Comparisons in Russian examples. Types of comparisons. Composite parts of comparison

Comparison is a stylistic reception based on the figurative transformation of grammatically decorated comparison. A tool of grammatical design S. serve- 1) Comparative turnover (see), introduced by alliances as if, as if, exactly, exactly, as if Dr.: "Mad Years, fading fun is hard for me, as a vague hangover, but like wine - sadness of the past days in my soul than older, the strongest "(Pushkin); 2) Comparative degree of adjective or adverbing and (less often) form creativity. P. (Current comparison): "Under it is a jet of light lazuries" (Lermontov); 3) The connecting construction introduced by the Union and usually containing deployed C: "I live sad, lonely, and waiting for: Do my end come? So, late I am amazed. How the storms are heard a winter whistle, one - the late leaf is on the branch! .. "(Pushkin).
Special place occupy t. Delated with, characteristic of the works of folk art and folklore stylization: "Do not make a pepper-head pepperwash, the Sori-Head is spoiled," a young widow "rolls and cut the firewood" (Nekrasov).
Stylistic expressiveness of S. is due to the nature and degree of transformation of the general-language semantic-stylistic basis of comparison, and transformations can be subjected to both semantics and syntax (individually or at the same time): "Garun ran faster than Lani. Fast than hare from an eagle ... "(Lermontov). However, in the statements, he ran an arrow or he fled as a real athlete of the stylistic effect does not occur: the formation of the first wears a general-language character (Wed: Hungry as a wolf, evil as a dog, drink volley), in the second - normal equalization.
The figurative transformation is called: 1) by comparing diverse (semantically distant) concepts: "You will also listen to me at least for a decent, beautiful and smoking, soul through my kosoniasysyx. How warm through the serve. Feeling "(lights); 2) Completion or deployment of an object or comparison agent: "And over the tops of the Caucasus, the exile of Paradise flew. Under it Kazbek, as a line of diamond, snowing eternal shiny ... "(Lermontov). S. Here wears a two-way character: first Kazbek itself is compared with the grade of diamond, and then this C. is complicated by the fact that Kazbek and in respect of the actions attributed to him (shine) also compared with the Grand Demond; 3) by the omission of the Union: "We are from the side of non-commodity parts from any side: I - as a biography of the country, you're today's happiness" (Svetlov); 4) impaired forms of syntactic correlation (the impact of the constructions of breaking speech), which is typical of the Inex poetic texts: "How the heart is squeezed by shuddering for the final order of the earth. Along the road stood groves and trembled, like a jogging "(Voznesensky).

In life, we constantly resort to comparisons. So we do in the store, comparing the goods before making a choice. We compare the actions of people, their quality, films, music, etc. And it is right, because everything is coming in comparison. But what is a comparison?

Terminal values

The term comparison is used in a variety of spheres. In everyday life comparison is the identification of qualities on the principle of likelihood, finding out whether objects are equal to anything better. Often the "comparison" is determined as a way to identify unity and diversity of things. In mathematics, this is a comparison of numbers on equality and inequality (more or less). Thus, the main value of the word "comparison" is the process of comparing the various properties of two objects, both of both qualitative and quantitative.

The term "comparison" is applied in psychology, sociology, philosophy. In psychology there are special tests for comparison to identify the degree of development of thought abilities. "Comparison" in philosophy is a cognitive operation, with which the characteristics of processes and phenomena are detected.

Comparison in literature

But most emotionally we perceive literary comparisons. What is a comparison in the literature? This is an artistic method (or a trail) based on comparison of the qualities of phenomena, objects or people, as well as the likeness of one object (phenomenon) to another. The purpose of the literary comparison is to fully uncover the image through general signs. Compared, both compared subjects are always mentioned, although the general feature itself may be descended.

Types of literary comparison

  1. Simple comparisons are turns expressed with the help of unions: how, as if, exactly, as if, how, right, etc. ("fast as deer").

    Like a tigra, life claws Body breaks,

    And the mind and heart took the sky in the shackles ...

    (Baba Tahir).

  2. Non-union - by means of a composite name of the fag.

    So thin robe my summer -

    Wings Tsicada!

  3. Negative - one object is opposed to another. It is often used in folk expressions ("That is not the wind a branch of a clone, not a whisper is noise").
  4. Comparisons "Cooling" - using a noun in the articulated case.

    Joy crawling snail,

    Grief has a mad jog ...

    (V. Mayakovsky).

  5. Comparison with the help of an adventure of the image ("shouted in a beast").
  6. Parental - with the help of a noun in the parental case ("ran with wind speed", unlike "ran at speed as the wind").

So, you learned what comparison is examples of literary comparisons. But comparative turns are widely used not only in the literature, but also in scientific, colloquial speech. Without comparison, our speech would be less figurative and bright.

To the question of what is a comparison in the literature, you can briefly answer that this is a trail, that is, this technique is based on the display of some properties of the described object or phenomenon by comparing these signs with others, based on how they are seen or perceived by others individually the author himself.

Composite parts of comparison

For this, the trail is characterized by the presence of three components: the described object or phenomenon, the object with which it is compared, and the base for the analogy, that is, a general feature. Interesting is the fact that the name itself, an indication of this general feature, can go down in the text. But the reader either the listener still understands and feels that he wanted to convey to the interlocutor or reader the author of the statement.

However, the very understanding of the definition explaining what comparison in the literature does not yet give a complete picture without examples. And here it immediately arises clarification: with what parts of speech and in what forms the authors form these trails?

Types of comparisons in the literature for nouns names

You can select several types of comparisons.


Comparison of the image of the action in the literature

Usually in such structures there are verbs and adverbs, nouns or whole revisions and


Why do we need comparisons in the literature

Having understood with the question of what is a comparison in the literature, it is necessary to understand: do they need? To do this, a small study should be carried out.

This is where comparisons are used: "The dark forest stood, as if after the fire. The moon hid for a tucca, as she is covered with a black handkerchief. The wind as if fell asleep in the bushes. "

But the same text in which all the comparisons removed. "Dark forest stood. The moon hid for a tucca. Wind". In principle, the meaning itself is transmitted in the text. But how the generates the picture of the night forest is presented in the first version than in the second!

Are there any comparisons in normal speech

Some may think that comparisons are needed only to writers and poets. But ordinary people in their usual life are not needed. This statement is absolutely wrong!

At the doctor's doctor, the patient, describing his feelings, will definitely resort to comparisons: "The heart hurts ... then as if it cuts a knife, and it is like in his fist who squeezes ..." Grandma, explaining his granddaughter, how to make dough for pancakes, also forced to compare : "We add water until the dough becomes a thick sour cream." Mom is tiredly asking not to moderately cheerful baby: "Enough already jumping like a hare!"

Probably, many will nourish that the article is devoted to comparison in the literature. What is our ordinary speech? Be proud, man in the streets: many people talk using a literary speech. Therefore, even the spatia is one of the reservoirs of literature.

Comparisons in highly specialized literature

Even technical texts cannot do without comparisons. For example, in order to do not repeat the process of fried fish, the author often writes in the recipe, to reduce, the author often writes: "Fishing should be frying just like a cutlets."

Or in the manual for people who master the designs of constructing from plywood or wood, you can find the phrase: "The drill is screwed up the screws in the same way as twisted. Only before work should be installed on it the desired mode. "

Comparisons are the necessary reception in the literature of various directions. The ability to properly use them is distinguished by a cultural person.

Literature (real) is a true skill creation of texts, the creation of a new object with words. As in any complex craft, there are special techniques in the literature. One of them ─ "comparison." With its help, for greater expressiveness or ironic contrast, certain objects, their quality, people, their traits, are merged.

In contact with


Kettle with his headed trunk of puffs on the stove, Like a young elephant, rushing to the aquet.

─ An ironic approximation of a small inanimate object with a large animal with a comparison of the long spout of the kettle and an elephant trunk.

Comparison: Definition

There is a minimum of three definitions of comparison in the literature.

For artistic text, the first definition will be more correct. But the most talented authors of fiction successfully operate with the second and third definitions, the role of comparison in the text is so great. Examples of comparisons in the literature and folklore of the last two types:

He is stupid, like oak, but a hiter like a fox.

Not as an example of Athanasia Petrovich, Igor Dmitrievich was the physique of Hood, as if the knob from the mop, the same straight and elongated.

The growth of Pygmy Delta Congo is similar to children, their skin is not like black black, but yellowish, as if silent foliage.
In the latter case, together with the use of a "negative comparison" ("not"), a direct approach ("like") is combined.

Russian language is so rich that the authors of artistic works use a huge number of types of comparisons. Philologists can only classify them. Modern philology allocates the following two main types of comparison and four more comparisons in fiction.

  • Straight. In this case, comparative turns (alliances) "as if", "as", "exactly", "like" are used. He shouted in front of him the soul, as a nudist exposes the body on the beach.
  • Indirect. With such an approach, prepositions are not used. Hurricane giant janitor took away from the streets all the garbage.

In the second sentence, the compaable name of the noun ("hurricane") is used in the nominative case, and compared ("janitor") ─ in the hardware. Other types:

Philologist and Slavist M. Petrovsky still in the 19th century allocated from the detailed comparisons in the literature "Homerovskoye" or "Epic" likelihood. In this case, the author of the artistic text, without taking care of brevity, turns the comparison, distracting from the main storyline, from the compaable item as far as the imagination will allow him. Examples are easy to find in Iliad or in postmodernists.

Ajax rushed on the enemies, as if a overlooking lion on frightened sheepdown, lost shepherd sheep, who were left without protecting defenseless, as children unattended, and are capable of timidly wrapped and stealing in fear of Lionin's thirst for blood and death, which covers predator, as if madness, Strong when he deples the horror of doomed ...
To the epic type of comparison, the beginning of the author of artistic texts is better not to resort. You need to wait for the young writer until his literary skills and a sense of artistic harmony. Otherwise, the inexperienced newcomer himself will not notice how, winding one on another, like a thread from different balls, such "free associations" will carry him away from the fabul of its main narration, create a semantic confusion. So comparisons in the artistic text can not only simplify the understanding of the described item (Tiger ─ a huge predatory cat), but also to confuse the story.

Comparison in verse

Particularly important is the role of literary comparison in verses. The poet uses the richness of the language to create a unique and aesthetically valuable artwork, or rather convey to the reader his thought.

We often hard so bad

From tricks of Caverznous Fate,

But we are humbled by camels

His adversity carry a hollow.

Such rows of the poet explains the reader his own thought that the majority of troubles that occur in life are natural, as the hill of the camels, that sometimes they just just do not get rid of them, but you just need to "carry" for some time.

Without you, no work, no rest:

woman you or bird?

After all, you as an air creation,

"Airpapping" - Baloven!

In most poems, the authors use comparisons to create a bright, beautiful, easily memorable image. Most of all such colorful comparisons in the texts of N. Gumileva, Mayakovsky. But I. Brodsky remains an unsurpassed master of using deployed comparisons in the artistic literary poems.

Comparisons are used in spoken language. When writing any text, even school essay, do not do without comparison. So it is necessary to revenge remember several rules for punctuation of the literary Russian language. The commas are put in front of comparative turns with the words:

  • as if
  • as if
  • as if,
  • like,
  • for sure

Therefore, when you write:

  • He was higher than that teenager that she was remembered.
  • The day flared quickly and hot, like the fire, which suddenly splashed gasoline.

─ In these situations, do not doubt, the commas are necessary. Much more problems suggests you with the Union "How". The fact is that, even if the particle "how" is part of a comparative turnover, the comma in front of it is not needed if:

It can be replaced with a dash. Steppe like a sea of \u200b\u200bherbs.

This union is part of a sustainable phraseologist. Believes like a dog.

The particle is included in the lean. For me the past as a dream.

The Union, in the meaning of the proposal, is replaced by adverb or nouns. He watched as a wolf Replacements are possible: watched wolf , watched wolf .

Where do not need commas

Not needed, according to the rules of punctuation, commas before "how" and then, in the proposal it is preceded by adverbs or particles:

It's time to finish, midnight sort of struck.

Not allocated with commas "how" if there is a negative particle in front of it.

He looked at the new gate not like a ram.
So when you resort to comparisons to decorate or make your text more understandable, remember the insidious part of the particle "as" and the rules of punctuation, and everything will be fine with you!


    Comparison - This is a special literary reception based on the comparison of two items or phenomena, between which the equalization relationship can be installed. With the help of comparison, art is becoming brighter and expressive, the character of heroes is revealed most fully.

    The comparison literature creates in several ways:

    With the help of comparative unions as if as if like, exactly etc.

    Form of the cartoons.

    Comparative degree of adjective or adverb.

    With the help of words similar and like.

    Some comparisons due to frequent use became stable expressions, so from comparisons turned into phraseologism. For example:

    Under comparison in Russian, it means comparison of various objects or phenomena to clarify the subject of another subject or one phenomenon with another phenomenon. In other words, under comparison, it is implied to like one object by another by identifying general features or a sign.

    But examples:

    Sunny smile - Here the smile is compared with the Sun, it is understood as the same bright, swallowed.

    His eyes are so deep as the sea - the eyes are compared with the sea depth;

    It is beautiful as a May rose - it compares with a May rose.

    In russian language comparison (Lat. Comparatio) is one of the artistic stylistic techniques designed to fully express her thoughts so that the reader brightly presented the described paintings and events. This is liketing, opposing two different objects, so that they are then affirmed or different, identifying their common features.

    1.Simple comparison method - Using words: as, Expert; like as-as as if scot;.

    Petals Rose Alelie in the snow, as Drops of blood.

    E's eyes glistened, like Diamonds.

    She was so thin like Crystin

    The face was so white for sure Folded from marble.

    2.Indirect comparison method (applied using nouns in the articulated case)

    He lived homai. - Sun pulled in his mink. Compare: He lived as Hamster. those. Previous words do not apply, but meant.

    3.Unsoyous comparisons:

    My home is my castle.

    4.Comparison of metaphor (Consumed in the figurative sense expression).

    BUT. Typical metaphor - We read the streams of my poems with A. Blok - poems are called streams.

    B. Negative metaphor - more often in the ancient Russian epics, songs and tales - it is not thunder rattling, it's not a mosquito, it's kum to kuma puddler drag.

    IN. Comparisons - Sustainable phrases - comparisons:

    Sweet as honey, sour as a vinegar, a slop like pepper.

    G. Animal comparisons:

    Stitch M.Yu. Lermontova: Garun ran faster than Lani, faster than the hare from the eagle

    D. Comparisons - frightening visual images:

    It looks like a fate, on the bazaar of the butcher, whose knife is bloody from the tip to the cutlets (Khakani).

    The talent of the writer and manifests itself in the ability to use comparisons, and therefore one is bright paintings, and another is a bitten.

    This is the process of comparing several objects and their qualities / characteristics. For example, in the literature is often used in order to give narrate more expressiveness.

    Several types of comparisons (for example, using alliances as, as and others; with the help of metaphor, etc.):

    For example,

    He is Silkin, like a bull.

    Comparison in any language (and in Russian - in particular) - it is, in its essence, rhetorical figuregenerated by various linguistic primes. This term can be called linguistic, and literary simultaneously. Any trope, including comparison, is studied in vocabulary, but applies in spoken language, and in any other styles; and in fiction.

    Schoolchildren can be explained like this:

    In order to form and beautifully compare two (or several) people, animals, two subjects or two qualities, writers and poets apply comparisons.

    Comparisons and metaphors are different language concepts, so you do not need to be confused. Otherwise, we will assume a mistake.

    Since the issue has been sent to the Russian language zone, in particular the syntax, then considering comparisons, it is necessary to now stop in the language approaches of comparing.

    Here are some of my examples with explanations:

    1. Natasha's cheeks picked up, as if (as if, like, as if, as it were, for sure) two apples (the usual, the simplest comparison, using comparing Union).
    2. Natasha's cheeks were similar (like) on two pink apples (the same simple comparison, but instead of alliances other parts of speech).
    3. Natasha's cheeks were repositted with red apples (the subject with which the IDT comparison is placed in a creative case).
    4. Natasha's cheek-apples pove out the sun (two compared subjects are connected by a hyphen).
    5. Natasha's apple cheeks rose, more than ever (an unusual definition is applied for the purpose of comparison).

  • Comparison This is a stylistic reception in the language, when the phenomenon or concept is clarified, is specified by mapping it with another phenomenon or a concept. Comparisons may be negative, deployed.

    Examples of comparisons and methods of their expressions:

    A comparison is a stylistic reception, which is based on a shaped comparison of states or several items. Comparisons are very often used by writers in their creations and this very well expresses their subtext. For example, the words A. S. Pushkin

    Also in nature very well expressed and applied

    Comparison - Detection of a general feature by comparing (like) one phenomenon to another. Stylistic reception in Russian, literature. The letter is allocated with commas. Comparison is simple (as if, like) or indirect.

    Comparison in Russian is a stylistic reception, at the expense of which you can describe the properties of one item by comparing its qualities with another. There are various comparison techniques in Russian, for example, with the help of degrees of high-quality adjectives:

    • a positive degree (high-quality);
    • comparative (better);
    • excellent (the highest quality).

    There is still a figurative comparison. An example of such a comparison can be found in the books - this is when a specific subject; Compare with a certain follower; For example: weather is cold, as in winter. Here the word WeatherAt; - this is the subject of comparison, and as in winter - This is an image.

    Compared in Russian refer to comparison in oral or writing speech of two items or phenomena that have general features. It can also be used to explain one phenomenon with the help of the other.

    Examples of comparisons.

mOB_INFO.