Leaf land (leaf humus). Land mixtures Sod land harvesting sites

In ornamental gardening, there are many specially mixed soils in various combinations. All of them are the result of the decomposition of peat, manure, leaves, turf, etc., contain the necessary amount of nutrients for growing plants, but depending on the substrate used for their preparation, they have different chemical and physical properties.

On farms, the following types of land are most often harvested: peat, compost, humus, leaf and sod. The most porous, resilient and heavy of them is turf, while others are lighter. The success of plant cultivation mainly depends on the method of harvesting and subsequent tillage, on the ability to choose the right soil mixture.

Soddy soil is harvested on perennial fallow pastures and meadows, best of all in those places where a good herbage has grown. Sod land should not be harvested in low areas with high acidity. The preparation of the soil begins in the last decade of June, by this time the height of the grass reaches its maximum height, and the turf will have time to partially decompose by the time the cold weather sets in. The turf cut into layers is laid in piles up to 1.5 m high and wide. The stacks are periodically watered with slurry from above so that decomposition occurs faster. To reduce the acidity of the soil, 2 kg of lime is added to the heaps for every m 3 of earth.

leafy soil

In autumn, in parks, groves and forests, they harvest leaf ground. It is best not to use the soil from under the willow and oak, it contains a lot of tannins. Sometimes leaf litter is harvested to obtain leaf soil, choosing the top layer by 2-5 cm, the collected leaf soil is stacked in piles up to 1.5 m high. In autumn, when laying the pile, it is necessary to water the leaves with slurry and compact well.

After two years, the leaves will perepere well and turn into nutritious leafy soil. This soil is loose and light, but it contains less nutrients than soddy soil, it is an ideal ripper for heavy soils. Leafy soil is well suited for sowing crops with small seeds - gloxinia, begonias, etc., it must be used in cases where manure humus cannot be used for plants.

humus soil

Often such soil is called greenhouse soil, the reason is that it is obtained from old greenhouse soil and rotted manure. The dung of domestic animals put in the spring as a biofuel in the greenhouse completely overheats by the autumn, light humus is obtained from the manure of sheep and horses, and heavier humus from cow manure. After cleaning the greenhouse in the fall, the humus is placed in a pile and left for a year, during the summer it is shifted several times. After that, the humus is sieved and used to fertilize plants growing in open ground.

Mucky soil is oily, loose, light, and very saturated nutrients, high in nitrogen. Used as a potent ingredient in earthen growing formulations fast growing plants, such soil is needed for growing seedlings of annual crops and for many potted plants.

This land is harvested mainly in peat bogs, sometimes it is prepared from peat chips or briquettes. Peat is also placed in heaps up to 80 cm high, every 25 cm the layers are sprinkled with lime and watered with slurry. In the first and second years after harvesting, the collar is shifted, and used only for the third season.

Peat soil is very moisture-intensive, loose and light, it contains a lot of slowly decaying organic particles, and in its pure form, such a composition is unnutritious. Used as a ripper for various soil mixtures.

Compost soil

To prepare such land, various animal and plant residues, weeds, household and greenhouse waste are composted in pits and heaps. In the second year, a pile of compost is shifted 2-3 times over the summer, watering with slurry. The compost soil is completely ready by the end of the third year, it must be sifted before use.

The properties of this type of soil can be very different, they depend on the nature of the waste and the type of material used for composting, they are used in a mixture with peat and sod land.

Leaf ground (leaf humus)

I. P. Popov, "Growing early vegetables"
Gorky publishing house, 1953
Published with some abridgements.

In vegetable growing, leaf land is not used so often. It is used in a mixture with other lands, mainly for loosening heavy soddy soils. Most often, leafy soil is used in ornamental gardening, especially when sowing small seeds of flowering plants. It turns out leaf humus from the decomposition of leaves of hardwoods and shrubs. When harvesting leafy soil, one must take into account the fact that the leaves decompose rather slowly. On average, good leafy soil is obtained only after 2-3 years. Leafy soil should be harvested in those farms where there is a nearby forest, forest plantations, parks, since collecting a large number of leaves is a rather laborious work.
To prepare leafy ground in the fall, after leaf fall, or early in spring, while the grass has not yet grown, the leaves are raked together with thin twigs with an iron rake. The collected leaves are dumped into a hole 60-70 cm deep. The leaves are covered from above with a thin 10-15 cm layer of loose soil in order to somewhat compact the leaves and protect them from wind blowing and water evaporation. It is better to arrange a pit in shady place. During the summer, the leaves in the pit are shoveled, watered with slurry. After two or three years, a very light dark-colored mass is obtained - "earth". A cubic meter of leafy earth weighs only 600-700 kg.
In order to get leafy soil in a shorter time, the leaves collected from autumn should be dumped for temporary storage in one of the corners of the greenhouse area, covered with a thin layer of soil so that they are not blown away by the winds, and left in this form until spring. When shelving and thinning vegetable plants, a large plant mass accumulates. All this green juicy mass is taken to the area allotted for greenhouses, and stacked in long piles, stacks 2-2.5 m wide, 2 m high.
Laying is carried out in a certain order. An assembled sheet 20-25 cm thick is laid on the bottom, a layer of weeds of the same thickness is placed on top of the sheet; then a layer of leaves is laid again, etc. The pile ends with a layer of weeds, sprinkled on top with a thin layer of soil. Under influence high temperature and humidity, the whole mass quickly decomposes, begins to settle heavily and, before the onset of frost, turns into a continuous fatty mass. In the spring of next year and over the summer, the pile is shoveled 2-3 times. By autumn, the leafy ground is completely ready for use.
In the absence of pre-prepared leafy land, you can use the forest litter. To do this, you need to rake the undecomposed leaf and twigs with a rake in the spring and, having removed the upper 5-6 cm layer, pass it through the screen. Such leafy land is obtained quickly, but it is of little value, since most of the nutrients are leached from it and it is not devoid of pests and pathogens.

Description and characteristics of turf land

Sod land is prepared on pastures, it is advisable to use a long-term, fallow, old herbage for this. Do not prepare it on the plots with low or high acidity. In this case, turf land is divided into:

light - with a large volume of sand;
middle - with the same parts of sand and sand;
heavy - with a large volume of clay.

Preparations begin at the beginning of July. TO this deadline the herbage will already reach its full development, and the prepared turf, with the necessary care, will be able to decompose by frost. The layers are cut in the size of 25-35 cm, with a layer of 9-12 cm, taking into account the density of the soddy land. The length is chosen at your own discretion.

The turf is folded in stacks 1.4-1.4 meters of any length so that the grass cover of any subsequent layer is laid on top of the grass cover of the lower layer. "Sandwiches" are treated with a liquid mixture of mullein to speed up decomposition and saturate the earth with nitrogen. To reduce acidity, a few kilograms of lime are added per one cubic meter. earth mixture. From time to time, stacks are watered with manure solution, and so that it does not drain, a trough-shaped depression must be organized on top of the stack.

High-quality turf land will be only two years later. During the next summer season, the stack must be overpaid at least several times. In autumn, the earth is removed to the utility room and used for work. Being on the street, it loses its properties - nutritional value, elasticity, etc.

Soddy soil is the most important in gardening, it is quite porous, enriched with all the nutrients that act throughout years. It is used for growing greenhouse and indoor flowers, as well as for all kinds of land substances.

Other types of earth mixtures

leaf ground

It is prepared in autumn time in deciduous plantations. The leaves of acacia, maple, linden, fruit trees. Willow and oak leaves it contains a large number of tannins, therefore they are not used for preparation.

Sometimes forest flooring is used for harvesting, removing the top layer of 3-4 cm. Collected dried leaves or forest flooring with pieces of small branches, grass, etc. shifted into stacks of 1.2-1.2 meters of any length. During laying, they are watered with a mixture of mullein or manure liquid and rammed, otherwise the leaves do not decompose well. During the subsequent summer season, this mass must be water several times manure liquid and carefully shovel. You can add a little lime before mixing. By the next autumn, the leaves rot and transform into leafy soil.

humus soil mixture

In greenhouse conditions, this land is also called a greenhouse, since it is made from rotted manure with soil in a greenhouse. Animal manure, placed in greenhouses in the spring as a biological fuel, becomes humus by autumn.

A light humus is obtained from the manure of sheep and horses;
From the manure of cows - heavy.

The humus removed from the greenhouse in autumn is stacked in piles, in the same way as for sod land, moistened and, during the subsequent summer season, shoveled several times. On the street stacks are one year. Then their humus is stored in the utility room.

Peat land mixture

Most often her prepared from peat bogs. Sometimes crumbs or peat briquettes are used for its preparation. Already decomposed peat is stacked in piles. During laying, layers are poured with manure liquid after 22-27 cm. At the end of the first season and in the middle of the second, the peat is shoveled and for 3 years it is ready for use.

Peat soil is quite hygroscopic, loose, elastic. It is used for various land substances as a baking powder, most often with soddy soil, as this increases its physical characteristics, making it lighter and looser.

Compost soil mix

It is harvested by composting in piles, pits of various animals and organic residues, weeds, household waste. As residues accumulate, they are transferred for disinfection, watered with slurry and sprinkled with peat. For next season compost heap shoveled several times, moistening with manure. At the end of the third season, the compost is ready for use. Its properties and quality are quite varied and will depend on the type of household waste and the properties of the raw material being composted.

As a rule, compost piles are in an intermediate state between leaf and sod in terms of the number of nutrients.

Heather soil mix

To date, it has lost its meaning and instead of it, a substance is used, which consists of three parts of peat, two parts of leaf compost and part of sand. It is prepared in the same way as compost.

It begins to be prepared and stacked in autumn, mixed with potassium, manganese, phosphorus and lime. In the summer, they shovel twice. From the territory in which the last few years there were plants that are nightshade and cabbage varieties, soil is not collected.

A high-quality garden soil mixture with a small addition of sand can be successfully used for cultivated indoor flowers.

Wood soil mix

It is prepared from roots, logs, chips, deadwood, rotted trees, etc. Decayed woody residues create a light, similar in composition to the leaf, but poor in useful elements and acidic earth. It is used in the cultivation of bromeliads, daffodils and orchids.

Substance from composted bark

The milled bark is placed in stacks, mixed with sludge from the sump of pulp mills, this creates decomposition of the bark due to various trace elements. Biological and chemical processes during composting are more intense in a substance with a bark size of 2-6 mm with a urea mixture of less than one percent of the dry weight of the bark during the first month. Composting with constant shoveling takes approximately 1.5 months in summer and up to 5 months in winter. The temperature in the compost rises up to about 68-75 degrees.

Compost in one cubic meter has approximately 64 grams of phosphorus, 350 grams of potassium, 25 grams of manganese, 35 grams of iron, 35 grams of magnesium, copper and other substances. It is mixed with peat, adding a little lime, sometimes clay and phosphorus, and thus used to improve the soil.

Additives in various earthen substances

Moss. Sphagnum is prepared in swamps. After drying, grinding and sieving, moss is used in earthen substances to impart absorbency, looseness and lightness, that is, to increase moisture capacity. Moss in pure form used in the cultivation of lilies of the valley, to cover the roots of orchids and other indoor flowers. It is best suited as a substance for stratifying and growing large seeds (banana, avocado).

Charcoal is added in small pieces in small quantities to mixtures for flowers that do not respond well to strong moisture. Charcoal absorbs excess moisture, and gives it away when it is lacking. In addition, it is used as an antiseptic preparation in the form of a powder for powdering cuts on dahlia tubers, gladioli, cannes roots, etc. To some extent, it absorbs herbicides and other chemical elements from the soil.

Sand. The best is river coarse sand. Sea sand must be thoroughly washed in advance, eliminating salts. Quarry sand is not suitable, which contains oxides of iron and other metals that adversely affect plants, as well as silty and clay elements.

Most often, sand is added to earth mixtures without any processing. in the amount of 1/4 of total , for better looseness. During grafting and backfilling of seeds in sowing containers, bowls, greenhouses, the sand is preliminarily thoroughly washed with running water from silty or loamy elements. For hard-to-root plants, quartz sand is used. This sand gives mixtures porosity and friability, this ensures the passage of air and water to the roots of flowers, does not allow the formation of moss, fungi in boxes, containers with cuttings and crops.

Mixing and storage of soil mixtures

As a rule, in the floriculture industry, stocks of garden land are made for several years in advance, stored in a closed and warm room. Before this, the lands without fail pass through a roar. For any kind of soil mixture make special chests, often they are placed under racks in greenhouses. In this case, you need to make sure that when watering the flowers, water does not pass into the lari.

For proper cultivation different flower crops on the farm, you need to have all the above land compositions. They must be free of pests and viruses. When compiling substances, it is necessary to take into account the biological properties of flowers, their age, growing conditions, as well as the reaction of the earth in which this plant can develop.

Leafy soil, or leafy humus, is formed from leaves that are piled up to rot.
Leaves of deciduous trees are collected in parks, gardens, squares after leaf fall. Oak and chestnut leaves are less suitable because they contain a large amount of tannic acid, which negatively affects the root system of garden plants and decomposes slowly. Heaps are piled 1-1.5 m high, in dry summers they are abundantly watered. During the year, heaps are shoveled 2 times. After 2 years in heaps, the leaves completely decompose, turning into a homogeneous earthy mass, suitable for use in gardening and indoor and greenhouse floriculture.
Leafy soil is considered nutritious and light. In complex earthen mixtures used in indoor and greenhouse floriculture, it ranges from 1/5 to 3/4 of the part.

Related concepts

Heather land. It is used for potted and tub culture of rhododendrons, azaleas, camellias, some types of orchids, ferns and other ornamental plants.

Chlorophytum (lat. Chlorophytum) is a genus of herbaceous plants. Previously, Chlorophytum was attributed to the Liliaceae family; among contemporary research there is no consensus on the place of this genus: according to the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, the genus belongs to the Asparagus family, according to the GRIN website - to the Agave family.

Tree peonies - a group of species, natural and artificial hybrids and varieties of the genus Peony (Paeonia) characterized by thick, slightly branched, erect perennial shoots.

Indoor plants are plants that are grown in rooms and public spaces. Most indoor plants come from the tropics and subtropics.

References in literature

NIDULARIUM STRIPED (Nidularium innocentii var. Striantum Wittm.). Bromeliad family. Homeland - tropical regions of America. Herbaceous perennial stemless plant. The leaves are sessile, belt-shaped with longitudinal white-yellow stripes. Arranged spirally, forming a funnel in the center of the spiral, from which the lower leaves absorb water with nutritious mineral elements. During the flowering period, the middle bracts turn bright red, which gives the plant a special decorative effect. The flowers are collected in dense spike-shaped inflorescences emerging from a leaf rosette. Nidularium blooms in late winter - early spring. Propagated by young rosettes and less often by seeds (in greenhouses). The best soil mix for nidularium: finely chopped sphagnum moss, leafy soil, peat and sand (2:2:1:1). In summer, abundant watering, protection from the bright rays of the sun, periodic top dressing with mineral fertilizer of low concentration, warm and humid air are required. V room conditions Nidularium needs to be sprayed frequently. From October to April, nidularium is kept on a bright window at a temperature of 15-16 ° C. V winter time watering should be more rare and careful. Single copies or groups are used to decorate rooms, foyers, shop windows, winter gardens, etc.

In Europe, Aphelandra has become a common plant due to its bright leaves and showy buds, although it is quite difficult to grow it indoors. It grows well only in warm (22-23 ° C) rooms with humid air, and it does not tolerate dry air at all. Overdrying of the coma, temperature fluctuations should not be allowed. Aphelandra is propagated from December to April by the tops of shoots at a temperature of 23-25°C. Rooted cuttings are planted in pots in a loose earthen mixture of 4 parts of leafy soil, 1 part of peat, 1 part of humus, 1 part of soddy soil, 1 part of sand, charcoal and bone meal, phosphorus must be added. Seed propagation is possible.

Leafy ground is made up of rotted leaves woody plants. Leaves are usually harvested in autumn, less often in spring in forests, parks and forest parks. The most suitable for these purposes are the leaves of maple, linden, elm, fruit and small-leaved (birch, aspen) plants. Fallen leaves, twigs, dried grass are raked with a rake and stacked in piles up to 2 m wide and up to 1.5 m high of any length. Then the piles are watered with slurry, lime is added and compacted. During the next summer, the leaf mass is shoveled two or three times and moistened with slurry. By the end of the second year, rotted leaves turn into light, loose leafy soil, the nutrients of which are in a form accessible to the roots and quickly absorbed by plants.

In the brightest place suburban area place cacti, stonecrops, crassula and other succulents, watering them moderately, but not feeding them. Actively growing callas require abundant watering, so there should be some water in the pan at all times. Large specimens of callas are transplanted into a mixture composed of leafy earth, sand, humus and peat. All components are taken in equal parts. The newly appeared shoot is separated and placed in a small pot with the same substrate.

Features: a variety of asparagus pinnate. In contrast, it has a low height and therefore does not require support. It has short shoots richly covered with cladodes. In pots for low asparagus, an earthen mixture is used, consisting of soddy, leafy earth, peat and sand in a ratio of 1:1:1:0.5. Suitable for single and group planting.

Zinnia is a light-loving and heat-loving plant that does not tolerate frost. For abundant long flowering requires soil with sufficient nutrients with a neutral reaction. The area allocated for the cultivation of zinnias is first dug up, and then humus, compost or leaf soil is added at 8-10 kg per 1 m2. From mineral fertilizers add 1 tbsp. spoon of superphosphate, potassium sulfate and nitrophoska and again dig to a depth of 10 cm.

Related concepts (continued)

Pellionia (lat. Pellionia) is a genus of flowering plants in the Urticaceae family. The genus includes more than 20 species of evergreen perennial herbaceous plants and shrubs, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia.

Currant (lat. Ríbes) is a genus of plants from the Gooseberry family (Grossulariaceae) of the order of dicotyledonous flowering plants Saxifrage.

Hamedorea (lat. Chamaedorea) is a genus of flowering plants of the Palm family (Arecaceae). Includes more than a hundred species of low-growing woody plants, widely distributed in South and Central America.

Nitrária (lat. Nitrária) is a genus of halophyte plants, low shrubs of the Nitrariaceae family, in some sources it belongs to the Zygophyllaceae family.

Wittrock violet, or garden pansies (lat. Víola × wittrockiána) is a herbaceous perennial plant of hybrid origin of the Violet family.

Mary is multi-leaved, vine vine, twig-shaped zhminda, strawberry spinach (lat. Blítum virgátum, Chenopódium foliósum) - herbaceous plant, a species of the genus Zhminda (Blitum), isolated from the genus Mary (Chenopodium) of the Amaranth family (Amaranthaceae). Sometimes cultivated.

Codiaum motley (lat. Codiaēum variegātum) is a perennial evergreen shrub; species of the genus Codium of the Euphorbiaceae family (Euphorbiaceae).

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.) is a common vegetable crop, one of the cultivars of the garden cabbage species. It belongs to the varietal group botrytis, like Romanesco.

Asian hybrids (eng. The Asiatic Hybrids) - I section of lily varieties of complex hybrid origin according to the classification of the third edition of the International Lily Register (The International Lily Register. Third Edition. The Royal Horticultural Society. London, 1982).

Valerian, valerian (lat. Valeriána) is a genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the Valerianoideae subfamily of the Caprifoliaceae family, including more than two hundred species. The Latin generic name comes from lat. valere - to be healthy. It was first used in a book by the Italian botanist Matteo Silvatico (1285-1342).

Tomato, or tomato (lat. Solánum lycopérsicum) is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant, a species of the Solanum genus of the Solanaceae family. Cultivated as a vegetable crop.

Livistona (lat. Livistona) is a genus of perennial plants from the Palm family (Arecaceae), growing in Southeast Asia, Africa, Oceania, Australia.

Large-leaved hydrangea, or large-leaved Hydrangia (lat. Hydrángea macrophýlla) is a plant species of the Hydrangea genus, Hydrangeaceae family.

Actinidia kolomikta (lat. Actinídia kolomikta), or creeper - a perennial shrub liana; species of the genus Actinidia. Cultivated as an ornamental and fruit plant.

Tigridia (lat. Tigridia) - a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbous plants from the Iris family, or Iris (Iridaceae).

The narrow-leaved sucker (lat. Elaeágnus angustifólia), or the eastern sucker, or pshat (fesida) (Elaeagnus orientalis) is a species of woody plants of the genus Loch (Elaeagnus) of the Loch family (Elaeagnaceae). South European-Central Asian species.

Pieris (lat. Pieris) is a genus of low evergreen shrubs or stunted trees (sometimes lianas) of the Heather family, common in Asia and North America.

Brussels sprouts (lat. Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) is a vegetable crop. Traditionally considered as a variety of the species Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) of the genus Cabbage (Brassica) of the Cabbage family (Brassicaceae); some modern sources do not consider Brussels sprouts as an independent taxon, but consider it a group of varieties of the species Brassica oleracea L., with this approach, the correct name for this group is Brassica oleracea Gemmifera Group.

Planting in crop production is planting on permanent place(in the field, garden, flower garden, and so on) young plants (seedlings, seedlings) parts of plants (cuttings) or organs vegetative propagation plants (tubers, bulbs).

The most delicate Passiflora, or Banana granadilla, or the softest Passion Flower, or Kuruba, or Tahoe (lat. Passiflóra mollíssima) is a tree-like liana of the Passionflower family, producing edible fruits. Species of the genus Passionflower.

Common hazel, or Hazel, or Hazelnut (lat. Córylus avellána) is a species of deciduous woody shrubs and trees of the genus Hazel (Corylus) of the Birch family (Betulaceae).

The real slipper, or the real lady's slipper, or the common lady's slipper (lat. Cypripedium calceolus) is a perennial herbaceous plant, widespread in Eurasia from the British Isles to the Pacific Ocean, a species of the genus Slipper of the Orchid family (Orchidaceae).

Jerusalem artichoke, or Jerusalem artichoke, or tuberous sunflower (lat. Heliánthus tuberósus) is a species of perennial herbaceous tuberous plants of the Sunflower genus of the Asteraceae family.

Azalea (lat. Azalea) - the collective name of some flowering plant species from the genus Rhododendron (Rhododendron). Previously, these species were separated into an independent genus of the Heather family (Ericaceae) - Azalea L..

Oxalis four-leaf (lat. Óxalis tetraphýlla) is a perennial bulbous herbaceous plant, a species of the genus Oxalis of the Oxalis family (Oxalidaceae).

Pisonia umbrella (lat. Pisonia umbellifera) is a decorative and cultural species of a plant of the genus Pisonia of the Nyctaginaceae family. It has another name - Pisonia Brown.

Common horse chestnut (lat. Aésculus hippocástanum) is a large deciduous tree, the most famous species of the Horse chestnut genus in Russia.

Korean chrysanthemum (lat. Chrysanthémum × koreanum, English hardy chrysanthemums) is a group of perennial small-flowered varieties of garden chrysanthemum (lat. Chrysanthemum × hortorum) of hybrid origin, characterized by relatively high resistance to low temperatures. Widely used in outdoor cultivation.

Paulownia felt, or Imperial tree (lat. Paulównia tomentósa) is a plant species of the genus Paulownia (Paulownia) of the Paulownia family (Paulowniaceae).

Martagon hybrids (English The Martagon Hybrids) - one of the sections of lily varieties according to the classification of the third edition of the International Lily Register (The International Lily Register. Third Edition. The Royal Horticultural Society. London, 1982).