In which part of the world is Suriname. Multicultural country Suriname. Sophisticated story Suriname
Physico-geographical characteristics
Map Suriname
Geographical position
Tropical Suriname Forest
Suriname - the smallest state of South America. The country can be conditionally divided into two parts: north and south. In the north, the coast of the Atlantic, most of the population lives, the Earth is processed. In the south of the population, there is almost no, the territory is covered with savanna and tropical rain forests.
Relief
The south of the coastal strip is the hills of Guiangsky Plopowa, covered with savanna. Soils are mainly consisting of sand and clay, so unlikely for agriculture.
The inner southern part of Suriname is occupied by Guiang's plateorest, the highest point of which is Mount Julian (1230 m). This area of \u200b\u200bthe country is covered with an impassable separation and does not play a large role in the Suriname economy due to the lack of population, but is rich in a variety of flora and fauna.
Climate
Hydrography
Ecology
Condition of valuable trees for export leads to deforestation. Internal watercourses are strongly polluted in the process of mining.
The deforestation in Suriname remains one of the lowest among all countries of the Amazon region.
Political device
Surinames in the form of the Board is a republic. The head of state and the government is the president elected by the Parliament for a 5-year term (the number of presidency is not limited). Since August 2010 - Desi Bauthers.
Parliament is a unicameral state meeting, 51 deputies, elected by the population for a 5-year term.
According to the election results in May 2010:
- Mega-combination (including the National Democratic Party) - 23 deputies
- New Front for Democracy and Development - 14 Deputies
- A-combination - 7 deputies
- People's Alliance for Progress - 6 Deputies
- Party for democracy and development through unity - 1 deputy
Administrative division
District Suriname
Suriname It is divided into 10 districts.
| № | District | Administrative center | Area, km² |
Population (2004), people |
Density, person / km² |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Brockopondo | Brockopondo | 7364 | 14 215 | 1,93 |
| 2. | Commevene | Nyiv Amsterdam | 2353 | 24 649 | 10,48 |
| 3. | Koroni. | Totnes | 3902 | 2887 | 0,74 |
| 4. | Maresein | Albina | 4627 | 16 642 | 3,60 |
| 5. | Nickery | Nyiv Nickery | 5353 | 36 639 | 6,84 |
| 6. | Couple | Onvervacht | 5393 | 18 749 | 3,48 |
| 7. | Paramaribo | Paramaribo | 183 | 242 946 | 1327,57 |
| 8. | Saramakka. | Groningen | 3 636 | 15 980 | 4,39 |
| 9. | Sipalivini | absent | 130 567 | 34 136 | 0,26 |
| 10. | Vica | Lelidorp | 442 | 85 986 | 194,54 |
| Total | 163 820 | 492 829 | 3,01 |
History
Before the arrival of Europeans, Surinames inhabited the nomads-Aravakov, Caribbean and Varrau tribes.
The coastal part of Suriname was opened by one of the first Spanish expeditions to South America - Alonso de Oleza and Vicente Pinson, in 1499. The coast was first applied to the map at 1500, after the expedition of another Spanish conquistador - Diego Lepi. The name country received from the river flowing through its territory.
Colonization of Suriname began only in the first half of the XVII century and was carried out by the British. However, in 1667, England handed over to Suriname Netherlands in exchange for a new Amsterdam (the territory of the current New York). Since then, with the exception of 1799-1802 and 1804-1816, Surinam for three centuries was the ownership of the Netherlands.
At the end of the XVII century, Suriname became the leading supplier of sugar to Europe. For cultivation of sugar cane in Suriname, a plantation system was created, negros of Africa were brought to work on plantations.
In the second half of the XIX century, an economic decline occurred in Suriname. The main reasons were to establish in Europe their own production of sugar from the coarse and arising after the cancellation in 1863 the slavery of the lack of labor, since the liberated ebony went away from plantations to the city. This problem was solved only at the end of the XIX - early XX centuries immigration in Surinames more than 60 thousand Indians and Indonesians, as well as the Chinese.
With the advent of immigrants from Asia, the structure of Suriname's economy has changed dramatically - a small peasant farm has come to replace the plantation. In the 1920s, the development of the industry of Suriname began, the basis of which mines of bauxite mining and gold began, as well as enterprises for the processing of various types of agricultural products.
Since 1922, the country officially ceased to be called the colony and turned into an associated territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
From 1991 to 1996, the President of the country was Ronald Venetian. From 1996 to 2000 - Jules Waydenbos and from 2000 to 2010 - again Ronald Venetian. On May 25, 2010, the next elections to parliament took place, as a result of which the ruling national democratic party was defeated and her candidate for the presidency is the former ruler of Desi Bautters.
Population
The population is 566846 (expected in July 2013).
Annual increase - 1.15%;
Birth rate - 17.1 per 1000 (fertility - 2.04 births per woman);
Mortality - 6.15 per 1000;
The average life expectancy is 69 years old in men, 74 years old - in women.
The infection with the immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is 1% (in 2009).
Urban population - 69% (2010).
- creoles 15.7%
- mixed 13.4%
- others 7.6%
- no data 0.6%
Literacy - 92% of men, 87.4% of women.
- Christianity:
- protestants 23.6%, including:
- other Christians 3.2%
- atheists 7.5%
- other 1.7%
- no data 3.2%
Languages
In Suriname, they say in the following languages: Akurio, Aravak, Vaway, Varao, Vajana, Eastary Creole, Guyan Creole, Dutch (Official), Carib, Caribbean Hindustani, Caribbean Yavansky, Quinti, Mátany, Nduka Trio, Saramakan, Sykiana, Svannak , Trio, Hakka. Also in the country immigrated English, Korean, the Netherlands gesture, Portuguese and North Boat dialect of Arabic.
Economy
Suriname's economy is based on bauxite mining and aluminum, gold and oil exports (85% of exports and 25% of the public budget revenue). The oil production program on the sea shelf is developing - Suriname's state oil company in 2004 has concluded contracts with several Western oil companies. For the development of bauxite and gold mining, Surinam has assistance to the Netherlands, Hungary, Belgium and the European Foundation for Assistance and Development.
GDP per capita in 2009 - 9.5 thousand dollars. (112nd place in the world).
Service sphere - 65% of GDP, 78% of the operating.
Industry (25% of GDP, 14% of working) - mining bauxite, gold, oil, aluminum production; Forest industry, food industry, fish and seafood processing.
Agriculture (10% of GDP, 8% of the operating) - rice, bananas, coconuts, peanuts; Cattle, bird.
In Suriname, about half of arable land are used under rice, while 43 percent of rice yield is supplied to the foreign market (2013).
International trade
Export ($ 1.4 billion in 2006) - aluminum, gold, crude oil, timber, shrimp, fish, rice, bananas.
Major buyers (in 2009) - Canada 35.5%, Belgium 14.9%, USA 10.2%, UAE 9.9%, Norway 4.9%, Netherlands 4.7%.
Import ($ 1.3 billion in 2006) - industrial goods, fuel, food.
Main suppliers (in 2009) - USA 30.8%, Netherlands 19.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 13%, China 6.8%, Japan 5.9%.
Included in the international organization of the acts of the act.
Territorial disputes
The Government of Suriname initiated a territorial dispute with Guyana on the issue of state affiliation of the sea shelf in the coastal zone. The Government of Guyana harvested to conclude SRPs with transnational corporations on the provision of drilling the right of wells and mining of minerals from the seabed, the Government of Suriname, very much designed to act as a subject of the PSA, responded to the specified initiative, appealed to the Dutch archival service with a request to provide archival documents - documentary confirmations of belonging controversial territories to Surinam, as a successor of Dutch colonial possessions.
Transport
Media (media)
State Television - STVS ( Surinaamse Televisie Stichting - Suriname Television Fund) includes the eponymous television channel, the state radio company -
Impressive by his origin. The story of Suriname, about which few people heard are no different. The surprising state has survived a lot in his century, but still managed to rise and grow.
Sophisticated story Suriname
Perhaps not every tourist will be curious history SurinameBut still learn about it will be interesting. Initially, the territory was settled by nomadic tribes, but at the beginning of the XVII century, the colonization began here, to which the British were involved. Some time later, in 1667, Surinameexchanged for a new Amsterdam (the current zone of New York) and thus the earth passed to the Netherlands. For 3 centuries historycountries developed under the wing of the Dutch.
In 1922, the territory ceased to be a colony, and after 32 years later, it became autonomous. In 1975, the country was declared completely independent. Since then, the state has survived complex elections, a military coup, conflicts with neighboring countries, a partisan war, etc. All in order to achieve a better life for themselves and a bright future for descendants.
Paramaribo is the largest city in the country and at the same time capital Suriname. All authorities are concentrated here, as well as other administratively important buildings for the life of the country.
Total population Surinameit is 566,846 people. Compared to Europe, life expectancy here is quite high - in men 69 years, 74 in women. According to an ethno-racial composition, the majority falls on Indians, about 37%, from which preserved culture Suriname. Much here Creoles (31%), Yavavans (15%) and Marirons (10%). The rest are immigrants from European countries.
Located state Suriname Under the rule of President Desi Bautters. Accordingly, the form of the board here is parliamentary-presidential. All important decisions are made precisely in parliament, at the head of which the president is also located.
Although this is the republic, but politics Surinamebuilt enough strictly and clearly. There are no extra people here. Parliament is filled with a unicameral state meeting, which includes only 51 deputies. The people choose them for 5 years, as the president.
Suriname language
Official Netherlands, but there are 24 languages \u200b\u200bin the conversation of local residents, which came from ancestors and even from other countries. Here you can hear Caribbean and Varao, Quinti and Trio, Hakka and Acurio.
Useful information for tourists about Suriname, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information on the population, the currency of Surinam, the kitchen, the features of visa and customs restrictions of Suriname.
- Capital: Paramaribo
- Territory: 163.3 thousand square meters. km.
- Country Code: +597
- Domain: .sr.
- Network: 220V.
- Time: Moscow: -6 / -7 hours
- For entry required visa
Information about Suriname
Geography Suriname
The Republic of Suriname is a state in South America. It borders with the Republic of Guyana in the West, French Guiana in the East, Brazil in the south and washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean in the north.
The south of the coastal strip is the hills of Guiangsky Plopowa, covered with savanna. The inner southern part of Suriname is occupied by Guiang's plateorest, the highest point of which is Mount Julian (1230 m).
State
State device
Suriname - Republic. Head of State and Government - President. Parliament is a unicameral state meeting.
Language
State language: Dutch
Although the official language is Dutch, but many residents of Suriname do not consider him a native language, and some do not know him at all. The language of inter-ethnic communication was born in the Negro-Mulatto medium, Schranan Tongo, in other words, Negro-Inglis, or Bastard-Inglish, also called current currents or Surinames. There are still at least 16 languages \u200b\u200bin the country, including Hindi, Indonesian, Chinese, two "forest blacks" - Aukan and Saramakkan, and at least four Indian languages.
Religion
Christianity is represented by Protestant (mainly Moravian, 25.2%) and Roman Catholic (22.8% of adherents) churches. Indians confess Hinduism (27.6%) or Islam (19.6%). Most Indonesians are Islamists, a part of the population - Catholics. In Suriname there are supporters of Judaism and Confucianism. Negros practice syncretic African American cults, including elements of Christianity and the pagan rites of healing and the causing spirits.
Currency
International title: SRD
Suriname dollar is 100 cents. In circulation there are banknotes with a par value of 100, 50, 20, 10 and 5 dollars and coins with a nominal value of 250, 100, 25, 10, 5 and 1 cent.
Exchange currency in banks and exchange offices. It is not recommended to change currency on the street (the risk of fraud), as well as in hotels, where the course is usually significantly lower than in exchange offices or banks. Currency exchange in many provincial banks often takes quite a lot of time and requires a number of documents.
Almost all shops and service facilities accept US dollars at the usual rate, many shops even indicate prices in dollars.
Credit cards adopted mainly in the main hotels, banks and transport agencies. Amerikhan Express is more common than Mastercard or visa.
Map Suriname
Popular attractions
Tourism in Suriname
Popular hotels
Tip
Restaurants are taken to give tips for about 10% of the account amount. Taxi drivers do not require tip, although you can round the passage for travel for convenience or stipulate the fare (and especially the currency type) in advance.
Visa
Work hours of institutions
Banks are open on weekdays from 7.00 to 14.00.
Purchases
Shops usually work from Monday to Friday - from 7.30 to 16.30, on Saturdays - from 7.30 to 13.00. On Wednesdays and Fridays, many shops have a reduced work schedule.
Purchases in the markets, especially articles of handicraft, will be accompanied by a mandatory bargaining.
Safety
It is not recommended to have large amounts of cash with you. Do not demonstrate elegant dresses, jewels and expensive photos or video equipment outside the relevant institutions. You should in every way to avoid "transactions" offered by unfamiliar people on the street.
Emergency phones
Unified Salvation Service - 115.
Photo and video shooting
Photographing public places, especially a political or military nature (including police departments) is categorically not recommended. Officially, the country has long been canceled all the rules on this matter, however, in practice, law enforcement law enforcement is very scrupulous to such issues. Photographing the locals without them is also not recommended, but if there is any, they are removed with obvious pleasure.
General
Suriname is located in the northeastern part of the continent, between Guyana (Brangan Guiana) and the Cayeny (French Guiana). Sometimes called the Netherlands Guiana.
The population consists mainly of the descendants of African slaves and immigrants from India and Indonesia, brought to the country after the abolition of slavery. There is a small number of people of European origin and South American Indians, immigrants from China, Lebanon and Brazil.
The economy is poorly developed, based mainly on agriculture and mining. The vital level of the population is low.
History of the Jewish community
17th century
In the group of colonists who created in 1652 under the leadership of Lord Willubi, a permanent settlement on the coast of Suriname, there were several Jewish families. After 1654, a part of the Jews who left the Dutch colonies in Brazil who left the Dutch colonies in Brazil after their capture of Portugal was asslaved in Suriname.
Jews were also among the immigrants from the Netherlands, landed in 1656 on the so-called wild shore (part of the sea coast of Suriname), at the mouth of the Pauroma River.
In 1664, a group of Jews expelled from Cayenne (French Guiana) arrived in Suriname, including over 150 immigrants from Livorno, who lived there since 1660, at the head of this group, there was a rich merchant and landowner David Nasi (Joseph Nunies de Fonseca) , playing a prominent role in the organization of the Jewish community of Suriname; His descendants for many decades were included in the management of this community.
The role of Jews in the development of the Suriname economy
Jews, especially dissension from Brazil and Cayenne, who had experience in growing sugar cane and commerce with sugar, highly appreciated in those days, contributed in the 1650-60s. Weighing contribution to the formation of Suriname farm.
Given this, the British authorities in August 1665 were provided by the Jews of Suriname, the privilege, guaranteed them to civil rights with Christians, including the right to occupy official positions (which was not done by that time in any Christian country, including the UK itself), as well as freedom religion and community autonomy.
At the beginning of 1667, this privilege was expanded: the new decree said that all the Jews settled in Suriname may, regardless of their origin, become full of submissions of the British crown.
Surinames under the rule of the Netherlands
In February 1667, Suriname captured the Dutch troops, and he became the colony of the Netherlands. New authorities retained all the rights to the Jewish population with which it used in the British; According to the Decree of the Governor, published in May 1667 and confirmed in April 1668 by the Parliament of Zealand (it formally belonged to Suriname), all Suriname Jews were viewed as natives to the Netherlands.
Despite this, some of the Jews left the colony together with British troops, which again briefly took it in the fall of 1667. Another ten Jewish families left Suriname in 1677, taking advantage of the right granted to him in the Westminster Treaty between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands from 1674.
Jews who left Surinam moved to British colonies in the Caribbean region, primarily on Jamaica.
In 1682, Suriname passed to the ownership of the Netherlands West India Company; The governor appointed (which was also co-owned Suriname) in 1684 banned Jews to work on Sundays and make marriage in accordance with the tradition. But the Board of Directors of the West-India Company with two decrees adopted in 1685 and 1686, canceled these prohibitions and confirmed that all the former Jews laws remain in force.
In the last quarter of the 17th century. The number of the Jewish population of Suriname gradually increased, primarily due to the influx of emigrants from the Netherlands, as well as from the south-western regions of Germany and Northern France (see Alsace). The economic position of the community was rapidly improved, most of whose members were planters and large merchants.
By 1694, 94 family of Sefardov and 12 families of Ashkenazov were numbered in the colony - only about 570 Jews; Most of them spoke in everyday life in Portuguese. Jews belonged over 40 plantations on which about 9,000 slaves worked.
In 1672, the administration of a colony administration in accordance with the privilege of 1665, in the field of land in the field of Torcheric, was formed, in which the synagogue began to work and the Jewish cemetery was opened.
In 1682, the inhabitants of this settlement moved to the Earth bought for them by one of the representatives of the NASI family 15 km south of Paramaribo (the administrative center of the colony), in the area where there were many plantations belonging to Jews. Soon there was a large (on the scale of Suriname) inhabited by Ioden-Savannah, where they lived almost exclusively Jews.
In 1685, a large synagogue was built in ioden-savanna; With it, Beth Dean began to operate. Jews Suriname supported close spiritual contacts from Amsterdam community.
18 V.
In the 1st half of the 18th century. Jews played an important role in Surinam's economic life: in 1730 they owned 115 of the 400 colony plantations. In the internal regions of Suriname, on the border of undeveloped territories, the influence of Jews - large landowners was extremely large.
They formed their own armed groups, reflecting raids of groups of runaway slaves (the so-called forest blacks, or marunov) on plantations and punitive expeditions against these groups.
In the 2nd half of the 18th century. The number of planter Jews began to decrease quickly: by 1791 they owned only 46 plantations from 600. Many Jews began to settle in Paramaribo; The number of the Jewish population of this city by the middle of the 18th century. reached thousands of people, by the end of the 18th century. - 1.5-2 thousand people (37.5% -50% of the total population).
Jews who lived in Paramaribo were mainly engaged in trade (including turmocution), among them were also common free professions.
In 1734, the Jewish community of Suriname, who before was united and followed Sefard Liturgy, split into Sefardia and Ashkenaz. The third group, which was not issued organizationally, but actually existed apart, made up to Mulatia-facing Mulatis - illegal children of the planters from slave-black women.
Under Sefard and Ashkenaz communities acted charity societies; In 1785, the Jewish Literary Association appeared in Paramaribo, among the creators of which there was a descendant D. Nasi - David de Isaac Coclene Nasi, one of the leaders ("Regents") of the Sefard community. Under the auspices of the Association, a cultural and educational institution worked ("Lyceum"), where lecture courses on various topics were read.
19-20 centuries.
Synagogue Neva-Shalom Varamaribo.
At 19 in. - early 20 century. As a result of the prohibition of the slave trade (1819), the abolition of slavery (1863) and the fall in world prices for sugar, the economic situation of Suriname gradually deteriorated.
Jews began to leave the colony; Among those who left Suriname were initially dominated by Sefard, so by 1836 the Ashkenaz community for the first time exceeded the Cephodskaya. The Dutch language displaced Portuguese as a conversational language of the Jews of Suriname.
By the beginning of the 20th century About 1,500 Jews remained in the colony, by 1923 - 818.
Community at the beginning of the 21st century
In 2003, the number of the Jewish population of Suriname, according to the estimated data of Israeli demographers, was about 200 people.
In the mid-2000s. In Suriname, two Jewish communities were functioning: Ashkenazian-Neva-Shalom and Sefardskaya - Vecham Sedk. In the early 2000s. Due to the financial difficulties caused, first of all, the movement of several wealthy Jewish families from Suriname in the Netherlands, the United States and Israel, the community was forced to hand over the building of the Sedk Sant's synagogue. All ritual items were transferred to Bates Ha-Tfutsot.
In the remaining Congregation, the Neve-Shalom in 2004 there were 125 people.
Notification: The preliminary basis of this article was an articleSuriname, the official name of the Republic of Suriname (Republiek Suriname), previously known under the name of the Netherlands Guyana (Nederlands Guyana) is the smallest state in South America in South America, located in the northeastern part of the continent; It borders in the West with the Republic of Guyana (English. Guyana Republic), in the East - C (Fr. Guyane Française), in the south - with Brazil (port. Republica Federativa Do Brasil), and in the north is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. The total length of the state border is 1.71 thousand km. (including: from - 597 km, with Fr. Guiana - 510 km, from - 600 km), and the length of the sea coast is 386 km. In the country, the total area of \u200b\u200bwhich is about 164 thousand km², more than 560 thousand people live.
The largest city, the main port and capital of the country is (Netherl. Paramaribo).
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The main air gates of the country is Paramaribo Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport (Paramaribo Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport), located 45 km south of Paramaribo.
By the way, what is interesting, such famous national team players of the Netherlands, as Ruud Gullit, Frank Raikaard, Edgar Davids, Clarence Zeedorf, Patrick Klyutert, Ryan Babel and many others are people from Suriname, or have direct Suriname origin!
general information
State Device of the country: On the form of government - the parliamentary republic. The head of government and the state is the president elected by Parliament for a 5-year term, and the number of deadlines by law is not limited. Parliament - a unicameral National Assembly (51 deputies) is elected by a nationwide vote for a period of 5 years. The state is divided into 10 administrative districts, each of whom is headed by the Commissioner, which the president appoints.
At the next presidential election, on July 19, 2010, the head of the country was elected (Noters. Desira Delano Bouterse; 13.11.1945) - military, politician, former dictator (in the 80s of the twentieth century). On August 12, 2010, Bauters officially entered the leading post.
State language: official state language is the Netherlands (Dutch). Sannan Tongon is considered the most common language of interethnic communication (Sranan Tongo - Surinames), so called. Bastard-Inglish, adapted language based on English. The country speaks on numerous languages \u200b\u200band adverbs: Aravak, Akurio, Varao, Vaway, Vajana, East Maruns, Creole, Guyan Creole, Caribbean Hindustani, Caribbean, Carib, Mátany, Quinti, Nduka Trio, Sykiana, Saramakan, Svann, Hakka. The country is also common to the Netherlands gesture, English, Portuguese, Chinese, Korean and Dialects of Arabic.
Religion: About 30% of residents profess Catholic faith, up to 28% of the population are supporters of Hinduism, Protestants (mostly Moravan) make up more than 17%, Muslims - about 20%, 5% falls on adherents of other religious denominations.
Currency: The official monetary unit was Gulden (Suriname Gulden; international designation: SRG). From January 1, 2004, Surinames dollar changed it \u003d 100 cents, international designation: SRD (S $). In circulation there are banknotes (face value: 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 $) and coins (rates: 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 CENT). Although the Suriname dollar is the only official payment facility in the country, in circulation there are often guldennes (the current denomination of which is calculated, based on the proportion: 1000 Guldennes \u003d 1 Surinames $). Due to strong inflation, small bills almost do not have walking, the most common foreign currency - US dollars. Credit cards in the country are not common, they are taken only by some solid tourist agencies and large hotels.
Population
The population of the country is more than 560 thousand people. City inhabitants make up almost 69%, and almost 90% of the population of the country (about 500 thousand inhabitants) lives in the capital of Paramaribo and on the coast adjacent to it.
More than 91% of the territory is covered with jungle, but only 5% of the population (mainly indigenous Indians and the neglence tribes - descendants of runaway slaves), inhabit the tropical forests in the depths of the country.
The ethno-racial composition of the country's population is as follows: Indians make up 37% (descendants of immigrants from the north of India), Creolese (descendants of European conquerors of South America and slaves, brought with Africa) - 31%, Yavantsy (the main Indonesian population of Java Island) - 15 %, Marona ("Forest Negros") - 10%, indigenous Indians - 2%, immigrants from China - 2%, immigrants from European countries (white) - 1% and about 2% fall on immigrants from neighboring countries.
The average life expectancy of local residents: men - 69 years old, women - 74 years old. The average literacy rate of the population is almost 90%.
Local residents are extremely good-natured, open and friendly, possess an excellent sense of humor. For the country are characterized by large family clans and pronounced communities, they are distinguished by respect for the church, to their national roots and family values. Representatives of various ethnic groups carefully retain their historical and cultural roots, respecting the neighbors, to whatever the people would treat, no matter what faith either confesses.
Excursion in history
The history of the country is typical for this region. Millennies inhabited by these lands Indian tribes of the Karaibov and formed a mighty tribal association, covering all small antilles (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Sint-Eustatius, Saba), with the established culture and its own social hierarchy. The invasion of Europeans forced them to retreat deep in with wetland coastal plains. The coastal part in 1499 was opened by one of the first expeditions to the new World of Spanish Conquistadors (Spanish Alonso de Ojeda) and (Vicente Yáñez PinzOn). For the first time on the map, the coast was applied in 1500, after the expedition of another Spanish navigator Diego Lepé (Spanish Diego de LEPE), having received the name from the river crossing the territory of the country.
The colonization of the country began to be carried out by the British only in the first half of the XVII century, but in 1667, England exchanged Surinames on a new Amsterdam (the current New York), giving it the Netherlands, in whose ownership the country was in almost 3 centuries. In 1667, a new Netherlands Colony appeared on the map (Dutch Guiana), the economy of which was based on the cultivation of sugar and logging.
By the end of the XVII century. The country has become an important sugar supplier to Europe. For the cultivation of sugar cane in the state, a system of plantations were created, on which slaves worked, which were transported from Africa.
Due to the establishment of its production of beet sugar in Europe, as well as due to the lack of labor (due to the abolition of slavery in 1863), in the second half of the XIX century. In Suriname, there was a sharp economic downturn.
The permission of the problem has been outlined only by the end of the XIX century. With immigration to the country Over 60 thousand immigrants from Asia (Indians, Indonesians, Chinese), when a special peasant farm has come to replace the plantation system. In the 20s of the twentieth century. The active development of the industry began, which was based on mining mining mines and bauxite, as well as at various enterprises for the processing of agricultural products.
In 1922, the country officially ceased to be colony, becoming the affiliated territory of the Netherlands Kingdom. After the I World War in the east of the country, the development of alumina was developed by the American company Alcoa, since then the country has been practically "tied" to the production of aluminum. The well-known fact is that in the period of World War II, more than 75% of American aluminum was produced from local raw materials. After this war, Surinam, who became more independent of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, was found on December 15, 1954, and since November 25, 1975, he had acquired independence, becoming an independent republic. In November 1977, the first general elections were held in the country, which defeated the National Party.
However, after only 3 years, the civilian government turned out to be overthrown military regime, which announced the construction of the Socialist Republic. A military coup on February 25, 1980 was organized and headed by desi Bautters, a 34-year-old senior sergeant, a basketball coach of the army team. Bautters ruled the country, as a dictator, he, assigning the title of lieutenant colonel (the highest military rank in the Suriname Army), became the head of the State Military Council created by him. He canceled the former constitution, dissolved the parliament, introduced a state of emergency in the country, creating a special Tribunal, which considered the works of the leaders of the previous government. Bauters announced the "program of moral healing of the nation." When several members of the previous government were executed, the Netherlands in response to these shares ceased to provide financial assistance to Surinam. The dictator in the meantime began to actively nationalize the country's industry, as a result of which significant economic difficulties arose here - the production of products has decreased dramatically, protest and strikes began.
In 1986, the partisan struggle against the dictatorial regime broke out. In 1987, Bautters under pressure from international pressure was forced to restore the Constitution and the holding of democratic elections, but provided that he would remain the head of the state of the state. In 1990, Bautters, the second time, overthrown the current government, lasted less than a year, he agreed to conduct extraordinary elections, having ceased to be the head of state. Already in 1991, the power again passed the multi-party democratic coalition, which manages the state to this day. Since that time, the head of state is coalition governments, today the economic situation in the country has improved as a result of diversification measures and the development of oil fields.
At the next elections of 2010, the former dictator returned to power.
Suriname to this day remains quiet and tightly tied to foreign partners a country that practically does not have outstanding historical historical historical monuments. But among tourists, the country is famous for a unique cultural enclave with phenomenal ethnic diversity, huge arrays of virgin forests, numerous rivers, excellent marine beaches and excellent conditions for outdoor activities.
Geographical position and relief
The territory of the country located in the north-east of South America and washed in the north the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, can be divided into 2 parts:
- north, the area off the coast of the Atlantic, where most of the population lives and land is processed;
- south, whose territory is covered with savanna and tropical rain forests, and there are almost no population.
The south of the coastal strip stretch covered by the savannah hills of the Bloods, the soil of which is mainly consisting of clay and sand, that is, for agriculture is unsuitable.
Typical south
The inner southern part of the country is occupied by the Gwyan Plateau, the two main chains of which are "Bakhuys Mountains" and "Van Asch Van Wijck Mountains". The highest peak of the mountain system is Mount Juliana (Notherl. Julianatop; 1230 m). This area covered with impassable solver, due to the absence of the population, does not play a big role in the state economy, however, it is characterized by a rich plant and animal world.
It should be noted that more than 12% of the state of the state belong to national parks and nature reserves.
Climate
Due to the location of the Equator, the climate is hot here and wet. In continuation of the year, the air temperature varies slightly (from season to season about 2 ° C). The average annual temperature indicator in Paramaribo is +27 ° C, even night temperatures are rarely lowered below + 24 ° C. In the coastal zone, regular northeastern trade winds bring a pleasant coolness.
In the region of the season 2 of the rains (on average up to 200 rainy days a year): from the end of November to February and from the beginning of May to August.
The rainy season is often accompanied by strong floods, also in the rainy season is often a powerful shower with a gusty wind, called "Sibibusi" (which means "forest broom"), because such rains often cut almost all the foliage from the trees.
The average water temperature of the Atlantic Ocean (which the country is washed in the north) at the shore is + 26 ° C.
The most favorable for visiting the country is considered a dry period lasting from the beginning of February to May, then from mid-August to December.
River
The country's territory intersects many rivers, among which 4 are the largest, current in the northern direction: Korantein (Notherl. Corantijn), it takes part of the border with Guyana; Coppenama (Notele. Coppename); Gran Rio (Notele. Gran Rio); Surinam (Netherl. Surinam); Maresein (Netherl. Marovijne) - Border with Fr. Guiana. For agriculture and cargo transportation, rivers are also important: cottics (Netherl. Cottica) and Commevene (Notherl. Commewijne), flowing into the p. Surinam close to her mouth; Saramakka (Netherl. Saramacca), flowing into the r. Coppenama, too, near the mouth; Nickerie (Notherl. Nickerie) - the influx of the coat. Local rivers are many times, but differ in abundance of thresholds, as a result of which shipping on them for medium and large river vessels is possible only in the mouths, in the territory of the coastal lowland, so until recently, the southern areas were considered almost isolated from the outside world. But small vessels associate hard-to-reach internal areas with the coast, climbing upstream of some rivers at a distance of up to 300 km.
River Suriname
In the northeastern part of the country there is a BrokopondoDo reservoir (Notherl. Brokopondostuwmeer; one of the largest reservoirs in the world), in which the Surinames, Maroni and Niceri rivers flow. The dam located close to the town of Brokopondo on the territory of the same name, built in 1964 in order to provide electricity to aluminum plants.
Flora and fauna
Gwiank plateore is largely covered with a wet rainforest (more than 90% of the country's territory). The lowland flora is represented by highly harvested savannas, the swampy territories threw by mangrove trees. On a general flat background, arrays of mountain grains are allocated. Savannes appear on the southern slopes of Surinames highlands. The territory of the country is distinguished by a varied rich floral world, which is represented by almost 3.5 thousand species of plants. Mountain areas and hills are covered with evergreen forests with those growing in them as valuable rocks of trees, like Virla, Nutrode, Carap, Sarrania, and others. Here are pine, oak and birch groves, poplar, white acacia, willow. On the coast, shrubs and evergreen trees grow, among which alpine pines and drink, palm trees, cypresses, mastic trees, stone and cork oaks, agaves and all sorts of cacti, as well as plantations of cultivated plants: olives, almonds, grenades, citrus.
The animal world is characterized by rich biodiversity. In total, there are more than 100 species of mammals in the country, over 600 species of the family of feathered and up to 300 species of fish. Different types of monkeys live here, jaguars, small deer, pums, tapir, crocodiles, musicals, armadors, as well as a huge variety of birds and all sorts of snakes. Among representatives of amphibians, Surinamskaya Pipa Pipa is of particular interest. Pipa Pipa. This endemic frog is unusual for this region in its reproduction. At a certain period, the male and the female perform the marriage dance under water, during which the female mosquits several eggs (from 40 to 140), and the male simultaneously releases a portion of sperm. The female dives down, the eggs fall right on his back, sticking to it, the male, promoting the process, with the help of his hind legs presses the eggs to the back of the female, evenly distributing them all over the surface of the skin. After 11.5 - 12 weeks later, formed small "pipings" appear.
Among the animal water species, piranhas, electric rates, arapaiaim and many others are widespread. Some species are dangerous for a person.
During the expedition to Suriname, undertaken in 2005, the Specialists "Conservation International" (CI) - a non-profit International Organization for Environmental Protection - 24 species of previously unknown animal science were discovered. Among new species is a frog, called "Atelopus SPP", with luminous purple spots, and other amphibians, fish and reptiles.
A country's economy
Industry is pretty poorly developed, local residents are mainly engaged in agriculture or service sector.
The country's subsoil is rich in minerals. The economy is based on bauxite extraction, on the export of oil, aluminum and gold, however, Suriname remains the poorest country of South America. To date, the State Program for Oil Production on the Sea Shelf is carried out. In order to develop gold and bauxite mining, the State is assisted by the Netherlands, Belgium, Hungary and the European Development Foundation (European Development Fund).
The country is sufficiently developed forest and food industry, in particular, the processing of fish and seafood.
In the agricultural industry, 8% of the working population is employed, the contribution of the village of the State GDP is 10%. Figure is grown in the country (under which about 50% of arable land are used), bananas, coconuts, peanuts. Magnificent attention is paid to the breeding of cattle and birds.
The country exports aluminum, raw oil, gold, timber, seafood, rice and bananas to the following countries: Canada, Belgium, USA, UAE, Norway, Netherlands.
C. Imports mainly industrial and food products, fuel.
The main suppliers are US, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, China and Japan.
Largest cities
Paramaribo
Transport
Most of the states of the state are located along the coast, and the inner areas that have crushed the thick forest are practically not available for terrestrial modes of transport. The only connection between the inner districts and the tightly populated coast is river (although the thumbnail rivers are often useful) and air transport.
In the cities, in addition to ordinary buses and taxis, water transport is very common, which is especially characteristic of the capital. Water taxis is more convenient and faster than classic cars: in 10-15 minutes you can safely get from one district of the city to another.
Culture, holidays
As a result of the fact that the local culture was formed under the influence of the Dutch, immigrants from India, China, Indonesia, there was a peculiar multicultural society. For example, the country's architecture has a Dutch colonial style with noticeable features of South American traditions.
The multicultural nature of the population of the state is brighter in the diversity of local festivals and holidays: there are both Christian and Hindu, Indian and Muslim holidays in the country.
Every year, the picturesque Easter parade of Avond Verdaagse, which lasts 4 days passes to Paramaribo. Another grandiose nationwide Suriname celebration, which is celebrated by almost a month, from December to January, this is the most noisy, incendiary festival of the country - the Typical Latin American festival. Christmas and New Year's festivities are noisy and fun throughout the country.
