How to withdraw a new grape variety at home. Video "New and hybrid grapes" best grades for the Crimea, Volga region, Moscow region, Leningrad region, Siberia

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When breeding grapes near the walls and on arbors, the bushes have to leave for the winter unclipped, as they do not seem to be burned to the ground. It follows from this that for the wired culture of grapes, frost-resistant varieties are needed. But existing frost-resistant varieties, as already mentioned, are significantly inferior to European varieties regarding the taste of fruits. Hence the task - to work on the removal of new varieties - high quality and at the same time frost-resistant. Such varieties can successfully bring grapeners.

The main method of deriving such varieties is hybridization with subsequent education of hybrids and selection.

To obtain high-quality frost-resistant hybrids, you need to cross the various European and Central Asian varieties of grapes, which have good flavors of berries, with varieties of frost-resistant species.

From European varieties, for example, it can be recommended for hybridization: the following: Intensively accumulating sugar Muscat White, Muscat Pink and Kischet black, early varieties of Pearls Sabe, Madeleine Anhevin and Chaus, who have a well anticipate wood; From the Central Asian - Large-like Taife, Nyrang, Kurgan and Dr. Cutt, and others. From frost-resistant forms The most suitable for hybridization are the varieties of appearance Vitis Labruska - Isabella, Lydia and others, as well as amur grapes; In the zones infected with the phyllox, it is also possible to recommend varieties and hybrids of ripary species and Ruperestris.

The success of the case depends primarily from the ability to choose parental couples on the basis of personal observations of behavior of certain varieties in the area where breeding work is underway. It is important not only to skillfully select a variety for crossing, but also to take away the most suitable bushes of parental varieties for this purpose. For example, if you notice that any bush is better than other bushes of this variety, tolerates winter or has better wood aging and is less damaged by frosts, then such a bush should be taken for crossing.

It is desirable to make crossing in the area for which new varieties are derived so that hybrid seeds are formed on bushes growing in the conditions of this area. Treat the hybrid seeds from other places is only if there are no bushes needed to cross the varieties. In this case, you can contact any research institution in viticulture with a request to send hybrid seeds to remove high-quality frost-resistant grape varieties.

The technique of crossing is as follows. The bushes selected for hybridization are chosen by large inflorescences that are on strong, well-growing shoots. The upper part of the cluster is cut to half on the ridge. The remaining part castrate flowers. Thin tweezers in one or two receptions remove the cap together with anthers in each bud (Fig. 35). On each inflorescence, 50-100 buds are castrated, the rest are cut with sharp tips. It is necessary to castrate on the day when the first blooming flowers appear on the bush.

After castration on the inflores, the insulator is put on to protect it from pollen from entering the neighboring flowering bushes. The insulator is prepared from parchment paper, which is cut into pieces of width of 20 centimeters and a length of 25 centimeters. Then the sliced \u200b\u200bleaflets glue into the tube. To do this, take a half-liter bottle, wrap it with a leaflet and its edges glue. The end of the resulting parchment tube from the side of the bottle neck) dip in water on a 3-4 centimeter, then tie it by a caprochy thread along the edge of a moistened place for one knot, moistened with a bottle and the other end of it is also tied with a thread, after putting a small one in this edge Wool lumps. The insulator prepared in this way (Fig. 36) is worn on the inflorescence, the flower makes a piece of watts and tighten the thread. In the morning of the next day, the upper end of the insulator is unclipped and the strokes of castrated flowers are examined. If liquid droplets appear on them, it is necessary to pollinate; If the droplets did not appear, the insulation is tied and the inspection continues every morning while droplets will appear on the flowering stilts. It is impossible to miss this moment, as the pollination before the appearance of the droplets or after their drying results does not give - the crossing does not work.
If the father's bush blooms before maternal, pollen collects in advance. For this, anthers shake with flowering inflorescences (along with pollen) in paper towers, dried in the shade and kept in a dry place until the time when pollination needs to be done. During pollution, anthers with pollen are gaining a tassel and shake over the strokes on which droplets appeared.

Crossing is better managed if the father's and maternal bushes bloom at the same time. Then, with well-blurred inflorescences of the father's bush, several branches are cut off, bring to the maternal bush and administered one by unleashed insulators, touching the anthers to the stilts, then removed. This method of pollination gives the best results.

After two or three weeks, paper insulators are removed on inflorescences with young berries, gauze bags are worn. At the occurrence of complete ripening of seeds, the bunches are cut and hybrid seeds extract from berries.

Many gardeners are happy to plant various grapes on their sites, selecting the best, studying the breeding and selection of the most suitable vita, endurance and taste. Among them is distinguished by the well-known breeder, thanks to the enthusiasm and the painstaking work of which more than fifty varieties appeared.

Pavlovsky breeder brought about 50 grape varieties, including Rochefort variety

Pavlovsky breeder

Evgeny Georgievich Pavlovsky is one of the most successful and talented breeders who managed to give excellent viable varieties. Simple miner, in his free time engaged in his panstoneIn 1985, he brought the first copies, who received many awards and premiums in international competitions and exhibitions. Many of them are successfully cultivated in various regions of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.

The basis of the collection is hybrids derived by painstaking selection and the selection of the best qualities and properties. Among the combining positive moments can be allocated:

strength;
frost resistance;
high yield;
attractive freight form of Cunditions;
resistance to fungal diseases.

All gardeners note a great taste and sufficient content of sugars making new plants derived by Pavlovsky, indispensable in land.

Hip-Hop grapes, like the other varieties of Pavlovsky, has a high sugar content

All varieties developed by EG Pavlovsky, the market is a novelty, so it is necessary to purchase them for landing in special seedlings, having previously studied the features of the species so that it justifies all expectations.

Almost all of them are adapted to planting in spring and autumn, require protection from cold wind, but is well winter thanks to excellent frost resistance. The land under the landing should be prepared, given the standard requirements for any grapes, do not land right after the old bush, giving the soil to rest for several years.

Optimal care conditions

As with any fructural plant, grapes require a sufficient amount of moisture, so regular full-fledged watering, especially in hot dry days, it will be favorable on the number of harvest collected.

E.G. himself Pavlovsky recommends, at least sometimes feed the bushes with humid, potash or phosphate fertilizers, necessarily mulching the Earth around for the best intake of nutrients to the root system. To do this, we will use blackened sawdust, fastened with a layer of 3 centimeters.

An important necessary stage is a high-quality thoughtful trimming of a bush that affects its ability to be well fron. Reducing an excessive number of steps, you can send nutrients to the fruits, as well as form a clear neat form.

With the onset of cold weather, grapes need shelter, especially if winter is characterized by the field of cultivation middle temperatures About 20 degrees of frost. Young seedlings are insulated by specially trained personnel, pure plastic package from under the water, and the earth is covered. Adults fruiting bushes are covered with a film, trying to leave some airspace.

Vinogradov Carmen and other varieties of Pavlovsky should be carefully wrapped in winter

Features of the selection of cuttings for landing

Bookmark of a generous harvest begins with a slow selection of a cutlery, compliance with all the conditions of landing in the soil, high-quality care. Experienced grapes themselves receive material on their own site. And when choosing in a nursery or on the market, such moments must be taken into account:

the seedling must have a developed root system;
roots must have a whiten shade, and the slice is green;
at least three kidneys should be on the cutken.

Before landing, they should be prepared to prepare, silently in a special solution for a day.

The famous breeder constantly pleases fans with new hybrids with improved qualities, but it is worth mentioning the varieties that have already proven themselves and received high consumer assessments lately.

Grape seedling should have a healthy and attractive view

Ali-Baba: Muscade Dessert

The resulting crossing of popular unpretentious varieties was obtained, this hybrid species immediately occurred in the souls for a subtle harmonious taste with pleasant nutmess notes. Thanks to stunning resistance and yields, many industrial vineyards were chosen as the main one.

He is pleased with their owners with luxurious brushes weighing up to 800 grams with tightly located large berries. They have an excellent commodity view, besides a beautiful dark red color, attracting a light aroma, a gentle taste. Under a thin, imperceptible in the shell, the fleshy flesh is hidden enough.

Among the undoubted positive sides of Ali-Baba, marked with gardeners, the most important in the cultivation is called:

a short period of aging;
high yield and high-quality berries;
the presence of flowers of each floor on the vines;
resistance to diseases and frosts up to 23 degrees.

This species perfectly multiplies with cuttings that have excellent adaptive properties in the new conditions. They quickly go into growth, giving a few years good rich yields. A vegetative period declared in a breeder is about 100 days depending on weather conditions and the amount of sunlight.

A pleasant feature of the "Ali Baba" is the ability to fruiting young steps, although they give less abundant under the weight of the bunches, ripening later than the main weaves. Even with a green step, you can collect up to 4 kilograms of high-quality grapes.

Among the negative moments of this copy, the owners note that the strong density of the berry on the gender prevents them from forming an oval form characteristic. Young branches, though fruit, but strongly take the nutritious juices of the main part of the bush, requiring reinforced care and feeding. Therefore, in the spring always becomes a dilemma: leave or remove a new piglet, to get high quality harvest.

Ali-Baba grapes gives fruit with nutmess

Gentle table "Marshmallow"

Very popular among the gardeners, a wonderful taste and quality varieties of the Zephyr's table grapes, derived by Pavlovsky selection path, based on the frost-resistant "Talisman". It is also characteristic of the presence of hawk flowers, decisive problem Pollination, excellent adaptability to changeable weather, suitable for non-fit regions of the middle regions of Russia.

This early ripening is an early hybrid form, characterized by large heavy clusters, berries on which they reach an average of 14 grams. For the "marshmallow" characterized by a very beautiful red color with a light purple tint, overflowing in the sun. On average, one brush reaches 600 grams, but with a rack warm weather and reinforced feeder, you can get more kilograms. Large appetizing berries are located tightly, without having properties to peel, and their taste is very sweet and unobtrusive.

Zephyr has an interesting distinctive trait: Despite the constituency, a fully overwhelmed crop can not be removed to the most frosts. It is perfectly stored on the sleeves without losing taste and visual product qualities, allowing you to shoot every day a large number ofwithout cutting the rest of the brushes. BUT big number Clabonde makes it a very profitable acquisition for a small area of \u200b\u200bthe plot.

Grapes marshmallows distinguished by unusual color

Rostov "Ayut"

An excellent hybrid variety named Pavlovsky in honor of the Roshov River proceeded nearby nearby, appeared on the market in 2012 and immediately liked the fans of breeding early table species. It is distinguished by a pleasant aftertaste with a tint of tea rose, remaining in the mouth after a dense pulp. One of the most popular in the collection of the famous selector, Ayut grapes has many advantages for gilders:

characteristic of this type of crunch during the empowing;
normal resistance to cold;
resistance to rot, diseases and pests;
previously aging;
flowerines on the vine are always both floors.

Breakdi "Ayuts" have a good transportation, attracting large purple berries, tightly lying on a massive cluster weighing up to a kilogram. They fully ripen by August, and can remain on the weaves to the first frosts, without blowing and without losing a sweet gentle taste. And the dense shell allows you to transport it to the place of implementation without special precautions.

This copy does not require special additional care, constant loosenings, quietly related to a small lack of moisture, poor soil state, is not subject to different types Paws, damage to pests and insects. And the good resistance to freezing was made by the "Ayut" gift for gardeners from regions with a cool climate.

Vinograd Ayut gives a cluster weighing to kilogram

Amber "Monarch"

Delicious and beautiful table grade "Monarch", obtained by Pavlovsky as a result of many years of selection, refers to early aging time. Depending on the climatic features of the region, the crop can be obtained already in mid-August, and the average season of vegetation is no more than four months.

For this instance, quite good yield is characterized, the possibility of collecting brushes to one kilogram. Major elastic berries have a smooth conical shape, slightly reminding medium in size of plums. In the sun rays they play amber shades, with light redness.

The flesh is juicy and fleshy, with a pronounced nutmess, and small quantity bones. Berries do not impenetrate when transporting, is perfectly stored and like buyers with their appetizing appetitive appearance.

The undisputed advantages of "Monarch" are:

excellent taste and sweetness regardless of weather popsicles;
the same magnitude of the berries;
good indicators for vaccination and transplant;
excellent frost resistance up to 25 degrees.

From one adult plant, it is quite possible to collect about 7 kilograms of delicious fruits. But this species has an increased growth force, increasing the season by a third due to the growth of greenery and stepbags, so needs to trim and thin the leaves. But the presence of female and male flowers on the bush simplifies the owner to pollinate the task.

The only problem of the "monarch" is a large number of fallen binding during flowering even at the most favorable conditions. But the remaining inflorescences fully cope with the task, turning into large heavy clusters.

Monarch grapes is distinguished by large berries

Golden Ozone

Despite the absolutely identical raw material with "Ali Baba", E.G. Pavlovsky managed to get absolutely unlikely hybrid grapes, differing in form and properties.

The fragrant and juicy "ozone" surprises the owners of generous brushes up to 1.5 kilograms, on which golden grapes of cylinder-shaped are grouped. Despite the simple muscade tasteThey are very juicy, sweet and contain many useful substances.

The yield of "ozone" is quite stable, but needs to be corrected than greenery and stocking in the spring, so as not to get a lot of small berries. The term of full aging is equal to 105 days, allowing in early August to be eased with natural dessert. He just like "Ali Baba" is not afraid of freezing on the ground, ideally adapting to the conditions of the middle strip.

This is a wonderful delicious copy, the only drawback of which is his youth. It was led in 2012 and was not sufficiently studied, therefore, it can give unpredictable results in new conditions for themselves.

Grapes ozone gives large brushes at 1.5 kg weighing

Gentle "Romeo"

An interesting hybrid with an ordinary smooth taste is the Romeo table variety, relating to late species, ripening to the beginning of autumn. It is quite unpretentious to weather conditions and temperatures, it is quickly rooted, it grows intensively, forming luxurious borders of about one kilogram. However, under cool weather, the weight may be few less.

Gentle-lilac berries on the brush is always a downtown unusual shape, but thin skin is easily damaged, making it difficult to transport the crop. Therefore, it is not recommended to grow it for implementation.

The distinctive characteristics of Romeo call:

highly good harvest from one bush;
resistant resistance to diseases affecting grapes;
the presence of colors of different floors;
frost resistance and adaptability.

Romeo is a decent hybrid for home breeding capable of providing the whole family from one adult bush.

Romeo grapes - a variety hybrid very pleasant taste

Sweet "Beauty"

Another hybrid form proposed by Pavlovsky was derived by mixing the pollen of tender European and sustainable Amur vines. The resulting tall massive bush was above average among the like, but perfectly maturing, giving a delicious harvest in early August.

Grona "Beauty" cannot offer a record mass, limited to a neat brush at 700 grams, giving attractive dark pink berries of small size with a nutmeg aftertaste and characteristic of this varieties with a purple tip.

From the positive sides of the "beauty" - its resistance to frost and fast aging, ideal for areas with a short summer period. And the disadvantages are its poorness due to the power of youth, which does not give a full-fledged research material in terms of resistance to some characteristic grape diseases. Therefore, the bush requires very close care and observation of health, rapid response to any manifestations of rot or Mildu.

Grapes Beauty Suitable for Cold Climate Regions

Elegant "Juliet"

Many grapes often acquire "Juliet" complete with Romeo, which ideally look and complement each other to taste and coloriness. Despite the different foundation taken by E.G. Pavlovsky for breeding, they ripen and poured with juice at one time.

"Juliet" is a high-voltage low plant, which grows small brushes to 500 grams with a very thin flavor that gives muscat. On a small gender, large sweet grapes of a beautiful yellow-green shade with a lot of sugar are formed.

This vine has a property to lose yield when overloading a bush with brushes, therefore requires compulsory thinning during the ejection period. If this is not done, a large yield will prevent the creation of a saturated shade of Muscat and give tasteless fresh berries.

Grapes Juliet gives sweet nutmeg berries

The breeder, continuing cooperation with many famous colleagues from different countries, is constantly improving their work, which releasing new forms for reproduction, most of which are immediately accounted for by gloomy:

"Carmen": a novelty with a short amount of aging, characterized by the luxurious tastes of the dark saturated of blue color, with large oval grapes. The standard taste "Carmen" is supplemented with a special combination of natural sugars and acids. The plant is quite resistant to winter cold, confidently gaining popularity in the middle strip of the country.
"Rochefort": causes genuine interest of gardeners for the ability to grow stunning in the size of a cluster, reaching 4 kilograms with favorable weather. When ripening grapes are blue, as sweetness is saturated becoming an unusual black color. The variety has successfully passed the tests with cold and typical of the grapes of diseases.
Hip-Hop: A very promising hybrid novelty is hiding behind the frivolous name from Pavlovsky, ripening on early term and presenting delicious juicy grapes with a yellowish tint. For fleshy pulp, thin durable peel, easily carrying transportation, the possibility of rapid reproduction with cuttings, "Hip Hop" seriously interested in large agricultural producers.

Given the great set of grape varieties obtained by talented hands E.G. Pavlovsky, the list can be continued indefinitely. But many of them have common features, appearing on the basis of the same maternal bush by green vaccination.

Most of them have already passed certain testing, including the ability to survive cold, resist the gray rot or pests of leaves, but the most recent requires attention and creating special conditions for obtaining a full harvest.

» » The newest hybrid grapes of Pavlovsky E.G.

Thanks to scientific achievements today, you can create new varieties of plants and improve existing species. Diversifying plant varieties with different characteristics, which simplifies the process of their breeding. This science contributes to the flow of natural natural selection. Selective work allows you to improve agricultural crops, which makes it possible to grow them and in the most unsuitable, at first glance, conditions. For example, such a thermal-loving culture, like grapes, is now grown even in the northern regions (Urals, Siberia).

Task of selection

The selection of grapes allows you to improve basic varieties, as well as, crossing them, create new grape species. Due to the fact that the selection is carried out artificially (man), you can withdraw varieties that correspond to the places of their future cultivation. In the process of selective work from the plant, weak characteristics are excluded.

Because of this, grape bushes become more resistant to external negative factors, diseases, and also increases the quality of the crop. Selection allows you to create unique flavors of berries, by crossing unusual grape varieties. This task is especially important in winemaking, as such grapes allows you to produce unique drinks.

Thanks to breeding work.

Methods

Before carrying out selection works, it is necessary to select the right plants samples. Most common selection methods: individual and mass. Primary material is estimated according to the following characteristics:

genetic;
biological;
immunological;
ecological and geographical origin;
economic peculiarities.

Artificial sexual hybridization

This method is most used in grape selection. It is based on the artificial selection of parental seedlings. It increases the chances of inheritance of the necessary characteristics. Thanks to this crossing, you can get grapes with unique qualities. In hybridization, a step-selection system is used, which allows you to create the bases of high-quality selection material.

Vegetative selection

Selection work is carried out by vaccinating the selected variety to the bruster of grapes. This method has limited transmission of genes between lead and win. Thus, with a "vegetative hybridization", the plant inherits only a part of the characteristics from the vaccination grape variety.

How to vaccine grapes in the spring will tell this.

Clone

The meaning of the clone selection is the separation and subsequent study of various clones that make up the studied grape variety, and the reproduction of the most valuable among them. For this purpose, bushes are selected by well-known standard species characterized by high fertility and bringing benign grapes.

Symptoms and properties, the manifestation of which is caused by the techniques of agrotechnics and influence ambientare not considered clone.

Suggestion and variety testing

Suggestion implies a study of local and imported grape types in production conditions by the method of expeditionary survey. Also uses a collective method. A varieties are collected among local and imported, and then each by 10-20 bushes is planted. After study, they allocate the best views that correspond to the direction of cultivation and natural conditions of terrain.

Further, selected varieties are transmitted to production range and state varietal network. At the test sections of the selected area, selected varieties are planted in accordance with a specific production task. According to the test results, valuable species are introduced into the standard sorting of a particular area and are eliminated less suitable. Also, the varieties of new grape varieties also carries.

The essence of variety is the improvement of the standard set of grape species, the selection of grapes for the new locality and the zoning of new varieties.

Stages

The whole process of breeding works is divided into steps, each of which solves a certain task. In the exclusion of some stage or change, the sequence may cause problems during selection. Before starting work, the sequence of actions should be carefully examined.

Preparation of the parent plant

Maternal grape bush should be with major inflorescences on strong processes. . For crossing, you should select a pair of related grape varieties. In addition, among them it is necessary to choose the most suitable bushes. At the first appearance, the colors on the selected bush are neutered, and then inflorescence is covered with an insulator to prevent pollen from entering other flowering plants.

In the inflorescence of castration, not all flowers are exposed, but only 40-50% of the total number, approximately 100-150 pieces.

Preparation of pollen of the father's plant

Before starting breeding work, you must choose a suitable pair to pollinate. During the flowering of the father's plants, the stagger threads with anthers are collected in paper bags, and then they are transferred to the room and spread to dry and ripening. Poverty pollen must be kept in a dry and cool place.

If the flowering of both plants coincides, pollen is not going. To fertilize the inflorescence of the father's plant shakes the inflorescences of the maternal.

Process of pollination

Usually, the pollination is proceeded after the pestles of the maternal bush of a special adhesive fluid appeared on the stilts. To prevent from entering a third-party, the insulator is not removed during pollination. It is done in it, through which pollen is applied, and then it is stuck with parchment paper. For better results Pollination is recommended to repeat in two or three days.

Work with seeds

The resulting berries should remain on the bushes until the seed aging. Next, the bunches are removed along with protective bags and transferred to the storage place. Seeds are extracted in winter, well wash and dried. Then they are placed in a pot pot on wet sand and stored indoors with a temperature of + 5-7 ° C. 2 weeks before the transplantation in the ground, they are placed in a warm room for the start of seed germination. The transplant is made in the period without special temperature fluctuations.

Directional education

During the growth period, the hybrid plant is very plastic and can develop certain properties that correspond to environmental conditions. Directional education allows to accustom a plant to unfavorable areas where it is grown. Depending on the direction of cultivation, grape bushes are placed in certain conditions. For example, if it is necessary to develop a cold resistance of a variety, a hybrid is placed in natural conditions of low temperatures.

Otrazka

Not all received seedlings must be brought to the fertility period. Some of them can be paid at an early age. The selection of unsuitable plants is made depending on the tasks set. To do this is used various methods and selection criteria. The easiest way to be made when the plant is in a certain period. For example, during flowering, plants are selected with an abnormal structure of flowers, etc.

Evaluation of the obtained hybrids

The most accurate assessment can be prepared only after the start of the fertility of the hybrid. The development of certain qualities of the plant is very influenced by the agricultural engineering, therefore it should not be neglected during the growth and development of bushes. A more complete and accurate assessment of the possibilities of hybrid plants can be put on the second or third year of fruiting.

Not followed in 1 year of fruiting to evaluate the quality of berries and the volume of crop hybrid bushes.

Popular representatives

Among the varieties of grapes derived due to breeding work, you can highlight certain representatives. According to them characteristic traits It is possible to judge the possibilities of selection.

Morozostoyy

One of the main directions in breeding works with grapes is an attempt to increase its frost resistance. Due to the fact that in nature grapes a very thermal-loving plant, it is extremely difficult to grow in the northern regions. However, thanks to the selection, varieties were bred, capable of resisting reduced temperatures.

Grape grapes Amur breakthrough is a frost-resistant hybrid, withstands the temperature to -40 ° C.

Marinovsky

Grapes of the middle time of ripening, is able to carry a decrease in temperature to -30 ° C. With proper agrotechnology, the bunches can reach weight up to 1 kg. Mostly grade is used for fresh consumption and manufacture of sweet juices. Also from this can be prepared homemade pink and white dry wines.

Alpha

Technical grapes of north-American origin. The ideal option for the middle strip of Russia. It is capable of carrying frost to -35 ° C over the ground, and the root system is withstanding to -12 ° C. Berries to taste resemble a grade Isabella.

Alfa grape variety (alpha) - technical non-juice variety of black grapes, withstands frost to -40 ° C.

Elegant

Grapes early ripening With high taste. It is a table variety, therefore suitable for the manufacture of juices, jam, jam, as well as in fresh use. Elegant tolerates the heat and drought well, and in winter it is capable of standing at a temperature of -25 ° C.

Predesy-resistant

An equally important problem in grape growing - resistance to diseases. Due to the fact that most of Russia is not an initially suitable area for growing this culture, bushes may be more susceptible to disease. Thanks to the selection, this problem is gradually solved.

Timur

Vintage grapes with early maturation. There are two species - white and pink. Both species are resistant to Mildu and Oidium, as well as calmly carry the temperature reduction to -24 ° C. VNUSUS

Insurely grade early ripening. Grapes is different high yield and lack of seeds. Sustainable to Oidium and Mildu, but with wet weather, mature clusters may be affected by gray rot. Frost-resistant - withstands up to -26 ° C. Used in the preparation of wine, juices, and is also used in fresh form.

Harold

White grapes of ultraarious ripening. May give a double harvest due to the fruction of shoots and steps. High resistance to gray rot, Mildew and Oidium. In winter, it is capable of withstanding a decrease in temperature to -25 ° C.

Video

This video shows the results of the selection of grapes for frost resistance.

conclusions

Selection works allow you to improve Old grape varieties and display new ones.
Selection promotes the creation of unique species and tastes, which is especially valued when creating wine.
Thanks to breeding development, stability increases Plants to adverse factors (reduced temperature,).
Selection can be made independently. However, this process requires advance careful preparation.
Grapes - a thermal-loving culture, but thanks to the selection, varieties appearedcapable of withstanding a decrease temperature to -25 ° C - -35 ° C without harm to the plant. To such belongs.

Scientists have established that an adult healthy person needs to eat 70 kg of grapes a variety of varieties per year. In reality, 30 kg is not even an average result, but the best. All this is because in many regions grapes continues to remain a delicacy. Many subsidiaries are seriously thinking to grow Lian in their sites. This is possible because modern varieties and hybrid forms are derived not only for every taste, but for different conditions Growing. In the article we will tell about the new grapes (description and comparison), we will give their detailed characteristics.

Description of the earliest grape varieties, advantages and disadvantages.

Thanks to the painstaking work of modern breeders, hybrid forms appeared, the ripening time of which exceeded all stereotypes, and is 100 days.

Ruslan is one of the early grades.

The most popular among the gardeners are as follows:

№	Name	Description	Advantage	disadvantages
1.	"Ruslan"	Hybrid form of "Kuban" and "Gift Zaporizhia" of the famous Ukrainian breeder V.V. Zagorulko. Tall bushes with crowd flowers. Middle Weight Fruits - 20 Ripening time - 100 - 115 days. Breakdi weighing - 800 - 900 g. The flesh of fruit taste with a plum finish. Harvesting - the second decade of August.	Frost-resistance up to minus 23 0. High resistance to fungal diseases.	Does not tolerate excess moisture.
2.	"Lelik"	Hybrid form of a folk breeder E. G. Pavlovsky, created on the basis of the Variety "Baklanovsky" and "Hybrid 41". Sylopal liana with rim flowers. Rose Berries, weighing 8 g. The mass of one cluster comes to 1 kg.	Withstand frosts up to minus 24 0. To Oidium Mildia and Gray Rotina is steady.	Inhomogeneous ripening of berries in the borders.
3.	Muscat Novosha	The author of Hybrid E. G. Pavlovsky, brought it from Talisman and XVII-10-26. Breakdi weight, on average - 500 g. Taste is very sweet. Matures by mid August.	Ripe berries can last on the bushes without prejudice to taste. The main diseases are medium resistant.	The vine is prone to overload, requires normalization
4.	"Melting"	The hybrid of the Ukrainian breeder A. A. Goluba appeared as a result of the crossing of the Atlanta with "Arkady" and a mixture of pollen. Obroat form with early ripening. Painting of fruits - white.	It has increased resistance to diseases successfully transfers frost to minus -23 0.

In addition to those described earlier, others ripen:

"Outrigger",
"Muscat Favorite",
"Vіtannya",
"Alex's early",
"Mary Magdalen",
"Libya",
"Sphinx",
"First Called",
"Pulsar",
"Charlie",
"Azalea",
"Wagon",
"Vera" and others.

Listed varieties and hybrids are relatively unpretentious in care, because more often than others are planted in the country areas.

Lelik - E. G. Pavlovsky variety - one of the beloved at the gardeners.

Features of median varieties and hybrid forms

In terms of tribes, they require more time than the early, but slightly. On average, the harvest with hybrids of this group is collected at the end of August. Gardeners prefer such grape varieties:

"Liya" - Early grade maturing in 110-115 days. V. V. Zazorulko was created by crossing Arkady and Atlant Zaporizhia varieties.

The dining form, that is, what is intended in consumption.
Bushes give up to 3 m increase annually.
Coloring of ripe fruit white - pink.
The bunches of 900 g, the weight of 2 kg was repeatedly seen.
The sweetness of the berries depends on the number of sunny days than warmer, the sugar more.
Withstands frost without shelter - minus 21 0.
The defeat of the main diseases of 3.5 - 4 points.

Disadvantage: The grade negatively refers to excessive watering and protracted rainfall.

"Lia" is a comparatively frost-resistant grade of early ripening.

"Prometheus" - Another hybrid V. V. Zagorulko, derived by crossing the varieties "Kishamis Rudichest" and "Arkady".

Different with functional female flowers.
The bunch of structure is similar to the Arcadia variety.
Painting of fruits - dark - pink.
Winter cold resistance up to minus 21 0.

"Ksenia" - V. N. Krynov's variety has a second name. "Angelica".

Sylopal bushes of the middle-gray ripening time 115 - 125 days.
Large clusters, weighing up to 1.5 kg, with oblong berries white - pink.
The flesh is sweet crispy with several taste shades.

Advantage - high resistance to diseases. Well tolerate transportation.

Tip # 1. Note! Sort "Ksenia" requires an annual trimming by 8 - 10 eyes.

"Carmen" - E. G. Pavlovsky combined the variety "Nadezhda AZOS" and the hybrid form "FVC-94-3".

Ripening time is 3.5 months in mid-August.
Syloperous bushes - 2 m or more.
Obroat flowers.
Weight of grape clusters - 600 - 800 g.
Painting of fruits - red - purple, shape - elongated.
The disadvantage is the grade, prone to overload and needs to thinning the ovary.

Gardeners favorably belong to the cultivation of relatively unpretentious early and middle-edged grades such as:

"Vlada",
"Pleased",
"Sofia",
"Incremental",
"Elf",
"Abu Khasan."
"Blagovest",
"Victor",
"Long-awaited",
"Zlatogor" and others.

Grapes grapes of the middle and medium-bed ripening period

Among popular can be allocated:

Middle time ripening	Medium-Formation
"Anapian Giant"	"Ataman"
"White giant"	"Juliet"
"Anthony Great"	"Zagred"
"Black Grand"	"Lactic"
"Anyuta"	"Roadside"
"Brusnish"	"Sentyabrin"
"Ataman Pavlyuk"	"Moldova"
"Valentina"	"Original"
"Lady Patricia"	"Kara Paliv"
"Golden Rain"	"Alfons Lavalla"
"Verona"
"Odessa souvenir"
"Meteorite"
"GH - 12"

More attention deserves such varieties and hybrids:

"Anapian Giant" - Universal variety, stronger. Refers to medium-matured, berries are gaining ripeness by mid-September. Breaks small 200 g, fruit painting - white.
Ataman Pavlyuk "- The result of breeding work V. U. Kchelyushny, on the crossing of varieties "Talispn" and "Autumn Black". As a result, a rapid round bush with large clusters to 1300 g was obtained, often found up to 2 kg. The advantage is considered a complete lack of force. The variety is popular because of good preservation both on the vine and in a torn form.

The feature of the "Ataman Pavlyuk" variety is a wax, which protects fruits from diseases, pests and abnormally low temperatures for grapes. The colder the weather, that's thicker.

"Alfons Lavalla" - Table French variety, successfully captured by us. Refers to medium impact. It has rim flowers. Inhomogeneous bunches - from loose to dense. Berries of the right round shape of dark purple color. Maturation time up to 160 days under the condition of the positive temperature +22 0 - +32 0. The disadvantage: not resistant to most fungal diseases, does not withstand frost and spring return freezers.

Current grape conditions

To obtain a crop of late varieties, it will take 155 - 160 days. It is they are intended for long-term storage. Read also Article: → ". Most often, they are used in the zones of a warm climate or in greenhouses.

Name hybrid

Features

disadvantages

"Courage"

High-resistant bush with rim flowers. Mass of one cluster 1 - 2 kg.

White fruit painting.

The time of maturation is the end of September.

Different with increased resistance to fungal diseases.

Weak frost resistance

"Rainy Red"

The result of crossing "give de Sen Valler", "Nyransg x Pocket".

Table grade.

Bushes are large, borders - 0.5 - 0.7 kg.

Coloring berries - purple - red.

Advantage - high resistance to fungal diseases.

Not stored.

For the cultivation of late varieties, such as "Courage", many of which are European, better apply an inclined landing.

Council # 2. From the correct irrigation depends on the successful development of the young vine and the quality of the crop on mature. Mandatory irrigation conduct the first 2 years. For adult plants, irrigation must be irrigated before flowering and moisture-reading watering for the winter.

Best grades for the Crimea, Volga region, Moscow region, Leningrad region, Siberia

For a long time remained in the past, those times when grapes were considered exclusively southern culture. Thanks to professional and amateur selection, modern varieties are able to satisfy gardeners living in various climatic zones. Still, in the cultivation of grapes leading Crimea. Thanks to the climate here, the earliest varieties ripen in late July.

"Pearl Saba" - The fruits are average, when ripening is amber - golden rounded, with the pulp of a gentle and pleasant taste, with a nutmeg aroma of muscat, a shorter of a small size, a form - loose.

"Pearls of Saba" - one of the sweetest varieties.

"Queen of vineyards" - grade with large berries, round or slightly elongated shape, golden-amber color, with large clusters.
"Taife Pink"- with large long clusters up to 25 cm long. Berry color - dark - pink, the form is the right round. Ripens in 167 days.

Specified varieties are the most famous and popular. But thanks to the selection, grapes are grown in many climatic zones, even in those whose conditions are opposed to the Crimean. Such varieties and hybrids are characteristic of different regions.

Moscow region	Leningradskayaregion	Volga region	Ural	Siberia
F - 14-75 (shape)	F1475	Lieparas Dzintars	ZILGA	Tukai
Laura	Mars	Dovg.	Aleshhenkin	Solovyova-58.
Shunya	Karinka Russian	Tsiravas Agro.	Riddle Sharov	Rushen
Nadezhda Aksayskaya	Memory Dombowskaya	Silva	Memory Dombowskaya	Muromets
Victoria	Rylin Pink Salass	Overradunny rubric	Memory Shatilova	Overrandy red Muscat
Nakhodka AZOS	Neptune	Golotinka	Muscat White Overrandy	Codryaka
Super Extra	Super Extra	Super Extra	Muscat pink early
First call	Victor	Elegant Superrampnia	Beauty of North
	Laura	Victoria
Phenomenon (Augustine, Pleven Sustainable)	Timur	Timur
Muscat summer	Augustine	Kolobok
Cherry	Extra	Prima
Aleshhenkin	Einste Salse	Hip-hop
Charlie		Sphinx

Rubric: "Questions and Answers"

Question number 1.What varieties of grapes are the largest?

Harold.
Laura.
Augustine.
New century.
Floor.
Surgeon's memory.
Karmakod.
Negruly memory.
Stashensky.
Code.

Question number 2.What varieties are best withstanding transportation?

Shami Abyad.
Beautiful girl. Read also Article: → ".
Ataman,
Code.
Kishmish Kalina.
Arched.
Baikonur.

Question number 3. What grapes is stored longer than?

Ruslan.
Moldova - up to 160 days;
Neglect memory - up to 13 days;
Autumn black - up to 120 days;
Kryulansky - up to 100 days;
Original - up to 130 days;
Light - up to 100 days;
Nadezhda AZOS - up to 90 days;
Tair - up to 90 days.

Question number 4.What varieties of grapes are the most frost-resistant?

Carmen - 30 0,
September - 21 0,
Moldova - 23 0,
Anthony Great - 23 0,
Black Grand - 23 0,
Brusnel - 24 0,
Valentine - 24 0,
Meteorite - 24 0,
Romeo - 23 0.

Serious gardener errors when choosing new grape varieties

Error number 1. Selection of grape varieties, inappropriate for cultivation in this climatic zone.

Often purchasing new Sort, Gardeners are hostages of unscrupulous vendors that spread plants that are not growing in local conditions. At best, this is reflected on the quality and quantity of the harvest, but most likely grapes do not fit.

Error number 2.Planting new varieties in a common vineyard.

The newly acquired plant is better to plant separately or withstand in quarantine. It is not known as the local "environment" will affect the new grade, it is better to protect it (if possible) from infecting diseases.

Error number 3.The choice of thermo-loving varieties for the zone with a harsh climate.

In this case, the main criterion is frost resistance, otherwise grapes can be grown only in a greenhouse.

For the conditions of the south and south-east of Ukraine and the south of Russia, as experience has shown, it is necessary to create new grapes. They must have high frost and milduustoids in combination with good quality of the fetus, a large size of berries and cliffs, external attractiveness.
Until recently, breeders - vineyards for sustainable varieties used as a "parents" the best European varieties, crossing them with Amur wild or American grapes and their hybrids.
So, N.I.Guzong (1976) used the crossing of grape varieties carrying complexes of sustainability genes with the best European varieties. It is from crossing complex hybrids with elevated resistance to Mildew, frost, gray rot and phylloxer (Seying Villars 18-315, Zheibel 70-53, Zeibel 13666), with the best European varieties (Alastic, Tongs, Sovignon, Pinot Gri) highlighted a number Forms in terms of quality at the level of zoned varieties and suitable for non-juice and core culture under Moldova.
In a wide scale, complex hybrids of the French breeder Seyp Villara Moldavian scientists were used. Verperevsky and K.A.Votovich and others. From crossing these hybrids with European varieties, a number of new varieties with high group stability and with good quality of the fetus (Lyana, Suruchensky White, Nistra, Kryulansky, Mink, etc.) were revealed.
Breeders of the All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking. ME AND. Potapenko used in breeding European varieties and wild amursky grapes. From such crosses, frost-resistant varieties are obtained, which are also highly resistant to Mildu: Purple Early, Shasl North, Northern Saperavi, Promoter, delight, et al. (I.A. Kostrikin, 1985) S.A. Pogosyan (1972 G.) When breeding on frost resistance also uses European varieties that are relatively greater resistance to critical temperatures.
Poghosyan came to the conclusion that when dismissing frost-resistant grape varieties for hybridization, it is necessary to attract high-quality European varieties with relatively increased frost resistance and the high fruitiness of replacing kidney.
In the context of Armenia and Ukraine, similar varieties are derived. These include Adii, South Lernut, and among the Western European and Black Sea groups - Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi.
Based on the experimental data, Pogosyan believes that proper selection European producers, by inter-satellite hybridization in the south, you can remove high-quality grades, withstanding frosts within - 27 ...- 30 "S.
R.P. came to the same conclusion. Hakobyan (1969). He noted that when crossing such, relatively frost-resistant varieties, the Western European group, like Cabernet and Riesling, with the varieties of the Eastern ECOLGOGAGE group of Adiisi and Sitting Lernut, individual seedlings, along with the high quality of the fetus, in frost resistance exceeds parental species about 4-5 "with .
Important for breeding work is to study the behavior of the initial parent pairs in local conditions.
Of the 110 in the Donbas, the inappropriate varieties and breeding forms of grapes are very high winter hardiness is marked only in 7 varieties: alpha black, Suputinsky white, taiga emerald, Elvira, Arctic, lighters and amur grapes.
They have the death of central kidney not exceed 20-46%. These varieties are well tolerated frost - 31 "with even after thawing, which speaks of their high sustainability.
High winter hardiness and ability to develop fruiting shoots from replacing kidneys are installed at the Russian Concord, Pineapple, Solovyov Early, Chugai-23.
Also-resistant in comparison with European, the varieties are also published - purple early, North Spales, North Saperavi, July, decorative. They are of great interest not only for industrial distribution, but also in breeding work.
After crossing a frost-resistant variety of pineapple with the Euro-Amur decorative, we are allocated two promising for further selection of grapes. This is No. 7-28 and No. 7-61; They are good winters in the conditions of Donbass, have large clusters. But the quality of the berries requires improvement by crossing with resistant muscat varieties like anniversary-70 selection of the Moldavian Research Institute of Viper and Winemail "VIERUL".
Experience of a senior researcher at Donetsk experimental station V.T. Galushenko shows that the use of these forms as parental pairs made it possible to create sustainable shapes of the dining direction with good quality of the fetus.
Crossing, conducted in the Ukrainian Research Institute of Wine Model and Viticulture. Tairova, two hybrids with the resistance genes of Euro-Amur and Euro-American origin (Muscat Blue Early X Pierill) made it possible to create a pretty frost and milduustoous muscle grade of the technical direction - Muscat Odessa.
Thus, to create stable cutlery varieties of grapes suitable for non-juice culture in the conditions of Donbass, it should be carried out without European varieties, but between the best Euro-American and Euro-Amur hybrids.
For this purpose, we consider such varieties as promising: delight, North, Purple Early, Saperavi North, Brukes, Promoter, Burmunk, Narcrati, Calling, Carmeni, Dimazkun, Martzvan, Ushkert, Cachzreni, Armavir, Lusakert, Nalstandani, Zeytun, Ashtarak, Nuture, aknalig, seeding No. 1647/2, Gorizda No. 19 and No. 117. They are desirable to cross with varieties of European-American origin: the anniversary-70, the memory of Verperevsky, the memory of Negrul, the anniversary of the crane, Lyana, Nistra, Kryulansky, Suruchensky White, Lanka , Original, Save Villar 20-365, Muscat Anicansky, Codryaka, Fruimaas Albe, Kontemirovsky, Strayshesky, Pearl Hall.
However, some varieties of European origin can be involved in hybridization. These are such as abundant, rolling, Muscat Derbent, Muscat Petel, Muscat Amber, Korn Nagre.
With sustainable high-quality varieties, you can also cross the high-resistant Amur grapes, brights, Arctic, Russian Concord, Pineapple, Suputinsky White, etc.
Vinogradi Donbass need varieties with a short period of vegetation and early, as well as overrabered maturation.
Therefore, the selection of parental couples should be carried out so that both "parents" have these signs, or at least one of them.