In Rio de Janeiro, at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, June 3-14, 1992), There were 114 heads of state, representatives of 1,600 non-governmental organizations. It was unquestionably the most impressive environmental forum of the 20th century.

Opening the conference, UN Secretary General Boutros Ghali noted: “Never before in history has so much depended on what you do or don’t do for yourself, for your children, for your grandchildren, for life in all its variety of forms”.

Five main documents were approved at the conference: the RIO Declaration on Environment and Development; Agenda - XXI century; Statement on the principles of management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests; Framework Convention on Climate Change; Convention on Biological Diversity.

Let us list briefly the essence of the most important decisions made at this conference:

1. Caring for people must be central to efforts to achieve sustainable development. People have the right to a healthy and fruitful life in harmony with nature.

2. All states of the world have the sovereign right to develop their own resources in accordance with their environmental and development policies and are fully responsible for environmental damage.

3. The right to development must be realized to ensure that the development and environmental needs of present and future generations are met fairly.

4. Protection of the environment should be an integral part of the development of human society.

5. All states and all peoples must work together to address the critical task of eradicating poverty.

6. It is necessary to promote the development of developing countries.

7. All nations must work together in a spirit of global partnership to preserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem.

8. Unsustainable production and consumption patterns should be limited and eliminated, and appropriate demographic policies should be encouraged.

9. Environmental issues must be dealt with in the most efficient way. In addition, each person should have appropriate access to information related to the environment.

11. States should enact effective environmental legislation.

12. To better address environmental degradation, States must work together to create a supportive and inclusive international economic system that will lead to economic growth and sustainable development in all countries.

13. All states should develop national laws regarding liability and compensation for victims of pollution and other environmental damage.

14. States should cooperate effectively to contain or prevent the transfer and transfer to other States of any activities and substances that cause serious environmental damage or are considered harmful to human health.

15. In order to protect the environment, the precautionary principle is widely applied by States in accordance with their capabilities.

15. The environment and natural resources of peoples living under oppression, domination and occupation must be protected. War inevitably has a devastating impact on sustainable development. That is why states must respect international law that protects the environment in times of armed conflict and must cooperate, if necessary, in its further development.

16. Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and inseparable.

17. States must resolve all their environmental disputes amicably and by appropriate means, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

18. States and peoples need to cooperate in a spirit of goodwill and partnership in the implementation of accepted principles and in the further development of international law in the field of sustainable development.

Thus, the most important achievements of the UN Conference were the recognition of the following facts: "the problem of the environment and economic development cannot be considered separately" (principle 4), "states must cooperate in a spirit of all-round partnership in order to preserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem." (principle 7), “peace, development and environmental protection are interrelated and inseparable” (principle 25). The state of the world community recommended to put the concept of sustainable development as the basis for the development of an environmental strategy.

It was emphasized at the Conference that there is no reasonable alternative to sustainable development, which means the simultaneous solution of problems of economic development and ecology.

Summing up the results of the conference, Secretary General of the Organizing Committee M. Strong (Canada) emphasized the unprecedented scale and significance of this event. “The world after the conference should be different,” he said. "Others must be the diplomacy and the UN system of international relations, as well as governments committed to moving towards sustainable development." For the human population, the habitat is the entire biosphere, which represents a single and integral system, therefore, a successful

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 5-16 June 1972 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.73. II. A. 14), chap. 1.


V.I. Korobkin, L.V. Peredelsky Ecology. –Rostov-on-Don, 2001.

LIST BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES STRUCTURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE LAW PETROL REASONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT CONCEPT OF CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES. CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT

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To the 10th anniversary of the UN Conference on Environment and Development

The need to convene a special UN conference on the environment and development is caused by serious concern from the world community about the state of the environment and the prospects for human development in the context of the continuing growth of the world's population. For the first time this question was raised at the Stockholm UN Conference on the Environment, held in 1972, where a special organization, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), was created. In 1987, the UN World Commission on Environment and Development published a report called Our Common Future, known as the report of Gro Harlem Brundtland, who led the Commission's work. For the first time, the term "sustainable development" was used in it, which is understood as a model of human development in which the satisfaction of the vital needs of the present generation is achieved without depriving future generations of such an opportunity. In December 1989, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 44/428 calling for the organization of ...

The need to convene a special UN conference on environment and development is caused by serious concern from the world community about the state of the environment and the prospects for human development in the context of the continuing growth of the world's population.

For the first time this question was raised at the Stockholm UN Conference on the Environment, held in 1972, where a special organization, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), was created. In 1987, the UN World Commission on Environment and Development published the report "Our Common Future", known as the report of Gro Harlem Brundtland, who led the work of the Commission. It was the first time that the term "sustainable development" was used, which is understood as such a model of human development, in which the satisfaction of the vital needs of the present generation is achieved without depriving future generations of such an opportunity.

In December 1989, the UN General Assembly adopted resolution 44/428, calling for the organization of a special conference at the level of heads of state and government dedicated to the development of a strategy for sustainable, environmentally acceptable development of civilization. At the same time, the Preparatory Committee for the future conference was created, which held four working sessions in 1990-1992, where it was possible to agree on the working documents of the conference.

The conference opened its work on June 3, 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, it raised issues of global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, acid rain, accumulation of toxic heavy metals and pesticides in the soil, pollution of large areas with radionuclides, an ever-widening gap between developing and developed countries, cuts in defense spending and reallocation of funds in favor of poor countries.

The work of the forum was carried out in eight working groups, where the problems of financial resources, the transfer of environmentally friendly technologies to developing countries, the preservation of the atmosphere, fresh water resources, the protection of forests, biological diversity and biotechnology, legal instruments, and institutional measures for the protection of nature were discussed.

As a result of the conference, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the Statement on the Principles of Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests, as well as Agenda 21, a document that integrated the main tasks of humanity at the turn of the millennium, were signed.

However, during the discussion, a number of fundamental disagreements arose between the forum participants. Thus, the United States refused to sign the Convention on the Conservation of Biodiversity, which provides for the transfer of advanced biotechnologies to developing countries on preferential terms. Largely at the initiative of the United States and Arab oil-producing countries, the Climate Change Convention and the section of Agenda 21 dealing with the problems of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere were emasculated. This position of the United States is connected with the unwillingness to limit its own economic growth and lose profits from the sale of the latest biotechnology.

As part of the conference, the Global Forum of Representatives of Non-Governmental Organizations was held, conceived as an event demonstrating the need for interaction between governments and non-governmental organizations in discussing environmental and sustainable development issues. The event attracted about 17 thousand participants from 165 countries and 7,650 national and international non-governmental organizations, including the International Union of Scientific Unions and the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

The decade that has passed since the forum has shown the urgency of the problems raised there. In this regard, it was decided to hold an anniversary Conference in Cape Town in the fall of 2002 "10 years of the UN Conference on Environment and Development" at the level of heads of state and government, where the results of the implementation of the decisions taken will be summed up and steps to further improve the environmental situation at planet.

The main goal of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection is to unite the efforts of the world community to ensure environmental safety, improve methods of environmental control and assess the state of the environment. Stockholm UN Environment Conference adopted two main documents - the Declaration of Principles and the Action Plan, which played a key role in the development of the environmental policy of states and the intensification of international cooperation in this area. Declaration includes over twenty principles, which formulate the attitude of the world community to the problem of the environment. In particular, these the principles stipulate: conservation of natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations; the human right to favorable conditions of life in an environment of quality that enables them to lead a dignified and prosperous life; the sovereignty of the rights of states to develop their own natural resources and the responsibility of states for environmental damage; cooperation in solving international environmental problems; deliverance of man and the environment from the consequences of the use of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction. Action plan contains over a hundred points providing for the solution of organizational, economic, political issues of environmental protection, ways of relations between states and international organizations. One of the historic decisions of the conference is the creation of a permanent UN body for the protection of the environment - UNEP (United Nations Environment Program), education Environmental Fund. In addition, the conference proclaimed June 5 as World Environment Day. In August 1975, Helsinki hosted Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, which was attended by all European countries (with the exception of Albania), the United States and Canada. One of the sections accepted by the forum The final act was devoted to issues of environmental safety. The document defined the areas, goals, methods and forms of international environmental cooperation (for example, combating air pollution, protecting water from pollution, protecting the marine environment and soil, protecting nature reserves, the environment in cities). In the same document as forms and methods of cooperation it was proposed to use the exchange of information, holding conferences, exchange of scientists. During 1986 Vienna Meeting of Representatives of the CSCE Participating States special attention was paid to the state of the environment and the implementation of the Helsinki agreements. Outcome document The Vienna meeting contained, in particular, the following recommendations: * reduction of sulfur emissions by 30% by 1995, reduction of emissions of hydrocarbons and other pollutants; * development of methods alternative to the disposal of hazardous waste at sea; * encouragement of activities aimed at reducing the production of substances that contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer; * development of a joint program for monitoring and assessment of the long-range spread of pollutants in Europe (EMEP); * exchange of information on potentially hazardous chemicals, including health and environmental risk assessments; * intensification of research on the phenomena of global warming. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (June 3-14, 1992, Rio de Janeiro) was organized to take stock of the work on environmental protection since the 1972 UN Stockholm Conference. At the forum in Rio de japeiro attended by about 15 thousand delegates from 178 countries of the world. The main decisions of the conference: Declaration providing for the principles of environmental protection; an extensive program of action in this area for the coming century; Statement on the principles of protection and rational use of forests in all climatic zones; The Convention for the Protection of Biological Diversity; Climate Convention. Other decisions of this forum are the formation of the UN Commission on the Environment, the development of a draft Convention on Deserts and Dry Zones.

In 1972 in Stockholm was held First World Environment Conference. It was attended by representatives of 113 states. During the conference, the concept was first formulated eco-development - environmentally oriented socio-economic development, in which the growth of human well-being is not accompanied by the deterioration of the environment and the degradation of natural systems. Before the practical principles of eco-development were formulated, research and development was carried out in several areas:

1) Generalization of information on trends in world dynamics, preparation of development forecasts and scenarios of environmental and economic situations with various options for economic growth and economic specialization.

2) Natural science forecasting of the state of the biosphere, large regional natural complexes and climate changes under the influence of technogenic impacts.

3) Studying the possibilities of ecological orientation and regulation of the use of natural resources and high-quality greening of production to reduce anthropogenic pressure on the environment.

4) Organization of international cooperation and coordination of efforts in the field of solving regional and national problems of eco-development and environmental management.

This required the creation of a special structure - the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The initial tasks of UNEP included the development of recommendations on the most pressing problems of the coming environmental crisis - desertification, soil degradation, reduced fresh water supplies, ocean pollution, deforestation, and loss of valuable species of animals and plants. UNEP has drawn on the experience of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program and continued to work closely with it.

In 1983, on the initiative of the UN Secretary General, International Commission on Environment and Development(ICOSR). This organization was called upon to reveal the problems that unite the environmental and socio-economic concerns of people in different regions of the world, primarily in developing countries. In 1987, the ICEDD report was published entitled “Our Common Future”. This document clearly shows the impossibility of posing and solving major environmental problems outside their connection with social, economic and political problems. The Commission said that the economy must meet the needs of the people, but its growth must fit within the ecological capabilities of the planet. A call was made for a new era of environmentally friendly economic development.

In June 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development(KOSR-92). It was attended by heads, government members and experts from 179 states, as well as representatives of many non-governmental organizations, academia and business.

By the time of the opening of KOSR-92, it became obvious that the increased democracy of the world, the openness of borders and the awareness of the masses are in sharp conflict with the economic inequality of people and countries, their participation in the use of the planet's resources.

Therefore, KOSR-92 postulated as the central ideas:

· The inevitability of compromises and sacrifices, especially from the developed countries, on the way to a more just world and sustainable development;

· The inability of developing countries to move along the path that developed countries have come to their well-being;

· The need for the transition of the world community to the track of sustainable long-term development;

· The requirement for all strata of society in all countries to recognize the unconditional need for such a transition and to promote it in every possible way.

The Rio-92 Declaration calls on all states to accept responsibility for all forms of activity that damage the environment in other countries, to inform other countries about potential and occurred man-made and natural disasters, to increase the effectiveness of environmental legislation, to prevent the transfer of sources of environmental danger to the territory of other states. ...

In parallel with the work of KOSR-92 in Rio de Janeiro, Global Forum of Representatives of Non-Governmental Organizations... It attracted about 17,000 participants from 165 countries and 7,650 national and international organizations. By its beginning, remarkable ideological guidelines were formulated:

· Economic development in isolation from ecology leads to the transformation of the Earth into a desert;

· Ecology without economic development perpetuates poverty and injustice;

· Equality without Economic Development is poverty for all;

· Ecology without the right to act becomes part of the system of enslavement;

· The right to act without ecology opens the way to collective and equally pertinent self-destruction;

The harsh categorical nature of these postulates reflected the well-known extremism of broad public circles concerned with the status quo in ecology. They became, as it were, the result of the ideological arming of numerous public environmental organizations, green parties in different countries of the world and international organizations such as Greenpeace, Green Cross, etc. Their programs envisage not only environmental propaganda, public environmental control and realization of the right to action, but also political pressure on governments to revitalize and scale up environmental protection.