Is equality between husband and wife in marital relations? Social equality and equality Is equality in society
Are there any gender equality? Open any public for girls, and see that if there is, it is ready to exchange on the dress, shoes, lipstick from the dear brand and the opportunity to show all this is not at work in Ust-Kukuevo, but, for example, in the resort. Yes, the trend has changed. Something came to replace the feminist Soviet views, very resembling the usual patriarchy. And while in the West, the girls choose a career, travel, sports, and later motherhood, then we would have been glad to get married and cook borscht, if only it was not necessary to go to work.
Exercise helps to produce testosterone, which gives pleasure. Therefore, sex is the best completion of the workout.
Where there are no opportunities, no equalityi.
Popular psychology for women teaches us about the following:
- You will be too smart, the man will stop perceiving you as a sex object;
- Build a successful career? We also wait for trouble, no one wants to meet with a lady boss, real men want to be bosses themselves;
- Do you want to live in your pleasure and spend earned money on travel and beautiful things? Do not expect that someone wants a serious relationship with you, as the girl is starting only to create a family, and what a family here, if you catch the wind today in Dahab, and tomorrow they are registered to the Boston Marathon
In general, the perfect woman for marriage is such an eternal subordinate. Not stupid, but not smarter than men. It goes to work, but not too passionate as a career. He earns, but exactly only that he does not know how much a washbasin is from "Clarans", and why it does not replace "clean line".
Yes, in the blood of men - the hormone of the testosterone championship. But if everyone explains with high sex hormones, then after sex when prolactin rises, guys should want to immediately acquire the offspring, or, in the extreme case, a couple of cats. However, they want to pull jeans and go home, if they have nothing serious to you.
Quote of the Day
Sex is the comedy of the provisions.
Dmitry Khrapovitsky
Quote of the Day
Woman needs love, and a man needs a woman.
Wolf Vonddrachek
Quote of the Day
Sex is the fun of all that I could do without laughter.
Woody Allen
By the way, women prone to adventurism, not an alien competition spirit, and those who want to independently provide themselves with all the benefits not to the sex hormone. Usually they are attributed to "incorrect education" and "not those values".
Dry economic theory reduces everything to more simple things. We do not live in the richest country. To build a successful career, you need to either learn a lot, and choose the right profession, or sell well products and services. Unfortunately, very many types of classes do not fit into this paradigm. Society requires men to "be a getter". Because if the miner did not take place on the field of making money, it is easier to support his such doctrine. Look for, they say, a woman who is weaker than you, and on the background of it will look like a young man, dear comrade man.
Sexism and equality: all suffer2
And here she is, a woman. Learn to hide high earnings and the same high intelligence. And next to her - a man who for some reason suspects her in an attempt to master his salary, sit on the neck, and immediately reward the family, child and mortgage. It is clear that if they meet somewhere after the club, it will not live for a long time without scandals and quarrels. No healthy relationships may not be anything about any healthy relationship, if one person is constantly pretending, and the other - suspects him in in fictional sins.
Sexism is not only in relation to a woman. The following settings are also attributed to it:
- A man is simply obliged to provide an adult capable woman who is not in maternity leave, nor in a predicule. That was just two, she did on it for the maintenance, or began to spend their money exclusively on clothes, procedures and entertainment, and it was on a joint life and necessary needs. The outcome of this point of view is the situation where a man is a certain slave of relations, and must pay all its revenues to pay for these very relations. In this situation, a woman is an expensive product, with which they raise social significance, only and everything.
- A man is obliged to solve problems that an adult can solve independently. For example, in the first call to break and carry a woman's car to something or rush to repair everything that is cleaned, although it would be better to hire a specialist. And before the relationship, the girl could well take the car to that herself, and call the masters - too.
- A woman is obliged to cook food, even if she works, is engaged in its projects, and it cannot be prepared in principle. Moreover, a man can eat to the relationship with semi-finished products and food from delivery, but starting to live with a woman, it is strongly upset if it also prefers delivery, and not a fun leisure and borscht.
- Both are just burning with the desire to immediately acquire children, even if they have no apartment, the desire to raise off offices, and joint money to ensure the needs of the child, at least for the first years of his life without loss for themselves.
- The man is obliged to remove all the girls from friends, stop corresponding with them in social networks, and in general, if possible, behave like a social couple, and in no way communicate with women, even if it requires work, a hobby or some unhappy visit In the House Committee. Woman should change the style of clothing to "married". Yes, more gray COFT of the incomprehensible size, pants in the style of "Jeans of My Mom", shoes on a flat sole, and smaller makeup. Paint your hair, make nails, eyelashes, lips, and go to a beautician now too.
- If a woman gets a career promotion, she should think a hundred times. And how is her second half. Suddenly she stressannets so much that she would stop perceiving her as a marriage partner, and will run away to a less powerful and more feminine neighbor. If a man gets such a boost, a woman must be happy. Let even now all the duties on the house and the upbringing of children will fall on it, and have to move for the polar circle. Career husband is more important. What about you? Borshi!
- A man wanted to sit with a child on maternity leave, because he has a career deadlock, he loves his home affairs, and he is better to care for the kid? No way. He will also lose his masculinity. And leaves to mothers on the playground. And if a woman does not want to lose 3 years of successful career - she is a bad mother. Because it is just obliged to be near the baby. Even if it is "near" and will turn into her then the need to raise a child in a one-room apartment and carry to school by bus.
- Woman discovered that her husband started his mistress? We must endure, behave as usual, sign up for a bunch of expensive beauty procedures to return it. A man discovered that his wife had a lover? He is in no way to blame for anything, nothing needs to do, except that, expel his wife and find a new one.
Can exist?3
We are so arranged that they compare themselves with others. So here is not all families "Dad works, and Mom is beautiful." And not in all respects, a man is obliged, and a woman is obliged only to sacrifice his freedom.
Yes, at work, many have to deal with discrimination for gender equality, and, in relation to both floors. Just imagine a man at school, or a woman driver of the bus. But we are free to leave the works that do not like, or where does not suit the team. We are not obliged to communicate with people whose vital values \u200b\u200bdo not share, and should not tolerate resentment and discrimination in relations.
Each person can find someone who shares its installation and values, and build a career, and harmonious family relationships. Therefore, gender equality may be not in society, but in a separate family it is quite achievable, if this is what the members seek.
27 Is universal equality possible?
The struggle with slavery was partly the struggle for universal equality, which people are not indifferent and compassionate. However, for victory over the slave owners of one compassion was not enough. This struggle on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean was headed by more richer states, a significant part of whose welfare created no longer slave labor. So, in the 1790s. Denmark banned the slave trade on its islands in West Indies, and the revolutionary France abolished slavery in his colonies. These European countries were easily abandoned from slave labor, still used in the colonies: their economic life was generally dependent on it to a much lesser extent than the US economy.
The United States was opposed to slavery. The rich northern states have become the progress of struggle with slavery, relying not to slave labor, but on metallurgical plants, factories, free farms and shipyards. Thanks to them, the United States became a great industrial power, and by 1860 for smelting iron and steel - which was now an indicator of success achieved in industry - they ranked third after Britain and France. From now on, the Americans could afford to abandon slavery, but the political and economic price of such a decision would still be high. Fighters, most of which were the loyal members of the church, were ready to pay this price, although truly payments would have to be able to chalk owners and the states whose economy was built on slave labor.
The importation of new slaves in the United States was already banned, which forced planters to use the work of sons and daughters of slaves. The slave labor was still extremely in demand in the daily life of the southern states, and in 1861 eleven southern states rebelled. They came out of the United States and formed their own state - Confederate States. In the midst of this confrontation, Abraham Lincoln entered the post of President of the Old USA. A month later, in April 1861, began - the confederates of Fort Sumter in South Carolina - civil war.
Lincoln involved his country to war not in order to ban slavery. Initially, he fought for preserving the integrity of the state, not allowing the exit of it the part of the oldest and most important states. Lincoln tried to find a compromise. If it was necessary, he would retain the institution of slavery for the state to remain unity. He just wanted to save his country from rude amputation.
Now it seems a bit strange that this most famous democrat in the world, proclaiming the ideas of political equality, called democracy, at the same time agreed to endure, albeit reluctantly, the cruel inequality of slavery. But democracy in its modern understanding was then only originated, and slavery in all its weights and sensibility was the oldest institute. In addition, the United States was built on the federal principle implying that different states could draw strength in their unity, but at the same time maintain political and economic features. The meaning of federalism was the possibility of coexistence of enemies and opponents, and Lincoln had to defend and fasten this coexistence. In 1861, the main sin of the slave-owned south in his eyes was not in defending slavery, but in the fact that the federalism and the very existence of the United States jeopardized the federalism and the very existence of the United States.
This hero of war against slavery had a modest origin. In 1816, his parents moved from warm Kentucky to the north of Indiana, where they purchased a small farm. Abraham Lincoln, who was then 8 years old, learned to work as an ax and began masterfully chopped trees and split them on the planks, of which dozens of thousands of simple fees stretched along the North American plains. When, being a young lawyer, he was engaged in politics, the colleagues called him "Shposcrup", but he was more proud of the formation that he managed to get than the previously severe life of the son of his need.
His mother and father belonged to a private Baptist Church - one of the many branches of Protestantism that flourished in North America, and, like most of the representatives of this sect, opposed horse races, dances, drinking alcohol and slavery. Their protest against slavery dictated not only by religious views, but also personal financial interests. In such slave-owned states, like Kentucky, Lincoln and other poor farmers were forced to compete with large landowners who used heavy under-gland work of slaves.
Like most Democratic politicians, Lincoln should have saved downstream if he wanted to conquer the folk support necessary to solve their large tasks. And he sailed either in the question of slavery. Although he was firmly convinced of the inadmissibility of slavery, Lincoln did not care at all for the equality of black and white people.
In 1862, he supported the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an independent state for black in Africa - "For the sake of the benefit of mankind." When the leaders of blacks responded with refusal, he accepted this refusal. Over the year passed before he gave freedom - so far only theoretical - slaves who lived in the northern states. He did not forbade slavery in the southern states: this required amendment to the Constitution of the country.
Soon after the victorious battle in the Gettisberg, the remains of the dead northerners were reburied on the right military memorial cemetery, the solemn opening of which took place on November 19, 1863. For the ceremony in the cemetery, Abraham Lincoln died in a new black suit and a cylinder who did it even higher than he was on actually. The cylinder wrapped a black tape in a sign of mourning, but not killed in the battle of Gettisberg, but for his son, Willie, deceased recently after a short illness. Lincoln listened to a long speech, and then stood and in three minutes they said his own.
He would be surprised if I learned that the words of this speech would be remembered through the century. It consisted of only several offers. Nevertheless, she had eternal meaning. The speech ended with the words that repeat again and again: "We must solemnly decide that these deaths will not be in vain, and our nation under the patronage of God will receive a new source of freedom, and this government from the people created by the people and for the people will not die on Earth "
Linkolna's loyalty to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe unity of the nation will be in the history of the increase in human freedom - even higher than its campaign against slavery. If the United States in the 1860s. We broke up into two states that have little common among themselves, the influence of North America on world affairs would be much weaker, and the outcome of World War II could well be different.
Immediately before the victorious end of a four-year war in 1865, when Lincoln rested, looking at the performance in the Washington Theater, he was killed. Slavery in America was already doomed. That year it was banned in the United States and more and more disheveled with Cuba and from Brazil. New slaves no longer arrived from Africa, and the children born in the families of slaves were announced free. Finally, in 1886, slavery was banned in Cuba, and in two years later the last slave was released in Brazil. In many parts of Africa and individual areas of Asia, slavery has been preserved. Until 1980, it was not officially prohibited on the plains of the African state of Mauritania brought by the sands of the plains. States continue to brand it, but even in the 1990s. That's, then there are its manifestations.
Rebellion in China
The two most merciless wars, which happened during the long period of the world between 1815 and 1914 were ins-, not interstate. In addition, they were conducted by states who played an important role, and therefore they had serious consequences that have affected on the subsequent alignment and equilibrium of forces in the world. While the civil war in America is widely known - television and movies are constantly refreshing the memory of it, the second war, the Taipin uprising, few people remember outside of China. The number of those killed in the Civil War in America exceeded 600,000, but the victims of the Chinese war were probably more than 20,000,000 people - more than died during the First World War.
This uprising of ordinary peasants was a call to equality during a sharp growth of the population and a lack of arable land. The diet and dwellings of most Chinese peasants were poorer than most slaves in the United States. But the poverty and difficulties of life do not always lead to the uprising: otherwise, the whole history of mankind would be no more than a chain of the uprisings. I was demanded a spark, and Hong Suceuan was ejected.
Hong was an ambitious young man who was counting on a cloudless career, but between 1828 and 1843. He fell four times the exam required to occupy the state office. Instead of becoming a venerable official, he served as a rural teacher - until he fell under the influence of the American missionary-Baptist, who, who did not suspect himself, was in the dissatisfied life of the teacher with a dormant ambition. Having received Christian ideas, Hong enveloped them into Chinese patriotism and headed people who decided to build a "heavenly state of great prosperity" (in Chinese "Taipin Tiango", from where the name of the uprising occurs).
Moving through friendly countryside, Hunga's troops were doomed to defeat the first victories until the government had collected his strength. On the side of Hunga was sudden. The village of the village, the city outside the city - everything is probably about 600 - they obeyed the Hunga army, the number of which has reached almost a million people over time.
This unprofessional commander and the theologians-amateur preached his own mix of Confucianism and Christianity. It was attended by the ideas of equality, and if he was limited to controlling rural areas, leaving large cities alone, he could produce a large-scale redistribution of land and establish the communes. But in 1856 - a swivel for the Taipinsky uprising - among his leaders, a split occurred, caused by personal disagreements and led to the crossbursions and executions. Since then, luck has become a change to the Taith army.
On June 1, 1864, after almost 14 years of fighting, Hong was in the face of an imminent defeat. On this day he committed suicide. However, Taipina shook the foundations of what seemed monolithic and unreasonable. Since then, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe uprising has strengthened in the minds of many Chinese intellectuals and dissidents. An example of Hunga's struggle had a deep influence on the nationalist of Dr. Sun Yatsen, who the constellation later will overthrow the emperor of China. Even the communists who later overthrew the national government, a hurricane wind, raised by HUN.
Century of social experiments
Plant seeds called "equality" ripe in human minds and hearts for millennia. Greek stoic philosophers argued that all people, whether they were slaves or free, endowed with the ability to think and the ability to show a good will, and these qualities are distinguished from other living beings. The Roman Empire and the concept of natural law did focus on universality; And in 212, most of the free-birth men's empire became equal to the law.
These ideas of equality that have lost their influence in the Middle Ages were revived in the Epoch of the Renaissance, who put forward a human person to the first place, and then with the reformation, the ideologues of which stated that everyone, with humility reading the Bible, endowed with the right to independently interpret the Word of God and even be priest and shepherd. The ideas of equality led to the idea of \u200b\u200buniversal education. Protestant countries that built schools proceeded from the fact that each child has the potential that can be revealed using reading and writing. Democracy in the United States has developed largely due to the fact that hundreds of thousands of competent people who spent worship in their communities, considered themselves entitled to also sit in local parliaments.
In Europe in the second half of the XIX century. From time to time, the loud requirements of economic equality sounded. They were heard in major cities, because they are easier in them than in the village, unofficial protest movements were organized. Calls for equality also increased the extreme property bundle. While the wealth of monarchs, aristocrats, major landowners and merchants was traditional and, as it were, of course, the tremendous, huge states, based on the owners of the factors, were increasingly considered as a result of the exorbitant work of workers of these factories. Requirements for economic reforms were revealed by an increase in the number of unemployed in poor years and the fact that being unemployed in a big city meant to be more helpless than in the village where it was possible to at least collect wood and ask for food and the priests of relatives.
The most powerful protest movements arose in cities, and in 1848 - the year of revolutions - they were very close to achieving success. While many earlier protests were limited to the requirement of cheap bread in the years of disadvantaged, new reform movements often advanced inclusive and complex requirements. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, young German architects of the future communism, managed to predict some directions in which the development of a rapidly changing European economy will go. Marx with acute foresight predicted that in industrial states, new cars and skills will create a huge wealth and a gaping gap between rich and poor. By 1875, he brightly formulated the thesis of equality: "From everyone - according to abilities, everyone - according to needs."
Economic reformers did not need to call for actions. The crowds of barefoot children ran through the streets of Italy. In large German cities, the mass of families was forced to be content with the housing from one room. In Russia, a great many families trembled from winter cold, because they could not find fuel to maintain in the house of fire. In industrial countries in some years, the 1880s, unemployed were up to 10% of the population, and most of these unemployed were eager to work and spent their entire lives in a hard work. Economic life slowly pulsed - periods of violent growth were replaced by periods of depression, and the unemployment rate was falling, then he took off as a swing.
At first, calls for equality sounded more often in political than in an economic context. The requirement of the right to vote is not so revolutionary as the requirement to divide the entire land equally between rich and poor. The right to vote, however, was rare even in Europe. In 1800, only an insignificant share of the states of the world had parliament who had at least a tolia, and only a limited number of citizens was allowed to vote in elections or to sit in those few parliaments that existed. The English-language world was in the foreground of parliamentarism, but the so-called mother of parliaments on the shores of the Thames was much less democratic than the United States in the first decades of the XIX century.
In the late 1850s. Three of the five Australian colonies have become a political laboratory: almost every man in them received the right to vote, including the right of secret ballot and the right to maintain one or another position in the lower chamber of Parliament. At that time, five major European states of Britain, France, Germany, Austria and Russia were significantly lagging behind Australia, Canada and the United States in their desire for democracy and the practice of its application.
At the end of this century, New Zealand and Australia still remained pioneers in the development of democracy: the further expansion of the rights of the voting and the practice of paying the activities of members of parliament led to the election of the world in the world of the Labor Government in Queensland in December 1899. It became the harbinger of the era of elected democratic governments, which will manage most of Europe.
Women won from this awakened interest in equality, although the right of votes they will gain no sooner. The American territory of Wyoming first gave women this right. It made such a radical change in 1869 in the hope of attracting more women on these men populated by armed tooths and thus soften the harsh society of the frontier. A year later, the neighboring state of Utah followed this example. As Mormons inhabited by Utah, Mormons inhabited and every homeowner lived with several wives, this society was difficult to call the support of feminism. The purpose of the new law was to give more votes for the long-living Morma families here to the detriment of the NEW-sellers Utah.
The permission of women to study in medical schools was also a strikingly bold step. In the United States, Miss Elizabeth Blackwell, having wishes to study medicine, was forced to hire various private teachers, before she was accepted in November 1847 at the age of 26 years in a nursing school with a tiny Geneva College in a small town of New York State. Her victory was half a half, and at first she did not allow to attend practical classes with men, on which the human body was studied. Subsequently, she opened a hospital for poor women in New York.
Even in Europe, the generation later a woman working in the profession was uncommon, with the exception of the teacher's profession. The first woman-scientist who conquered worldwide recognition was probably Maria Curie - a physicist of Polish origin, which in France in 1898 introduced the word "radioactive" to appeal to describe one of the discoveries made it. At that time, a woman in parliament was still impossible to imagine in any country in the world, although the Queen of Victoria, formally stood at the head of the largest empire, the rules of 63 years - the "term of office", which will not be the prime minister In one democratic country. Until 1924, there will be no female members of the Cabinet of Ministers, the first will be Nina Bang, who took this position in Denmark.
Signs of the origin of the foundations of a socially oriented state in Western Europe were another manifestation of fashion at equality. If all people in the country are equally valuable, do not the government take care of them when they are sick, old, they suffer from a protracted unemployment or are in extreme need? In Germany in the 1880s. Bismarck conducted laws that laid the basis of social insurance workers, and in Denmark, New Zealand and some places of Australia, an old-age pension was already paid by 1900. Under the pressure of trade unions, Australia spoke with a bold idea of \u200b\u200bestablishing a minimum wage for employees of the factory. In different states, the tax system changed: low-income taxes have become less, and with high - more. Someone had to pay social security. As a rule, the choice fell on the rich.
Even in prosperous cities, the life of families with regular income was unstable, according to the current ideas. In the English city of York, a family of five people with the lowest level of income could not afford such a luxury as beer, tobacco, a newspaper for a half drain or postal shipment. Their weekly fee was lacked to put a coin on the dish for donations in the church, and they could not afford a gift to children for Christmas, unless they did not make this gift. Sometimes they had to attract the weekend clothes by the Roshovshchik on Monday to help out money for food until the next day of payments. For a family, with the breadwinner of which an accident occurred at work or an attack of the disease, the loss of earnings was a disaster. If the husband died, his wife had to take guests (if there was a free room in the house) or lingering. With a well-known share of luck, she could marry again.
There was one consolation. The standard of living of these families was usually higher than their rural grandfathers and great-grandfathers. In addition, they lived longer, more comfortable and had more opportunities to get an education.
The growing desire for equality was expressed in the requirement of primary education for all children and in the implementation of the principle, in accordance with which all young people should serve in the army. It also broke out on the religious arena. Before most governments gave a confident preference to representatives of official religion. In Britain, in 1820, the law emphasized the inequality of religions. So, Catholics and Jews did not have the right to vote and could not sit in parliament, and Baptists and most methodists had no right to teach at universities. The followers of these nonconformist religions could not marry their own pastors in their own churches. However, long until the end of the century followers of all religions have become in many ways equal in the British Isles, but not in every European state.
The European Introves Equality also expressed in a growing mistrust to the hereditary rights and preference of some forms of the Republican device. Venice during the centuries remained an influential aristocratic republic, but the emergence of the powerful United States and the new chain of the South American republics announced the onset of the new Republican era worldwide. France after cancellation, and then the restoration of the monarchy became in 1870 by the consistent republic. Chinese monarchy may have the longest living in the world, replaced by the Republic in 1912 in most European monarchy states, strongly limited in powerful powers, and nominally survived; However, as a result of mass unrest At the end of World War I, three of the powerful monarchies of Europe were overthrown and no longer recovered. Most of the new states arising in Europe after this war elected the republican form of government.
Bottles of equality
The equality thirst was a distinctive feature of the era, but this label was added to the bottles of different shapes and sizes. Some bottles sold with such a label contained foam beer inequality. In one of these bottles there was nationalism. Every citizen of the state, being in the society of his tribesmen, could feel united and equal to them, but this feeling was not always applied to representatives of other nationalities. Hostally perceiving the ideas of equality, people were not always ready to relate them to representatives of other social layers, they denied equality and recent immigrants.
Interests of equality often came into a collision with racial prejudices, characterized by many Europeans. The characteristic feature of the second half of the XIX century is the passion for racial theories - was a consequence of an unusual combination of different factors. It was the century of intensive searches for the general laws of development of humanity - and the confidence that this community will be found. At the same time, an unprecedented activation of contacts between people, for a long time divided - and geographically, and culturally, - showed that differences really exist (and then these differences were probably much more than today). Most of the statements on racial issues were neutral, but some are aggressive.
Residents of Western Europe were enrolled by their own progress in this age of steam and compulsory education. From the height of his position, it was easy for them to think that they possess congenital superiority - and spiritual, and physical, and will also continue. They did not doubt that their civilization is significantly ahead of North African and even Chinese; And in the material relation she really left far ahead.
Many of those who considered the special own branch of European civilization were romantics, and often very spiritualized. Many sought to carry their culture to colored residents of their own colonies. The fact that this tidal wave of racist and nationalist ideas can be fraught with serious threats, did not realize almost anywhere in Europe.
Ultimately, the victims of the influx of such ideas were the Jews, but in 1900, serious signs that the wave would be devastating and ominous, almost anywhere, except the Russian Empire, was not observed. For the first time, Jews allowed to navigate for the advanced position of public life in many European countries. It seemed that they were among those who have learned special advantages from the heyday of the ideas of equality, characteristic of that time. Germany seemed regarding the country friendly to them, and thousands of Jews were emigrated to German cities, where they made professional and intellectual life, achieved considerable success in music, painting and literature, built beautiful synagogues.
Jews lived in the advantage of Central and Eastern Europe. On a wide strip of the territory stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea by 1200 kilometers, the Jews on average constituted 10% of the total population of each major region. By the advantage of Russia, which, unlike most European states, severely limited Jews in rights. They should have lived in special areas, for the so-called "line of settling", and could not engage in certain professions.
Jews are easily identified as the people, since the day of religious worship was Saturday. From religious considerations, they spoke and wrote in their own language, Hebrew, and in everyday life they usually talked to Yiddish - a dialect of medieval Germany. In individual European circles, they served the target for Christian prejudices, they looked at them as the descendants of those who allegedly crucified Christ. Some European theologians and intellectuals even argued that Christ was not a Jew.
Jews often succeeded as bankers and lenders. Partly anti-Semitism, especially during the years of the protracted unemployment, had an economic shade. He was directed against rich Jews who made up an insignificant minority, or against the Jews-Roshovistors in small towns of Eastern Europe.
At the end of the XIX century, the share of Jews who have reached large heights in arts, sciences, medicine, jurisprudence, was a huge in relation to their total number in Western Europe. In England, where the Jews lived not so much, they could take high government positions. Conservative Prime Minister of England in 1874-1880, eloquent Benjamin Dizraeli, was the descendant of Italian and Portuguese Jews, and his father in his youth often visited Synagoga.
This process of gradual advantage of equality did not affect several hundred million people living in Africa and Asia. The requirements of equality and freedom in most European countries coincided with loss of freedom in some areas of other continents. With such a plurality of Asian and African peoples who came under the power of distant European monarchs or parliaments, it was not easy to speak convincingly about equality in Cairo, Tashkent, Shanghai or Calcutta. Perhaps, for the first time in human history, equality was so widely extruded as virtue, but Ironically, hundreds of millions of people lived under the colonial oppression of those European states who were louder to preach equality.
| |
Social equality - This is such a type of device of society, in which all its members have the same status in any field. For example, in the political sphere - this is the right to participate in the elections, and in the economic - the right to have a job, to receive social benefits, etc.
In ancient times, equality existed inside the estates, and there were inequality between the estates. In the Middle Ages, equality was manifested only in religion, that is, "before God we are all equal." Later, the idea of \u200b\u200bequality has acquired a more secular character, when the social position of a person was determined not by his pedigree, but his personal achievements. Nowadays, equality has become the same basic concept of sociology and legal state, as well as freedom and right.
Equality.
Equality -this is the equality of all people before the law, regardless of their nationality, race, religion, public situation, gender, political views. Equality implies that everyone must equally comply with the law, and the authorities should equally apply to everyone.
Back in the XIII century BC, in ancient China, Guan Zhong announced: "The ruler and officials, higher and lower, notable and vigorous - everyone should follow the law." In our time in Russia, the same principle provides 19 of the Constitution article, according to which everyone is equal to law and the court.
In cases where this principle is broken, we are faced with discrimination. Discrimination -this is most often unreasonable, the distinction of a person in duties and rights on any or several signs. An example of discrimination - clubs only for whites in the United States in the 50s.
Currently, various international organizations, including the UN, are struggle with all types of discrimination.
Can society exist without hierarchy and inequality? In Marxist theory, attempts were made to substantiate that inequality and stratification did not always exist, for example, in primitive society they were not. Is it really? Above it was shown that inequality and dominance are present in the communities of animals. Even in the most simplest human societies, despite the visibility of equality, sexual dominance was present. The most fortunate hunters, skillful craftsmen, persons who have rare abilities (shamans, signs), etc., also occupied a higher position than others. Between the various communities there was always inequality in accessing useful resources (nephritis, obsidian, salt, clay), and those resources were located on whose territory, they have learned certain benefits from their position.
All this indicates that inequality, even in the most primitive form, always existed. Many outstanding thinkers skeptically considered the possibility of creating a society without hierarchy and stratification. They believed that the desire to equalize everyone in everything is the prerequisite for the disappearance of any individuality. Considering this problem, Pitirim Sorokin picked up a lot of examples from history when people tried to create a society of equal. But they all ended unsuccessfully. Christianity began with egalitarian communities, but built a powerful pyramid with dad, cardinals and inquisition. Saint Francis created the Institute for Monastics for the same purpose, but after seven years from the past equality there is no trace (Sorokin 1992). The large-scale communist "experiment" of the XX century only confirmed this pattern on a large actual material. In the entire space of the "global system of socialism" from the USSR to Cuba and Korea, a general trend is clearly charged, the law of world history - the initial egalitarism of revolutionaries is rapidly replaced by the establishment of a rigid hierarchy, class partitions, the desire of the elite to luxury, total supervision over citizens, mass terror. Whether the noble intentions of social engineers turn the road to hell. It is important to emphasize that the bright future turned out to be underworld and for those who started it once again to create. Revolutions, as a rule, devoured their creators - if naive reformers did not have time to throw away the dreams of a dream of social justice, the wave of the courageers faded them in their path.
The gap between the masses and their representatives who managed to climb the step above in the public hierarchy, happens hardly automatically. Bruno Bettelheim describes how quickly it happens in a concentration camp with a person who has fallen from simple enclosed in the camp "elite". The elder, who was still ready to rummage in the garbage in search of potato husk, today sends a prisoner to the death of a prisoner, who found for a similar occupation. It is difficult for him to imagine what it means to be hungry. He can no longer look at the world through the eyes of a person who is on the other side of the barbed wire. The amazing property of the human psyche is to quickly forget everything that was with you earlier (Bettelgeim i960).
Privileged groups are firmly on guarding their conquests. A little less than three years have passed since the October Revolution, and the young nomenclature has already entered such a taste of privileges that in the hungry warring Russia had to create a special "control commission", designed to deal with the abuse of some representatives of the party. The Commission existed not long. Two years later, at the XI Congress of the RCP (b) in 1922, a more moderate requirement was launched: put an end to the big difference in paying various groups of communists. After another year, the Circular Central Committee of the Central Committee and the Central Committee of the RCP (b) was sent, in which only the use of public funds for the equipment of their office cabinets, cottages and personal apartments was condemned. The document proclaimed that "the required standard of living of responsible workers should be ensured by a higher wage" (Universal 1991: 319). Do not naive look in this connection, the statements of some modern Russian politicians, assuring the public, that mass corruption among officials can be prevented by establishing a high salary apparatus.
Robert Mikhels (1876-1936) on the example of modern trade union workers of organizations showed how the organizational hierarchy arises (Michels 1959). Its analysis of a special piquancy is that he has done it on the example of social democratic parties. According to Mikhels, any political party or trade union organization face in their activities with various problems (organization of political campaigns and elections, printed operation, negotiating, etc.). This activity takes a lot of time and sometimes requires special training. If the organization includes a large number of members, then additional efforts are needed for their coordination. The management apparatus is gradually formed, which is engaged in providing the life of the organization, collects contributions, conducts correspondence and so on. For their work, the managers receive a reward. So direct democracy in the socialist parties is replaced by representative.
In the context of the growth of the organization, the mass is inevitably losing control over it. This task is opposed to special auditors or relevant services that are charged supervised by the functions and periodically inform the majority of the results of the inspections.
Over time, the gap between the masses and elected leaders of organizations arises. First of all, this gap concerns the lifestyle and income. A new way of life is more diverse (mental labor, travel, communication with the world of business, government and trade union bodies, press, etc.) and brings more satisfaction. A higher level of income and access to the channels of redistribution of funds of their organizations makes it possible to conduct a comfortable lifestyle, improve housing conditions, acquire a more luxurious car and so on. All this gradually changes the worldview of trade union functionaries.
They are already striving not so much to fulfill the software installations of their batch, how much to preserve their own position. The distance between them and simple workers increases more and more. At the same time, they are more and more come closer to other trade union officials of other organizations, as well as with the administration of their own organization. Realizing its common interests, the functionaries produce mechanisms to protect their position and power throughout the whole group. They concentrate in their hands the infrastructure of the organization, press bodies and financial resources. Finally, they are better than simple masses informed and more sophisticated in intrigues and political struggle. If an opposition arises inside the organization, then all these levers can be directed against revisionists. In this, according to Michels, the "Iron Law of the oligarchy" is.
Of all this, Mikhels concluded that the existence of trade unions in organizations is not a sufficient condition for the existence of democracy. Trade union leaders and functionaries have their own goals, often different from the interests of their masses, they experience a large temptation to eliminate democratic control procedures and the possibility of re-election, seek to turn their influence into oligarchic power. These findings are consonant with the ideas of Berran Russell, who showed that no form of society could not exist without an organizational hierarchy. The main problem of any social system, including the democratic, is that a complex society involves the introduction of an organizational hierarchy, but the management elite pursues completely different interests than the managed majority (Russel 1938).
This question arises only before extremely limited people, for example, Christians. They were planted for false postulates firmly. If you can pray to the crucifix, then we do not have to talk about the support.
Equality, Freedom Brotherhood is the slogan of Masons and Bolsheviks.
He is false, like their whole philosophy, first internationalism, later, more "sophisticated" philosophy of cosmopolitanism.
There can be no citizen of the world. He can be the son of his people (nation). But not all nations immediately.
It may be more "rolling-field" or "Ivan not remembering kinship" - these are those who have lost together with the conscience. And without memory, the person is animal, Ameba.
So equality, it is simply not intended.
"The forest did not give birth to the forest, did not give up and people," so they speak the people from the science.
One was born smart, another flawed,
One beautiful-other ugly
One cares about parents, another-snealing for duty and duty.
The differences between people are greater than similar. And this is the exercise over.
How can you equalize a killer and morally, spiritually healthy person? What can they equalize them? Both give the same social protection? And the adoration of society?
And by the way, the ruled click has already planted the people on templates and samples of ugliness and immorality and a huge number of precisely immoral, female obscure people are obtained in the abundance of "love" of the public. Such as the struggle of Moses, Alla Pouacheva (real surname Pevzner)
It turns out one or two generations ... and crumbs remain from the morality of the Great People. Here it is ... All-inclusive power of the Neri media.
