Chernyshevsky civil execution place. Civil execution, the drafting of execution, excommunication from the church, annoying punishments. Further fate of the writer and revolutionar

Revolutionaries and participants of the opposition movement in the Russian Empire were often referred to firing work in Siberia. Katorga was usually preceded by a civil execution, that is, deprivation of class, political and civil rights. Of the well-known personalities who have been punished, only the Decembrists and Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky are usually remembered. Civil execution (a brief description of the ceremony and causes) of the latter are considered in this article.

Activity N.G. Chernyshevsky

Already in the student years, Chernyshevsky was ready to devote all the revolutionary activities. By the same time his first literary work belongs. He wrote polyteconomic, literary-critical and historical and literary works, articles covering economic and political issues. Nikolay Gavrilovich was the ideological inspirer of the organization "Earth and Will".

Political ideology: peasant question

In several of its publications, Chernyshevsky affected the idea of \u200b\u200bthe liberation of peasants with earth without redemption. In this case, communal ownership should have been preserved, which would lead to socialist land use. But according to Lenin, it could lead to the most rapid and progressive spread of capitalism. When the press was printed "Manifesto" Tsar Alexander II, on the first page of the "contemporary" placed only excerpts. In the same room, the words "songs about blacks" were printed and an article about slavery in the United States. Readers understood what exactly the editors would say.

Causes of arrest theorist of critical socialism

Chernyshevsky was arrested in 1862 on charges of drawing up the proclamation of "fraternal peasants ...". The appeal was transferred to Vsevolod Kostomarov, who (as it turned out) turned out to be a provocateur. Nikolay Gavrilovich is already then in documents and correspondence between the gendarmerie and the police called the "enemy of the Empire number one". The immediate cause of the arrest was the intercepted letter of Herzen, in which Chernyshevsky was mentioned in connection with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe publisher of the prohibited "contemporary" in London.

The investigation continued to a year and a half. In the form of protest, Nikolai Gavrilovich declared a hunger strike that lasted 9 days. In prison, he continued to work. For 678 days, Chernyshevsky's conclusion has written a minimum of 200 sheets of text materials. The most large-scale work of this period is the novel "What to do?" (1863), published in 3-5 rooms "Contemporary".

In February 1864, Senator declared a verdict in the case: reference to the catguard for fourteen years, and then a lifelong settlement in Siberia. Alexander II reduced the term of labor work up to seven years, but in general Nikolai Gavrilovich stayed in prison, on religious work and in the link for more than twenty years. In May, Chernyshevsky civil execution took place. The civil execution in the Russian Empire and other countries was the type of punishment, consisting of imprisonment of all the ranks, privileges for class, property, and so on.

Ceremony of the Civil Execution of N. G. Chernyshevsky

The morning of the nineteenth day of May 1864 was foggy and rainy. On the Mysyneskaya Square - at the site of the Chernyshevsky civil execution - about 200 people gathered: writers, employees of publishing houses, students, disguised detectives. By the time of the sentence of the sentence, about two and a half thousand people were gathered. On the perimeter, the area was detained by cities and gendarmes.

The prison coach arrived from which three. It was Nikolai Chernyshevsky himself and two executioners. In the middle of the square stood a high pillar with the chains, to which the newly arrived again arrived. Everything froze when Chernyshevsky rose to the elevation. Soldiers commanded: "On the guard!", And one of the executioners took off with a convicted cap. It began to read the sentence.

An illiterate executioner read loudly, but with stinking. In one place, he hardly unsubscribed: "Satsalic ideas." In the face of Nikolai Gavrilovich ran smile. The sentence was announced that Chernyshevsky had a great influence on the youth and what evil intent to the overthrow of the existing order he was deprived of rights and refers to a cautious guard for 14 years, and then forever settled in Siberia.

During the civilian execution, Chernyshevsky was calm, all the time I found out someone in the crowd. When the sentence was read, the Great Son of the Russian People was lowered on his knees, reheated over his head, and then chained him to a shameful pillar. A quarter of an hour stood Nikolai Gavrilovich in the middle of the square. The crowd dropped at the site of the civilian execution N.G. Chernyshevsky reigned coffin silence.

Some girl rushed to the pole bouquet of flowers. She was immediately arrested, but this act inspired others. And other bouquets fell to the legs of Chernyshevsky. He was hastily freed from the chains and sat in the same prison carriage. Young people who were present at the Chernyshevsky civil execution accompanied her friend and teacher screams "Goodbye!". The next day, Nikolai Gavrilovich was sent to Siberia.

Russian print reaction to Chernyshevsky execution

Russian seal has forced to keep silence and did not mention the future for the further fate of Nikolai Gavrilovich.

In the year of the civil execution of the Chernyshevsky poet Alexey Tolstoy was on the winter court hunt. Alexander II wanted to find out about the news in the literary world. Then Tolstoy replied that "literature put on mourning about the unfair condemnation of Nikolai Gavrilovich." The emperor sharply cut the poet, asking never to remind him of Chernyshevsky.

Further fate of the writer and revolutionar

The first three years Chernyshevsky's cortical spent on the Mongolian border, and then was transferred to the Alexandrovsky plant. He was allowed a date with his wife and young sons. Nikolay Gavrilovich lived not too hard, since the political prisoners did not carry a real hard work at that time. He could communicate with other prisoners, walk, for some time Chernyshevsky even lived in a separate house. At one time at Katorga, the performances were arranged for which the revolutionary wrote small plays.

When the cautor's term ended, Nikolai Gavrilovich himself could choose the place of residence in Siberia. He moved to Vilyuisk. In letters, Chernyshevsky did not upset nobody with complaints, he was calm and cheese. Nikolai Gavrilovich admired the character of his spouse, was interested in her health. Sons he gave advice, shared his knowledge and experience. At that time, he continued to engage in literary activities and translations. At Katorga, all written by Nikolai Gavrilovich immediately destroyed, on the settlement he created a cycle of works on Russian life, which is the most important of which is the novel "Prolog".

Russian revolutionaries tried to liberate Nikolai Gavrilovich several times, but the authorities did not allow. Only by 1873, he, sick rheumatism and quantia, was allowed to move to Astrakhan. In 1874, Chernyshevsky officially propose liberation, but he does not apply. Thanks to Mikhail's concerns (Son Chernyshevsky) in 1889, Nikolai Gavrilovich moves into Saratov.

Four months after moving and twenty-five years after the civilian execution, Chernyshevsky died from hemorrhage into the brain. Until 1905, Nikolai Gavrilovich was in Russia under the ban.

Other famous personities subjected to civil execution

The first in the Russian history of the civil execution was subjected to Hetman Mazep. The ceremony was held in the absence of a convicted person who was hiding in Turkey.

In 1768, deprived of all property and class rights of Saltychikha - Daria Nikolaevna Saltykov, a sophisticated sadist and the killer of several dozen fortress peasants.

In 1775, the executioners held a ritual of the execution of M. Shvanvich, and in 1826 the Decembrists were deprived of rights: 97 people in St. Petersburg and 15 maritime officers in Kronstadt.

In 1861, Mikhail Mikhailov was subjected to the civil execution, in 1868 - Gregory Potanin, and in 1871 - Ivan Jumpkova.

Collected Works. Volume 5.

Literary and critical articles and memories.

Library "Spark". Publishing house "Pravda", Moscow, 1953.

In Nizhny Novgorod, at the end of the last century, the doctor A. V. Vienna, "Man of the sixties", school comrade P. D. Boborakina and even the hero of one of the novels of this writer. It was known that he was present as an eyewitness at the "civil execution" Chernyshevsky. In the first anniversary of the death of the Chernyshevsky circle of the Nizhny Novgorod intelligentsia, I decided to make a comment and a number of messages to restore this bright, significant and suffer image in the memory of the younger generation. The famous Zemsky leader A. A. Savelyev proposed and Vienna to make a message about the event he was witness. At that time, the meeting could not, of course, would be quite "legally", and Vienna refused to participate in it. But he agreed to give written answers to exactly the questions, which were read at our meeting. This leaflet remained with me, and I restored the answers of Vienna in the first edition of my book ("Departed").

Then, in the December book of "Russian wealth" (1909), a note was published M. P. Sazhin about the same event. Using this last note, as a basis, and complementing it with some features of A. V. Vienna's answers, - we can now restore with a significant completeness of this truly symbolic episode from the history of Russian opposition thought and Russian intelligentsia.

On the time of execution, "says M. P. Sorzhin," it was announced in newspapers in a few days. With two my comrades, technologists on the appointed day went early in the morning to the equestrian area. Here, in the middle of the square, stood ashipot - The quadrangular darling is the height of ARSHIN one and a half - two from the Earth, painted in black paint. On the platform a black pillar rose on it, and on it, at an altitude of approximately one plant, hung an iron chain. At every end of the chain there was a ring, so big that through it Fluently could pass a hand of a person dressed in a coat. The middle of this chain was hoping for a hook, driven into a post. Two or three sages retreat from the peel, stood in two or three ranks soldiers with guns, forming a solid carre with a wide way out against the face of the scaffold . Then, it is still fifteen more than fifteen - twenty-seeds from the soldiers, stood horse gendarmes, quite rare, and in the interval between them and a few years ago - cities. Directly outside the city there is a public in four E - five, the advantage of intelligent. I stood on the right side of the square with the comrades, if you face the steps of the scaffold. Next to we were writers: S. Maksimov, author of the famous book "Year in the North", Pavel Ivanovich Yakushkin, populist population, and A. N. Morieger, an employee of the Russian Word and "Cause". I knew all three personally.

Morning was a gloomy, cloudy (she was small rain). After quite a long expectation, a carriage appeared, driving inside Carre to Eshafot. In the public, there was a slight movement: they thought it was N.G, Chernyshevsky, but two executions came out of the carriage and rose to the scaffolds. A few more minutes passed. Another coach appeared, surrounded by horse gendarmes with an officer ahead. This coach also entered Carre, and soon we saw the N. G. Chernyshevsky in a coat with a fur collar and a round cap rose on the scaffold. Following him, she climbed on the scaffold an official in the triangne \u200b\u200band in the uniform, accompanied, how much I remember, two people in the civilian dress. The official rose to us face, and Chernyshevsky turned his back. Over the sinking area heard the reading of the sentence. Up to us, however, only individual words were affected. When reading ended, the executioner took N. G. Chernyshevsky by his shoulder, led to the post and glanced his hands into the chain ring. So, having aroused hands on the chest, Chernyshevsky stood at the column about a quarter of an hour.

During this period, it was about us the following episode: Pavel Ivanovich Yakushkin (dressed as usual in a red kumayachny shirt, in plenty sharovar, filled into simple lubricant boots, in a peasant Armenian from a coarse brown cloth with a plight rumble and in golden glasses) suddenly quickly I slipped past the city and gendarmes and headed for Eshafot. Country and equestrian gendarme rushed after him and stopped him. He became hot to explain to them that a Chernyshevsky man close to him and what he wishes to say goodbye to him. Gendarm, leaving Yakushkina with cities, picked up to the police authorities standing in the scaffold. He had already walked a gendarm officer who, who reached Yakushkin, began to convince him: "Pavel Ivanovich, Pavel Ivanovich, it is impossible." He promised him to give a date with Nikolai Gavrilovich after.

At the scaffold at that time, the executioner pulled the hands of Chernyshevsky from the rings of the chain, put it in the middle of the par, quickly and rudely threw a hat from him, threw her on the floor, and Chernyshevsky was forced to kneel; Then he took the sword, she reheated her over the head of N. G. and the fragments threw in different directions. After that, Chernyshevsky got up on his feet, raised his hat and put her on his head. The executioners picked it up under his arms and brought with a scaffold.

After a few moments, the carriage, surrounded by gendarmes, left Carre. The audience rushed after her, but the coach was waved. For a moment she stopped in the street and then quickly went further.

When the coach drove away from the scaffold, several young girls on cabespers went ahead. At that moment, when the carriage caught one of these drives, in N. G. Chernyshevsky flew a bouquet of flowers. The cabin immediately stopped the police agents, the four young lady arrested and sent to the office of the Governor General Prince Suvorov. Throwing a bouquet, as they passed, was Michaelis, a relative of his wife N. V. Shelgunova. I heard a story about the colors from one of the four ladies, which was also arrested and transmitted to Suvorov.

The latter, however, limited himself to reprimand. Further consequences, it seems that did not have.

To this description, "Vienna's answers" add a characteristic feature, drawing the behavior of Chernyshevsky on the scaffold and the attitude towards it of different categories of viewers.

"The scaffold is located around the rings with horseback gendarmes, the public behind them, dressed decently (there was a lot of literary brethren and women, - in general, at least four hundred people) (Viennese gives the following approximate scheme: the distance of the public from Eshafot was saved eight or nine, and" The thickness of the ring is at least one plant. "). Behind this public are simple people, factory and in general workers." I remember, "says Vienna, - that the workers are located behind the fence, not that the factory is not the factory, and their heads They were sentenced due to the fence. While reading the official of a long act, sheets of ten, "the public behind the fence expressed the disapproval of the culprit and his malicious intentions. Disapproval also concerned his mature and was expressed loudly. The audience, which stood closer to the scaffold, behind the gendarmes, only turned around in Rapting.

Chernyshevsky, - blond, low growth, thin, pale (by nature), with a small wedge-shaped beard, - stood on a scaffold without a hat, in glasses, in the autumn coat with a beaver collar. While reading the act remained completely calm; He probably did not hear the disapproval of the public, as, in turn, the audience did not hear the loud reading of the official. The shameful pillar Chernyshevsky watched all the time in the public, two or three times removing and rubbing the glasses moistened with the rain. "

The Episode with the colors of Vienna tells as follows:

"When Chernyshevsky was coated with a scaffold and planted in a carriage, then bouquets of flowers flew out of the environment of the intelligent public; some of them got into the carriage, and most of them had a slight movement of the public ahead. The horses were touched. Further comment from the crowd was not heard. .. Rain went stronger "...

Finally, G. Zaharin-Yakunin in "Rus" speaks of one wreath, which was thrown on the scaffold at the time when the executioner broke over the head of the Chernyshev sword. Throwing this bouquet The girl who was immediately arrested. It may very much that there is no contradiction here, and each of the three storyters transfers only the observed moments.

It was forty years ago (written in 1904). The people who have just freed from the serfdom, probably, probably, the Chernyshev representative of the "Lord", displeased liberation. Be that as it may, the story of the old woman, in the holy simplicity of the knitting of his twigs to the bonfire of Hussa, repeated, and the picture drawn by the inerable stories of the "eyewitnesses" is likely to stop the artist and historian's attentive look at himself ... This is a cloudy morning With a small Petersburg rain ... Black dub with chains on a shameful post ... The figure of a pale man wipes the glasses to look at the eyes of a philosopher on the world, as it appears from the scaffold ... Then a narrow ring of intelligent like-minded people, compressed between the gendarme chain and Police, on the one hand, and hostile people - on the other, and ... bouquets, innocent characters of sympathetic confession. Yes, this is a real symbol of the fate and the role of Russian intelligentsia at that period of our public ...

It can hardly be doubted that now the attitude of even a simple public to the civil execution of the author "letters without the address" would be much more complicated ...

The writing

On May 19, 1864, an event was held in St. Petersburg in St. Petersburg, which was forever entered the chronicle of the Russian liberation movement. There was a foggy, myglish Petersburg morning. Dried cold, penetrating the rain. The ridges of water slid along a high black patch with chains, long drops fell on the ground with a wet board of the silent.

To eight o'clock in the morning, more than two thousand people gathered here. The writers, the staff of the journals, students of the Medical and Surgical Academy, the officers of the army rifle battalions came to say goodbye to a person who about seven years was the ruler of the Duma revolutionary part of Russian society. After a long expectation, the carriage, surrounded by horse gendarmes, appeared, and Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky rose on the scaffold. The executioner took off his cap from him, and reading the sentence began. Not a very competent official did it loudly, but bad, with stinking, with the transfers. In one place, he choked and barely unsubscribed \\ "Satsali - (* 133) of the Ideas \\". Smile slid on the pale Chernyshevsky's face. In the sentence, it was announced that Chernyshevsky \\ "his literary activities had a great influence on young people \\" and that \\ "for maliciousness to the overthrow of the existing order \\" he deprives \\ "of all the rights of the state \\" and refers \\ "to the labor work for 14 years \\ ", and then \\" settled in Siberia forever \\ ".

Rain intensified. Chernyshevsky often raised his hand, wiping the cold water, flowing along the face, who escaped behind the collar coat. Finally reading stopped. \\ "The executioners lowered him on his knees. They broke over the head of the saber and then, having risen it up to a few steps, took his hands in the chains attached to the post. At that time, a very heavy rain went, the executioner put on him a hat. Chernyshevsky thanked him , I corrected the cap, as far as his hands allowed him, and then, having laid his hand, calmly expected the end of this procedure. In the crowd there was a dead silence, - recalls an eyewitness \\ "civil execution \\". "At the end of the ceremony, everyone rushed to the carriage, broke through The line of the city ... And only the efforts of the horse gendarmes, the crowd was separated from the carriage. Then ... Bouquets of flowers were thrown. One woman who threw flowers, arrested. Someone shouted: \\ "Goodbye, Chernyshevsky! \\" This cry was immediately supported by others and then changed to an even more proven word \\ "goodbye \\". The next day, on May 20, 1864, Chernyshevsky in the shackles, under the protection of gendarmes was sent to Siberia, where he was destined to live without a small 20 years in the separation from societies from ro bottom, from your beloved business. Worse than any cortica was this exhausting inaction, this doomed to think about the brightly lived and suddenly torn years ...

Childhood

Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky was born 12 (24) July 1828 in Saratov in the family of Archpriest Gabriel Ivanovich Chernyshevsky and his wife Evgenia Egorovna (nee Blue). Both grandfather and great-grandfather on the mother line were priests. Grandfather, Egor Ivanovich Golubev, Archpriests of the Sergiev Church in Saratov, died in 1818, and the Saratov Governor appealed to the Penza bishop with a request to send to the liberated place \\ "the best student \\" with the condition, as was taken in the spiritual estate, marriage to the daughter of the deceased Archpriest. A decent person was the librarian of the Penza Seminary Gabriel Ivanovich Chernyshevsky, a man of high scholarship and impeccable behavior.

In 1816, he was seen by the famous statesman of M. M. Speransky, who fell into opal and held the position of Penza Governor.

Speransky suggested Gabriel Ivanovich to go to St. Petersburg, but at the insistence of his mother he refused the flattering proposal, who filling his brilliant career of the statesman. About this episode in his life Gabriel Ivanovich recalled not without regret and suffered unfulfilled dreams of youth on his only son, talent and abilities in anything that was not inferior. In the house of Chernyshevsky reigned, west and warm family atmosphere, spiritualized by deep religious feelings. \\ "... All rough pleasures, - recalled Chernyshevsky, - I seemed dulls, boring, unbearable; this disgust from them was in me since childhood, thanks to, of course, a modest and strict moral way of life of all my close oldest natives \\". To their parents, His Chernyshevsky always treated with his son's respect and reverence, shared with them worries and plans, joys and grievances. In turn, the mother loved her son unless, and for his father he was also the subject of undisguised pride. From an early age, the boy discovered exceptional natural gifts. Father was removed from his spiritual school, preferring an in-depth home education. He himself taught the son of Latin and Greek, the French boy successfully engaged in independently, and his German colonist Gref was taught German. The father's house had a good library in which, along with spiritual literature, there were writings of Russian writers - Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Gogol, as well as modern magazines. In \\ "domestic notes \\" the boy read the translation novels of Dickens, George Sand, was fond of articles by V. G. Belinsky. So from the children's years, Chernyshevsky turned, according to his own words, in the present \\ "Book Eater".

It would seem that the family well-being, religious piety, the love that the boy was surrounded from childhood, "nothing foreshadowed in him the future of the negative, the revolutionary expusurer of the foundations of the public system existing in Russia. However, I. S. Turgenev drew attention to one feature of Russian revolutionary fighters: \\ "All true negatives, which I knew - without exception (Belinsky, Bakunin, Herzen, Dobrolyubov, hastily, etc.), originated from relatively good and honest parents. And this is the great meaning: (* 135) This takes away from leaders, with negatives, every shadow of personal indignation, personal irritability. They go on their way because they are more sensitive to the requirements of people's life \\ ".

Itself, this sensitivity to someone else's grief and the suffering of the neighbor assumed the high development of Christian moral feelings, which performed in the family cradle. The force of denial was fed and maintained is equal to the power of faith, hope and love. In a contrast with the world and harmony, who reigned in the family, cuts the eyes of a public wrong, so from orphanage Chernyshevsky began to think about why the troubles and suffering of people \\ ", tried to disassemble that the truth and that the lies that good and That evil \\ ".

V. G. Korolenko

"Civilian execution Chernyshevsky"

(According to the story of the eyewitness)

Collected Works. Volume 5. Literary-critical articles and memories. Library "Spark". Publishing house "Pravda", Moscow, 1953. OCR Lovekaya T.Ya. In Nizhny Novgorod, at the end of the last century, the doctor A. V. Vienna, "Man of the sixties", school comrade P. D. Boborakina and even the hero of one of the novels of this writer. It was known that he was present as an eyewitness at the "civil execution" Chernyshevsky. In the first anniversary of the death of the Chernyshevsky circle of the Nizhny Novgorod intelligentsia, I decided to make a comment and a number of messages to restore this bright, significant and suffer image in the memory of the younger generation. The famous Zemsky leader A. A. Savelyev proposed and Vienna to make a message about the event he was witness. At that time, the meeting could not, of course, would be quite "legally", and Vienna refused to participate in it. But he agreed to give written answers to exactly the questions, which were read at our meeting. This leaflet remained with me, and I restored the answers of Vienna in the first edition of my book ("Departed"). Then, in the December book of "Russian wealth" (1909), a note was published M. P. Sazhin about the same event. Using this last note, as a basis, and complementing it with some features of A. V. Vienna's answers, - we can now restore with a significant completeness of this truly symbolic episode from the history of Russian opposition thought and Russian intelligentsia. The civilian execution of N. G. Chernyshevsky took place, as is known, on May 19, 1864. On the time of execution, "says M. P. Sorzhin," it was announced in newspapers in a few days. With two my comrades, technologists on the appointed day went early in the morning to the equestrian area. Here, in the middle of the square, stood ashipot - The quadrangular darling is the height of ARSHIN one and a half - two from the Earth, painted in black paint. On the platform a black pillar rose on it, and on it, at an altitude of approximately one plant, hung an iron chain. At every end of the chain there was a ring, so big that through it Fluently could pass a hand of a person dressed in a coat. The middle of this chain was hoping for a hook, driven into a post. Two or three sages retreat from the peel, stood in two or three ranks soldiers with guns, forming a solid carre with a wide way out against the face of the scaffold . Then, retreating another fifteen - twenty-seated from the soldiers, stood horse gendarmes, quite rare, and in the interval between them and a few years ago - cities. Directly outside the city was located the public of a number of four - five, the advantage of intelligent. I stood on the right side of the square with the comrades, if you face the steps of the scaffold. Next to we were writers: S. Maksimov, author of the famous book "Year in the North", Pavel Ivanovich Yakushkin, populist population, and A. N. Morieger, an employee of the Russian Word and "Cause". I knew all three personally. Morning was a gloomy, cloudy (she was small rain). After quite a long expectation, a carriage appeared, driving inside Carre to Eshafot. In the public, there was a slight movement: they thought it was N.G, Chernyshevsky, but two executions came out of the carriage and rose to the scaffolds. A few more minutes passed. Another coach appeared, surrounded by horse gendarmes with an officer ahead. This coach also entered Carre, and soon we saw the N. G. Chernyshevsky in a coat with a fur collar and a round cap rose on the scaffold. Following him, she climbed on the scaffold an official in the triangne \u200b\u200band in the uniform, accompanied, how much I remember, two people in the civilian dress. The official rose to us face, and Chernyshevsky turned his back. Over the sinking area heard the reading of the sentence. Up to us, however, only individual words were affected. When reading ended, the executioner took N. G. Chernyshevsky by his shoulder, led to the post and glanced his hands into the chain ring. So, having aroused hands on the chest, Chernyshevsky stood at the column about a quarter of an hour. During this period, it was about us the following episode: Pavel Ivanovich Yakushkin (dressed as usual in a red kumayachny shirt, in plenty sharovar, filled into simple lubricant boots, in a peasant Armenian from a coarse brown cloth with a plight rumble and in golden glasses) suddenly quickly I slipped past the city and gendarmes and headed for Eshafot. Country and equestrian gendarme rushed after him and stopped him. He became hot to explain to them that a Chernyshevsky man close to him and what he wishes to say goodbye to him. Gendarm, leaving Yakushkina with cities, picked up to the police authorities standing in the scaffold. He had already walked a gendarm officer who, who reached Yakushkin, began to convince him: "Pavel Ivanovich, Pavel Ivanovich, it is impossible." He promised him to give a date with Nikolai Gavrilovich after. At the scaffold at that time, the executioner pulled the hands of Chernyshevsky from the rings of the chain, put it in the middle of the par, quickly and rudely threw a hat from him, threw her on the floor, and Chernyshevsky was forced to kneel; Then he took the sword, reheated her over the head of N. G. And the fragments threw in different directions. After that, Chernyshevsky got up on his feet, raised his hat and put her on his head. The executioners picked it up under his arms and brought with a scaffold. After a few moments, the carriage, surrounded by gendarmes, left Carre. The audience rushed after her, but the coach was waved. For a moment she stopped in the street and then quickly went further. When the coach drove away from the scaffold, several young girls on cabespers went ahead. At that moment, when the carriage caught one of these drives, in N. G. Chernyshevsky flew a bouquet of flowers. The cabin immediately stopped the police agents, the four young lady arrested and sent to the office of the Governor General Prince Suvorov. Throwing a bouquet, as they passed, was Michaelis, a relative of his wife N. V. Shelgunova. I heard a story about the colors from one of the four ladies, which was also arrested and transmitted to Suvorov. The latter, however, limited himself to reprimand. The story does not seem to have any further consequences. "To this description," Replies of Vienna "add a characteristic feature, drawing the behavior of Chernyshevsky on the scaffold and the attitude towards it of different categories of spectators." Around the scaffle is located rings with horseback gendarmes, behind them the public, dressed decently (many There was literary brethren and women, - in general, at least four hundred people) (Viennese gives the following approximate scheme: the distance of the public from the scaffold was seeded eight or nine, and the "ring thickness of at least one soy".). Behind this public are simple people, factory and workers in general. "I remember," says Vienna, - that the workers are located behind the fence, not the factory, which is not built at home, and their heads were treated because of the fence. While reading the official of a long act, sheets at ten, "the public behind the fence expressed The disapproval of the culprit and his malicious intentions. The disapproval also concerned his mature and was expressed loudly. The audience, which was closer to the scam, behind the gendarmes, only turned around the Rapting. Chernyshevsky, - blond, low growth, thin, pale (by nature), with a small a wedge-shaped beard, - stood on a scaffold without a cap, in glasses, in the autumn coat with a beaper collar. While reading the act remained completely calm; he probably did not hear, as, in turn, and the closest to Eshapho The audience did not hear the loud reading of the official. The shameful pillar Chernyshevsky watched all the time in the public, two or three times removing and rubbing his glasses moistened with the rain. " The Episode with the colors of Vienna tells as follows: "When Chernyshevsky was launched from the scaffold and put in a carriage, then bouquets of colors flew out of the intelligent public environment; some of them got into the carriage, and most of them were a slight movement of the public ahead. Horses tried. Further The comment from the crowd was not heard ... the rain went stronger "... Finally, Zaharin-Yakunin in" Rus "speaks of one wreath, which was thrown on the scaffold at the time when the executioner broke over the head of Chernyshev's sword. Throwing this bouquet The girl who was immediately arrested. It may very much that there is no contradiction here, and each of the three storyters transfers only the observed moments. It was forty years ago (written in 1904). The people who have just freed from the serfdom, probably, probably, the Chernyshev representative of the "Lord", displeased liberation. Be that as it may, the story of the old woman, in the holy simplicity of the knitting of his twigs to the bonfire of Hussa, repeated, and the picture drawn by the inerable stories of the "eyewitnesses" is likely to stop the artist and historian's attentive look at himself ... This is a cloudy morning With a small Petersburg rain ... Black dub with chains on a shameful post ... The figure of a pale man wipes the glasses to look at the eyes of a philosopher on the world, as it appears from the scaffold ... Then a narrow ring of intelligent like-minded people, compressed between the gendarme chain and Police, on the one hand, and hostile people - on the other, and ... bouquets, innocent characters of sympathetic confession. Yes, this is a real symbol of the fate and the role of the Russian intelligentsia at that period of our public ... you can hardly doubt that now the attitude of even a simple public to the author's civil execution "Letters without Address" would be much more difficult ... 1904

Notes

This volume includes chosen literary and critical articles, memories and journalistic works by V. G. Korolenko. As a critic and historian, the literature V. G. Korolenko began to speak in the mid-90s of the last century, but the questions of aesthetics, the history of literature and criticism attracted the attention of the writer since the beginning of his creative activity. This is told by his numerous letters to writers and beginners, as well as diary records. Large public and historical and literary importance represent the statements of Korolenko on the work of the young Gorky, Serafimovich and a number of writers from the people (S. Podyachev, S. Yezhazh, etc.). At the heart of Korolenko's literary and critical views lie the traditions of the Russian revolutionary-democratic criticism of the last century. In his articles and reviews, Korolenko performed an irreconcilable enemy of the literary reaction. The literary-critical articles of Korolenko were directed against decadent and fallen literary theories. He recreated in his articles the images of Gogol, Belinsky, Chernyshevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin, advised the principles of critical realism. According to its aesthetic views, Korolenko belonged to the democratic camp in the literature, which from the beginning of the present century was headed by A. M. Gorky. With all that, the literary-critical activity of Korolenko is not free from the well-known subjectivism, the underestimation of the philosophical independence of the giants of revolutionary-democratic thought is not deprived of individual historical and literary inaccuracies. Memoir articles Korolenko complement his critical performances. Korolenko was personally familiar with the largest writers of his time - N. G. Chernyshevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, A. M. Gorky, G. I. Uspensky, etc. Excellent Master of the memoir genre, Korolenko left Bright portraits of their contemporary writers who have not only historical and literary, but also an artistic meaning. From the huge journalistic heritage of the writer, the present is only a small part of his essays. Executed passionate protest against political arbitrariness, essays were an effective form of combating autocracy and reaction. "True" wrote in 1913: "Korolenko cannot pass by a number of oppressive phenomena of Russian life generated by the domination of the reaction, he also" can not be silent "and elevates his protesting voice" ("Dooktyabrskaya" True on Art and Literature " 1937). Drawing horrors of lawlessness of the royal police, exposing the dark forces of the reaction, Korolenko firmly believed in the truth truth, in the forces of the people. "Korolenko happily combined in herself," wrote "True" in the same article "Citizen writer", "Dar of an nearby artist with a talent and a temperament of the publicist and a public figure. His cheerful mood, his greater faith in the best future Korolenko from youthful. For years, carried through the gloomy era of the 80s [years], the era of universal despondency and challenging, and through a dead reaction strip, and in its 60 years is the same tireless protestant ... "