Etiquette invitation formulas. Speech etiquette - successful interaction with people. Introduction and dating rules

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Department of Russian Language and Teaching Methods

in the Russian language and culture of speech

Greeting and farewell formulas in Russian speech etiquette

Belgorod - 2013

Introduction

Russian speech etiquette is unusually rich. It includes a huge number of words and expressions that can be used in a wide variety of speech situations. Each person should know these etiquette formulas and be able to use them correctly in their speech.

Every day we greet and say goodbye, we turn to someone with a request, we thank for the work, for the courtesy, we apologize if we made any mistake. And in all these situations, our constant companions are the magic words - the words of speech etiquette.

greeting speech etiquette courtesy

1. Greeting formulas

One of the most commonly used politeness formulas is greeting formulas. Greeting formulas play a big role in our communication. Greeting acquaintances, we confirm our acquaintance and express our desire to continue it. A nod of the head, a bow, a handshake, a kiss or a hug are often added to the greeting. We are worried when a good acquaintance, passing by, only slightly nods his head or does not notice us at all. After all, to stop saying hello means to interrupt good relations, to stop acquaintance! And vice versa: when we greet a person with whom we have not communicated before, we express a friendly attitude towards him and an intention to make contact.

"Hello!" indicates readiness for communication and offers to make it friendly.

When they meet acquaintances, they say "Hello!" or "Hello!", sometimes - "Greetings!". And of course, never combine different greetings together like "Greetings, great!" or "My respects, hello!". This would be completely impossible, because each greeting formula has its own use, expresses a special relationship, is associated with a specific situation.

So the formula "Hello!" expresses close, laid-back relationships and is widespread among young people. Greetings “My respect!”, “Good health!” Are very polite and full of dignity, but they are used most often by older people.

"Great!" - male greeting. It is familiar, somewhat rude and has a colloquial character. If you do not want to look like a person with little education and insufficient knowledge of the norms of literary speech, try to avoid this greeting. And of course, it can not be recommended to girls!

In official, solemn cases, especially when addressing a large audience, they say: “Greetings!” or "Let (let me) greet you!"

And in all situations, the greeting “Hello!” is appropriate. It is universal, therefore, using it, we do not risk making a mistake.

Probably, each of us had to hear such greetings as “Salute!”, “Hello!”. They are found only in the speech of young people and express in it a relationship of complete ease, equality, familiarity. However, let us remember that these greetings are non-literary. They give speech a slang character and even among young people are possible with well-known people.

The choice of greeting depends not only on the age, gender and degree of closeness of those communicating. It is also influenced by something else, the time of day, for example, and especially by who the person being welcomed is and what he is doing at the moment. In each case, there is a greeting, a special wish. It is from wishes that most of the greeting formulas arise, so initially they had to be very diverse.

Greeting is one of the most important signs of speech etiquette. Communication begins with a greeting, with its help the contact of those communicating is established, relations between people are determined. Therefore, not owning greeting formulas means being a stranger to everyone, not being able to communicate.

A polite person had to not only respond to a greeting, but use an etiquette formula special for each case in the response.

Until now, in some Russian villages on "Hello!" answer "Thank you!", and in response to the greeting "Good afternoon!" also wish good weather.

Of the rich set of special formulas in the past, few have survived. Morning, afternoon, evening greetings turned out to be more stable than others: “Good morning!”, “Good afternoon!”, “Good evening!”, Which are widely used in modern Russian speech along with “Hello!”. In comparison with the formulas "Hello!", "Hello!" they even have some advantage. In the greetings "Good afternoon!", "Good evening!", "Good morning!" does not contain an appeal to "You" or "You", so we willingly resort to them when in doubt how to address this person. Not daring to choose "Hello!" or “Hello”, we prefer less specific, but just this is what convenient formulas like “Good afternoon!” Are.

Greeting formulas connect us with each other, strengthen contacts, bring us closer to the joy of human communication.

2. Formulas of farewell

The formulas of farewell in Russian are varied. In itself, farewell is a habitual, automatic speech action. For some situations we use one form, for others another. Therefore, in different situations, with different interlocutors, we have different forms of farewell.

It is known that farewell formulas are pronounced at the end of the conversation. This formula means that the conversation is over. Are there many goodbyes in Russian? The most common goodbye - Goodbye! A date will take place in the near future, we part until a new meeting. "Before" is in many goodbyes. For example: - See you soon! See you at the cinema! Until the summer! ... There are many such clarifications in Russian farewells.

But in the goodbye formula, there are other ways. For example: - Farewell!, I have to go! That is, we say goodbye for an indefinite period. In Russian, we also have such formulas of farewell-wishes: All the best! All the best! Such formulas are used either independently or combined with other words.

If you want health, then you often hear: - Be healthy, Be healthy! Often such a speech is heard in farewell from an elderly person or a resident of the countryside. But such farewell formulas are out of use: -Happily!, Bye! , Total!, Salute! And these are completely out of fashion: - I have the honor to take my leave!, Let me say goodbye! Have you met, probably, diminutive forms: -Salutik!, Hello!

It almost never happens that the farewell formula sounds suddenly, completely unexpectedly for the interlocutor. In this case, he may think that he has greatly upset or even offended the departing person. Usually it is preceded by some indication of the end of communication. Although they are not as standard as formulas, they are also quite stable. For example, before saying goodbye, we refer to the need to leave (I have to go. I have to go. Sorry, but I have to go. Etc.), we often thank for the communication, express our satisfaction with the meeting, sometimes we apologize for taking away from the interlocutor time. After the farewell formula, we also do not immediately break contact. They wish the departing guest all the best, express hope for meetings in the future, invite them to come in, call, say hello to the relatives of the departing, which is a sign of attention to him. Those who are leaving are wished a happy journey or good luck if the case in question is ahead, etc. But all these stereotypical phrases are not so much connected with each other, although such connections also exist, but with the situation as a whole, and each separately . Therefore, permutations and omissions of etiquette elements in the same situations are not uncommon.

But a close connection is possible between the individual signs of speech and non-speech etiquette. When a person who is close to you greets you with the word "Hi!" He probably took off his hat and bowed slightly, and he did it not on the run. Such a connection is quite natural, because the signs of speech and non-speech etiquette convey a homogeneous content, they equally carry information about the relationship of communication partners, about the boundaries of the team and the distribution of roles in it. Hence the possibility of combining some signs with others or replacing non-speech signs of etiquette with speech ones, and vice versa.

Conclusion

From early childhood to old age, human life is inextricably linked with language. From childhood, people absorb their native language, learn more and more new words and expressions, comprehend their connections and combinations. To be attentive to one's own and other people's speech, to understand well all shades of the word, to master the language culture is our common task. Each person should strive for a high culture of speech, carefully and lovingly treat the language. The inexhaustible wealth of Russian speech is our national heritage. All people need to comprehend the rules of speech etiquette with love and diligence. They will do a great service in life, as they will teach you to live in great harmony with others.

The most general principle of the use of signs of etiquette is politeness, goodwill. Therefore, perhaps, nothing in human behavior is combined with them as often as a benevolent smile. Do not think that a smile is a completely natural, biological manifestation of feelings. This is what we are most looking for in the person of the interlocutor.

Bibliography

1. Akishina A. A., Formanovskaya N. I. Russian speech etiquette. - M., 1983

2. Goldin V.E. Speech and etiquette. - M.: Enlightenment, 1983

3. Skvortsov L.I. The culture of language is the property of socialist culture. - M., 1981

4. Uspensky L.V. On the roads and paths of the language. - M., 1980

5. Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M., 1982

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The concept of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. Norms of speech etiquette very diverse, each country has its own characteristics of the culture of communication.

speech etiquette - a system of rules

It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication, and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication, its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you correctly convey your thoughts to the interlocutor, quickly reach mutual understanding with him.

Mastery speech etiquette requires knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. For a more successful mastering of the skills of a culture of communication, such a concept is used as speech etiquette formulas.

Speech etiquette formulas

The basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned at an early age, when parents teach the child to say hello, say thank you, and ask for forgiveness for tricks. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters various styles of speech and behavior. The ability to correctly assess the situation, start and maintain a conversation with a stranger, correctly express one's thoughts, distinguishes a person of high culture, educated and intelligent.

Speech etiquette formulas- these are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for the three stages of conversation:

start a conversation (greeting/introduction)
main part
final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting, it can be verbal and non-verbal. The sequence of greeting also matters, the younger one greets the elder first, the man - the woman, the young girl - the adult man, the junior - the senior. We list in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:

IN end of conversation use formulas for ending communication, parting. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we'll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, do not remember dashingly).

The main part of the conversation

After the greeting, the conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of situations in which various speech formulas of communication are used: solemn, mournful and work situations. The first phrases uttered after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. It is not uncommon for situations where the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the end of the conversation following it.

speech etiquette formulas - set expressions

A solemn atmosphere, the approach of an important event suggest the use of speech turns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. The situation in this case can be both official and informal, and it depends on the situation which formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.

The mournful atmosphere in connection with the events that bring grief suggests condolences expressed emotionally, not on duty or dryly. In addition to condolences, the interlocutor often needs consolation or sympathy. Sympathy and consolation can take the form of empathy, confidence in a successful outcome, accompanied by advice.

In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can be a reason for or censure. When following orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to ask a colleague. It also becomes necessary to approve someone else's proposal, give permission for execution or a reasoned refusal.

The request should be extremely polite in form (but without fawning) and understandable to the addressee, the request should be delicate. When making a request, it is advisable to avoid the negative form, use the affirmative one. Advice must be given non-categorically; addressing advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.

For the fulfillment of a request, the provision of a service, useful advice, it is customary to express gratitude to the interlocutor. Also an important element in speech etiquette is compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely said, he lifts the mood of the interlocutor, disposes to a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional coloring.

Situations of speech etiquette

The key role in the culture of speech etiquette is played by the concept situation. Indeed, depending on the situation, our conversation can change significantly. In this case, communication situations can be characterized by a variety of circumstances, for example:

personalities of interlocutors
a place
time
motive

The personalities of the interlocutors. Speech etiquette is focused primarily on the addressee - the person being addressed, but the personality of the speaker is also taken into account. Accounting for the personality of the interlocutors is implemented on the principle of two forms of address - to You and to You. The first form indicates the informal nature of communication, the second - respect and great formality in conversation.

Place of communication. Communication in a certain place may require the participant to have specific rules of speech etiquette established for this place. Such places can be: a business meeting, a social dinner, a theater, a youth party, a restroom, etc.

In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events, the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to a detailed conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show a sign of respect, express a benevolent attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.

Any national speech etiquette imposes certain requirements on the representatives of their culture, and has its own characteristics. The very appearance of the concept of speech etiquette is associated with an ancient period in the history of languages, when each word was given special meaning, and there was a strong belief in the effect of the word on the surrounding reality. And the emergence of certain norms of speech etiquette is due to the desire of people to bring certain events to life.

But the speech etiquette of different nations is also characterized by some common features, with a difference only in the forms of implementation of the speech norms of etiquette. In each cultural and linguistic group there are formulas of greeting and farewell, respectful appeal to elders by age or position. In a closed society, a representative of a foreign culture, not familiar with the characteristics national speech etiquette, appears to be an uneducated, ill-mannered person. In a more open society, people are prepared for differences in the speech etiquette of different peoples; in such a society, imitation of a foreign culture of speech communication is often practiced.

Speech etiquette of our time

In the modern world, and even more so in the urban culture of the post-industrial and information society, the concept of a culture of speech communication is changing radically. The speed of changes taking place in modern times threatens the very traditional foundations of speech etiquette, based on ideas about the inviolability of the social hierarchy, religious and mythological beliefs.

Studying the norms speech etiquette in the modern world turns into a practical goal focused on achieving success in a particular act of communication: if necessary, attract attention, demonstrate respect, inspire confidence in the addressee, his sympathy, create a favorable climate for communication. However, the role of national speech etiquette remains important - knowledge of the characteristics of a foreign speech culture is a mandatory sign of fluency in a foreign language.

Russian speech etiquette in circulation

Main feature Russian speech etiquette can be called its heterogeneous development throughout the existence of Russian statehood. Serious changes in the norms of Russian language etiquette took place at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The former monarchical system was distinguished by the division of society into estates from nobles to peasants, which determined the specifics of treatment in relation to the privileged estates - master, sir, gentleman. At the same time, there was no single appeal to representatives of the lower classes.

As a result of the revolution, the former estates were abolished. All appeals of the old system were replaced by two - a citizen and a comrade. The appeal of a citizen has acquired a negative connotation, it has become the norm in the use of prisoners, convicted persons, detainees in relation to representatives of law enforcement agencies. The address comrade, on the contrary, was fixed in the meaning of “friend”.

In the days of communism, only two types of address (and in fact, only one - comrade), formed a kind of cultural and speech vacuum, which was informally filled with such addresses as man, woman, uncle, aunt, boy, girl, etc. They remained and after the collapse of the USSR, however, in modern society they are perceived as familiarity, and testify to the low level of culture of the one who uses them.

In post-communist society, the old types of address gradually began to reappear: gentlemen, madam, mister, etc. As for the address, comrade, it is legally fixed as an official address in power structures, the armed forces, communist organizations, in the collectives of factories and factories.

In preparing the article, materials from the Online Encyclopedia Around the World and the RGIU Library were used.

A person perceives congratulations and wishes in an appropriate situation as a norm, as something natural, but, on the other hand, in the absence of the expected congratulations, wishes, the automatism of normal communication is violated, the absence of a conventional act refreshes its direct, non-conventional meaning, and the person who was not congratulated, becomes uncomfortable. The significance in culture and in general in the life of society of such phenomena as greeting, farewell, congratulations and wishes, gratitude, etc. etc., is undeniable, therefore, the analysis of the concepts and units of RE, as well as the speech actions behind them, seems appropriate.

The concept of "congratulations" includes the following concepts: greetings, wishes,success, luck, holiday, gala dinner / dinner, pleasant / joyful event, congratulator, greeting card,gift, presenting a gift, gratitude, congratulatory word, expression of joy or sympathy and etc.

However, it seemed to us doubtful the interpretation recorded in the explanatory dictionaries, the words congratulation through tokens to greet And greetings. In order to reveal the extent to which the ideas of native speakers of the Russian language about the meaning of the word coincide congratulation with what is recorded in the dictionaries, 40 students - philologists (from 17 to 23 years old) and 30 representatives of various professions, who are representatives of different age groups (from 18 to 72 years old) were asked to explain how they understand the word congratulation, give examples of its use in speech and indicate in what situations the functioning of this word is possible, whether a synonymous replacement is allowed. Analysis of the results of the questionnaires showed that the lexical meaning of the word congratulation, recorded in explanatory dictionaries, only partly coincides with the meaning attributed to this word by native speakers.

A wish is realized most often for congratulations and farewell, which are, for a wish, thus, left horizontal replicas. into the conceptual field wishes includes the following concepts: good, pleasant, greeting, farewell, holiday, offer, demand, gratitude, expression of hope, desire, health, happiness, love and etc.

Important semantic elements of congratulations are: “I am happy for you”, “I am friendly to you”; Wishes: "I want it to be like this with you." Consequently, in the meaning of the units of the thematic group "congratulations", "wish" there is an element of goodwill. The time parameter does not play a special role, since congratulations and wishes can be carried out both when contact is established, and while maintaining a favorable climate, and when contact is interrupted.

The content of the congratulations is chosen by the speaker based on the generally accepted system of values, the speaker’s ideas about the listener’s value system, and finally, their own ideas about what it is worth and what it is not worth congratulating, whether this congratulation is pleasant or unpleasant to the addressee. Reliance on the current knowledge of the needs and interests of the listener is clearly manifested in concretized congratulations, wishes such as: I wish you happiness and a free rich life [Averchenko. Lonely]. I want to wish you only patience and once again patience! [Book of reviews].

Since each generation contributes to the process of forming a conceptual system, concepts are subject to constant "transformations". An example of changes are the concepts of "congratulations" and "wish". For example, the transition of words such as: congratulations, congratulatory into the category of obsolete and the appearance of such expressions as: SMS congratulations,e- mail-congratulation, title book of complaints and wishes instead of which at the present stage the name takes place book of complaints and suggestions.

Etiquette generalized nominations contain the centuries-old communicative experience of the people associated with culture, its customs and traditions, a complex of associations and ideas. Congratulations and wishes as cultural concepts in the linguistic consciousness are represented by a multidimensional network of meanings expressed in lexical and phraseological units, etiquette formulas.

As part of the conceptual analysis, a distinctive feature of the semantics of etiquette units is emphasized, which lies in the fact that they are not so much signs naming concepts as signs-performatives, words-actions. In the Russian mentality, congratulations, wishes are an effective phenomenon addressed to a specific person or group of people. Since verbosity is embodied in speech communication, in the second chapter of this work, a communicative analysis of the etiquette phenomena “congratulations” and “wishes” is carried out, taking into account and using the classification features adopted in the theory of speech acts.

In second chapter"Communicative embodiment of the concepts "congratulations", "wish" in speech acts" a communicative-pragmatic analysis of the factual material is carried out, associated with the actions "congratulation" and "wish".

At the beginning of this chapter, the etiquette situation of communication is defined as a component, in which the studied communicative unit functions and is created. etiquette situation communication, we call the sum of conditions and circumstances that bring to life speech etiquette formulas (speech acts) in which a certain speech intention of the speaker is realized. This is a situation of direct communication between communicants, limited by the pragmatic coordinates "I - you - here - now", which organize the core of the field of RE language units.

Let us present in the form of a diagram a model of the etiquette situation of speech communication, developed by us on the basis of the scheme of the general model of the situation proposed by V. I. Karasik (Karasik 2002: 23).

In the further course of the work, we focused our analysis on the category of participants in communication. Under participants in communication we mean the addresser and the addressee, the sender and the recipient of speech, the speaker, the listener and the indirect addressee or the silent participant, and, finally, the observers. The number of participants in the communication process and their varying degrees of involvement in the conversation can influence not only the choice of formal means by the speakers, but also the very communication strategy that they adhere to. In this regard, the strategies and tactics of those communicating in etiquette situations “congratulations”, “wishes” are considered (section 2.6.).

Our analysis showed that, being an active participant in the communication process, an unwitting co-author of a congratulatory text, destination has various embodiments: 1) predictable, generalized, with which the author hopes to enter or enters into mediated distant communication; 2) off-line (quasi-addressee), unable to answer or thank. A typical example is the ritual of farewell to the deceased in the intentions of farewell, wishes, promises; 3) the speaker and addresser are the same person ( talking to yourself ); 4) the absence of a direct addressee, i.e. the category itself is present in the text, the author focuses on the addressee, but there is no direct communication between communicants, there is no full-fledged etiquette situation, the moment the author makes the statement does not coincide with the moment it is perceived by the addressee; 5) mass, public, concretized addressee (a certain audience of listeners: a training audience, conference participants, etc.); 6) orientation towards a personal single specific addressee as “the only hero of the occasion” in oral contact direct interpersonal communication or in a distant indirect one (in the genre of dedication, message, etc.).

In direct communication addressee- a participant reacting to an event in the life of the addressee. The congratulation situation assumes that the speaker correctly evaluates some events as positive and, according to the rules of RE, congratulates the addressee. In order to "secure" himself from the "wrong" assessment of the event, the speaker can use such a technique as indirect congratulations in the form of a question, for example: can you congratulate? and under .

In fiction, as well as in the field of mass communications, a technique is often used when an inanimate object, endowed with the qualities of an animate, or animate, but due to certain features not able to speak, act as group or generalized concrete addressers. For example, Our baby and I congratulate dad; My dear fingers, sleep well Addresser, can be simultaneously an addressee (addressee-relay) ( Give my congratulations, congratulate on my behalf).

The media discourse is an area for the implementation of collective congratulations and wishes on behalf of institutions and state organizations, represented by one of its representatives or without highlighting the position of the representative.

Each thematic group of RE units has a set of stylistic options, giving the speaker the choice of one or another means, depending on the situation of communication and the nature of the relationship between the participants. For this reason, we introduce the concept citerative series, which implies some conditional sequence of functional equivalents (synonyms) that express one intentional meaning and are associated with a specific communication situation. For example, a series of birthday greetings may look like this: Happy birthday!, Happy birthday!, Happy twentieth birthday!, Happy 16th birthday!, Happy anniversary!, Happy birthday!, Happy angel day!, My (our) congratulations, Happy day to you!, Happy summer (fun) day birth! or With duderozhdenie!(joking) Happy Birthday!(joking) Happy jam!(joking) and others.

In congratulations on the new year, the following options are possible: Happy New Year!, Happy New Year 2005!, Happy 2000 to you!, Happy Millennium!,Happy New year!, Happy New Year, Happy New Year!, Happy Holidays! and many others. others

The considered series of congratulations on a birthday and a happy new year convinces us that the rules of RE can reflect social relations that are unequal in some way. At the same time, “the more signs by which the participants in the communication “do not match”, the higher the degree of etiquette of the situation and the obligatory observance of the rules is usually higher” (Bayburin, Toporkov 1990: 7).

In this regard, a review of the concepts of social status, communicative, social and psychological role of the speaker is carried out.

The goal in communication is an objective factor of speech interaction, functioning after the subject realizes the motives for generating speech activity and predicts movement towards a possible result.

The speech act of congratulations is, as a rule, a polite speech action that is implemented by the speaker in order to express his sympathy and joy about a real event that corresponds to the interests of the addressee.

The speech act of wishing is, as a rule, a polite speech action that is implemented by the speaker in order to express attention and sympathy towards the addressee and hope for well-being in the life of the addressee in the future and thereby comply with the norms of etiquette adopted in this society. The higher the status and role of the addressee, the more formal the atmosphere of communication, the more polite the congratulation, the wish.

Speech acts congratulations, wishes contain a huge number of structures of communicative embodiment. Despite the fact that congratulations and wishes are stereotypes, they give models ( congratulate+ with… + n. in TV. p., wish + R. p. / infinitive) on which free congratulatory phrases are created. The situation itself is so transparent that the motivating verb is omitted and the valence continuation of the verb remains. For example, Happy New Year!, Good luck to you!, Good luck! The noun, standing in the instrumental case, and designed to indicate a reason for congratulations, a date, a specific festive event, itself turns out to be a formula for congratulations. Etiquette nominations can be both verbal nouns and verbs - infinitives, which constitute the nominative center of the functional-semantic and pragmatic field of units.

According to A. G. Balakai, the syntactic meanings of the person "I" - the addresser and "You" (or the polite "You") - the addressee can be expressed explicitly, that is, lexically and morphologically: I Congratulations you. Implicit, that is, not explicitly expressed. In this case, the "I" of the addresser is present in the very fact of materialization (pronunciation, writing) of the sign by him, and "You" - in the direction of the sign directly to the addressee: good evening("I greet you"). Happy holiday!("I congratulate you"). Break a leg!(“I wish you success”)” (Balakai 2002: 33).

Pakhomova I.N. 1 , Ivanova A.S. 2 , Kolomiets V.A. 3 , Sipunova I.V. 4

1 Candidate of Philological Sciences, 2 Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, 3.4 Senior Lecturer of the Department of Russian as a Foreign Language No. 4,

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia in Moscow

WISH AND CONGRATULATIONS IN SPEECH ETIQUETTE (BY THE MATERIAL OF MEDIA AND INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS)

annotation

This article discusses the use of wishes and congratulations formulas in modern mass media (media) and Internet communications. It is noted that the study of speech etiquette does not cease to be relevant due to its presence in various areas of human communication. Formulas of speech etiquette change, transform, new ones appear. The studied material shows that journalists often use colloquial forms, thereby showing freedom and ease in communication. Internet users, bringing virtual communication closer to oral colloquial speech, seek to increase the degree of effectiveness of the communicative act.

Keywords : wish, congratulations, speech etiquette, mass media, Internet.

Pakhomova I. N. 1 , Ivanova A. S. 2 , Kolomiets V. A. 3 , Sipunova I. V. 4

1 PhD in Philology, 2 PhD in Pedagogy, 3,4 Senior Lecturer of the Department of Russian as a Foreign Language № 4

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia in Moscow

WISHING AND CONGRATULATION IN SPEECH ETIQUETTE (ON MATERIAL OF MEDIA AND INTERNET-COMMUNICATION)

Abstract

This article considers the use of wish and congratulation formulas in modern media (mass media) and Internet communication. It is noted that the study of speech etiquette does not cease to be relevant due to its presence in various spheres of human communication. Formulas of speech etiquette change, transform, new formulas appear. The studied material shows that journalists often use colloquial forms, thus showing freedom and ease in communication. Internet users approaching virtual communication to oral colloquial speech, strive to improve the effectiveness of the communicative act.

keywords: wish, congratulation, speech etiquette, mass media, Internet.

From the end of the 20th century the main influence on speech culture and Russian speech etiquette is exerted by the media, and not by fiction. In the 21st century this influence is carried out, first of all, not through the print media, as it was quite recently, but through television and increasingly through the Internet

All changes taking place in society and, therefore, found their expression in communication, are reflected primarily in the media. The attention of researchers to the mass media and to the processes in their language is explained by the fact that the media still remain one of the most important social institutions that shape the language tastes of society and have a decisive influence on the norms of speech behavior, and, consequently, on the culture of society. According to O.B. Sirotinina, “... in relation to the codified and colloquial in modern media, there is a clear increase in the share of colloquial. This growth is a reaction to the previous officialdom, the result of the convergence of the journalist's speech with its addressee ... "

Nowadays, the Internet also plays a huge role in the life of almost every person. The number of Internet users is growing rapidly. Vinogradova T.Yu. notes that at present, humanity is increasingly confronted with a new linguistic personality - a person living in Internet communication. In this regard, not only the transformation of the consciousness of the individual takes place, but also the organization of a new network thinking.

Internet discourse is studied from different angles: the specificity of language means of electronic communication is studied, the information space is considered in the aspect of speech-genre differentiation, the relationship and mutual influence of language and society, language and culture are studied. Recently, the ethical aspect of electronic communication has increasingly come to the attention of linguists.

There is no doubt that such a new information space has a significant impact on the language situation that is taking shape in the modern information reality called the Internet. Today, we can quite confidently talk about the emergence of a new style - about the style of Internet communication, the characteristic features of which can be considered hypertextuality, a written-oral form of communication (a new form of the existence of a language - conceptually oral, but realized in writing), as well as its spontaneity

In Internet communication, where communication takes place through texts, the choice of speech strategies and speech-behavioral tactics helps to achieve a certain ethical balance. In any genre of communication, etiquette communication should become the fundamental type of communicative interaction between those who communicate.

The study of speech etiquette does not cease to be relevant for scientific and methodological research, due to its presence in various areas of human communication, as well as due to changes in sociocultural conditions, after which some speech formulas disappear, others appear, others are modified.

This article discusses the speech acts "wish" and "congratulation" in the aspect of modern communication in the media and the Internet.

J. Searle, in his classification of speech acts, on the basis of the social parameter of politeness, identifies a general type of speech acts - expressives. Searle defines the illocutionary purpose of these acts as an expression of a psychological state, a psychological reaction of the speaker to the state of affairs or the behavior of the speech addressee. The expression of the psychological reaction of the speaker in Searle's classification is the leading feature of expressives as acts of social etiquette. These include the speech acts “wish” and “congratulation” studied in this work as units of speech interaction, set by external social factors.

The speech act of wish is a polite speech act that is implemented by the speaker in order to express attention and sympathy towards the addressee and hope for well-being in the life of the addressee in the future and thereby comply with the norms of etiquette adopted in this society.

E.V. Vdovina notes that the speech act of “wishes” is a polite speech act that is implemented by the speaker in order to express attention and sympathy towards the addressee and hope for well-being in the life of the addressee in the future, and thereby comply with the norms of etiquette adopted in this society.

Considering the speech act “wish” as a manifestation of social etiquette, it should be noted that the language means representing the speech act “wish” are not very diverse. This fact is explained by the strong formalization of the wish, which, in turn, allows the speaker in any situation, without hesitation, to fulfill the usual automatically.

Some parting formulas already contain the idea of a wish: All the best (kind, best, best)! ; Be healthy)!

Wishes themselves often follow after parting. The most common of them are built according to the formula: Wish you, you) + n. In the genus n. or infinitive. For example: - I wish you good luck (success, happiness etc.)!; I want to pass the exam!

Such are the news from Moscow and the Moscow region. All the best!(news anchor, RTR TV channel)

Our release is now complete. All the best to you and see you soon!(sports news host, Match TV channel)

Now on television, when saying goodbye, presenters use such forms of wishes as:

This concludes our release. I wish you good news and good mood!(news presenter, REN TV channel)

Formula Happy (to you, you)! is colloquial, as a rule, it is a wish for well-being at parting or an independent form of friendly farewell. Currently, radio and television presenters freely use this formula:

Everyone is happy! Listen to "Auto Radio" (listener of the radio station "Auto Radio")

Alexander Mikhailin was our guest, a three-time world champion. Thanks for attention. Happily!(host of a sports program, Match TV channel)

Currently, the DJ of one radio station uses the formula Happy to stay! as a farewell, thus demonstrating freedom and ease in communication to radio listeners:

Happy stay everyone! With you "Auto Radio" (DJ of the radio station "Auto Radio")

In the formula Good luck (to you, to you)! contains a wish for a happy coincidence for someone. This expression is also currently seen on television:

That's all. Anna Semyonova was with you. Good luck!(host of the pro news program, MUZ TV channel)

Farewell in the evening, at night, rather, immediately before bedtime, is carried out in the wish: Goodnight!; Goodnight! (less often). Today, hosts of nightly programs use this formula:

We wish you good luck. Goodnight!(program host, TVC channel)

Good night everybody!(host of night news, ORT TV channel)

One of the Internet users uses the form of greetings and wishes at the same time. Moreover, etiquette forms are colloquial in nature.

Hello and good night (one of the forum members)

On the Internet, there is also a greeting in the form of a wish. It can be assumed that this form appeared under the influence of the form: "Good night!", Which has long been used on television by leading night programs.

Good day everyone! An online store selling knives is for sale (one of the forum participants).

Thus, in the media, journalists and presenters of various programs quite often accompany the forms of farewell with various kinds of wishes. In this case, expressions are often colloquial. One of the Internet users uses the form of greeting and wishes at the same time. On one of the forums there is also a greeting in the form of a wish.

Communication in Internet forums is a kind of dialogical written speech, which in itself is a clear evidence of the transformative impact of the latest technologies on the sphere of speech communication. Before the era of the Internet, linguists noted the existence of only monologue written speech (for example, the genre of the story, the genre of writing). Akishina A.A. and Formanovskaya N.I. note that the temporal-spatial distance and the written form imply a special genre of writing and dictate the choice of certain language means that differ from the means of oral communication. The distance of the “interlocutors” in space excludes facial expressions, gestures, intonation, what can be called at a glance, the possibility of asking again, situational reinforcement, therefore, it implies (unlike oral communication) the comparative completeness of structures, deployment, sequence of presentation, that is, those features which are characteristic of monologue speech. However, a letter cannot be called a monologue in the full sense, since the presence of a specific addressee, and most importantly, his intended answer, also causes dialogue forms of communication (greeting, farewell, wish, appeal, congratulations, etc.).

The speech act of congratulations is a polite speech act that is implemented by the speaker in order to express his sympathy and joy about the present event, corresponding to the interests of the addressee.

C. Marten-Clif classifies the reasons for congratulations as follows: 1) "transitional" rituals (birthdays, religious and family holidays) 2) special successes of the addressee (successfully passed the exam) 3) happy events that occurred without the direct intervention or special efforts of the addressee .

Currently, Internet users often congratulate each other on various holidays. Let's give examples.

1) Happy Birthday:

- Our wonderful neighbor from the seven Drrr! Marina rinka happy birthday!!!

- Hooray-hooray!!! Attachments to congratulations!!!

– Happy jam day!!! Uryayaya!

- Congratulations J)) All the best and more.

- On behalf of the men of this forum, let me congratulate women / girls / girls on International Women's Day!

“Miss and Mrs, lady. Madame and mademoiselle, signorina and signora, donna, drylyan and frau, lady, lady and lady, happy holiday!

There is also a congratulation in the form of a toast:

- For lovely ladies!

3) congratulations on the birth of a son:

- Congratulations! Grow up healthy, strong, smart!

- Wow, congratulations!

- Oooh, congratulations from the bottom of my heart!

It should also be noted that nowadays Internet users congratulate each other happy birthday forum

- Happy Anniversary!!! Long Summer!!!

- Happy Holidays everyone!!!

- Can we celebrate?! So to speak, with barbecue or a birthday cake?

Congratulations are often associated with the recipient's success in a particular area. Internet users thank, express a positive assessment of actions, simultaneously performing a speech act of praise, for example:

– Many thanks to the organizers of the forum (J You are great! Congratulations!

- Thank you for your hard work! They are not in vain!

Thus, the forum unites Internet users into a certain group, depending on their interests and preferences. As the material shows, communication on the forums is free, emotional and unconstrained. Forum participants use many individual, colloquial words and expressions when congratulating.

A new lifestyle requires the transformation of old language means of communication, or the introduction of new ones into it. So, for example, slang, becoming a common vocabulary among Internet users, brings virtual communication closer to the genre of oral colloquial speech. For example:

- BuhaaaaatJ)) or did you transfer it to the exit? J

It can be concluded that virtual communication, being in close connection with the traditional conversational style, contributes to the emancipation of the interlocutors to the greatest extent and increases the degree of effectiveness of the communicative act.

Journalists are also absolutely free to use colloquial forms of wishes, apparently to achieve close, trusting relationships with the addressee.

Bibliography /References

Akishina A.A., Formanovskaya N.I. Etiquette of Russian writing. M.: Enlightenment, 1981 - 208 p.
Vdovina E.V. Congratulations and wishes in speech etiquette: conceptual and communicative analysis: Ph.D. ... philol. Nauk / E.V. Widow. M., 2007. - 24 p.
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References in English /References in English

Akishina A.A., Formanovskaja N.I. Jetiket russian pis'ma. M.: Prosveshhenie, 1981 - 208 p.
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Vinogradova T.Ju. Specifika obshhenija v Internete. Russkaja i sopostavitel’naja filologija: Lingvokul’turologicheskij aspekt / T.Ju. Vinogradova. - Kazan', 2004. - P. 63-67.
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Any communication is based on the use of certain rules that help it (communication) acquire the color of literacy, coherence, culture and intelligence. These rules include speech etiquette with its various formulas.

There are predetermined words, phrases or expressions that are constantly used in conversation. Such "blanks" are called formulas of speech etiquette. Regardless of the status of the interlocutor (boss or neighbor) and the duration of the conversation (just find out the way or chat for another hour), the conversation consists of three parts:

Starting a conversation (greeting/acquaintance). A banal beginning is expected to be followed by a primitive conversation, and, on the contrary, an interesting beginning suggests an interesting conversation. Which formulas (phrases) you will choose for greeting depends on the interlocutor (his gender, age, status) and the situation. Speech etiquette does not strictly regulate greetings or introductions. In this case, examples of speech etiquette are quite diverse. When meeting, you can focus on the emotional side: “Hello, how glad I am to see you!”, Or you can say hello quite restrained and politely - an elementary “Good afternoon / evening!”. The greeting should be adequate to the situation, in the evening no one says: "Good morning." An appropriate greeting should be used depending on the gender or social status of the interlocutor. The most universal greeting is the neutral expression "Hello!" or "Greetings!". It is a polite and democratic form of greeting suitable for everyone.
The main part (the very essence of the conversation). To gain a reputation as a good conversationalist, stick to the golden rule. It consists in a clear presentation of the topic: "He who thinks clearly, he clearly states." Which speech etiquette formulas you use depends on the goals of this conversation (request, offer, notification, order ...).
The final part of the conversation (farewell). When saying goodbye, according to the rules of speech etiquette, you can either just say goodbye or arrange the next meeting. When saying goodbye, wishing health or “All the best” works great. But to say "Let's call!" not worth it if the interlocutors are more than sure that this will not happen. In this case, it would be better to just say "Goodbye."

The specifics of speech etiquette formulas

The forms of speech etiquette include words or phrases that are used by people in communication, taking into account the specific situation and national characteristics. It is known that each country has its own etiquette of communication, behavior and lifestyle in general. Therefore, if you are going on a trip, you should at least get a little acquainted with the culture of the country you are going to visit. Greeting, farewell, request, invitation, as well as other forms of speech etiquette, have many options. For example, when meeting a friend, you can easily say “Hello!”, And with an unfamiliar person, familiarity should not be allowed in any way.

Russian speech etiquette has specific communication formulas, since national traditions and cultural heritage are of great importance and influence among Russians. For example, Russians shake hands when greeting each other (but it is customary for the French to kiss on the cheek). Also, it is not customary for Russians to talk about those present in the third person (he, she) - this is considered bad form, and sometimes an insult. There are few personal pronouns in our language, but their importance in Russian speech etiquette is very high. The choice between "you" or "you" is critical. Have you ever heard corrections like: “Refer to me on “You!”, Or “Don't “poke” me, please!”? With this remark, the interlocutor expresses dissatisfaction with the disrespectful attitude towards him. On "you" it is customary to refer to a loved one, in an informal setting or when communication is familiar. But “You” is ideal in a formal setting, with strangers, with those who are older than you, when referring to the opposite sex. "You" is the simplest, easiest, and arguably most effective way to show respect.

Examples of speech etiquette formulas

Let's look at some examples of well-known forms of speech etiquette. For example, the speech etiquette of a request. The request, as a form of appeal, has its own requirements. It should be clearly stated in a delicate and affirmative way. For example: "It will not make it difficult for you to help me ...", "Do me a favor, ...", "I want to ask you about ...". Remember that you are asking the interlocutor, not he you. If you want to get a response to your request, state it as politely but confidently as possible. Believe me, the answer to the request, voiced in a simple accessible form, will not keep you waiting.

In conclusion, I would like to say that speech etiquette in our country is simply replete with a variety of words. There is only one rule - you need to clearly understand where, how and under what circumstances you can use certain words. There is a proverb: "Keep silent and pass for a smart one." If there is no complete confidence in the correctness of the use of certain words or phrases (especially in other countries), it is better to use generally accepted, often used universal phrases. This way you will always be on top.

We live in a beautiful country, among educated and intelligent people. To feel among them "one's own", you need to study the culture of communication and rules of conduct. Well, in society it’s clear, but do we need to apply the rules of speech etiquette, say at home? You know, yes! Even double! Being a literate, cultured, highly educated person is a way of life, not a mask put on for a couple of hours.