Hot air from air conditioning. Why air conditioning in the car blows with warm air? Contact "Split-C"
Air conditioning in the car - the option to which many belongs to how to proper. In the summer, he is indispensable to ensure comfort in the cabin. However, regardless of the brand of car, quality and prestige of the brand, air conditioning systems are out of time. And here it is a question of repair. There are three main causes of malfunction: technological, external and operational.
Types of faults
Technological breakdowns depend primarily on the quality of materials and assembly, and may include engineering errors. It is almost impossible to influence such a trim, since this is a manufacturer's error. The main breakdowns include the system of system tightness, compressor jamming, refrigerant leakage and many others.
External malfunctions include the effect of aggressive environment. The most common cause is pollution. To prevent breakdowns of this kind, you need to follow the rules of operation. Such problems are explained by violation of the rules for the use and maintenance of the air conditioner, as well as its natural wear.
Hot air conditioning
The most obvious sign of the problem, which can notice the driver, is the incoming warm air, instead of a cool. Most likely, the reasons may be the failure of the condenser, breaking the fans or the lack of refrigerant. What if the auto air conditioning blows with warm air?
First you need to check the performance of the capacitor, in the autocondition system it is designed to cool the air. The capacitor is located in front of the machine, so with time there can be accumulated various foreign objects, for example, packages, candies from sweets and leaves. Just watching this part of the car, and removing the extra garbage, it is often possible to restore the previous operation of the air conditioner.
Sometimes the capacitor is damaged by road gravel and other solid objects. In this case, most likely, it will need to be replaced. But, fortunately, it is easy to make it yourself and optionally go to the car service, as the capacitor is attached to several bolts in front of the car.
And the condenser should be periodically rinsed. In the process of work in it accumulates a lot of dust, which also subsequently worsens his work. For the service of air conditioning, you can use the services of the company "Horizon". There, with the use of special equipment, everything will be done quickly and efficiently.
Air conditioning does not cool the air
Another reason why the car air conditioner does not cool the air is the lack of refrigerant. To eliminate this problem, you need to check the amount of freon and, if necessary, to fill up to the required level. With permanent operation of the air conditioner, it breaks over the year, about ten percent of the refrigerant. Therefore, the refueling of the system must be regular. But first of all, you need to check whether the system is sealed, and there is no leakage in it. If there is, it needs to be eliminated, replacing all hoses and fittings (tips) to new ones.
Air conditioning is idle
If after checking the condenser and the level of freon, the auto air conditioner works, but does not cool, most likely, the case is in the fan. The autoconditioning system is working at the expense of the condenser uninterrupted. But, like any other item, over time, the fan fails. Detect problems at the expense of a simple visual inspection.
There are many problems, and not all of them can be diagnosed and fixed independently. Therefore, experts recommends regularly undergoing prophylactic inspection in a specialized center, for example, in such as the LLC "Horizon". There, highly qualified personnel will check the level of freon and oil, will fully clean the system, including the capacitor, and in the case of a fan malfunction, will quality repairs aggregate.
The main purpose of the air conditioner is air cooling, but there are cases when air conditioner blowing hot air. There are several reasons for which the air conditioner can blow with warm or hot air.
1. The mode of operation is incorrectly selected.
The first reason is the simplest. The air conditioner operating mode switch is not in that position. Typically, warm air from the air conditioner comes in heating mode, which is indicated by the HEAT icon on the remote. Switch the air conditioner to cooling Cool mode. It happens that the temperature specified on the remote control is too high with respect to the room temperature. In this case, set a lower comfortable temperature on the remote control.
2. Air conditioning requires refueling freon
The second reason is not a condition of the compressor (capacitor) of the air conditioner, or what happens more often, from the system "left" Freon. Freon is gas that is filled with air conditioning. Through microcracks, either when the Freon defects are defects, it has the property to evaporate and when Freon's pressure drops in the system, the air cannot cool until the desired temperature and, as a result, at the output air conditioner blows with warm air. It is recommended periodically, about 1 time in 2-3 years, refueling the air conditioner by Freon. This event can be combined with cleaning air conditioner and book service air conditioning.
3. Low voltage in the power grid
The third reason lies in too low voltage in the power grid, which does not allow to start the air conditioner compressor. This usually concerns those houses where problems with electricity are traced with a certain periodicity. The problem can also be in the defects of inter-block wiring, which connects the outer and inner blocks of the air conditioner.
4. Service required
The fourth reason can become pollution of the heat exchanger and air filter in the internal unit of the air conditioner. If you do not regularly clean the filters, then in just a half or two months later, the layer of dust generated reduces the efficiency of the air conditioner 2-2.5 times. As a result, the cooling capacity of the air conditioner decreases markedly, and the compressor receives freon not in the gaseous, as it should be, and already in the liquid state, which gradually leads to a breakdown of the compressor.
Solving such problems is better to entrust the specialists of the service center for servicing air conditioners, which will qualitatively carry out the necessary diagnostics and eliminate the identified defects in the operation of the air conditioner, will understand why air conditioning blowing warm or stopped blowing air conditioning.
Blowing from air conditioning in winter
In winter, it happens that the air conditioner blows with cold air. As you know, drainage from the indoor unit is discharged through the tube. If the drainage is made on the street, it is quite possible that sometimes, with certain directions of the wind you can feel that winter blowing from air conditioningAlthough the air conditioner is turned off. This is not a malfunction.
Air conditioning is poorly blowing. Bad blowing conditioner
There are situations that bad blowing conditioner. In this case, we can recommend you to spend the service of air conditioner by contacting a specialized company. Most likely, filters and air flow decreased, so the air conditioner blows little or at all air conditioning stopped blowing.
How to make so that the air conditioner does not blow?
Young drivers can already be non-coming, how to ride in summer heap by car without air conditioning. Previously, the cooler in the car was the subject of chic, and today there is even a basic configuration of many inexpensive models. But any vehicle breakdown, and we in terms of comfort roll back 20-30 years ago. Like other components of the car, air conditioning according to the law of adhesion comes out of order when it needs most - in the world. We found five reasons due to which the air conditioner blows into the salon with warm air.
1. Not enough refrigerant
This is a undoubted leader in the number of air conditioning problems. Badly cool or does not work at all? First of all you need check the level of Freon. Alas, independently, without special equipment to do this will not work, however, after the demand for such services, the workshops for servicing autoconditioners began to open everywhere. Why there are workshops, sometimes a compact filling device and services are bought on the side of roads and parking lots. These are we to find a place to check and refuel Freon is easy. The only exception is the very old cars, which are designed for Freon R12, the workshop that works with him today is not easy, but the equipment for R134 is everywhere, check the level and refuel without problems. There is a similar service 1000-2000 rubles.
Another question, and where the old refrigerant disappeared. If the last time the air conditioner had to be charged more than two years ago, it is most likely not worth looking for any additional reasons. This is either natural evaporation, or such a microscopic leak that no one will never find it. Another thing, if the refueling is not enough even for a year, then exactly in the system somewhere "hole". This is determined on the service, freon is poured into the system with additives, which are glowing in ultraviolet. Then you just need to view the windscreen space with a special "lantern" to understand where the "siphonite" comes from, well, then according to the results of diagnosis, or brew (need argon welding), or change the tubes.
2. Weak Condenzor Cooling
The one who at least in general terms represents the work of the auto-air conditioner (and not only the car, the principle of operation in all cooling devices is the same), it realizes that without cooling Freon, the coolness will not be in the cabin. In the car, cooling occurs in a condenser, which on slang is customary to be called a radiator. It is located in front of the main radiator and first meets the flow of incident air, which helps a regular fan cooling freon.
The reasons why cooling will be insufficient, two. Or some problems with the fan or the condenser beat. As with any electrical system, possible problems With a lot of fan. This is the failure of the motor, and problems with wiring, and insufficient voltage, and the absence of "mass", and the burned fuse - in general, there is a diagnostic where to turn around. True, the fan itself easily detects. At the beginning of the air conditioner compressor, the fan must be engaged on the so-called first speed. If this does not happen, then you can not search until the fan will work, the air conditioning system is useless. And farther or go to the auto electrician, or armed with a tester and begin to all the nickname to determine the cause. Pay attention to what is needed exactly the first speed, the fan can, for example, turn on at the second speed, but without permanent work In the first speed it will not help.
With a clogged condenser on one side easier, but on the other there. It is easier in the sense that it is not necessary to diagnose anything, you just need to take it and cleaned it. The complexity is that the layout of many cars is such that for this procedure will have to be disassembled half the "front", at least to remove the bumper - just shove the blazer hose and it will not work out, moreover, you can damage honeycombs. But, in any case, the problem of the clogged condensor can be solved by independently without specialized equipment.
3. Compressor malfunction
If the level and cooling of the freon did not give anything, then it's a severe artillery - the reasons that correct is more complicated and more expensive. In the first place in this list - broken compressor. It often happens that the trouble does not come alone, the compressors are out of order due to a lack of refrigerant or its bad cooling, because they also work not in normal mode and get a little lubricant (the lubricant is added to freon, Freon's lack of lubricant) . Compressor repair is ungrateful, this is a rather complicated device, it is necessary for the skill, and spare parts. If the compressor has failed, that is, it makes sense to consider the purchase of a used instance on disassembly. The compressors of most cars have a decent resource, so even bought from hand instance can last long, although in any case it is a cat in a bag that can only be checked by installing on a car, so no one agitate for this solution to solve the problem.
In addition to the compressor itself problems can be with an electric flow and pulley. The coupling has electrical and mechanical damage, and the repair is usually complex and expensive, the clutch is rarely repaired. In the pulleys weak place is the bearing, which at any time can fail. The saddest thing if it is locked, then the drive belt is almost inevitably inevitably and the car owner gets a bunch of additional problems, but the creak and grinds, which accompanies, for example, the injection of water is also a very unpleasant thing. Just the bearing in the pulley on many cars can be changed without problems, and even on our own, we need only pullers and press. And you still need to be careful if during the extension and the injressory slightly damaged or bend the pulp, then such a compressor will no longer work.
4. Posting damage
The disruption of the electrical chains is a banal breakdown, but very nasty, and most importantly no one is insured from it. There are many electrical components in the air conditioning system, each has wiring, plus control sensors, without their correct readings, too, do not wait in the cabin. The traditional diagnostic problem of electrical breakdowns is a huge number of potential diagnostic locations. As they say, nicking and nicking. Fortunately, according to the reviews of air-conditioned mechanics, electrical problems occur not so often, therefore, it is necessary to arise the revision half of the wires in the car only in the event of a lot of need. But this can also happen, and then the repair can be very unpredictable by time and duration.
5. Farmers and stove controllers
Formally to the air conditioning system, this reason does not apply, however it is fully suitable for the conditions that we endured in the title - from the air conditioner can blow warm air and provided that it is fully working. Even in a simple, manual automotive stove, mixing various streams by overlapping some air channels and the opening of others. In climate control systems, where everything works with servo drives, and even under the control of the electronic "brain", the "labyrinth" can be very complex. AND violations in the system of the system lead to unpredictable consequences.
In terms of detection and corrected problems, electronic systems are more convenient because of any, even the most ancient climates, there are systems of checking and self-diagnostics. If the climate block is working, then with a high probability, it will be able to prompt which chain is dried and where to look for a jamble damper. True, repair and replacement of the block itself can get into a penny.
With mechanical air conditioners, you will have to remove the torpedo, disassemble the stove and search for a broken cable or the jammed damper yourself. Almost always, this procedure turns out to be more costly. True, the big skills are not necessary for such a job - it is enough to read on the Internet how to shoot a torpedo and disassemble the stove on a specific car model, putting up tools and find a problem. You only need time.
Contaminated valve and gear drive. Photo - DRIVE2.
Repair of the air conditioning system is better not to postpone on then. Every day in the heat is a blow to comfort, and the later solve the air problem is not the temperature of the nozzle, the longer you have to suffer. By winter, repairing air conditioning is no sense, if it really failed to do everything before the end of the season it is better to start new circle in spring.
Concerning possible causes and repair technologies, then everything is as with other elements of the car. We consider the reasons for popularity from frequent to rare, we exclude the options and the method of combustion come to a true perpetrator breakage. Repair or change the spare part? Do yourself or go to the service? Alas, these questions are definitely for all drivers will not be able to answer - too different introductory data. But the understanding of the problem and the independent diagnosis of breakage was already half a way on the way of returning the coolness to the salon, even if the problem is then to contact the service.
The most frequent problems with the use of automotive air conditioning are named. Examples also induced, what are the consequences and how to avoid such situations. At the end of the article video review of self-cleaning of the air conditioner.
It is almost impossible to present a modern car without air conditioning or climate control, although some brands still save on it. According to a reliable data from SEAT researchers, controlling the car without air conditioning significantly lowers the driver's care than at a comfortable temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. Some experts compare the state with alcoholic intoxicationWith time, only worsens the health of the driver and passengers.
No less important moment The correct use of the air conditioner, as it affects not only for the health of the driver and passengers, as well as on the air conditioning system itself. The most frequent and most common error of using air conditioning with open windows and doors. The reason for this is simple, many think that opening the window, the interior will go more fresh air Or thereby creating a comfortable temperature. As it would not sound trite, but SEAT specialists found many such drivers who do not even have concepts that you can adjust the temperature without opening windows or doors.
The consequences of such a situation are the most banal, firstly, it is possible to get a cold in a couple of minutes, secondly, there is no fuel economy, since the air conditioner compressor is constantly in operation, and this sooner or later will lead to the coming in disrepair. Thus, it is worth understanding the principle of operation of the automotive air conditioner, and what factors affect its work.
The second frequent error when used is the power on the air conditioner to fully power after planting in a hot car. According to SEAT engineers, including air conditioning, the desired effect you do not get, as it will simply be driven by hot air through the cabin. In addition, the load on the air conditioner is maximum.
In this case, it is recommended to open all the doors or glass for several minutes to let the cool air (in the most hot weather, Air in standing closed car hotter than on the street). Only then close all the glass, doors and turn on the air conditioner for cooling.
Disabling air recirculation in the car, in this rating it is assigned third place. The situation is doubled enough, as there are cars with air conditioning, where there is a car function. In this case, the system will independently decide how much to close or open the damper to maintain a specific temperature in the cabin.
Another mistake drivers do during cool weather. There are situations where the external temperature is lower than the temperature in the cabin. In this case, the driver is easier to turn on the air conditioner, although it will be correct to open the window. In this way, you will not only save fuel, but there will be less load on the car engine itself.
Not only newcomers make errors with air conditioning, experienced drivers also make such mistakes. An example is the 5th error when turning on the air conditioner, the air flow is directed to the face of passengers. It is very easy to get sick in such a situation, especially if before that was in the sun.
For better air circulation and fast cooling salon, it is recommended to direct the cold air flow from the air conditioner upwards. According to the rules of physics, the cold air will fall down, thereby mixing with warm air and faster, regularly cooling the interior.
The last mistake, which most often make car owners with air conditioning - untimely maintenance of the system and replacing filters. According to the rules, the replacement of air conditioner filters is performed every 15-20 thousand kilometers through the path. Similarly, you should not leave aside the situation when the air conditioner has become badly calming or does not give cold air at all.
It is worth remembering that the depressurization of the vehicle air conditioner system can lead to essential breakdowns, especially in the case of high humidity. Most often compressor fails, and the price of the new often starts from 300-400 euros. No need to be lazy to go to check the air conditioner to the service, thereby having rid of themselves from subsequent problems and financial waste.
Video review of self-cleaning of automotive air conditioning:
IN modern models Air conditioners and split systems are provided for modes not only cooling, but also heating. However, their main purpose is still - decreased air temperature indoors. Owners intensively use climate techniques in summer hot days and after winter period Inaction, sometimes it is found that it ceases to chop.
Below is the analysis of the most frequent causes of problems that will help solve whether it is necessary to call the wizard or you can do on our own.
Preliminary diagnostics of the system
Before looking for problems in the air conditioner units, it is worth dealing with possible external causes of the appearance of warm air.
- Duration of work. Air cooling in the room, after turning on the air conditioner, takes a certain time. It does not happen lightning - for a tangible effect, it must take from 10 to 20 minutes. The time interval is determined by the initial air temperature, the temperature of external block, room volume and air conditioner capacity.
- The correctness of the power selection and features of operating conditions. The low-power air conditioner cannot cope with the cooling of the spacious room well warmed on a hot day. When choosing, it is not necessary to look at the peak load and choose equipment with a small reserve in power.
- Not isolated room. Cooling efficiency decreases if there is a flow of warm air from the outside closed doors and windows or forced outflow of cold air, for example, through the ventilation system.
- Obstabling air circulation. Curtains, decorative elements, furniture or blinds, located on the path of air movement, violate it circulation and disturb the cooling.
Lack of cooling with sufficient power, free entrance and output, sufficient isolation of the room and exposure time - reading for the diagnosis of equipment. At the first stage, you need to check the temperature of the air conditioner of the air conditioner and the air flow comes from it.
Measuring the temperature of the incoming stream produce the air intake lattices. The output temperature is measured by placing the thermometer between the blinds of the blinds. The temperature difference at a properly functioning air conditioner is 7-15 degrees.
For confidence, compare the data with the numbers specified in the product passport. The manufacturer specifies the output temperature in "Cooling" mode. For non-converter systems - it is 6-140 ° C. Inverter systems In the cooling mode at the first stage, these same indicators are given, and then the indicators rise to 12-170 ° C. Not matching the indicators declared in the passport - a signal for finding a fault in air conditioning systems.
Problems that can be eliminated independently
| Sign | Probable reason | Events |
|---|---|---|
| Air conditioning well cools the room. | When initially configured, too high temperature is selected. In order to accelerate the cooling, it is possible to initially select the minimum temperature, and then switch to the comfort temperature. | Corrected by the correction of the cooling mode. |
| The air conditioner is not cooled. | Air conditioning is in the "Fan" mode. At the same time, air masses are driven through the equipment, without using the cooling subsystem. | |
| Warm air from air conditioning with heating mode. | Enfficient heating mode. | Switch to cooling mode. |
| Not effective cooling. The presence of leaking, frosting the indoor unit. | Filter clogging. During operation, dust particles, hair and small street trash cover the heat exchanger plates and fill the filter system. As a result, the heat reduction ability of the evaporator is disturbed: the radiator does not effectively cool the air. With a cluster large number The garbage in the inner block of ice covers the vapor tubes. Drainage crashed crashes condensate stagnation and the appearance of "drops" from the indoor unit. | In accordance with the instructions, open the housing cover. Get out filters and gently rinse them under running water. Well-readed filters set back. Attention! Rinse only with cold or warm water! Boiling water deform filters. We are afraid to execute data for manipulation yourself - call the wizard. |
| It does not cool and saberly operations of the compressor of the external unit. | Pollution of the outer block radiator. Copy dust layers, street dirt, the fluff makes it difficult to rotate the fan blades. This reduces the cooling capacity due to the disorder of the heat exchange of the capacitor with environmental. Turning off the compressor can occur as a protective reaction to overheating. | General cleaning required in the external block. Optimal option - Take advantage of the steam generator. The effect will give and simple cleansing with sponges or brushes. When placing an external block on the upper floors, it is safer to attract a professional trained by manipulation at height. |
| The warm air flow comes out. The compressor of the external block is constantly not working, or come out for a couple of minutes and turns off again. | Insufficient voltage in the power grid. With low voltage, the rotor winding overheats, and the motor is turned off by a protective thermal relay. | The problem will solve the installation of a voltage controlling relay. It is installed apart, or complement the stabilizers. |
If the listed measures did not help and warm air is still underway from the air conditioner, then complete professional diagnosis is required. Only a service center specialist can perform it.
Problems requiring service and repair
External manifestations of faults are similar, but the cause of them is in wear or breakage of parts, mechanical damage and pronounced pollution accumulations inside the block.
| Sign | Probable reason | Events |
|---|---|---|
| Barely catchy cooling. The presence of leaking, frosting the indoor unit. | Filter clogging. During operation, dust particles, hair and small street trash cover the heat exchanger plates and fill the filter system. As a result, the heat reduction ability of the evaporator is disturbed: the radiator does not effectively cool the air. The accumulation of a large amount of garbage in the inner unit leads to the formation of ice on the tubes of the evaporator. Drainage crashed crashes condensate stagnation and the appearance of "drops" from the indoor unit. | Removing and cleaning filters. To clean the fan and evaporator, the entire internal block is turned the dispenser. |
| At the end of the winter period, with sufficient air stream power, poor cooling. | Probably reduced level of freon. Of the fully closed system, up to 7-8% of the refrigerant is lost during the year. Climate technique needs to conduct an annual cleaning and topping rate of Freon. | Normalization of the refrigerant level is necessary. |
| The power of the air flow is maintained, but without reducing the temperature. Continuous operation of the compressor of the outer unit, without a noticeable reduction in the temperature of the air jet. Later, the motor begins to work non-stop and the air conditioner loses the cooling function. The error code may appear on the monitor - reduction of pressure. | The refrigerant is likely. When the refrigerant level decreases the compressor of the external unit ceases to disconnect to rest. With further decrease in the level of freon, the system produces warm air. Motor does not turn on at all. The most frequent causes of leakage are the weakening of the joints of the blocks of pipelines and destruction in the area of \u200b\u200bthe connecting seams. | The repairman determines the probability leak. Conducts measures to sealed leaks, vacuuming the system in order to eliminate air bubbles and fluid that has fallen. On the last stage The equipment is refilled by the refrigerant. |
| The intensity of blowing is satisfactory, the compressor of the outer block is noise without interruption, but the cooling is insufficient. There may be the frost of the pipeline on the segment before the evaporator. | Clogging capillary pipeline. As a result of the capillary thrombing, the pressure difference at the input and channel output increases. What leads to partial boiling of freon, part of the cold does not reach the evaporator. Lost cooling capacity The equipment is trying to fill the continuous operation of the compressor. If the clearance of the capillary pipeline is blocked completely, the circulation of freon is missing and the compressor works in idle - without cooling the air at all. | Partial overlap is eliminated by air under pressure on the tube. Water rehabilitation or special solutions are used to remove pronounced clogging. In complex, non-cleaning cases, the tube is cut and the new one. |
| The system fans well, cools unsatisfactory. The compressor of the outer block is sometimes disconnected. | Clogging of the external block. Spot the heat exchanger, fan dust, down. Reduced heat exchange The equipment is trying to fill the continuous operation of the outdoor motor motor. | The master performs washing and cleaning the radiator. |
| From the air conditioner goes hot air, despite mounted mode cooling (for models equipped with heating). | Defect of the four-way valve. The valve located in the outer block is stable in position - "Heating". | Adjustment or reinstalling valve. If the heating mode is not planned to be used, the valve can be simply falling. After that, the equipment can only cool. |
| At the outlet of the air temperature comparable to room. The compressor turns off after a few seconds after the start or does not start at all. | Fault compressor outdoor unit due to the jam, breaking the winding, inter-touch closure or full cliff. | When determining the junction, the joints are carried out. In other cases, the compressor is replaced. In some cases, it may be necessary to replace the entire outdoor unit. |
| When malfunction of starting or working capacitors The engine does not start at all or turns off after a short work. | The faulty capacitor is changed to the new one. | |
| Course of the thermorear of the compressor of the outdoor unit. The relay is ensured by engine thermal protection. The power supply of the compressor is blocked, so it does not start. | Replacing the thermaller. | |
| Despite high temperature Indoor, air conditioning is activated for short time and turns off. Blowing cool, poorly cooled air. On modern models, the code of the corresponding error can be displayed. | Frame of thermistor or thermal sensor. Placed in the inner block, the sensor is designed to control the temperature indoor. When registering low data, cooling turns off earlier. | Replacing faulty sensors new. |
| Condense or evaporator vehicle breakdown. They provide the system setting for various cooling modes. When sensors malfunction, the system is turned off earlier than the required temperature is achieved. | ||
| With a normal blowing, cools weakly. The compressor of the external unit works without shutting down until the protective thermal is triggered when overheated. | Fan vehicle in the outdoor unit. The most common reason is the accumulation of dust. The impairment of thermo-current system is trying to compensate for the continuous operation of the compressor. The overheating motor is disconnected by the protective thermal. | Motor replacement or entire fan is entirely. |
| Immediately after turning on, the air conditioner produces warm air. | Interrupted block connection. When the external block is disconnected, the operation of the indoor unit resembles the operation of a simple ventilation device. A similar defect is more common in old models. New models are usually disconnected and issued an error code. | Contact connections must be checked to restore the efficiency of the external unit. |
| Broken control board of the internal unit. Cause in jamming, breakdown, burnout elements that run compressor or fan. | The details failed and replacement. With a significant and multiple damage, the entire control unit is subject to replacement. | |
| The failure of the inverter module. As a result, the breakdown, energy is not served on the compressor. | The module failed is replaced by a new one. |
The table shows the most common faults. To determine the type of breakage, a diagnostic examination of the equipment is carried out. As a result, the master can accurately tell the volume and the cost of the upcoming repair.
