What layers consists of continental earth bark. The structure of the Earth is the diagram of the internal and external structure, the names of the layers. The structure of the oceanic crust

Ground Cora - solid surface layer of our planet. It formed billions of years ago and constantly changes their appearance under the influence of external and internal forces. Part of it is hidden under water, the other - forms land. The earth's crust consists of various chemicals. Let's learn from what.

Surface of the planet

Hundreds of millions of years after the emergence of the Earth, its outer layer of boiling molten rocks began to cool and formed earthly bark. From year to year, the surface has changed. It appeared cracks, mountains, volcanoes. The wind smoothed them, so that they appeared again, but in other places.

Due to the external and inner solid layer of the planet is heterogeneous. From the point of view of the structure, these elements of the earth's crust can be distinguished:

geosyncline or folded areas;
platforms;
edge faults and deflection.

Platforms are extensive sedimentary areas. Their upper layer (to a depth of 3-4 km) is coated with sedimentary rocks that are locked with horizontal layers. The lower level (foundation) is strongly confused. It is composed of metamorphous rocks and may contain magmatic splashes.

Geosyncline is tectonically active areas where the processes of the property occur. They arise in places of conjunction of the oceanic bottom and mainland platform, or in the bottom of the ocean bottom between the continents.

If the mountains are formed close to the boundary of the platform, boundary faults and deflections may occur. They reach 17 kilometers deep and stretch along mining education. Over time, sedimentary breeds accumulate here and deposits of minerals (oil, stone and potash salts, etc.) are formed.

The composition of the crust

The mass of the bark is 2.8 · 1019 tons. This is just 0.473% of the mass of the entire planet. The content in it substances is not as diverse as in the mantle. It is formed by basalts, granites and sedimentary rocks.

By 99.8%, the Earth Cora consists of eighteen elements. The rest accounts for only 0.2%. The most common are oxygen and silicon, which constitute the bulk of the mass. In addition to them, the bark is rich in aluminum, iron, potassium, calcium, sodium, carbon, hydrogen, phosphorus, chlorine, nitrogen, fluorine, etc. The content of these substances is visible in the table:

Name of element
Oxygen

Aluminum











Manganese

Astat is considered the rarest element - an extremely unstable and poisonous substance. Radine also belongs to Tellur, India, Tallium. Often they are scattered and do not contain large clusters in one place.

Continental bark

The mainland or continental bark is what we usually call land. She is pretty old and covers about 40% of the entire planet. Many of her sites reach age from 2 to 4.4 billion years.

The mainland crust consists of three layers. From above, it covers an intermittent sedimentary case. The rock in it is locked with layers or reservoirs, as they are formed due to the scope and sealing of precipitated salts or residues of microorganisms.

The lower and more ancient layer is represented by granites and gneis. They are not always hidden under sedimentary rocks. In some places, they go to the surface in the form of crystalline shields.

The lowest layer consists of metamorphic rocks like basalts and granulites. The basalt layer can reach 20-35 kilometers.

Oceanic bark

Part of the earth's crust, hidden under the waters of the World Ocean, is called oceanic. It is thinner and younger than continental. By age, the bark does not reach two hundred million years, and its thickness is approximately 7 kilometers.

The mainland crust consists of sedimentary rocks from deep-water residues. Below is a basalt layer with a thickness of 5-6 kilometers. Under it begins the mantle presented here in the main peridotitis and dunits.

Every one hundred million years have been updated. It is absorbed in the zones of subducts and is formed again in the field of mid-ocean ridges, with the help of emerging minerals.

Such a question as the structure of the Earth is interested in very many scientists, researchers and even believers. With the rapid development of science and technology from the beginning of the 18th century, many decent science workers spent a lot of effort in order to understand our planet. The bolts went down to the bottom of the ocean, flew into the highest layers of the atmosphere, drilled the huge depth of the well to study the soils.

Today there is a fairly one-piece picture of what the land is made. True, the device of the planet and all its regions is still 100%, but scientists gradually expand the verge of knowledge and get more and more objective information about this.

Form and dimensions of the planet Earth

The shape and geometric dimensions of the Earth are the basic concepts that it is described like a heavenly body. In the Middle Ages it was believed that the planet had a flat shape, located in the center of the universe, and the sun and other planet rotates around it.

But such bold naturalists like Jordan Bruno, Nikolai Copernicus, Isaac Newton denied similar judgments and mathematically proved that the earth has the shape of a ball with the shiny poles and revolves around the Sun, and not the opposite.

The structure of the planet is very diverse, despite the fact that its size is quite small by the standards of even the solar system - the length of the equatorial radius is 6378 kilometers, the polar radius is 6356 km.

The length of one of the meridians is 40008 km, and the equator extends 40007 km. It is also seen from this that the planet somewhat "falls" between the poles, its weight is 5.9742 × 10 24 kg.

Earth shell

The earth consists of many shells forming peculiar layers. Each layer is centrally symmetrical with respect to the base central point. If you visually cut the section of the soil throughout its depth, then layers with different composition, aggregate state, density, etc.

All shells are divided into two large groups:

The inner structure is described, respectively, internal shells. They are the earth bark and land of the Earth.
External shells to which the hydrosphere and the atmosphere belong.

The structure of each shell is the subject of studying individual sciences. Scientists still, in the age of violent technical progress, not all the questions found out to the end.

Earth Cora and its types

The earth Cora is one of the planet shells, which occupies only about 0.473% of its mass. Corn depth 5 - 12 kilometers.

It is interesting to note that the scholars practically did not penetrate the deeper, and if they carry out an analogy, the bark is like a skin on an apple in relation to its volume. Further and more accurate study requires a completely different level of development of technology.

If you look at the planet in a context, then as it is from the depth of penetration inside its structure, it is possible to allocate such types of the earth's crust in order:

Oceanic bark - It consists mostly from basalt, located at the bottom of the oceans under huge layers of water.
Continental or mainland bark - Sushi covers, consists of a very rich chemical composition, including 25% silicon, by 50% oxygen, as well as 18% of other major elements of the Mendeleev table. In order to conveniently study this bark, it is still divided into the lower and top. The most ancient belong to the bottom.

The temperature of the cortex increases as depicted.

Mantle

The main volume of our planet is mantle. It occupies the entire space between the crust and the core discussed above and consists of many layers. The smallest thickness to the mantle is about 5 - 7 km.

The modern level of development of science and technology does not allow directly to study this part of the Earth, so indirect methods use to obtain information about it.

Very often the birth of a new crust is accompanied by its contact with the mantle, which is particularly actively happening in places under the ocean waters.

Today it is believed that there is an upper and lower mantle, which are divided by the border of Mochorovichi. The percentage of this distribution is calculated definitely, but require refinement in the future.

External kernel

The core of the planet is also not homogeneous. Huge temperatures, the pressure is forced to flow here many chemical processes, the mass distribution is carried out, substances. The kernel is divided into inner and external.

The external core has a thickness of about 3,000 kilometers. The chemical composition of this layer: iron and nickel in the liquid phase. The temperature of the medium here ranges from 4400 to 6100 degrees Celsius as the center approaches the center.

Inner kernel

The central part of the Earth, the radius of which is about 1,200 kilometers. The lowest layer, which also consists of iron and nickel, as well as some impurities of light elements. The aggregate state of this nucleus is similar to amorphous. The pressure here reaches an incredible 3.8 million bar.

Do you know how many kilometers to the nucleus of the Earth? The distance is approximately 6371 km, which is easily calculated if you know the diameter and other parameters of the ball.

Comparison of the power of the inner layers of the earth

The geological structure is sometimes estimated by such a parameter as the power of the inner layers. It is believed that the most powerful is the mantle, since it has the greatest thickness.

External spheres of the globe

The planet Earth differs from any other known as a space object by the fact that it also has external spheres to which belong:

hydrosphere;
atmosphere;
biosphere.

Methods for studying these areas are significantly different, because they are all very different in their composition and the object of study.

Hydrosphere

Under the hydrosphere, the entire water shell of the Earth is understood, including both huge oceans, occupying about 74% of the surface and the sea, rivers, lakes, and even small streams and reservoirs.

The largest thickness of the hydrosphere is about 11 km and is observed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Mariana Vpadina. It is the water that is considered a source of life and the fact that our ball is different from all the others in the universe.

The hydrosphere occupies about 1.4 billion km 3 volume. Life boils here, and the conditions for the functioning of the atmosphere are ensured.

Atmosphere

Gas shell of our planet, reliably closing its subsoil from space objects (meteorites), cosmic cold and other phenomena incompatible with life.

The thickness of the atmosphere is about 1000 km from different estimates. Near the surface of the soil density of the atmosphere is a density of 1.225 kg / m 3.

By 78%, the gas shell consists of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen, the rest falls on elements such as argon, carbon dioxide, helium, methane and others.

Biosphere

In independence, scientists, the biosphere is studying the question under question, the biosphere is the most important part of the structure of the Earth - this is the shell, which is inhabited by living beings, including the people themselves.

The biosphere is not just inhabited by living beings, but also constantly changes under their impact, in particular, under the influence of man and its activities. Holistic teaching about this area developed a great scientist V. I. Vernadsky. The most this definition introduced an Austrian geologist Zyuss.

Conclusion

The surface of the Earth, as well as all the shells of its external and internal structure, are a very interesting subject of research for whole generations of scientists.

At least at first glance it seems that the areas considered are quite scattered, but in fact they are bound by indiscriminate connections. For example, life and the entire biosphere is simply impossible without the hydrosphere and atmosphere, the same, in turn, originate from the subsoil.

The characteristic feature of the evolution of the Earth is the differentiation of the substance, the expression of which serves as the shell structure of our planet. Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, the biosphere form the main shells of the Earth, characterized by the chemical composition, power and condition of the substance.

The inner structure of the Earth

Chemical composition of the Earth (Fig. 1) is similar to the composition of other planets of the earth group, such as Venus or Mars.

In general, elements such as iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, nickel prevail. The content of light elements is small. The average density of the substance of the Earth is 5.5 g / cm 3.

The internal structure of the land of reliable data is very little. Consider Fig. 2. He depicts the internal structure of the Earth. The earth consists of the earth's crust, mantle and core.

Fig. 1. Chemical composition of the Earth

Fig. 2. The internal structure of the Earth

Core

Core (Fig. 3) is located in the center of the Earth, its radius is about 3.5 thousand km. The kernel temperature reaches 10,000 K, i.e. it is higher than the temperature of the outer layers of the Sun, and its density is 13 g / cm 3 (compare: water is 1 g / cm 3). The core presumably consists of iron and nickel alloys.

The external core of the Earth has a greater power than the internal (radius of 2,200 km) and is in a liquid (melted) state. The inner core is susceptible to colossal pressure. The substances that lay it are in a solid state.

Mantle

Mantle - The geosphere of the Earth, which surrounds the kernel and is 83% of our planet (see Fig. 3). The lower an annilateral is located at a depth of 2900 km. Mantle is divided into a less dense and plastic top (800-900 km), which is formed magma (translated from Greek means "thick ointment"; this is the molten substance of the earth's subsoil - a mixture of chemical compounds and elements, including gases, in a special semi-liquid state); And the crystal lower, tire about 2000 km.

Fig. 3. The structure of the Earth: the core, mantle and earth

Earth's crust

Earth's crust - The outer shell of the lithosphere (see Fig. 3). Its density is about two times less than the average density of the Earth, 3 g / cm 3.

From the mantle of the earth boron separates Border Mochorovichich (It is often referred to as the moss boundary), characterized by a sharp increase in the rates of seismic waves. It was installed in 1909. Croatian scientists Andrey Mohovichichich (1857- 1936).

Since the processes occurring in the upper part of the mantle affect the movement of the substance in the earth's crust, they are combined under the general name. Lithosphere(Stone shell). Lithosphere power ranges from 50 to 200 km.

Below the lithosphere is located Asthenosphere - Less solid and less viscous, but more plastic shell with a temperature of 1200 ° C. It can cross the border of Mokho, embedded in the earth's bark. Asthenosphere is a source of volcanism. It contains the foci of molten magma, which is embedded in the earth's bark or poured onto the earth's surface.

The composition and structure of the earth's crust

Compared to the mantle and the core, the earth's crust is a very thin, rigid and fragile layer. It is composed of a lighter substance, which currently discovered about 90 natural chemical elements. These elements are not equally represented in the earth's crust. On seven elements - oxygen, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium - accounting for 98% of the mass of the earth's crust (see Fig. 5).

A peculiar combinations of chemical elements form various rocks and minerals. The age of the most ancient of them has at least 4.5 billion years.

Fig. 4. The structure of the earth's crust

Fig. 5. The composition of the earth's crust

Mineral - It is relatively homogeneous in its composition and properties of the natural body, sampled both in depths and on the surface of the lithosphere. Examples of minerals are diamond, quartz, gypsum, talc, etc. (the characteristic of the physical properties of various minerals can be found in Appendix 2.) The composition of the earth minerals is shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. General mineral composition of the Earth

Rocks Consist of minerals. They can be designed both from one and from several minerals.

Sedimentary rocks - Clay, limestone, chalk, sandstone, etc. - formed by precipitation of substances in the aquatic environment and on land. They are laying. Geologists refer to their pages of the Earth's history, as it can be found about natural conditions that existed on our planet in ancient times.

Among sedimentary rocks, organogenic and non-naigneous (chip and chemogenic) are distinguished.

Organogenic Mountain breeds are formed as a result of the accumulation of remains of animals and plants.

Chip rocks It is formed as a result of weathered, psswing with water, ice, or wind products of destruction of previously arising rock rocks (Table 1).

Table 1. Chip rocks depending on the size of the debris

Breed name	Babr size con (particles)
	More than 50 cm


	5 mm - 1 cm
	1 mm - 5 mm
Sand and sandstone	0.005 mm - 1 mm
	Less than 0.005 mm

Chemogenic Mountain breeds are formed as a result of sedimentation of the seas and lakes dissolved in them substances.

In the thickness of the earth's crust from magma are formed Magmatic rocks (Fig. 7), for example, granite and basalt.

Sedimentary and magmatic rocks at high depths under the influence of pressure and high temperatures are subjected to significant changes, turning into Metamorphic rocks. So, for example, limestone turns into marble, quartz sandstone - in quartzite.

In the structure of the earth's crust, three layers are distinguished: sedimentary, "granite", "basalt".

Sedimentary layer (See fig. 8) is formed mainly by sedimentary rocks. Clay and clay slates are dominated here, sandy, carbonate and volcanogenic rocks are widely represented. In the sedimentary layer there are deposits of such mineral, Like stone coal, gas, oil. All of them organic origin. For example, stone coal is a product of conversion of plants ancient times. The power of the sedimentary layer varies widely - from the complete absence in some areas of sushi to 20-25 km in deep depressions.

Fig. 7. Classification of rocks by origin

"Granite" layer It consists of metamorphic and magmatic rocks close to their properties to granite. The most common gneisses, granites, crystal slates, etc. There is no granite layer not everywhere, but on continents, where it is well expressed, its maximum power can reach several tens of kilometers.

"Basalt" layer Educated rocks close to basalts. These are metamorphized magmatic rocks, more denser compared to the rocks of the "granite" layer.

The power and vertical structure of the earth's crust are different. Several types of earth's crust are isolated (Fig. 8). According to the easiest classification, the oceanic and mainland terrestrial bark differ.

Continental and ocean bark are different in thickness. So, the maximum thickness of the earth's crust is observed under the mining systems. It is about 70 km. Under the plains, the power of the earth's crust is 30-40 km, and under the oceans it is the most thin - only 5-10 km.

Fig. 8. Types of the earth's crust: 1 - water; 2- sedimentary layer; 3 - Moving sedimentary breeds and basalts; 4 - basalts and crystalline ultrasound breeds; 5 - granite-metamorphic layer; 6 - granulite-basite layer; 7 - Normal mantle; 8 - Splitted Mantle

The difference in the continental and ocean terrestrial crust in the composition of the rocks is manifested in the fact that the granite layer is absent in the oceanic cortex. And the basalt layer of the oceanic crust is very peculiar. In the composition of the breed, it is different from the similar layer of continental cortex.

The boundary of the sushi and ocean (zero mark) does not fix the transition of the continental earth crust into the oceanic. The substitution of the continental bark of the oceanic occurs in the ocean at about a depth of 2450 m.

Fig. 9. The structure of the mainland and oceanic crust

The transitional types of the earth's crust are isolated - subochanic and subcontinental.

Suboxian bark Located along the continental slopes and fit, it can occur in the outskirts and Mediterranean seas. It is a continental cohere with a capacity of up to 15-20 km.

Subcontinental bark Located, for example, on volcanic island arcs.

Based on seismic sensing - The speed of passing seismic waves - we receive data on the deep structure of the earth's crust. So, the Kola ultra-deep well, first allowed to see the species of rocks from the depth of more than 12 km, brought a lot of unexpected. It was assumed that the "basalt" layer should begin at a depth of 7 km. In fact, it was not discovered, and Gneus prevailed among rocks.

Change in the temperature of the earth's crust with depth. The near-surface layer of the earth's crust has a temperature determined by solar heat. it Heliometric layer (from Grech. Helio - Sun), experiencing seasonal temperature fluctuations. Its average power is about 30 m.

Below is an even thinner layer, a characteristic feature of which is a constant temperature corresponding to the average annual temperature of observation location. The depth of this layer increases under continental climate.

Even deeper in the earth's crust, the geothermal layer is allocated, the temperature of which is determined by the inner heat of the Earth and with depth increases.

An increase in temperature occurs mainly due to the decay of radioactive elements included in rocks, primarily radium and uranium.

The magnitude of the increase in the temperature of rocks with depth is called geothermal gradient. It fluctuates in fairly wide limits - from 0.1 to 0.01 ° C / M - and depends on the composition of rocks, the conditions for their occurrence and a number of other factors. Under the oceans, the temperature with a depth increases faster than on continents. On average, each 100 M depths is warmer at 3 ° C.

The value inverse the geothermal gradient is called geothermal step. It is measured in m / ° C.

The heat of the earth's crust is an important energy source.

Part of the earth's crust extending the depths available for geological study forms bowels of the earth. Earth's subsoil require special protection and reasonable use.

The Earth Cora is of great importance for our life, for research our planet.

This concept is closely associated with other characterizing processes occurring inside and on the surface of the Earth.

What is the earth bark and where it is

The land has a holistic and continuous shell, which includes: earth bark, troposphere and stratosphere, which are the lower part of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and anthroposphere.

They interact closely, penetrating each other and constantly exchanging with energy and substance. Earth crust is customary to call the external part of the lithosphere - solid shell of the planet. Most of its outer side covers the hydrosphere. On the rest, the atmosphere is smaller.

Under the crust of the Earth is a denser and refractory mantle. The conditional border is separated, called the name of the Croatian scientist Mochorovich. Its feature is in a sharp increase in the speed of seismic oscillations.

To get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe earth's crust, various scientific methods are used. However, obtaining specific information is possible only ways of drilling to a greater depth.

One of the tasks of this study was to establish the nature of the boundary between the upper and lower continental bark. The possibilities of penetration into the upper mantle with the help of self-heating capsules from refractory metals were discussed.

The structure of the earth's crust

Under the continents, its sedimentary, granite and basalt layers are distinguished, the thickness of which in the aggregate is up to 80 km. Mountain breeds, called sediment, were formed as a result of precipitation of substances on land and in water. They are located mainly by the formation.

clay
clay shale
sandstones
carbonate breeds
breed of volcanic origin
stone coal and other breeds.

The sedimentary layer helps to learn more about natural conditions on Earth, which were on the planet in time immemorial. This layer may have a different thickness. In some places it may not be at all, in other, mostly large deepening, can be 20-25 km.

The temperature of the earth's crust

An important energy source for the inhabitants of the Earth is the warmth of its bark. Temperature increases as depicted into it. The closest to the surface is a 30-meter layer, referred to as heliometric, is associated with the warmth of the sun and fluctuates depending on the season.

In the following, more subtle layer, which increases in the continental climate, the temperature is constant and corresponds to the indicators of a particular measurement location. In the geothermal layer of the cortex, the temperature is associated with the inner heat of the planet and grows as it deepened into it. It is different in different places and depends on the composition of the elements, depth and conditions of their location.

It is believed that the temperature is on average rises by three degrees as the deposits for every 100 meters. In contrast to the continental part, the temperature under the oceans is growing faster. After the lithosphere, a plastic high-temperature shell is located, the temperature, which is 1200 degrees. It is called an asthenosphere. It has places with molten magma.

Penetrating into the earth's bark, the asthenosphere can pour the molten magma, causing the phenomena of volcanism.

Characteristic of the earth's crust

The earth bark has a weighing less than half a percent of the entire mass of the planet. It is an outer sheath of the stone layer, in which the movement of the substance occurs. This layer, which has a double density less than that of the Earth. Its thickness varies within 50-200 km.

The uniqueness of the earth's crust is that it can be continental and oceanic types. The continental cortex has three layers, the top of which is formed by sedimentary rocks. The oceanic bark is relatively young and its thickness varies slightly. It is formed due to the substances of the mantle from the oceanic ridges.

ground Bark Characteristics Photo

The thickness of the cortex layer under the oceans is 5-10 km. Its feature in constant horizontal and vibrational movements. Most of the bark represent basalts.

The outer part of the earth's crust is a solid planet shell. Its triggered is distinguished by the presence of moving areas and relatively stable platforms. Lithospheric plates move relative to each other. The movement of these plates can cause earthquakes and other cataclysms. The patterns of such movements are investigated by tectonic science.

Functions of the earth's crust

It is customary to include the main functions of the earth's crust:

resource;
geophysical;
geochemical.

The first of them indicates the presence of the resource potential of the Earth. It is primarily a set of mineral reserves located in a lithosphere. In addition, the resource function includes a number of habitat factors providing human life and other biological objects. One of them is the tendency to form a solid surface deficit.

so you can not do. Save our land photo

Thermal, noise and radiation effects implement a geophysical function. For example, the problem of a natural radiation background occurs, which on the earth's surface is mainly safe. However, in countries such as Brazil and India, it can one hundred times permissible. It is believed that its source is radon and its decay products, as well as some types of human activity.

The geochemical function is related to the problems of chemical pollution, harmful to humans and other representatives of the animal world. Various substances with toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties fall into the lithosphere.

They are safe when they are in the depths of the planet. Zinc, lead, mercury, cadmium, and other heavy metals extracted from them can be greater danger. In the recycled solid, liquid and gaseous form, they enter the environment.

What is the earth's bark

Compared to the mantle and the core of the Earth's bark is a fragile, hard and thin layer. It consists of a relatively lightweight substance, which includes in its composition of the order of 90 natural elements. They are contained in different places of lithosphere and with different degrees of concentration.

The main are: silicon oxygen aluminum, iron, potassium, calcium, sodium magnesium. 98 percent of the earth's crust consists of them. Including about half of the oxygen, over a quarter - silicon. Thanks to their combinations, such minerals are formed as a diamond, gypsum, quartz, etc. Multiple minerals can form a rock formation.

A superhupatic well on the Kola Peninsula made it possible to get acquainted with samples of minerals from a 12-kilometer depth, where rocks close to granites and clay slates were found.
The largest thickness of the bark (about 70 km) is revealed under mountain systems. Under flat sections, it is 30-40 km, and under the oceans - only 5-10 km.
A significant part of the crust forms an ancient low-plate upper layer consisting mainly of granites and clay shale.
The structure of the earth's crust resembles the bark of many planets, including on the moon and their satellites.