse eventually becomes accepted as the norm. And when creating a family in the future, the child will, without realizing it, implement the behavior patterns practiced in his parental family.
Become the subject of violence, copying the actions of the aggressive side, carrying out violence.

Childhood trauma leaves a mark on a lifetime

In any of the above cases, the correction of ill-treatment is impossible without taking into account not only the most obvious and obvious, but also hidden forms of risk.

Despite the fact that we have given an example of families with the most obvious and pronounced trouble, the difficulties of education do not bypass complete, small families.

Many circumstances - for example, the temporary absence of a job of one and both parents, delays in wages, the illness of one of the family members - all this can lead to the fact that yesterday, a prosperous family will need help today. Further fate This family will largely depend on how timely and high-quality assistance will be addressed to them. Thus, she can either cope with difficulties, or go into the category of disadvantaged.

In addition, specialists single out a separate category of families with hidden troubles:

High income families.
A family, one or more of whose members are well-known, media personalities.
Families with excessively rigid, or, on the contrary, blurred family boundaries.
Families with dependent members.
Distrustful families.
Families focused on the unconditional success of the child.

Dysfunctional families should be under constant control

A distinctive feature of latent disadvantaged families is that although their difficulties are not so conspicuous and not so obvious, they have an equally negative impact on the development of the child who is brought up in it.

This greatly complicates the family's recognition of the fact of trouble and, as a result, work with it.

Ways to correct the social problems of family education

The difficulties currently faced by social services to address the problems of family distress are certainly large-scale. And it is almost impossible to solve them in the shortest possible time. But, despite this, it is possible and necessary to take measures to solve problems of this type.

Possible corrections include:

Development of the sphere of prevention and early diagnosis of child abuse and other forms of family distress
Expanding the network of hotlines, improving the psychological culture of the population.
Expansion of networks of social rehabilitation centers, as well as centers for assistance and support for disadvantaged families and families at risk
Organization of courses for adoptive and foster families, where candidates for adoption or guardianship could acquire the necessary skills to interact with an adopted child
System of measures for the prevention of social orphanhood, homelessness and neglect

Working with families at risk, of course, requires an integrated approach that takes into account all the circumstances in which it is located. But no matter how difficult the situation in which the child finds himself may seem, a properly constructed interaction strategy and faith in his best qualities will allow him to return the joy of life. And the opportunity to look with a smile into the future, where there is no place for violence and cruelty.

Asocial families - unfavorable type of family with an immoral microclimate and negative impact on the development of the child. They are characterized by a weakened moral and labor atmosphere, constant conflict, anti-pedagogical attitude towards children, nervousness in relations between family members, lack of a common culture and spiritual needs. These families often have many children. The financial situation is difficult. There is no care for children, no useful organization of their life and activities in such families. Children strive to compensate for the lack of love and care of their parents on the street by self-assertion in yard companies.

In such families, systematic drunkenness prevails, often joint father and mother, depraved lifestyle of parents, sometimes involving children in it, beating them. Intra-family relations are built in such a way that they bring significant harm to the spiritual and physical development of the child. Conditions for raising children in such families are completely absent.

So, an asocial family is a family in which children and adults neglect generally accepted social and moral norms (drunkenness, fights, foul language) and perceive the skills of deviant and illegal behavior.

Reasons for the emergence of antisocial families

To understand what leads to the formation of asocial families in society, it is necessary to know the reasons.

There are several of them, according to A.D. Torre, M.N. Plotkin, V.I. Shirinsky and others:

1) Parental programming: the fate of every person, including the drinker, is largely determined by what kind of life plan he developed in his subconscious in early childhood. Such a plan can be the factor of alcoholism, drug addiction, an antisocial lifestyle identified by psychologists and psychoanalysts, indicated by parental programming. Every person in childhood, most often unconsciously, thinks about his future life, as if scrolling his life scenario in his head.

Everyday behavior of a person is determined by his mind, and he can only plan for the future. The script is a gradually unfolding life plan, formed in childhood under the influence of parents. This psychological impulse with great force pushes a person forward towards his destiny, and very often regardless of his choice or resistance. The same applies to children who grew up in families, for example, alcoholics and remember how their parents began to smile, sing and laugh and caress them after the cherished bottle appeared, i.e. the formula “to drink is good” is developed and children remember exactly this.

Growing up, these people finalize their scripts, assign roles. If this is a “good” scenario, then the ending is positive, if not, and in asocial families it is overwhelmingly negative, so the ending can take place in a hospital bed or a prison cell or in a psychiatric hospital. In addition, the roles are bad (they are bad at living, there are always problems, quarrels and squabbles in the family) or good (they succeed in everything, they are always lucky winners).

Recent studies (V.A. Sysenko, V.N. Druzhinin, A.G. Kharchev, N.E. Matskovsky) show how this happens in the life of asocial families:

Parental programming is perceived in an asocial family as the goal of life;

Gives a way to construct your time;

There is an opportunity to adopt experience, which, in turn, can be either successful or unsuccessful.

2) Life circumstances. Their influence on human destiny is enormous.

Circumstances can be favorable or not, pushing or holding back from antisocial behavior. Here is the inability to deal with failures and personal dramas, and professional failures.

Most often, asocial families are people with a weak, unstable psyche, for whom any difficulties and difficulties are an impetus for the abuse of alcoholic beverages. The inability to understand oneself and others makes one constantly quarrel, get divorced. Because of this, the number of single mothers and their children is growing. Every year, 500-600 thousand marriages break up, and every year each of 4-5 newborns falls under the category of children from single-parent families.

Moreover, children from such families make up the ranks of minors brought to the internal affairs bodies (according to 1997 data) - 1.16 million adolescents, of which more than 300 thousand - for drinking alcoholic beverages or appearing in public places in a state of alcoholic intoxication.

3) Living conditions - this is the third and very important causal factor in the emergence of asocial families. Living conditions can be directly related to the consumption of alcoholic beverages due to their diversity: here is the religious aspect - how the religion of a single people relates to drunkenness, and household (it is clear that life in a communal apartment is not at all the same as in a comfortable private house ) and economic, and others.

The conditions of life can also include dissatisfaction with work, low wages, inability to use free time, lack of funds. Social, economic and political changes in the life of society are also important. At present, the Russian Federation has a difficult crime situation, the impoverishment of most of the population, unemployment, lumpenization, moral vacuum - all this surrounds families, leading to an increase in the number of asocial families.

Asocial families include the following types:

Families with drinking parents (one or both);

Families of alcoholics;

Families of drug addicts;

A family where children are juvenile delinquents;

Families where violence against family members is used (usually women, children, old people);

As well as the marginal family and its types: families of the homeless, the unemployed and refugees.

In an asocial family, the normal rhythm of life is disrupted. Drinking and drug addicting parents often lose control over themselves, do not comply with the norms of behavior in front of children. Constant conflicts among themselves often end with children. Constantly fighting. Children are nervous, worried, they often have stressful situations and a sharply negative attitude towards their parents, and sometimes fear and horror of them. Child abuse is especially harmful. So, in 2005, 30 babies died in antisocial families in the Rostov region. Mothers simply “forgot” to feed them.

An indifferent attitude towards children hurts and hardens them, hinders the development of good feelings in them. Since a teenager is prone to one-sided conclusions and generalizes due to the limitations of his experience, he has distorted ideas about the relationship between people, a state of uncertainty and distrust. In an attempt to somehow adapt to a difficult situation, to avoid the cruelty of their elders, teenagers resort to lies, cunning, hypocrisy. The family as a social system realizes its existence and influences the moral education of a child, a teenager through certain types of relationships: socio-biological, economic, legal, moral, psychological, aesthetic.

In families, according to researchers A.I. Antonova, V.I. Medkova, L.I. Zakharova, M.N. Mirsagatova and others, where parents lead an immoral lifestyle, drank, vagrant, drug addicted, constantly quarreled, adolescents, on average, 3-3.5 times more often than their peers from prosperous families, were among those addicted to alcohol, drug addiction and more often committed heinous deeds and crimes.

It is especially necessary to dwell on the families of alcoholics. Alcoholism is a poison that corrodes families. It is true that every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. But it is also true that the troubles and problems of children from alcoholic families are typical. Alcohol problems are universal, knowing neither national characteristics, no geographic differences and boundaries.

Alcoholic families can differ from each other in all respects, different events take place there. But psychologically these families are similar. Lies permeate all intra-family relationships and penetrate further, capturing the circle of friends and neighbors. Subterfuge, deceit become the usual components of life. Children do their best to hide the "shame of the family."

In such situations, violence is often present, most often the aggressiveness of parents is directed at children. They are subjected to insults, sophisticated torture (locked for a day without water and food, put on their knees, on salt). As a rule, the result of all this is a psychoneurotic state in children, low self-esteem, which persists throughout life.

Many teenagers commit crimes while intoxicated. Among juvenile delinquents, the proportion of younger age groups and adolescent girls has increased; their ties with representatives of other age groups of the criminal world have strengthened, but at the same time there is a tendency to automate juvenile delinquency; almost half of the delinquency of teenagers is now organized, group character; the number of juveniles who have committed repeated crimes has increased.

Typology of Alcoholic Families

Determining the typology, one should focus on those families in which one or more family members drink.

1) Families with drinking fathers . The majority of such families, there are many more families with drinking mothers. They differ in that relations between their members are tense, children are usually or very afraid of their drinking fathers and do everything to please them and not cause anger, and fathers can assault, beat their children, kick them out of the house or force them to do overwork household chores, or, on the contrary, children in such families grow up without supervision, fathers are not respected and not afraid, they are rude to them and take revenge in every possible way for humiliation and insults, publicly ridicule and humiliate them.

In both cases, a complex relationship is developed in children towards their mothers. Many feel sorry for them and try to help, others, on the contrary, blame the mothers for the current situation, believing that they were unable to establish family relationships. Women, faced with the drunkenness of her husband, always experience stress, many lose confidence in themselves, in life, in the future. Quarrels, conflicts, beatings, violence are always frequent, so most of these families break up, which leads to the formation of single-parent families and orphanhood.

2) Families with a drinking parent - mother . The situation here is even worse. The woman was originally assigned the role of the keeper of the hearth, the housewife. Drinking mothers, as a rule, abandon all their household duties (or perform them partially), pay little attention to children, husband, do not take care of them, giving rise to a misunderstanding and perception of family life by children, social roles men and women. Children grow up not knowing care and affection, constantly experiencing a sense of shame, anger, disappointment and humiliation. Boys who grew up in such families have an inadequate attitude towards girls, depending on their attitude towards their mother. Usually, children from such families develop an inferiority complex, so they are usually very controllable, led and dependent, or, conversely, cruel and evil.

3) Families with drinking both parents . In families where both parents drink, all the previously described negative factors are exacerbated several times, and relations both between spouses in the family and between them and children, them and relatives are tense. Children grow up uncontrollable, left to their own devices, often "street" teenagers, their understanding of good and bad is shifted, there are no moral and ethical principles and foundations.

A study conducted by researchers of the impact of growing up children without one or both parents - the lack of parental protection revealed that such children become alcoholics themselves - up to 30 years this was noted in 29% of alcoholics, 22% of schizophrenics and only 1.5% - healthy. Moreover, the protest against the existing state of affairs among many children from such families was expressed in the form of leaving home, conflicts, drinking alcohol, drug addiction. As a result of all this, a change in personality (both parent and child) can occur, considered as resistance: hysterical, psychopathic, schizoid, etc.

In the family of drug addicts, the normal rhythm of life is also disturbed. Drug addicts, as well as drinkers, parents often lose control over themselves, do not comply with the norms of behavior in front of children. Constantly come into conflict with each other and even in fights. Children are nervous, worried, they often have stressful situations and a sharply negative attitude towards their parents, and sometimes fear and horror of them.

Families where children are juvenile delinquents are characterized by unlawful behavior, stealing, and wandering.

Social risk families include marginal family and its types: homeless, unemployed, refugees.

The status of the unemployed definitely affects the relationship in the family between spouses, one of whom was excluded from the structure of labor relations. Moreover, the reactions of husband and wife are very different from each other. Wives treat their husband's unemployment significantly worse than husbands treat their wives' unemployment. Lack of work leads not only to a change in relations between spouses, but also to a change in relations between all family members. An unemployed person, due to the temporary loss of his ability to be an equal breadwinner of the family, experiences a certain psychological pressure from relatives, relationships with friends and acquaintances also change.

The main problems of refugee children are psychosocial problems. To solve them, it is necessary that the measures taken be aimed at restoring the personality of the child, taking into account the requirements associated with his physical, moral and spiritual development.

Working with the homeless requires a special approach, not to humiliate or repulse, but to inspire hope for a positive solution to the problem.

A common feature of asocial families is a sharply reduced ability to carry out normal functioning, to effectively raise children. Some of these families are lumpenized in nature and are characterized by extremely low income levels, high levels of alcohol or drug consumption, very poor housing conditions or no habitable housing at all. The development of a correct policy in relation to this type of family should become one of the most important directions in the strategy of social work.

Insufficient attention to this type of family lowers the general moral level of our society and contradicts the high ideal of humanism. At the same time, the ill-considered giving away of food, money, housing to such families without taking into account the social characteristics of a particular family and the reasons for its impoverishment contributes to the re-creation of layers of declassed dependents who are inclined to take an active part in actions of social disobedience, riots, hooligan antics and create a breeding ground for the growth of crime.

Consequently, in all the types of families considered, there is destruction of marriage and family relations, quarrels, divorces, illnesses and all sorts of negative consequences both for the family members themselves and for the whole society as a whole.

The next socio-psychological problem and types of families where it is applied violence in family. Its roots are not only in our socialist past, when the family and its problems were considered a personal and secondary matter. The roots are much deeper here. Suffice it to recall the folk sayings: "Husband and wife are one Satan", "He beats - it means he loves", "The child needs to be flogged while it lies across the bench."

At the moment, in our society there is such an environment in which people who have been subjected to violence in their own family, own house are practically unable to find help. And all that terrible percentage of murders in the family - 20 - 30% of total, could be much less if society did not fence itself off from the problems of the family, if the concept of "everyday life" disappeared from our everyday life.

Statistics show that about two million children under the age of 14 annually receive family and domestic injuries, up to 10% of them die, 50 thousand leave their families, 25 thousand are constantly on the wanted list, 2 thousand commit suicide.

Since 1990, the number of parents deprived of parental rights has increased by 2.5 times. As a result of all this, 8% of crimes, including serious ones, are committed today by minors. Cruelty breeds cruelty, and it spills out of the family into society. It is not for nothing that 95% of the people held in the colony say that they experienced violence in childhood or witnessed it in the family. This is only a small part of the evidence of crimes committed in the family, concerning children and only physical violence. We do not have special statistics on cases of domestic violence.

Serious mental trauma is caused to children by abuse in the family. Often they become embittered, become aggressive, which is expressed in the unmotivated cruelty of adolescents towards strangers, their desire for destructive actions. " Russian newspaper” states the fact that out of 12 thousand convicted minors, almost 60% are serving sentences for grave and especially grave crimes - murder, robbery, robbery, rape. For 10 years, the proportion of those convicted under serious articles has doubled. Accordingly, the aggressiveness of the prisoners increased, and this against the background of their illiteracy.

In 16 countries of the world, even for the educational spanking of their own children, parents are punished. They may be fined. Corrective labor or psychological training. On January 30, 2004, the Supreme Court of Canada passed the so-called spanking law, according to which parents can use physical force to raise their child. But corporal punishment should be light: for children under two years of age and for teenagers, the use of force is strictly prohibited, the rest can only be spanked with the palm of your hand, objects (even a belt) cannot be used, and you cannot hit a child on the head and face.

In Russia, it is also illegal to beat children officially. Even for educational purposes. But few people know about it, because someone else's family is dark. It must be understood that ill-treatment is not only beatings, but also the infliction of moral, mental suffering on a child. This is the deprivation of his good nutrition, rest. When a child is forbidden to communicate with peers, this is also cruelty, expressed in the restriction of freedom.

For mockery of their children, failure to fulfill parental responsibilities for the upbringing, maintenance, and education of children, criminal cases were opened against 76 people in the second half of 2006 and 45 in the first half of 2007; 11,135 people were brought to administrative responsibility in the second half of 2006 and 10,620 in the first half of 2007. In the same time periods, respectively, 55 and 69 parents were identified with alcoholism and drug addiction, whose children are registered with the IPA.

After physical violence, sexual abuse is in second place and most often it is committed by a parent against a minor child. (I.S. Kon, S.A. Melnichenko and others). In all world cultures, incestuous sexual relations (i.e. sexual relations between relatives) are associated with the strictest taboo. This prohibition has primarily a psychological justification, not a genetic one. Studies have shown that the risk of genetic deformities and diseases, although somewhat higher, is not high enough to cause such severe persecution. Another proof of the psychological nature of the ban on incest is the following: incest refers, for example, to relationships between a stepfather and stepdaughter, who are not blood relatives. Whatever it was, but for practical psychologists, psychotherapists, teachers, social workers and all those who are involved in working with children, this problem and this topic did not seem to exist until recently.

If we take into account only "sexual contact violence", omitting the so-called sexual "insults" or those cases when adults scare children by showing them their organs, then a terrible picture emerges. At the age of 14 years, 30% of girls, 10% of boys were subjected to contact violence, in 45% of cases the perpetrator is a relative, 30% - a more distant acquaintance. In 90% of the aggressors are men.

Among relatives, the most frequent figures who use violence are the father, stepfather, guardian. Less often, but also quite often it is a brother, grandfather, uncle. Incest abuse is not necessarily carried out by alcoholics and the like. Quite often decent people turn out to be rapists. Girls are subjected to sexual violence more often than boys, but in relation to boys, violence is usually accompanied by stronger aggression and leads to severe psychological and physical consequences.

In a family with incest, there is no usual affection and mutual trust. These are families without true love. Members of such families rarely touch each other, any touch is colored sexually in them. The role of the mother in the family is passive. She is absent either physically (leaves) or psychologically (always and in everything agrees), so no one considers her. In such families, there are many secrets from each other - who received how much money, how and with whom he spent his free time, threats, psychological tension are typical. If the rapist is a stranger, this is unpleasant and scary, but understandable and understandable. It's much worse if the rapist close person who you love. By raping his daughter, the father most often explains this by saying that he loves her, trying to force her to be silent - he threatens to kill her.

Terrible are the psychological consequences of the deed for the future life of such a child. Such women are afraid to hug their child, and in relationships with men, including their husbands, they always expect violence. Such tense attitudes cannot stabilize family relationships. All these consequences accompany a person throughout his future life. Threats, beatings, sexual harassment and even murder are gradually becoming attributes of many family and domestic relationships. The family ceases to be a guarantor of security for the elderly, women and children. It is turning into a dangerous zone of crimes against the person.

Domestic violence is one of the most important and acute problems of modern Russia. Economic crisis, social upheavals, declining living standards, low wages, their untimely payment, etc. phenomena lead to an increase in violence in general and in the family in particular. A large number of crimes occurring within the home are committed by one family member against another. The term "domestic violence" means emotional, physical, sexual violence committed knowingly against family members or other household members. Life in the family, in accordance with tradition, takes place behind closed doors and the intrusion into it is considered an encroachment on privacy. Consequently, behavior in the family is less than any other accessible to the mechanisms of social control.

The attitude of society towards domestic violence is also influenced by the peculiarities of perception. Everywhere, the most sympathetic are the most helpless victims. Infants and children fall into this category. infancy because it is quite clear that they are not able to protect themselves. Elderly victims of violence have a choice, which in the eyes of society makes them less vulnerable to constant harassment. Elderly people, with the exception of the sick, enjoy less sympathy and support from the population, because, having the opportunity to choose, they can change their dangerous place of residence.

Victims who offer physical resistance are more likely to be justified by society than those who resignedly submit, although resistance entails more serious violence. Public opinion places the blame on the victim who is being abused or is passive. A typical model of domestic violence is the use of force against the weakest. Strength can be physical or determined by status. Both of these types of dominance occur in cases of domestic violence against adults. In most cases, neither beaten women nor beaten old men have the physical strength to fight or resist their tyrants.

Not all acts of violence are the same in their severity, and their degree can range from minor to deadly. Although more weak forms Violence, such as a simple push, may be used to intimidate rather than maim, but even such acts can create significant problems for older people. It should be taken into account that they have a much lesser ability to quickly restore physical and mental strength, and therefore, to recover than young people.

Most researchers (S. Ivanchenko, G. Sillaste, L. Olefir and others) include in the definition of violence the lack of medical care, poor nutrition, forcible isolation of the elderly from other family members, theft of money or things. The result of all these actions may be a threat to the life and health of an elderly family member.

The most violent criminal acts take the form of intentional harm or self-mutilation. No less acute is the problem of child abuse, both emotional, physical and sexual. But still, acts of cruelty in relation to the spouse are much more common than in relation to children. Statistics show that half of all murders in the family are the murder of one spouse by the other.

With the exception of domestic homicides, where both husbands and wives are equally victims, women are more likely to be victims and seriously injured. Cases of spousal violence are to some extent typical for all socio-economic strata of the population, regardless of the level of education, as well as for all ethnic and professional groups.

Most of the victims are unmarried women who experience partner abuse. Many victims of violence have physical and mental disabilities, which makes them completely dependent on other family members, because they themselves are not able to provide themselves with food, medicine, etc.

Those most at risk are widowed people over the age of 75 who are bedridden with illness. Acts of violence in the home are rarely the only ones, usually they are repeated many times. It is worth stepping over the barrier and violence becomes integral part family relationships. There is also no guarantee in the family that the first victim of violence will be the only one.

Most cases of violence are associated with psychological pressure and exploitation. A physical action is often preceded by a verbal insult in the form of degrading abuse. Victims are instilled with feelings of worthlessness, incompetence, unattractiveness, insignificance and inferiority. Psychological abuse can reduce the self-esteem of the victim and force her to admit her guilt in the violence committed against her.

Everyone who lives in a house where violence reigns does not feel safe. Domestic terror affects all family members, whether it concerns them personally or not. Everyone has to adapt to it somehow. The consequences of such terror can be fear, depression, suspicion, emotional and physical alienation, and a suffocating atmosphere in the family, especially when there is a difference of opinion.

There are four socio-psychological factors most commonly associated with domestic violence that are relevant to all victims of domestic violence, namely stress, social isolation, alcoholism, and initial exposure to violence. Violence is closely related to social stress in the family. Among the many issues that can increase tension and lead to violence are disagreements about parenting, sex, unemployment, and medical needs. The type and source of stress is as important as its intensity. Being tied down by family responsibilities, not participating in social activities, and having a limited social support system increase the risk of violence.

Husbands often isolate beaten women from others, control all their contacts with family and friends, forbid them to study or get a job. Intervening in the lives of physically weakened older people, the family isolates them from friends and acquaintances. Spousal beatings are often associated with alcohol, with some researchers suggesting that it removes control over instincts, others that it serves as an excuse.

Many cases of violence are caused by relatives trying to get money to buy drugs and alcohol. The main factor in marital aggression and the general motive for discrimination against others is the physical cruelty that the rapists themselves experienced in the past in the parental family or which they were eyewitnesses.

It is believed that family members resort to physical violence in cases where they are unable to influence the adoption of a family decision due to insufficient authority (as, for example, if the husband is a chronic alcoholic, unemployed or drug addict). An unemployed person, due to the temporary loss of his ability to be an equal "breadwinner" of the family, experiences a certain psychological pressure from relatives, primarily from the husband or wife, other family members. Relationships with friends and acquaintances also change somewhat.

The number of children and adolescents trying to commit suicide is growing by about one and a half times every year. Rostov-based analytical psychologist specializing in suicide prevention among children and adolescents Evgenia Yeletskaya notes that the peak of suicidal activity in children and adolescents is 14-16 years old, although in recent years children aged five to ten years have also tried to commit suicide. Suicide, among other causes of death among adolescents and youth, currently ranks 4th. Among the causes of teenage suicides in Rostov-on-Don, problems and conflicts in the family are in the first place. Second is violence. The reasons can also be unhappy love, gambling addiction, mismatch of biological and psychological sexes, troubles at school, etc.

Psychological and financial assistance such families and children are taken care of by institutions social protection: rehabilitation centers and social assistance services for families and children, neurological dispensaries, etc. Practical prevention of drunkenness, alcoholism and other negative phenomena in dysfunctional families takes a variety of forms.

In all cities there are departments of assistance to families and children, which are entrusted with the task of coordinating work to stabilize, improve the family and provide timely assistance. Educational work is being carried out among young people who have applied for marriage registration. In a number of regions of the country, there is another form of comprehensive anti-alcohol work based on an individual approach - sanitation of alcoholic families. Narcologists, the police, the juvenile inspectorate, and teachers work together to identify families where parents are alcoholics, willingly or unwillingly, as they say, introduce teenagers to drinking. In relation to each member of such a family, preventive measures of a medical, educational and legal nature are taken.

This work also involves social workers who provide psychological assistance to families. Social work focuses not only on solving these problems of the family, but also on strengthening and developing, restoring the internal potential to perform numerous socially significant functions of the family.

Types and forms of social assistance aimed at preserving the family as a social institution as a whole and each specific family group in need of support can be divided into emergency, aimed at family survival (emergency assistance, urgent social assistance), social work aimed at maintaining stability families, and social work aimed at the social development of the family and its members. The social worker should not consider the situation hopeless, but it should be remembered that the resolution of family problems is primarily a matter of the free choice of the family members themselves. Without their willpower and perseverance, the most effective social technology will not succeed.

Dysfunctional and asocial family and social and legal support

“If a child is surrounded by criticism, he learns to blame,
If a child sees hostility, he learns to fight,
If a child is mocked, he learns to be timid...
If a child is treated fairly, he learns justice.
If a child feels safe, he learns to trust
If the child is accepted and treated kindly,
he learns to find love in this world"
Doris Low Nolte

In various psychological literature, the phrase "DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY" is often found. Let's figure out what it is and how to understand if the family is dysfunctional.

The phrase "dysfunctional family" comes from the Latin. dis - “violation”, “disorder”, “loss of something”, and functio - "activity". This is a family that generates non-adaptive, destructive behavior of one or more of its members, in which there are conditions that impede their personal growth. Thus, dysfunctional families are families in which something is disturbed, and they gradually become the exact opposite of happy families in which family members have warm, loving relationships between them.

relationship.

In the scientific pedagogical literature there is no clear definition of the concept of "family trouble". Therefore, in various sources, along with the named concept, one can come across the concepts of “destructive family”, “dysfunctional family”, “disharmonious family”, “family in a socially dangerous situation”, “asocial family”. Consider some definitions of a dysfunctional family.

MM. Buyanov : “Defects in upbringing are the first and most important indicator of the family’s troubles. Neither material, nor everyday, nor prestigious indicators characterize the degree of well-being or trouble of the family, but only the attitude towards the child ”(Buyanov, M.M. A child from a dysfunctional family: notes of a child psychiatrist: a book for teachers and parents / M. M. Buyanov. - M .: Education, 1988. - 207 p.).

L.Ya. Oliferenko : “A dysfunctional family is a family in which a child experiences discomfort, stressful situations, cruelty, violence, neglect, hunger - that is, trouble. By ill-being we understand its various manifestations: mental (threats, suppression of the individual, the imposition of an asocial lifestyle, etc.), physical (cruel punishments, beatings, violence, coercion to earn money in various ways, lack of food), social (survival from home, taking away documents, blackmail, etc.) ”(Oliferenko, L.Ya. Social and pedagogical support for children at risk: textbook / L.Ya. Oliferenko [et al.]. - M .: Academy, 2002. - 256 p.).

In this way , dysfunctional family- this is a family that has a low social status in various spheres of life; a family in which the basic family functions are devalued or ignored, there are hidden or obvious defects in upbringing, as a result of which “difficult children” appear. Thus, the main feature of a dysfunctional family is its negative, destructive, desocializing influence on the formation of the child's personality, which leads to his victimization and behavioral deviations.

The problems faced by disadvantaged families relate to the social, legal, material, medical, psychological, pedagogical and other aspects of life. However, one type of problem is rare. So, for example, the social disorder of parents leads to psychological stress, which gives rise to family conflicts, aggravation of marital and parent-child relationships. The pedagogical incompetence of adults leads to disturbances in the mental and personal development of children, etc. Despite the various criteria for trouble and its content, all these families can be called functionally unstable, because they do not perform an educational function. An analysis of the psychological and pedagogical literature makes it possible to identify various classifications of violations of family education, where the criteria are: 1) the nature of family communication and the style of relationships; 2) structural deformation of the family; 3) types of child-parent relationships; 4) the content of the child's experience; 5) features of disharmonious marital relations; 6) the style of family education itself.

L.S. Alekseeva presents a classification of dysfunctional families depending on their leading indicators of distress. The author highlights:

· habitual conflict families. In such families, for psychological reasons - the inability or unwillingness of people to communicate constructively, to reckon with each other, to take into account mood, interests, tastes, habits - interpersonal relations of family members are destroyed;

· pedagogically incompetent families. Parents in such families do not have the necessary pedagogical knowledge, use methods of raising children that contradict natural process development of the child's personality. At the same time, according to A.S. Makarenko, “there is neither a clear goal nor a program of education”;

· immoral families. In the conditions of these families, personal relationships and the way of life of the parents presupposes a disagreement with the elementary norms and rules of behavior. Immorality, drunkenness and other vices of adults take on such ugly forms that they become public and universally condemned;

· antisocial families. The main feature of such families is the inconsistency of living conditions with elementary sanitary and hygienic requirements, the failure to meet the basic needs of the child, the negative antisocial orientation, which is expressed in the transfer to children of such attitudes towards social values that are alien or hostile to a normal way of life. Leading signs of an asocial family: parasitism; addictiveness (dependence); delinquency (offences); immorality; social degradation; unsatisfactory living conditions; involvement of children in illegal activities; conflict intra-family relations, burdened by a criminological nature; family social isolation.

Conflict and pedagogically inept families indirectly have a desocializing effect on children and adolescents. Parents in these families can lead a healthy lifestyle, have a positive social orientation, but due to various socio-psychological and psychological-pedagogical difficulties of an intra-family nature, lose their influence on children. In these families, we can see the following negative manifestations: a divergence of ideas of family members about the importance of leading family values, a consumer attitude towards the family, disrespectful relationships and low psychological culture of parents, and the inability to overcome difficulties that arise.

The modern pace of life distorts the nature of the relationship between parents and children in such families: communication is reduced to a minimum, and its content is to control children; there is no joint activity; children experience a lack of parental attention to their problems and emotionally move away from their parents. Thus, these families are not able to perform the socializing functions of transferring social experience and raising children. The presence of their own insoluble psychological and pedagogical problems in parents, their increased anxiety, low self-esteem make it difficult for them to adequately fulfill their parental roles. This leads to the formation in the child of a sense of his own uselessness and low value, to low self-esteem, misunderstanding on the part of the closest people, the experience of loneliness. Structural deformation of the family is in this case the most important cause of violation of the child's personality.

Assistance to conflict and pedagogically incompetent families by a social pedagogue consists in a deep study and correction of the methods of family education. Approaches to the work of a social educator with such dysfunctional families are based on:

1) on methodological assistance to the family (preventive work in the educational and social environment);

2) on the principles of humanism, respect, confidentiality, faith in the inner potential of parents, consistency, multidimensionality; on the interdisciplinary interaction of specialists in various fields (teachers, psychologists, social educators) by coordinating their efforts.

Immoral and asocial families are of great concern to social educators. They have a direct desocializing effect on the child, lead an antisocial lifestyle, directly demonstrate patterns of illegal behavior, and are focused on norms and values that are contrary to public morality. The presence of degraded personalities in a family often leads to the assertion of open hostility, alienation, mutual repulsion, and disrespect for human dignity in relations between adults and children. A consequence of the desocializing influence of antisocial families is teenage cruelty, violence, an increase in crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, and neglect.

Children from such dysfunctional families face many psychological and social problems, which makes it difficult for them to socialize and adapt. Such children are characterized by: low self-esteem, isolation, lack of community with other people, increased anxiety, a sense of instability, a sense of insecurity among loved ones, rapid maturation compared to children from wealthy families. As a result of a defect in family education and a lack of conditions for the development of a personality, a deformed personality is formed, a situation of a deviant pattern arises, a personality compensates for its social and psychological "inferiority" in various forms deviant behavior and victimization.

The purpose of the work of a social pedagogue with immoral and asocial families is to protect the child from the anti-pedagogical influence of the family, to ensure the protection of his interests. It is very difficult to do this, since it is impossible from the outside to influence the change in the relationship of people in the family and their behavior. It is necessary to force parents themselves to assess the family atmosphere and its impact on children, to realize their mistakes. However, this position is more acceptable for immoral families. The work of a social educator with asocial families should be carried out in cooperation with law enforcement agencies, as well as with guardianship and guardianship authorities. The last resort in this case is to deprive the parents of their rights, if this is necessary in the interests of protecting the child.

At present, a number of documents providing for the protection of the rights of children in such situations are in force in our republic. This is, first of all,Law of the Republic of Belarus "On the Rights of the Child" .

Social protection of childrenshould be a complete system based on the established legal framework, organizational structure that works with different groups of the population (different age groups of children and adolescents), with families, teachers, and people interacting with children.

Social protection of childhood is manifested in different spheres of life:

in the field family relationships:
in the field of education:
v the child's environment.

Must be protected, first, certainchild's standard of living(vital needs, physical and mental health), secondly, must be provided safety (physical, economic, social), thirdly,the right to self-realization and development of their abilities and capabilities.

Rights of the child outlined in the Family Code of the Russian Federation: the right to be brought up in a family, the right to protect and meet the needs of the child, to protect health, to live in the room where his family lives, the right to preserve his individuality, the right to a name, to communicate with relatives, as well as the right to property, alimony, pensions, benefits provided by law.

Child welfare standards

The state policy of social protection of childhood is carried out in accordance with the standards established by the legislation of the Russian Federation:

guaranteed public free primary, basic and secondary (complete) general education, and on a competitive basis - secondary and higher vocational education and upbringing in general educational institutions;
free medical care for children, providing them with food in accordance with the minimum nutritional standards;
guaranteed provision of children, upon reaching the age of 15 years, with the right to professional orientation, choice of field of activity, employment, protection and remuneration;
social services and social protection of children, including guaranteed material support through the payment of state benefits to citizens with children;
social adaptation and social rehabilitation of children in difficult life situation;
the right to housing in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
organization of health improvement and recreation for children, including children living in extreme conditions, as well as
in territories unfavorable in ecological terms;
organization of qualified legal assistance.

Social protection of children provides for two levels: the first - in everyday situations, in ordinary life situations; the second - in an emergency, non-standard situation.

The first level of social protectionrelated primarily to the protection of the family, as well as the protection of the child in the field of education. Second level - emergency, associated with the loss of parents, with social orphanhood, social and environmental disasters.

Social institutions that implement this program: municipal specialized centers, crisis centers for women and children, social hotels and shelters, psychological, pedagogical, legal counseling centers, etc.

Keywords

AGGRESSION / AGGRESSION / ASOCIAL BEHAVIOR/ ASOCIAL BEHAVIOR / delinquency/DELINQUENCY/ NEUROTIC EXTRAVERSION/ NEUROTIC EXTRAVERSION / PRINCIPLE OF AGGREGATION/ PRINCIPLE OF AGGREGATION / FAMILY / SOCIALIZATION / SOCIALIZATION / SOCIAL SETTINGS/SOCIAL ATTITUDES/ PLANNED BEHAVIOR/ PLANNED BEHAVIOR

annotation scientific article on sociological sciences, author of scientific work - Rean Artur Alexandrovich

The issues of the relationship between social attitudes and antisocial behavior children and teenagers. The question of the relationship between attitude and social behavior is analyzed in connection with such factors as strength / weakness, clarity / ambivalence of attitude, as well as the influence of the situation factor. The results of empirical studies of value orientations, moral and psychological attitudes of young people in samples of high school students and students are considered. The family is considered as a factor that simultaneously determines both the formation of social attitudes and the very antisocial behavior. Modern approaches and results of empirical studies of the conditions under which social attitudes personalities directly affect antisocial behavior, and for which it is not. The issues of influence on antisocial behavior children and adolescents structural and psychological deformation of the family. It is emphasized that in terms of determination antisocial behavior juvenile priority belongs to the psychosocial deformation of the family. It is shown what styles of parenting and under what conditions directly influence the formation of aggressive behavior. It is noted that insufficient supervision of the child is a more important factor delinquency than an unfavorable socio-economic situation. The results of empirical studies are analyzed, from which it follows that an important condition for the development of socially deviant behavior is not only negative social learning, but also frustration that occurs in the absence of parental love. It is shown that the central place in the system of relations between children and adolescents belongs to the mother. It has been established that a decrease in a positive attitude towards the mother, an increase in negative descriptors when describing the mother, correlates with a general increase in the negativity of all social relations personality. It is emphasized that the relationship between parents and the child, characterized by inconsistency, as well as high conflict, most significantly contribute to the child's teaching of aggression as a way to resolve interpersonal conflicts.

Family, Social Attitudes and Anti-Social Behavior of children and Teenagers

This article examines problems of the interrelation of social attitudes and anti-social behavior of children and teenagers. The author analyzes the problem of the interrelation of attitudes and social behavior in connection with factors such as strength/weakness, clearness/ambivalence of an attitude, and also the influence of the factor of a situation. Results of empirical studies of value orientations, moral-psychological attitudes of youth in samples of senior pupils and students are considered. A family is considered as a factor which forms both social attitudes and anti-social behavior. The author analyzes modern approaches and results of empirical studies of the conditions under which social attitudes of personality directly influence anti-social behavior and also when they do not influence. Problems of the influence of the structural and psychological deformation of a family on the anti-social behavior of children and teenagers are discussed. The author emphasizes that when determining anti-social behavior of minors the priority belongs to the psychosocial deformation of a family. The author demonstrates styles of parenting and conditions which directly influence the formation of aggressive behavior. It is noted that insufficient attention to a child is a more important factor of delinquency than the unfavorable socio-economic status. The author analyzes the results of empirical studies from which it follows that not only negative social learning, but also frustration arising from the lack of parental love are an important condition of the development of deviant behavior. It is shown that mother is in the center of the system of relations of children and teenagers. It is established that decrease in a positive attitude towards mother, increase in negative descriptors when describing mother correlates with the general growth of negativization of all the social relations of the person. The author emphasizes that the parent-child relationship which is characterized by inconsistency, as well as a high conflictness, contribute most significantly to the child's learning of aggression as a way of interpersonal conflicts resolution.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Family, social attitudes and antisocial behavior of children and adolescents"

UDC 159.99

FAMILY, SOCIAL ATTITUDES AND ASOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Rean Artur Alexandrovich

The issues of the relationship between social attitudes and antisocial behavior of children and adolescents are considered. The question of the relationship between attitude and social behavior is analyzed in connection with such factors as strength / weakness, clarity / ambivalence of attitude, as well as the influence of the situation factor. The results of empirical studies of value orientations, moral and psychological attitudes of young people in samples of high school students and students are considered. The family is considered as a factor that simultaneously determines both the formation of social attitudes and the most antisocial behavior. Modern approaches and results of empirical studies of the conditions under which the social attitudes of the individual directly affect antisocial behavior are analyzed, and under which they do not. The questions of the impact on the antisocial behavior of children and adolescents of the structural and psychological deformation of the family are discussed. It is emphasized that in terms of determining the asocial behavior of minors, priority belongs to the psychosocial deformation of the family. It is shown what styles of parenting and under what conditions directly influence the formation of aggressive behavior. It is noted that insufficient supervision of a child is a more important factor of delinquency than an unfavorable socio-economic situation. The results of empirical studies are analyzed, from which it follows that an important condition for the development of socially deviant behavior is not only negative social learning, but also frustration that occurs in the absence of parental love. It is shown that the central place in the system of relations between children and adolescents belongs to the mother. It has been established that a decrease in a positive attitude towards the mother, an increase in negative descriptors when describing the mother, correlates with a general increase in the negativeization of all social relations of the individual. It is emphasized that the relationship between parents and the child, characterized by inconsistency, as well as high conflict, most significantly contribute to the child's teaching of aggression as a way to resolve interpersonal conflicts.

Keywords: aggression, antisocial behavior, delinquency, neurotic extraversion, aggregation principle, family, socialization, social attitudes, planned behavior.

Traditionally, it is customary to talk about the family as a factor in protecting a developing personality. But in the context of this work, I would also like to focus on the possible destructive influences of the family on personality development and consider the family as a risk factor for socially deviant behavior and personality development. Families with psychosocial disorders should include families with problems of alcoholism and drug addiction, asocial values, illegal behavior, with a high level of conflict, families that practice aggressive behavior and violence against the child, families with emotional deprivation of the child. Many family disorders correlate with antisocial behavior of adolescents, which is confirmed by statistics and special studies.

In most cases, behind any antisocial behavior is a morally and psychologically distorted picture of the world, distorted, asocial attitudes. Of course, modern psychology knows that there is no absolute dependence between the attitudes of a person and his behavior. However, the radical conclusions about the lack of connection between attitudes and behavior, and, accordingly, about the impossibility of predicting behavior on the basis of personality attitudes, which appeared after the well-known experiment of R. La Pier (La pier, 1934), have now undergone significant changes and are no longer so radical. and unambiguous, which follows from the works of M. Huston, V. Strebe, D. Myers, G. M. Andreeva, A. L. Sventsitsky and others. It is now considered proven that an important condition for the correspondence of attitude and behavior is that the personality setting was quite strong and clear. The discrepancy is most often observed in cases where the attitude is weak or ambivalent, or both at the same time. Of course, the context factor also plays an important role. In cases where the situation puts a strong pressure on the individual, the existing setting may not work. As established in the works of D. Myers, M. Houston, W. Strebe, one of the important provisions of modern attitude psychology is the definition of the principle of aggregation: the impact of attitude on behavior becomes clearer and more obvious when we consider the personality and behavior as a whole, and not which or a separate act. An illustration of this principle, for example, are the results of the following study. As it turned out, the existing attitude to preserve the environment in the city of their residence correlated, but weakly, with individual acts of behavior of residents participating in the experiment: sign one of the appeals against exhaust gases, go out on a specific day to clean up garbage, involve a friend in such work, and etc. But the cumulative assessment of "environmental" behavior on 16 positions (which corresponded to various acts of behavior), as shown

in the works of R. H. Weigel & L. S. Newman, M. Huston, W. Strebe, already gives a high (p< 0,001) корреляцию между установкой и поведением.

Thus, from all this it follows only that certain attitudes are not always expressed in the corresponding behavior. More often due to the fact that there are certain deterrent factors. Some authors count up to 40 different factors complicating the connection in the attitude-behavior pair, which is noted, for example, by D. Myers, H. Triandis. At the same time, if a certain antisocial behavior takes place, then behind it are the corresponding attitudes of the individual, which determine the readiness of the individual for such antisocial behavior. The only exceptions are cases of an unintentional, random delinquent act or an act under strong situational pressure. We emphasize the fundamental point - it is the act, and not the systematic deviant, delinquent behavior of the individual. Or, as Ralph Waldo Emerson noted as early as 1841: "All action is born of thought."

In this context, the results of some studies of value orientations, moral and psychological attitudes of young people cannot but be alarming. So, in one of these studies, high school students were asked to mark those sayings that most accurately reflect their position in life (40 proverbs and sayings were offered on the list, of which the guys had to mark only 10 that were closest to them). The sample consisted of more than 1,700 people aged 14-17 from all districts of one of the regions of central Russia. The sample was representative in terms of gender, age and social composition of high school students.

Here are the most frequently noted proverbs that most accurately characterize the life position of high school students. "In dealing with other people, I adhere to the saying ...": "What is our honor if there is nothing to eat?" (93%); “Work is not a wolf, it won’t run away into the forest” (93%); “From the labors of the righteous one cannot make stone chambers” (93%); “To live with wolves is to howl like a wolf” (83%); “Shame is not smoke, it won’t eat your eyes out” (81%); “Your shirt is closer to your body” (79%); "Avarice is not stupidity" (76%); “Do not do good - you will not get evil” (73%); “You tell the truth - you lose friendship” (67%); “Two dogs squabble - the third one don’t get involved” (48%)... It is also noteworthy that a significant part of the fairly well-known proverbs and sayings of the Russian people, which express traditional sociality, did not receive mass support from high school students and turned out to be in number those who marked them in the last positions: “Do not have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends” (9%); “The truth is that it does not burn in fire and does not sink in water” (3%); “Where I was born, I came in handy there” (3%); “Do not spare your strength or life for your Motherland” (2%); “Motherland is mother, be able

stand up for her” (2%); "Someone else's good will not go for the future" (2%); and just one person each - "Poverty is not a vice"; “Happiness is not in money” (M. Korotkikh, 2009) .

Almost exactly the same results were obtained on a sample of students. The differences, and even then quite small, were only in numerical terms of percentage, but did not concern the very hierarchy of values, preferences, life positions. Here are the most frequently noted proverbs that most accurately characterize the life position of students. “In relations with other people, I adhere to the saying ...”: “From the labors of the righteous one cannot make stone chambers” (89%); "What is our honor if there is nothing to eat?" (83%); “Your shirt is closer to your body” (73%); “Work is not a wolf, it won’t run away into the forest” (73%); “To live with wolves is to howl like a wolf” (71%); “Shame is not smoke, it won't eat your eyes out” (69%); “Stinginess is not stupidity” (66%); “Do not do good - you will not get evil” (63%); “You tell the truth - you lose friendship” (61%); “Two dogs are squabbling - the third one is not to climb” (58%). A significant part of well-known proverbs and sayings that express the traditional sociality of a Russian person did not receive the support of students and ended up in the last positions by the number of those who noted them: “Do not have 100 rubles, but have 100 friends” (12%); “The truth is that it does not burn in fire and does not sink in water” (6%); “Where I was born - there I came in handy” (5%); “Do not spare your strength or life for your Motherland” (1%); “Motherland is a mother, know how to stand up for her” (1%); "Someone else's good will not go for the future" (1%); “Poverty is not a vice” (2 people); and one person - “Happiness is not in money” (I. Bulatnikov, 2009).

These are undoubtedly not only disturbing, but also shocking results. To some extent, the shock can be smoothed over by the fact that, according to the theory of attitudes, only the spontaneous behavior of the individual is most strongly and directly determined. With so-called thoughtful or planned behavior, fortunately, the situation is somewhat more complicated. The theory of planned behavior - I. A]1en, I. A]1en & M. Hzet - states that planned, intentional behavior is more accurately and best determined not by one, but by three factors (or components): attitudes of the individual in relation to specific behavior , to subjective norms, to the possibilities of controlling one's actions. The first factor is connected with the assertion that for predicting the behavior of a person, it is not the general attitude that is important, but the specific attitude, that is, the specific attitude of a person to the act that he thinks about. The second factor positions the fact that in order to successfully predict a specific human behavior, it is necessary to know subjective norms - that is, e. his ideas about how people close to him will perceive, relate to the planned act. And, finally, the third factor is connected with the idea of a person about the ease with which he can perform this or that act.

E. Aronson, T. Wilson, R. Eikert emphasize that if it seems to a person that it is difficult to perform an act, then the intention to perform such an act is seriously weakened; if a person believes that a certain act is easy to perform, then there is a strong desire to do just that.

Thus, the teenager's idea of a negative attitude of the family, parents close to the act, prompted by the above negative attitudes, reduces the likelihood of its implementation. But, on the other hand, the matter is complicated by the fact that these attitudes themselves do not arise from the void, but are formed, in particular, in the family itself, in the process of family socialization. And, therefore, they can reflect and correspond to the attitudes prevailing in the family, among parents and relatives. But in this case, in accordance with the theory of planned behavior, the implementation of actions that correspond to the above negative attitudes becomes easier and more likely.

For a long time it was believed that the socially deviant development of the personality is associated with the structural deformation of the family, which is understood simply as an incomplete family - the absence of one of the parents (often the father). Statistical data on juvenile delinquency, obtained in different countries of the world, confirmed this conclusion. However, in the 60s and 70s a different trend emerged. At first, the difference between complete and single-parent families in terms of the number of juvenile delinquents "given out" by them began to steadily decrease, and then almost completely disappeared. Currently, it is believed that the main factor in the negative impact of the family on the development of the individual is not the structural, but the psychosocial deformation of the family. And this is a global trend.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that the structural deformation of the family is still extremely undesirable. It makes a significant contribution to the development of social deviations of the individual, especially if the range of these deviations is not limited to illegal behavior. Yes, and in terms of the contribution to delinquency, the data of various studies are still quite contradictory. So, according to one of the Russian studies, about 50% of delinquent adolescents live in a structurally deformed (that is, incomplete) family. And, therefore, the second half has a complete family. But problems with various manifestations of the psychosocial deformation of the family, as established in the work of V. V. Korolev, are characteristic of more than 70% of adolescent offenders.

In general, when we talk about the different contribution to the development of asociality of minors of psychosocial deformation and the actual structural deformation of the family, we must be aware that this is not

isolated polar categories. Psychosocial deformation is a broader concept than structural deformation. After all, psychosocial deformation can be inherent in both complete and incomplete families.

The connection between the upbringing of a child in an incomplete family and delinquency is greatly complicated by the presence of many other factors. For example, it is quite obvious that there is a relationship between divorce and the socioeconomic status of the family. But, as emphasized in the works of R. J. Sampson & W. J. Wilson, K. Bartola, the generalization of data from numerous studies clearly shows that poverty is one of the most reliable signs that make it possible to predict juvenile delinquency among both boys and girls. Poverty affects the family in many ways, one of which is the possible change in parental behavior. Thus, the stress caused by poverty, as shown in the works of W. R. Hammond & B. R. Yung, K. Barthol, reduces the ability of parents to provide a favorable and consistent upbringing.

Insufficient supervision of the child, characteristic of the so-called. an indifferent style of upbringing is inherent in families with both high and low social status, both complete and single-parent families. And at the same time, it is insufficient supervision, as found in many studies, that significantly correlates with delinquency and aggression, as S. Cerncovich & R. S. Giorgano, R. Blackburn convincingly say. Moreover, studies by W. J. Wilson (1987) showed that poor maternal control is a more important factor in distinguishing between delinquents and non-delinquents than poor socioeconomic status or even parental criminality.

The most important mechanism of the negative influence of the family on the development of the personality is socialization in the family according to the deviant type. Asocial values, norms and stereotypes of behavior can be assimilated by the mechanism of learning and imitation, if such values and norms are dominant in a given family. At the same time, the consolidation of socially deviant development, as shown in the works of A. Bandura, A. Bandura, R. Walters, R. Baron, D. Richardson and others, can go in three ways: by directly declaring asocial values and norms, and emphasizing “that this is the only way to achieve success”; due to the manifestation of antisocial behavior in the direct interaction of parents with the child; due to the observation by the child in the real behavior of parents of a socially deviant orientation, even if at the speech level they declare adherence to pro-social behavior and a pro-social scale of values.

The formation of prosocial behavior of an individual is associated not only with the mechanisms of the lack of reinforcement or active punishment for antisocial behavior, but also necessarily (and maybe even in the first place) with active social learning of prosocial forms of behavior, constructive ways of resolving contradictions and implementing various motivations of the individual. Indeed, as established in the study of 1. KeimkapdaB-Jarvinen, R. KapdaB, the most pronounced differences between children with destructive and constructive social behavior are found not in personal preference for destructive alternatives, but in ignorance of constructive solutions. Thus, the process of socialization of constructive behavior includes the acquisition of a system of knowledge and social skills, as well as the education of a system of personal dispositions, attitudes, on the basis of which the ability to respond to frustration in a relatively acceptable way is formed.

Another important mechanism of the influence of the family on the development of social deviations and asocial behavior of the individual is the emotional neglect of the child, the "non-value" attitude towards him. The so-called indifferent or ignorant type of parenting, in which children become "attention seekers", is most strongly associated with subsequent delinquency. In some studies, as R. Blackburn writes about, for example, it was found that 84% of children who were "attention catchers" at the age of eight had dealings with the police at the age of 14. There are a huge number of studies that convincingly show the relationship between negative relationships in the "parent-child" system, lack of emotionality in the family and socially deviant personality development. It has been established, for example, that if a child has a negative relationship with one or both parents, if the trends in the development of positivity of self-esteem and self-concept do not find support in the assessments of parents, or if the child does not feel parental support and guardianship, then the likelihood of illegal behavior increases significantly, relations with peers worsen, aggressiveness towards their own parents is manifested.

The most important condition for effective socialization and prevention of the formation of deviant forms of behavior is the development of attachment motivation, through which the child needs the interest, attention and approval of others, and first of all, his own parents. As a secondary reinforcer, attachment can then condition the child's adjustment to social demands and prohibitions, i.e., prosocial behavior. In this regard, it should be emphasized that an important condition for the development of socially deviant

behavior is not only social learning as such, but also the frustration that occurs in the absence of parental love and in the constant application of punishments from either one or both parents.

A special place in the system of relations between children and adolescents, of course, belongs to the mother. So, in one study by A. A. Rean and M. Yu. Sannikova, it was shown that in the system of adolescent relations to the social environment (including the attitude towards the father, as well as towards peers), it was the attitude towards the mother that turned out to be the most positive . It was found that a decrease in a positive attitude towards the mother, an increase in negative descriptors (characteristics) when describing the mother correlates with a general increase in the negativity of all social relations of the individual. It can be assumed that behind this fact there is a fundamental phenomenon of the manifestation of total negativism (negativism towards all social objects, phenomena and norms) in those individuals who are characterized by a negative attitude towards their own mother. In general, as found in the study, a negative attitude towards one's own mother is an important indicator of the overall dysfunctional development of the individual.

In recent years, there has been a steady downward trend in the role of the father, his importance and influence on the upbringing and development of the child's personality. So, in a fundamental study called "Family and Parenthood in Modern Russia", it was found that the proportion of those who called their father a significant person who had the greatest influence on their personality in the process of growing up decreased from 41.1% (in the older age group 40- 44 years old) to 31.8% (in the youth group 16-19 years old).

The weaker the figure of the father became, the more the figure of the mother became stronger in the minds of the respondents. In the youth group (16-19 years old) the proportion of those who assessed the role of the mother as the most significant was 73.3%, while in the older age group (40-44 years old) it was 61.9%.

The role of the father in the parental family is influenced not only by age, but also by other indicators.

For example, the level of wealth. In poor families, only 26.8% of respondents noted the father's influence, in families with average or high living standards - 40.7%. Thus, the perception of the father largely depends on how successfully he copes with the role of the family breadwinner.

Respondents with higher education rated the role of the father higher than respondents with secondary education (36.6% and 42.2%, respectively). However, these differences were not significant.

Today, perhaps, there is no doubt that there is a positive relationship between the severity of punishment by parents of their children and the level of aggressiveness of children.

This dependence, as it turned out, extends to cases where the punishment is a reaction of parents to the aggressive behavior of the child. That is, it is used as an educational measure aimed at reducing the aggressiveness and the formation of non-aggressive behavior of the child.

In one experiment, the aggressive behavior of third-graders was studied in connection with the peculiarities of parental punishment strategies (L. D. Eron at al., 1963). The first level of response (which, strictly speaking, cannot be called a punishment) included requests to behave differently and rewards for changing behavior. The second level of punishments (moderate punishments) included verbal censure, reprimands, abuse. The third level of punishments (strict punishments) included physical impact, slaps, cuffs. As a result of the study, it was found that those children who were subjected to strict punishments by their parents showed greater aggression in their behavior, and, accordingly, were characterized by classmates as aggressive.

In another study by R. B. Felson, N. Russo, it was also shown that parental intervention in case of aggression between siblings can actually have the opposite effect and stimulate the development of aggression. The neutral position of parents, as follows from this study, is preferable. The most ineffective strategy is the intervention of parents in the form of punishment of older siblings, since in this case the level of both verbal and physical aggression in the relationship between siblings is the highest. Similar results were obtained in other studies, such as the G. Patterson study.

Generalization of the results of such studies leads specialists to formulate a proposal to treat aggression between siblings in a special way - to ignore it, not to react to the aggressive interaction of brothers and sisters. However, this conclusion seems to be too radical. Sometimes it is simply impossible for parents not to react to aggression in the interaction of siblings, and sometimes it is directly harmful and unsafe. In a number of situations (for example, when aggressive interaction between siblings is no longer a rare exceptional case), the neutral position of the parents can only contribute to a further escalation of aggression. Moreover, such a position can create favorable conditions for the social learning of aggression, its consolidation as a stable behavioral pattern of a person, which already has long-term negative consequences.

In the study we discussed above, only two alternatives for parental response to aggression between siblings were studied: (1) a neutral position, i.e. ignoring the facts of aggression, and (2) punishing children (in one version - older ones, in another - junior). Obviously, with such a narrowed alternative, the neutral position actually turns out to be relatively (and only relatively) better. However, other, alternative ways of parental response to aggression between siblings are possible, which were not the subject of study here. One of these ways of responding is to discuss the problem that has arisen, to carry out the negotiation process, to learn constructive, non-aggressive ways to resolve it using a concrete example of a conflict that has arisen. After all, as experimentally proven in other studies, aggressive children differ from non-aggressive children primarily in their poor knowledge of constructive (alternative to aggressive) ways of resolving conflicts.

The most complete model of ineffective parental discipline methods, which is very influential in this field of research, is the theory of "forced family process" by J. R. Patterson (GR Patterson, 1982; GR Patterson, JB Reid, TJ Dishion, 1992; D. Connor ). This model assumes that exchanges of harsh and, most importantly, inconsistent, inconsistent actions between parents and the child in conflicts over discipline issues lead to aggression or antisocial behavior of the child. The relationship between parents and the child, characterized by inconsistency - first weakness, then rigidity - as well as high conflict levels, most significantly contribute to teaching the child aggression as a way to resolve interpersonal conflicts.

In this regard, it is interesting that the best predictor of detention for offenses at the age of 10-13 years was "indiscipline" at an earlier age. The situation is different at an older age. Conviction for offenses at the age of 17-20 years is most accurately predicted, as it turned out, by such factors as aggressiveness at the age of 12-14 years and the level of neurotic extraversion at the age of 16, as shown in the work of A. Furnham, P. Haven.

In modern psychological science, within the framework of one of the most authoritative conceptions of personality, authored by A. Maslow, it is generally accepted that the need for love and respect is one of the fundamental needs of the individual. And it is one of the five basic, basic human needs, along with the needs of survival - that is, physiological and the need for security.

In this regard, let us pay attention to the following extremely important, in our opinion, circumstances. In the 60s. in the United States, a trend associated with such upbringing has gained popularity, when parents interfere minimally in the life of a child, giving him maximum freedom in making decisions and, in fact, in life. It was supposed to be an expression of respect for the personality of the child, sort of like a liberal-democratic approach to the practice of education. However, psychological studies conducted years later showed that it was the children from these families who had more problems in adulthood. And, what is especially significant, it was the children who grew up in these families, as P. Massen, J. Conger and others emphasize, who noted the greatest dissatisfaction with their family childhood.

That is, it turned out that the freedom granted by parents was ultimately perceived not as a special trust and respect for the personality of the child, but as a lack or even absence of parental love and care.

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