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Modern gutters are gutters and risers combined into one structure. It is necessary for buildings, because otherwise the walls and foundation will quickly deteriorate. Drainage systems are disorganized and organized, internal and external.
Unorganized gutters can usually be found on buildings with a low height, when the roof slopes are at a sufficient distance from the outer walls. Often there are no organized water drains near the house with shed roof... But such cases are the exception rather than the rule, since most buildings have drainage systems.
Materials for the manufacture of elements for gutters
The domestic building materials market offers buyers a huge range of elements that are necessary for arranging a drainage structure for a roof. Gutters, flat roof gutters, pipes have different shapes and are made from different materials.
The most demanded drainage systems are made of galvanized steel. They are usually installed on multi-storey residential buildings(see photo). The main reason for the popularity of such gutters is their low cost. Therefore, the owners of private households often prefer them to create a drainage of water from the roof. V last years more and more often found.
Copper gutter elements are also available, but they are expensive and therefore rarely installed. In addition, they do not always harmonize with appearance houses and roofs. A copper roof is suitable for such products, but they are not consistent with tiles. Often, property owners prefer to buy gutters and other elements painted in a specific color or with a polymer coating.
The most durable and reliable products are those made of copper. When choosing cheaper options, one should take into account what type of drainage system is to be installed and from the material from which the roofing is made. So plastic and metal elements can be used to equip an internal drain, but for external systems it is advisable to use metal plums- steel is less dependent on the influence of low temperatures. PVC - the elements are ideal for shingles, and slate, known to many domestic consumers, is best combined with metal products.
Device and application
An internal drainage system is installed when the roofing device does not allow the creation of an external structure, for example, if the building has a flat roof.
To drain water, it has slopes in the direction of the places where gutters for flat roofs are mounted, which are produced in different diameters.
If the difference in heights of two adjacent roofs exceeds a distance of 4 meters, then experts recommend creating a separate system for each site.
The main elements of internal gutters are:
- water intake funnels;
- pipelines;
- collectors;
- connectors, etc.
According to the norms of SNiPs, the drainage of the water flow must be carried out in storm drain... In the event that it is absent, the owners use trays to receive water that enters them through drainpipes. When these elements are absent, the water flow, flowing down the blind area, falls on the open ground.
Drainage funnels
Funnels of two types are sold on the domestic market of building materials:
- bell-type (they are installed on inclined roofs);
- flat (such a drain funnel for a flat roof is used to equip a drainage system on horizontal tile or asphalt roofs).
Most often, professionals mount a cast-iron roof drainage funnel, since it does an excellent job not only with its functional purpose, but also plays the role of a reliable filter, thereby preventing all kinds of debris from entering the drainage system, such as tree branches and leaves.
This funnel consists of three parts:
- cast-iron body, it is mounted directly into the ceiling:
- receiving grille, which is made of the same material as the body. It has a cylindrical shape, it has holes and ribs;
- removable cast iron covers with holes.
It is imperative that the drain funnels for internal gutters and the overlap must have an airtight connection between them, otherwise moisture will get under the roof, which will lead to the formation of fungus or mold harmful to human health. When installing drainage pipes and risers, as a rule, cast iron, tin and polyethylene products are used. Often to create internal system use elements made of asbestos cement.
For the manufacture of longitudinal sections of drainage systems, concrete, reinforced concrete, ceramics, asbestos cement are suitable. Individual households use products made of cast iron, galvanized sheet or PVC.
Features of installing water intake funnels
When installing internal drainage systems when installing funnels, a number of rules must be observed:
- The roof outlets should be placed evenly over the entire roof.
- The smallest distance from the wall to the funnel should be at least 1 meter;
- Between the funnels, which are connected to one branch of the water conduit, the gap cannot be more than 20 meters.
- The locations for installing the outlets should be located slightly below the rest of the roof surface.
- The roof drain and the pipe are connected at right angles.
Types of internal drainage systems
Depending on the design solution, the following types of internal gutters are distinguished: gravity and siphon.
A gravity drain serves to collect sediments and freely drain them along inclined gutters - in this case, water partially fills the system.
The functioning of the siphon drainage system is based on the principle in which the drain is completely filled with sediment and thus a water column is formed, starting from the funnel and ending with the place where the water flow is discharged into the sewer. When the precipitation level falls in the vertical part of the system, due to the creation of a vacuum, water is sucked from the funnel into the vertically located riser. Thus, it is removed from the roof surface not freely, but forcibly. This method is more effective, but in order to constantly maintain the siphon effect, complete tightness of the system is necessary, which is achieved by selecting the exact size of the pipes and using modern materials providing high-quality sealing.
In such systems, there is such an internal drain funnel assembly as a flow stabilizer, due to which water enters the side openings and thus there is an obstacle to air penetration. Installation of the siphon system is carried out by butt welding. In addition, there are no temperature compensators in it, and this circumstance also makes the system tight (read more: "").
The advantage of the siphon system is that:
- with insignificant amounts of precipitation, it functions as a gravity structure, and with a large amount of rain or melt water, it easily copes with the water flow. Its installation requires fewer funnels and vertical risers;
- there is a possibility of reducing the diameter drain pipes, which has a positive effect on the amount of costs;
- lower horizontal pipes are mounted without a slope;
- self-cleaning of the system occurs as a result of the rapid movement of precipitation.
Wastewater disposal in the system
After transportation of precipitation and melt water from the roof, regardless of the type of internal drainage system and materials of its manufacture, it is required to provide a place where they will be collected (read: ""). Experts do not recommend connecting the drainage structure to the general sewage system in the building, since it can quickly fail as a result of clogging. To do this, create a special system called "storm water" (read: "").
Usually, drainage from the roof is diverted to the nearest ravine or directly to an open area - this method of drainage is called surface drainage. It is a network of drainage channels and sand catchers.
The above methods of drainage drainage refer to organized systems, but in reality, the owners of private houses simply bring pipes outside and the collected sediments flow down the blind areas onto land plot located next to the home ownership. Sometimes, to collect precipitation, they dig a hole and fill it with rubble (read: "").
A good example of installing an indoor gutter roof outlet is shown in the video:
Drainage systems are divided into open and closed. Open is what we see on most pitched roofs: a gutter runs along the perimeter of the roof, from which water flows into the funnel of the pipe, further down the pipe: into drainage system, into the collector, just at a certain distance from the facade (so as not to undermine the basement and not seep to the foundation).
Closed ones are used on flat roofs. Here, the angle of inclination of the roof is insufficient for the water to drain into the gutter. Moreover, flat roofs are often surrounded by a parapet through which water, in principle, cannot get outside the roof. In this case, flat roof gutters are used. Through them, rain and melt water enters the riser that runs inside the house.
The funnels are installed at the bottom of the flat roof (flat roof also has a slight slope). I will talk a little about these funnels, installation and selection features.
Why flat roof drains are needed
Without a drain device, water will stagnate on the roof. This is not good: water gradually destroys the coating, penetrates into the thickness of the roofing cake, spoils the insulation, seeps through the ceiling into the house.
If there is no parapet, and the flat roof has a noticeable slope (up to 10 degrees), the roof outlets can be replaced by an external system, gutter + pipe.
Or the most unfortunate option: a knot of unorganized drainage from a flat roof. Its only advantage is savings in purchase and installation costs. Everything else is bad: an unorganized spillway erodes the soil near the basement, penetrates to the foundation. Streams of water over front door- also not a very pleasant thing.
note
According to SNiP standards, unorganized drainage is permissible only in houses up to five floors in areas with small amount precipitation, if a sufficiently large distance remains to the roadway and sidewalk. But even so, it is harmful to the walls and foundations of the house. In the presence of a solid parapet, any external drainage systems are not considered in principle.
Device and types
The funnel consists of a wide rim, a cap and a glass.
The systems themselves are divided into two large groups:
- Traditional. There are many pipes in the house, there are also many funnels. The systems are mounted on overhangs or special projections located on roof depressions with a slope of 3 degrees. When using this system, funnels are placed every 25 meters. All of them are connected to one riser.
- Gravitational vacuum. The principle of operation is the ejection effect, in this case, the ability of one medium to drag along the other. When a vacuum is formed in the riser, water under the pressure of air masses is drawn into the riser at high speed.
note
The advantages of this system are high throughput, the possibility of self-cleaning of pipes, the use of small-diameter pipes, fewer hoppers. Calculation of gutters on a flat roof
Funnels are installed on the basis of one piece per 150-200 square meters, but not less than two pieces per roof. Those. for small house 10 by 10 you will need two, for 15 by 15 also two, for a roof over 300 squares - three, etc.
Features of selection and installation
Materials for making funnels are plastic and metal. When choosing, they usually proceed from what material the roof is covered with:
- If it is a folded or metal-profile roof, then the funnels are chosen from metal;
- For and polymer coatings funnels made of polymer compounds are preferred.
Installation requirements:
- The connection of the funnel to the roof must be perfectly sealed. It is recommended to lay additional pieces of waterproofing at the joints. Moreover, the insulation should be glued directly to the side of the funnel;
- If there are two waterproofing layers on the roof, the edges of the funnel are placed between them;
- The funnel must be equipped with a removable cover and protected by an umbrella from dirt;
- The cap should be secured well;
- In order to avoid freezing of water in the riser, it is necessary to heat the gutters on the flat roof;
note
For the installation of the funnel, hot bitumen or mastic is used, in addition - mechanical fastening (screws). Who manufactures gutters and at what price
Flat roof gutters TechnoNIKOL. Diameter 110, 90, 160. With compression flange, with leaf catcher, with and without heating. The cost is from 300 rubles to 4.5 thousand.
SK TUOTE OY (Finland). Diameter from 7.5 to 16 centimeters, price from 800 to 4 thousand rubles.
"Tekhnoresurs" (RF). Diameter 11-16. The cost of funnels with a leaf catcher, heated and unheated from 400 rubles to 4 thousand.
Installation of an internal drainage system is orders of magnitude more difficult than installing gutters and pipes from the facade. This task cannot be done without the appropriate equipment and qualifications.
We will help you choose the right type of funnels for your roof and carry out the installation - quickly, inexpensively, competently and with a guarantee.
You can see photo reports of our work with a description and cost.
Today, buildings with a flat roof, customary for industrial and multi-storey buildings, are increasingly found in private housing construction. Such a roof makes it possible to obtain additional areas for arranging a terrace, sports field, pool, garden. To provide protection roofing from destruction under the influence of moisture, it is important to provide effective system to drain melt and rainwater, take care of correct installation and heating of water intake funnels.
The choice of the drainage system
For roofs flat type there are two options for drainage systems:
- Traditional (requires installation a large number funnels, water flows through the pipes of the system by gravity).
- Gravitational-vacuum (characterized by high throughput with a minimum number of communications).
Traditional indoor gutter... For its effective functioning, it is necessary to correctly perform the sloping of the roof, while the funnels are mounted at the lowest points. The number of water receivers depends on the size of the roof. The water intake elements are connected with pipes to a vertical drain pipe, through which water from the roof enters the sewer. It is important to install horizontal piping elements with a slope to ensure free drainage of water by gravity.
Gravitational vacuum system... For more than 30 years it has been actively used in many countries of Europe and the world due to its high economy and efficiency. The principle of operation is based on the fact that a vacuum environment arises in a system equipped with a siphon, due to which water is sucked from the surface and moves through the pipes at high speed. The advantages of the system include:
- the stream has a high speed;
- simplified installation (fewer funnels and communications are required, pipes can not be installed at a slope, since water moves through them under air pressure);
- light weight (does not create additional impact on the roofing system);
- profitability (funnels and pipes of a smaller diameter are used in comparison with the traditional system without loss of productivity);
- the ability to self-clean (the throughput of the system does not change over time).
For comparison: the funnel of a vacuum system with a horizontal outlet of 75 mm in one second is capable of passing up to 15 liters of liquid. To ensure the same throughput of a traditional gutter, you will need to install a 200 mm horizontal outlet funnel.
In case of heavy rainfall, a large volume of water can accumulate on a flat roof, which the drainage system will not cope with. To avoid the collapse of structures due to excessive load, it is required to equip a special additional drain - a storm drain. It can also act as the main drain when the latter is clogged.
Drainage funnel selection
Funnels for the arrangement of internal drainage are made of polymers, metal or a combination of materials. When choosing a product, it is important to consider the type of material that is used as the roof decking. Metal funnels are used for installation on roofs covered with sheet metal. Polymer products are suitable for installation on a soft roof.
The flat roof outlet can be round or rectangular, with a horizontal or vertical outlet. The choice depends on the installation site and the characteristics of the roof. Products differ in design, but in any case, it is possible to rigidly attach the funnel to the base of the roof and provide reliable waterproofing of the attachment point.
The funnels with metal flange are clamped using stainless steel fasteners. Funnels with a polymer flange equipped with a sealing collar are glued.
The drainage system must be protected from clogging. To prevent large debris from entering the drain, the funnels are equipped with protective covers or nets. Products with flat lids with slots are used on maintenance roofs. The covers are capable of supporting a person's weight. If you intend to create a "green" roof, it is best to use funnels with a leaf filter in the form of a mesh hood.
The principle of placing water intakes
Water receivers must be installed at the lowest points of the roof. It should be evenly distributed over the surface. To exclude the formation of stagnant puddles on the roof, the slope of the surface towards the funnel should be at least 2%, while at a distance of about half a meter to the drain funnel, the slope should be increased to at least 5%. Changing the slope is provided by leveling the screed or reducing the thermal insulation layer.
The calculation of the number of water receivers is performed as follows: each funnel should have no more than 200 sq. m of surface, the distance between the funnels is at least 50 cm. The minimum pipe diameter is 10 cm. Despite the size of the roof, at least two funnels, or one funnel and a storm drain, must be installed on it. This will avoid flooding when the water intake becomes clogged.
When calculating the number of water receivers and their parameters, the intensity and frequency of precipitation in a given region are taken into account.
Internal drainage system design: installation of funnels
First option... The most practical in operation are composite funnels, the body of which consists of two parts. Due to a certain dynamic reserve, such funnels, in contrast to rigid structures, compensate for the movements of the insulation.
The device of the water receiver begins with the installation of the lower part of the composite funnel into the prepared passage hole cut in the roof ceiling. The lower part is inserted into downpipe, moreover, the fasteners should not be rigid in order to avoid damage to communications due to temperature deformations.
The outer part of the funnel for creating an internal drain is installed from above, passing through the roof carpet and a layer of insulation, it is inserted into the lower part. An O-ring is provided between the funnel parts. The plastic apron of the upper part must be laid on the lower lining layer of roofing material. An additional backing layer is mounted on top of it and a bituminous apron is fused as the next waterproofing layer. Mounted on top of the apron outer layer roofing material, which is inserted into the funnel bowl and fixed with a clamping ring and stainless steel fasteners. On the last stage of the device, a protective grid is installed on the funnel.
Second option... The device of a water receiver with a pressure flange is performed in several stages. It is recommended to attach the funnel not to the insulation, but to wooden blocks of a suitable section, securely fixed to the base of the roof. The funnel is tightly installed in the hole (it must be rigidly fixed), a rubber-bitumen gasket is installed between the flat side of the funnel and the clamping flange, which is placed under the roof carpet. At the next stage of the device, the metal clamping flange is fixed with special stainless steel fasteners. Holes are provided in the flange, gasket and funnel rim for mounting fasteners. At the end of the installation, the cover is fixed.
The principle of the construction of the inlet funnels depends on the configuration of the product and the type of roofing. When installing, follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
Heating water receivers
Drain funnels in winter time in cold climates, they need heating to prevent ice blockage in the branch pipe and adjacent sections of the horizontal piping. The freezing depth reaches one and a half meters, so it is recommended to provide heating for these elements of the drainage system.
Freezing of water in nozzles and pipes leads to flooding of the roof surface during thaws and melting of snow, since ice hidden from the sun's rays surrounded by a thermal insulator (a layer of insulation in the roofing cake) will melt last.
Today, flat roof outlets are on sale, already equipped with a built-in heating system. But by themselves, they will not solve the problem: the ice plug in this case will build up outside. Of course, it will melt faster than the internal one, but it can also create a serious problem by shutting off the flow of water into the drain.
For the water drainage system to function properly all year round, equip the platform heating system around the funnel using a self-regulating heating cable for the roof. In this case, the likelihood of blockage of the drain with ice is excluded.
