What relates to physical pollution of the environment. Determination of pollution of the natural environment. Topic: Environmental Management
A person is an animal that left the natural habitat and created its own - the so-called cultural environment. However, at least we do not live in natural conditions, we are still dependent on nature and, probably, we will always depend. From the early years in our heads should settle the fact that "man" and "nature" - inseparable from each other's concepts, and we must abide by the harmony of these relations.
The atmosphere, the water of the World Ocean, the state of the soil - all this directly affects our lives. The question arises: if everyone knows that pollution of the natural environment can lead to the death of all mankind, why every year the volume There is only a detrimental effect on our planet only increase?
Environmental pollution is the global problem of humanity, which is discussed from all sides in the world community. A variety of organizations and groups are created, the purpose of which is to prevent the impending catastrophe or the struggle with the consequence of the disaster already.
Generally, environmental problems - This is not only a modern phenomenonBut it was in recent decades that he acquired a huge scale. However, the problems of ecology are one of the most ancient human problems associated primarily with a rabbar activity of people. It is worth saying that forests were merribulating to the primitive era, animals were extended, the landscape in favor of a man who mastered new habitats and was looking for resources.
And in those days these actions did not remain unpunished. The climate changed, ecological catastrophes occurred. Then, a chemical pollution of the surrounding world has been published with the growth of the population of the Earth, the relocation of peoples and the increased mineral mining.
We cannot appreciate what contribution to the current environmental situation has been made by past generations, but now the maximum accurate and detailed analysis of the state of any of the vital indicators of our planet has now become possible. Therefore, it is necessary to use forces New technologies for monitoring the current state and development of programs that can improve the environmental situation on the planet. So far, everything suggests that the appearance of a person is the most important ecological catastrophe of the Earth. So, with the development of the industry, with an increase in its scale deteriorates the state of each environmental indicator, for example, the chemical composition of air, water and soil.
Classification of natural pollution
There are several types of pollutionallocated by the source and orientation:
- Biological. Source - Live creatures. May occur in natural reasons or as a result of human activity.
- Physical. Changing the physical characteristics of the environment. It includes: noise, thermal, radiation and other pollution.
- Mechanical. Pollution by accumulation of non-regional garbage and waste.
Often, the types of pollution are combined with each other, creating a comprehensive problem that needs to be solved.
Without a permanent gas exchange, life is impossible for any living creature on the planet. The atmosphere is a participant in a wide variety of natural processes. It determines the temperature of the EarthAnd with it and climate, protects against cosmic radiation, and also affects the relief.
It is known that the chemical composition of the atmosphere changed throughout the historical development of the Earth. Nowadays, the situation in which the composition of the volume of the atmosphere is determined by emissions created by the combination of industrial enterprises. Due to this, the air composition is non-uniform and strongly depends on the geographical position. So, in a large industrial and densely populated city, located on the plain, the content of various impurities is much higher than in the mountain village, the inhabitants of which are mostly involved in agriculture.
The main sources of chemical pollution of the atmosphere:
- Enterprises of the chemical industry;
- TEC objects;
- Transport.
Due to the activity of these pollution factors in the atmosphere, salts of heavy metals are accumulated, such as mercury, copper, chrome and lead. It even reached the fact that they became permanent elements of the chemical composition of air in cities whose main activity is the work of large enterprises of heavy or chemical industry. For the surrounding nature, enterprises are most dangerous enterprises of these industries.
It is worth saying that in our days, the power station is produced every day, hundreds of tons of carbon dioxide, as well as ash, dust and soot. It is believed that the huge emission of carbon dioxide is the main cause of global warming on the planet.
Almost every family has a car. The city of Bitke is packed by cars of different brands and models. However, the convenience and freedom of movement is charged: Currently, the content of various areas have increased in cities and other settlements harmful substances In the air, which are included in the machine exhaust. Due to various production fuel additives in gasoline, the volatile lead connections are formed, which are easily thrown into the atmosphere. In addition, the car is a source of dust, dirt and ash, which, settling, pollute the soil.
Poison gases are also strongly influenced by the gas membrane of the Earth - by-products manufactured by Khimprom enterprises. Himmeal waste is very difficult to dispose, and then a little that still decide to throw into the atmosphere, for example, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, will cause regular acid rains and can even completely change the chemical composition of air on the nearby territory, enhancing the reaction with other components Atmosphere.
Also, numerous forest and peat fires contribute to the emission of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere, which can be caused by both natural factors and anthropogenic activities.
Soil is called a thin layer of lithospherewhich was formed as a result of metabolic processes between alive and non-residential systems.
Most of these dangerous compounds fall on lead connections. It is known that in the process of production from lead ore is disposed of approximately 30 kg of metal from each ton. Also, automobile exhaust contributes their contribution, which contain a large amount of lead, departed in soils. It violates the natural relations in the established ecosystem of the Earth. In addition, waste from mines also lead to an increase in the content of copper, zinc and other hazardous metals.
Power plants, radioactive waste from nuclear power plants and other atomic enterprises are one of the reasons for entering radioactive isotopes into the soil.
Additional danger is that all listed substances and compounds can enter the human body with products grown on poisoned soil, which will lead to at least a decrease in immunity.
Dangerous discharges
The scale of the contamination of the hydrosphere is much larger than you can imagine. Spills of oil, garbage in the world ocean is only the top of the iceberg. Its main mass is hidden in depths, or rather, dissolved in water. Catastrophic water pollution causes great harm to their inhabitants.
However, water is able to pollute and by virtue of natural causes. As a result of the sets and floods from the soil of the continents, magnesium is washed out, which falls into the ocean, which is harmful to its inhabitants. But natural contamination is a meager part, if you compare the scope of the effects with anthropogenic.
Due to human activity in the Water of the World Ocean, fall:
The source of pollution is fishing vessels, large farms, oil platforms producing resources in the shelf area, hydroelectric power plants, objects of the chemical industry, as well as drainage of sewage.
Acid rains, being the result of anthropogenic activity, affecting the soil, dissolve the soil and wash the salts of heavy metals, which, hitting the water, poison it.
There is also physical pollution of water, more specifically - thermal. Cossal water volumes are used in the process of electricity production, for example, to cool the turbines. And after a waste fluid, having an increased temperature, is disposed of in reservoirs.
Also, the quality of water can deteriorate due to its pollution by household waste in settlements. It adversely affects the flora and the fauna of water bodies and can even lead to the extinction of entire species. Protection of water from pollution primarily is related to the construction of modern claimed facilities.
Ways to combat environmental pollution
This problem should be paramount to all states of the world. Alone, even the strongest state is unable to cope with such a task. Nature has no state borders, the planet Earth is our common house, which means that it is concern for him, maintaining the order in it is our common and most important duty. Protect our planet is possible only by joint efforts.
In order to stop or reduce emissions to the environment of toxic substances, it is necessary to introduce strict sanctions to enterprises that discard waste into the environment, as well as trace the execution of the entered world. In addition, to oblige enterprises emitting gases into the atmosphere, install filters that reduce the percentage of emission of poisonous substances into the air. It is necessary to oblige all states to impose large penalties for leaving the garbage into the places that are not allocated for it, as, for example, it has been successfully done in Singapore.
What methods should still be used
We all need to remember that pollution of the environment and human health is dependent on. If briefly, the worse the environmental situation, the greater the number of diseases are subject to people. We noticed that recently there were more reports about oncological diseases? This fact is also associated with the planning environmental situation on the planet. Earth is our home, its defense and protection - the task of each of us. In order not to observe the window picture, more suitable for illustrations to the books of the postpocalipsis genre, we need to combine efforts in the mission to improve the environmental situation on the planet. Together we are able to us.
Sources of environmental pollution can be divided into two categories: natural and artificial. Contamination recognizes to enter the medium any unusual element. The history of the emergence of land and changes occurring on it can also be attributed to the contamination. Pollution is an external impact. The medium reacts on it and changes. That is, contamination causes changes. Once such a change was the appearance of life on Earth. I wonder what pollution it was caused?
It is considered that for the environment Natural sources of pollution - these are products of organisms of organisms, volcanic eruptions, forest fires, sand storms and so on. Is it so? Is it possible to consider the contamination of the system what the system itself and produces? Or can pollution be only when an unusual and unfamiliar element falls into the system? Yes, as a result of these natural phenomena, an excess or lack of any substances occurs. For example, burning products after fires, sulfur, ashes and excess heat after eruption of volcanoes, water - after excess precipitation or flooding and so on. And externally, it is all quite possible for pollution. In any case, according to external signs. But all these phenomena, firstly, the result of the action of the planet or its biosphere. And secondly, in the process of this "activity" there are no new, previously on the planet of unknown elements and substances. And only "alien" can pollute.
He is called the agent. It does not enter the system and its inner structure, and therefore it is unusual for it. Such for the Earth is solar radiation. Some of its spectra, like ultraviolet, is still destructive for the biosphere. It has developed a whole system of protection against it, reducing the penetration and influence of these rays.
Earth from the beginning of its existence has always been exposed to various space processes and objects. And from many of them she found protection. But "attacks" did not stop and this is quite natural. Penetrating through the protective layer of the atmosphere of meteorites, and such should be initially rather large space objects, they cause not only visible destruction. They carry extraterrestrial substances on the ground. Is it possible to consider it pollution? Of course yes. It is difficult to estimate the degree of such pollution and the consequences that they can cause. Only the destruction is visible immediately after the fall of the meteorite, which is at the atomic level, can be known only after a significant period of time. It is no coincidence that supporters of the theory of extraterrestrial origin of life, that is, bringing it from space, including on meteorites or other spacecraft, a lot of space facilities.
And the strengthening of the impact on the land of solar radiation occurs every day, and we are his witnesses. The atmosphere has recently underwent such changes that no longer can protective functions. We are talking about the warming of the climate of the planet caused by the appearance of "ozone holes" and "greenhouse effect". The amount of ultraviolet radiation, as a result of a decrease in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere, penetrates more in the area of \u200b\u200bthe planet populated by alive organisms. This type of light spectrum carries the greatest number Energy and detail for some species by microorganism. "Greenhouse Effect" is associated with an increase in the number of other light spectrum - infrared. This is thermal radiation originating from objects on the ground surface. It returns to the atmosphere and delayed it. If the heat did not delay in the lower layers of the atmosphere, then there would be a sharp difference in temperature, in which the existence of living organisms is impossible.
The definition of the biosphere suggests that living organisms affect the environment and transform it. They allocate vital products, which, probably, can be taken for clogging. However, the biosystem is built in such a way that if this "pollution" was not, it did not exist itself. Yes, and products produced by alive organisms are agents inside the system and are characteristic of it. Any type of natural or internal contamination is an integral and mandatory element of the existence of the biosphere as a holistic, uniform and self-regulating system.
Useful internal "pollution" was as long as the process did not actively intervene another component and the live body of the biosphere - a person. He invented a new way of pollution and new elements of pollution, previously nature unknown. That is, now the definition of the biosphere sounded fully. Impact, change and transformation has become full and tangible. In the process of its life, or rather, to ensure their lives, a person began to create such forms and methods of such a collaboration, the result of which it became not only an increase in the volume and concentrations, the known nature of the elements, but also the creation of new, artificial, and therefore unknowns mentioned xenobiotics. The form of human impact on the biosphere was called anthropogenic, and the type of contamination - artificial, that is, not as a result of natural phenomena or processes.
Types of artificial pollution
In order to live a person should work, that is, to engage in certain activities. First, it is ensuring water for eating and manufacturing needs. Secondly, satisfy the requirements in food. The remaining activities are aimed at solving household needs and clothing. For these purposes, natural resources and mineral resources are mined and processed, transportation and transportation is carried out, additional energy is produced. In the struggle for life or improve its quality, a person expands the space for its existence, which leads military actions, is engaged in science, develops space and so on. All these activities are the main sources of environmental pollution, because they lead to the production of waste, industrial and household.
Sources of environmental pollution, as a rule, correspond to industries. The greatest danger to nature is the production of oil and gas, metallurgy and chemical industry, transport, agriculture, energy.
Wastes are formed not only at the end of the production cycle or after the total processing of manufactured products. They are produced in the course of the technological process. Waste and themselves are a source of pollution, as a result of accumulation, improper storage, lack of processing and disposal and so on. All types of environmental pollution can be divided into three main. Physical, chemical and biological pollution. Physical dust, ash and other combustion products, radiation, electromagnetic fields, noise, and so on. To chemical - substances and compounds, such as heavy metals, salts, acids, alkali, aerosols, and the like. Biological is contamination by bacteriological or microbiological materials.
Each source, several types of natural medium contaminates with their waste. That is, its pollution is complex. For example, any industrial production for its needs consumes water, which, having completed its functions, is reset back into the reservoir. At the same time, passing the stage of the technological process, "enriched" by the substances and elements involved in production. Returning back, it is mixed with the waters of the river or lake and "divided by" these substances. As a result, the pollution is subjected to both water itself and all organisms involved in the food chain of this biocenosis.
Production is usually an energy consumer. For these needs, various types of fuel are used - peat, coal, fuel oil or gas. Burning, these substances transmit energy with production sites and mechanisms, leading them into motion, and products released as a result of burning fall into the atmosphere. Exhaust gases, ash, suspended particles and so on with air fall into the respiratory system of living beings. In addition, over time, these substances with precipitate fall on the soil and water. And again moving along the food chain. Products manufactured by enterprises enters the disposal of consumers, after which waste is formed. In addition, the products itself can fall out of their consumer turnover and in finished form to get into waste. Both products and its waste contain substances that are unusual for nature or in terms of quality composition or quantitative concentration. Waste, even after disposal, the global percentage of which is very insignificant, accumulate on polygons and landfills. There they are not processed, but rot and burn. Products are rotting and burning, and these are pollutants, fall into the soil, water and air already described in the way and begin their circuit.
Types of sources and their features
Some industries have their own specifics. For example, agriculture, oil and chemical industry, military complex and energy.
The specificity of agriculture is that in order to intensify the production and increasing crop yields, a large number of pesticides are introduced into the soil and mineral fertilizer. Studies have shown that up to 10% of the substances made productively. That is, precisely such a small amount is absorbed by plants and affects pests. Mineral fertilizers, pesticides, plant protection products, pesticides are substances with an elevated nitrogen and phosphorus content. Wherever these substances are, in storage places, in the fields or landfills contained in them substances different ways Enter the environment. This is mainly due to floods, storm rains, melting of snow or swell by the wind. In the full sense of the word nitrogen and phosphorus, pollutants can not be called, because they can almost be consumed by plants. The negative impact on the natural environment in this case has too rapid growth in green mass. Filling through almost the entire volume of biome and squeeze the rest of the living world. In such places animal world He dies or leaves him, plants significantly reduce their species diversity, water resources gradually disappear, giving way to organic sediments.
Chemical industry. Its basic peculiarity is the synthesis of elements, substances and compounds of unknown nature. This means that there is no body that can recycle such a substance in "suitable" to include in a trophic chain. Xenobiotics, without decomposing and without processing, accumulate in various natural environments and animal organisms. Cause various types of diseases, flesh to changes in the gene structure.
Oil industry, which requires to include all its stages from mining before processing. This industry inflicts a double-contaminant "blow". First, the oil itself is in its physical and chemical properties, a substance close to the poisoning. Secondly, the process of its production, transportation and processing is extremely dangerous for nature. For example, when conducting work on exploration of deposits and hydrocarbon production, forests are cut down, soils are destroyed. At this stage of work, as well as during transport, oil spills and petroleum products are frequent. It comes into force harmful to the nature of the quality of oil itself. The processing of hydrocarbons The process associated with the use and production of flammable, poisonous similar kinds of substances, which themselves and using in other industries produce chemicals that negatively affect the atmospheric air, soil and water resources.
Energy. The main sources affecting the environment, this industry of human activity are: water with elevated temperature, discharged after use for cooling technological equipment Stations and hydraulic structures regulating river streams. In these cases, there are no specific chemicals in nature, but warm water and regulated ducts have such that cause deep changes in the ecosystems of the regions, up to their destruction.
. Its feature is that in the presence of almost all types of production, including weapons of mass destruction, chemical, bacteriological and nuclear, it is closed to external checks. In addition, in a number of countries with powerful military potential, the content of this complex is not enough, to carry out sufficient environmental protection measures, modernizing the sewage and control equipment, as well as to dispose of hazardous substances and their storage.
Transport and, above all, automobile. In the invention of the internal combustion engine and the desire of a person to live in cities, the nature of settlements has changed radically. First of all it concerns air. In some major cities, road transport accounts for up to 90% of emissions of all pollutants. Urbanization and consolidation of cities only contributes to the deterioration of the situation. In spent machine gases contain more than 280 species of various harmful substances. The main, of which are: benzapin, nitrogen and carbon oxides, lead, mercury, sulfur, soot and hydrocarbons. In addition, transport enterprises, auto repair shops and private cars are also thousands of tons of various rubber products, waste oils and lubricants, scrap metal, glass, polluted water after washing vehicles and places of its repair and storage. All this flows into the water, falls into the soil and air. Most of the vehicles use fuel with high lead content. Exhaust gases of diesel engines are significantly toxic than gasoline.
. And the first, and the second represent the concentrated accumulation of all possible pollutants. Communal drains increasingly falls superficially active additives that make up washing powders and detergents. A distinguishing quality of landfills is that absolutely large part of them unauthorized and is formed chaotic. This does not allow to control the composition of the substances contained in the waste, which means the degree and danger of their impact on the world and human health.
For the environment, sources and types of contamination can be listed to infinity. Call the types of production, formulas of chemical compounds and their quantities, the consequences that they cause in living organisms and harm bringing human health. It is also possible to list legislative acts controlling bodies, activities taken and conducted by conferences. Yes, who did not hear it, does not know or does not understand? Why then do we leave garbage after resting in the forest, or have a plastic bottle away to the river or pours the exhaust oil into the nearby ravine? Etc. The main, the first and main source of environmental pollution is not an industrial enterprise, and we are with you and each of us. And here you do not need to be clever, but just try to do at least once.
Video - Life after people
The main and most common kind of negative impact of a person on the biosphere is pollution. Therefore, there is a need for a more detailed consideration of the concept of "pollution".
A more detailed definition of pollution leads a well-known French scientist F. Ramad (1981):
"Pollution there is unfavorable change The environment, which is entirely or partially the result of human activity, directly or indirectly changes the distribution of the incoming energy, the levels of radiation, the physicochemical properties of the environment and the conditions of the existence of living beings. These changes can affect humans directly or through agricultural products, through water or other biological products (substances).
Under environmental pollution It should be understood changing the properties of the environment (chemical, mechanical, physical, biological and related information), which is due to natural or artificial processes and leading to the deterioration of environmental functions in relation to the object under consideration (person, biological organism, human life objects).
Pollution -phenomenon appearance in the human environment pollutants or any other agents (from viruses to sound waves of excessive intensity), which directly or indirectly carry out a negative impact on both the person himself and the artificial environment created for their own needs.
Definitions Pollution can be attributed to anthropocentric (Putting into the center of attention of a person who evaluates all the phenomena exclusively through its priorities).
A completely different version of this concept is defended by scientists - environmentalists. Environmental definition The concepts of pollution differs from the anthropocentric. It focuses on the fact that pollution concerns not only people and the artificial environment created by them, and the aggregate of all species in the biosphere and land with near space.
Pollution - Wednesday, the emergence or sudden increase in the values \u200b\u200bor concentrations of chemical, physical, biological, information or other traditional or newly formed agents and factors, which causes the loss of equilibrium and the harm of the part or most types of ecosystem, where this phenomenon occurred. Under pollution, we will understand :
1) negative impact of man at the biosphere,
2) bringing into the environment or the emergence of new, uncharacteristic physicochemical and biological substances in it, agents that have a harmful effect on natural ecosystems and humans, 3) is what happens not in that place, not at that time and not Quantity .
The main pollutants scientists are recognized:
* dioxins;
* Heavy metals: lead, cadmium and especially mercury;
* Some carcinogenic substances, in particular benzapire;
* Oil and petroleum products in the seas and oceans;
* chlororganic pesticides (in rural areas);
* carbon oxide and nitrogen oxide (in cities);
* Radionuclides and other radioactive substances.
Dioxins are particularly dangerous, they are called superecotoxicants due to their extremely high toxicity and biological activity. This group includes hundreds of chloro, bromo, chlorombrom-organic cyclic esters. Dioxins are formed in many technological processes from cellulose and paper, metallurgical and other industries to biological wastewater treatment and chlorination of drinking water, the burning of waste, fuel combustion in engines. These substances in their toxicity exceed the compounds of heavy metals, chlororganic pesticides (DDT. Hexakhloraran, etc.), and on carcinogenicity - an aromatic hydrocarbon benz (a) Pyrene.
A pollutant agent can be any substance in the composition of air, water, soil. Substances included in the environment call ingredients.Ingredients may have both natural (for example, volcanic eruptions, pollen plants, raised by the wind dust, etc.) and anthropogenic (as a result of the Company's activities).
According to statistics, among all sources of pollution in the first place - the exhaust gases of vehicles (up to 70% of all diseases in the cities are caused by them), on the second - emissions of thermal power plants, on the third - chemical industry. In terms of polluted drain, the first place is occupied by the pulp and paper industry (more than 15%).
Specialists classly classify pollution of the natural environment, while taking different principles, in particular: a) the type of contamination (Melnik's approach L.G. on this principle is presented in Table 1); b) pollution as a complex of interference; c) the scale of the proliferation of pollution; d) types of contaminated components of the biosphere.
Considering contamination as a complex of interference, it can be described as follows (Figure 1 Appendix B)
Table 1 Characteristics of the main types of environmental pollution (by types of contaminants) [according to Melnik L.G.]
| Pollution | Definition |
| 1 mechanical | The clogging of the medium by agents that provide only mechanical impact without chemical and physical consequences (for example garbage). |
| 2 chemical | Changes in the chemical properties of the medium adversely affecting the ecosystems and technological devices. |
| 3 physical | Changes in physical parameters of the medium :: Temperature-energy (thermal or thermal), wave (light, noise, electromagnetic), radiation (radiation or radioactive), etc. |
| 3.1tel (thermal) | Increased medium temperature, mainly due to industrial emissions of heated air, waste gases and water; It may occur as a secondary result of changing the chemical composition of the medium. |
| 3.2 light | Violation of natural illumination of terrain as a result of artificial light sources; It can lead to anomalies in the life of plants and animals. |
| 3.3 Noise | An increase in the intensity of noise over natural level in humans leads to an increase in fatigue, a decrease in mental activity, and when the 90-10DB is reached to the gradual loss of hearing. |
| 3.4 Electro-Magnetic | Changes in electromagnetic properties of the medium (from power lines, radio, television, works of some industrial and household installations, etc.) leads to global and local geographical anomalies and changes in thin biological |
| 4 radiation | Exceeding the natural level of content in the radioactive substance environment |
| 5 biological | Penetration of ecosystems and technological devices of species of animals and plants that violate environmental equilibrium or appreciate socio-economic damage. |
| 5.1 Biotic | Distribution of certain, as a rule, undesirable from the point of view of people, biogenous substances (discharge, dead bodies, etc.) or violating environmental equilibrium |
| 5.2 Micro-Biological | A) The emergence of an unusually large number of microorganisms associated with their mass reproduction on anthropogenic substrates or environments modified during human economic activity. B) the acquisition of a previously harmless form of microorganisms of pathogenic properties or ability to suppress other organisms in communities. |
| 6.Information | Changing the properties of the environment, worsening its function as a carrier of information |
Ingredient- pollution, which is a combination of substances, mineral and organic, alien biorogenitzes (for example, household drain, pesticides, combustion products, etc.);
Parametric (physical) - pollution associated with a change in high-quality environmental parameters (thermal, noise, radiation, electromagnetic, light);
Biocenotic - pollution that causes a violation in the composition and structure of populations of living organisms (strength of species, for example);
Stately destructive -Thalnation (separation of the population, destruction - destruction), which is a change in landscapes and environmental systems in the process of environmental management (regulation of watercourses, urbanization, cutting down forest plantations and other).
Until the 60s of the 20th century, the main types of pollution were biocenotic and partly formerly destructive effects on the biosphere. The reason was concluded in the understanding of nature conservation as the protection of her animal and plant world from extermination.
Ingredient and parametric pollution also existed, especially since it was not about the installation of sewage treatment plants in enterprises and speeches. However, it was not so diverse and large-scale, as now, practically did not contain artificially created compounds that are not amenable to natural decomposition, and the nature of their impacts coped independently.
So in rivers with undisturbed biocenosis and normal flow rate, neglected by hydraulic structures, under the influence of the processes of mixing, oxidation, absorption and decomposition by the relations, dysensfection with solar radiation, etc., polluted water completely restored its properties for 30 km from the contamination source.
By the middle of the 20th century, the pace of ingredient and parametric contaminants increased and their qualitative composition changed so dramatically that in significant areas the ability of nature to self-cleaning, i.e. Natural destruction of the pollutant as a result of natural physical, chemical and biological processes was lost.
Currently, there is no saturation of even the full-flowed extended rivers. The natural flow rate of rivers, on which hydrotechnical structures are built, reduced several times. Industrial enterprises have time to pick up for their needs and pull back polluted water several times before being administered from the source to the mouth.
The ability of the soil to self-cleaning is undermined by a sharp decrease in the number of renders that occur under the influence of the unlimited use of peatecides and mineral fertilizers, the cultivation of monocultures, complete cleaning with the fields of all parts of grown plants, etc.
Negative effects, ingredient and parametric, human and biota are not only pronounced local, but also global. The current state of the planet Earth as a result of the unprecedented growth of human impact on the biosphere as a whole and its separate components are estimated as a global environmental crisis.
Depending on the scale of the spread of pollution There are global, regional, local and housing pollution.
Global Pollution is also called the background biosphere. Global pollution affects the biosphere processes in general on Earth and apply to huge distances, appearing at any point of the planet from their sources (for example, DDT detected in penguins' eggs in Antarctica).
Regional Pollution is an embezzlement of comprehensive in the limits of a significant space, but not covering the entire planet.
Localpollution - a small pollution, as a rule, is an all-industrial enterprise, settlement, etc.
There are also distinguished contamination of biosphete components: Atmospheric, world ocean, groundwater, soil, urban environments, intra-quarterly.
For the needs of the practice, polluting agents are more often divided by their origin on industrial and non-industrial (agricultural).
table 2
Simplified classification of industrial pollution
Appendix A.
Table 3.
Population growth of land
| year | population size | |
| million people | billion man | |
| 5000 g BC | ||
| 0 g | ||
| 1000 g | ||
| 1650 g | ||
| 1800 g | ||
| 1850 g | 1,2 | |
| 1900 | 1.6 | |
| 1920 | 1,8 | |
| 1940 | 2,3 | |
| 1950 | 2,5 | |
| 1960 | 3,0 | |
| 1970 | 3,7 | |
| 1980 | 4,4 | |
| 1990 | 5,3 | |
| 1995 | 5,8 | |
| 2000 | 6,2 | |
| forecast: | ||
| 2025 | 8,5 | |
| 2050 g | 12 - 14 |
Control questions:
1 What is understood as the term "environmental situation"?
2 Enter the features inherent in the modern environmental situation.
3 Explain the reasons for the modern environmental situation.
4 Name the regions of Ukraine with the most unfavorable environmental
situation.
5 Determine the main content of the problems of the "ozone hole", "Greenhouse
effect "," Acid rain ".
6 List the most important international documents dedicated to
problems of the ozone hole and greenhouse effect.
7 Expand the content of the concept "Anthropogenic impact on the surrounding
8 Which of the types of direct anthropogenic environmental impacts,
in your opinion, is the most dangerous?
9 What is the similarity and distinction of the concepts "anthropogenic effect on
environment »and" pollution of the natural environment "?
10 Crane pollution classification by type of origin and how
complex interference.
Topic: Environmental Management.
"Leningrad State University
named after A.S. Pushkin "
On the topic:
by ecology
Performed: Lazareva D.A.
Female student number 116
Specialty: GMU
St. Petersburg
Introduction ........................................................................... ... ... ..3 p.
Types of environmental pollution .......................................... 4 - 8 pp.
Conclusion ......................................................................... ... .... 9 pp.
List of used literature ................................................ 10 pp.
Introduction
Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties, which leads or can lead to harmful effects on humans or natural complexes. The most famous type of pollution is chemical (admission to the environment of harmful substances and compounds), but no less potential threat is carried and such types of pollution, as a radioactive, thermal (uncontrolled heat release into the environment can lead to global climate change), noise. Basically, environmental pollution is associated with human economic activities (anthropogenic environmental pollution), but pollution is possible as a result of natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, meteorites falling and others. The pollution is exposed to all shells of the Earth.
The lithosphere (as well as soil cover) is contaminated as a result of advent of heavy metals, fertilizers, pesticides. Only garbage from large cities is exported annually to 12 billion tons. Mining development leads to the destruction of the natural soil cover on huge areas.
The hydrosphere is polluted by drains of industrial enterprises (especially chemical and metallurgical), drains from fields and livestock complexes, domestic settlers of cities. Petroleum pollution is especially dangerous - up to 15 million tons of oil and petroleum products fall into the waters of the World Ocean.
The atmosphere is polluted mainly as a result of annual incineration of a huge amount of mineral fuel, emissions of the metallurgical and chemical industry. The main pollutants - carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen, radioactive connections.
Due to the large number of human waste applicants, the ability of the environment to self-cleaning is at the limit. A significant part of these waste is alien to the natural environment: they are either poisonous for microorganisms: destroy complex organic substances and turn them into simple inorganic compounds, or are not destroyed at all and therefore accumulate in various parts of the environment. Even those substances that are familiar to the environment, entering it in too large quantities, can change its quality and affect environmental systems.
Views of environmental pollution
Sources of pollution of the biosphere is made to divide into natural and industrial. Natural sources of pollution are caused by natural processes (eruption of volcanoes, soil dust, etc.), such sources are usually localized and are not defining for the biosphere as a whole. Industrial sources of pollution of the biosphere can have a long destructive action. These sources are divided into material (substances), including mechanical, chemical and biological pollution, and energy (physical).
Direct facilities of pollution serve main habitats of the biotic community: the atmosphere, water, soil. The victims of pollution are components of biocenosis: plants, animals, microorganisms. Every pollution is usually not always felt immediately and often has a hidden character, and this may be optionally direct emissions into the natural medium of harmful substances. For example, such a "harmless process, like a removal of water from water bodies for various economic needs, leads to a change in the natural mode of temperature (thermal pollution), which affects a number of interrelated processes characterizing this environmental system, up to its full destruction (for example, a disaster Of the Aral Sea). Dangerous when a change in any ecological system is the appearance of non-peculiar substances.
Air pollution
A person pollutes the atmosphere of thousands of years, but the consequences of the use of fire, which he used all this period was insignificant. We had to put up with the fact that the smoke interfered with breath and that soot lay down with black cover on the ceiling and the walls of the dwelling. The resulting heat was more important for a person than clean air and uncorganized walls of the cave. This initial air pollution did not imagine the problem, for people were inhabited by small groups, occupying a unmeasuredly extensive untouched natural environment. And even a significant concentration of people on a relatively small area, as it was in classical antiquity, was not accompanied by more serious consequences. So it was up to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Only in the last hundred years in the last hundred years, the development of the development of the industry "knew" us with such production processes, the consequences of which at first a person could not imagine. Millionaires originated, whose height cannot be stopped. All this is the result of the great inventions and the conquests of a person. Basically, there are three main sources of pollution of the atmosphere: industry, household boiler houses, transport. The share of each of these sources in the overall air pollution differs greatly depending on the place. It is now generally recognized that the most strongly pollutes the air industrial production. Sources of pollution - thermal power plants, which, together with smoke, emit sulfuous and carbon dioxide into the air; Metallurgical enterprises, especially non-ferrous metallurgy, which are thrown into nitrogen aircraft, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and mercury and arsenic compounds; Chemical and cement plants. Harmful gases fall into the air as a result of fuel combustion for the needs of industry, housing heating, transport, burning and processing of household and industrial waste.
Atmospheric pollutants are divided into primary coming directly into the atmosphere, and secondary, which are the result of the transformation of the latter. Thus, the sulfuric gas entering the atmosphere is oxidized to a sulfur anhydride, which interacts with water vapor and forms sulfuric acid droplets. In the interaction of sulfur anhydride with ammonia, ammonium sulfate crystals are formed. Similarly, as a result of chemical, photochemical, physicochemical reactions between polluting substances and atmospheric components, other secondary signs are formed. The main source of pyrogen pollution on the planet is thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler installations that consume more than 70% annually produced solid and liquid fuel.
Soil pollution
The soil cover of the Earth is the most important component of the Earth's biosphere. It is the soil shell that defines many processes occurring in the biosphere. The most important value of the soil is to accumulate organic matter, various chemical elements, as well as energy. Soil cover performs the functions of a biological absorber, a destroyer and a neutralizer of various contaminants. If this link of the biosphere will be destroyed, the current functioning of the biosphere is irreversibly violated. That is why it is extremely important to study the global biochemical value of soil cover, its current state and changes under the influence of anthropogenic activity.
In normal natural conditions, all processes occurring in the soil are in equilibrium. But often in violation of the equilibrium state of the soil is the man. As a result of the development of man's economic activity, pollution, the change in the composition of the soil and even its destruction. Currently, each resident of our planet accounts for less than one hectare of arable land. And these minor areas continue to decline due to the inept human activity.
Huge areas of fertile lands die in mining work, in the construction of enterprises and cities. The destruction of forests and natural herbaceous cover, the multiple landscape of the Earth without complying with the rules of agrotechnics leads to the emergence of soil erosion - the destruction and washing of the fertile layer with water and wind. Erosion has now become a worldwide evil. It is estimated that only over the last century as a result of water and wind erosions on the planet lost 2 billion hectares of fertile lands of active agricultural use.
The most dangerous soil pollutants attribute mercury and its compounds. Mercury enters the environment with pesticides, with waste industrial enterprises containing metallic mercury and its various compounds.
An even more massive and dangerous nature is soil pollution by lead. It is known that when smelting one ton of lead into the environment with waste, it is thrown to 25 kg. The lead compounds are used as additives to gasoline, so the vehicle is a serious source of lead pollution. Especially a lot of lead in soils along a major motorway.
Radioactive elements can fall into the soil and accumulate in it as a result of precipitation from atomic explosions or by removing liquid and solid waste of industrial enterprises, nuclear power plants or research institutions related to the study and use of atomic energy. Radioactive substances from soils fall into plants, then in animal and human organisms, accumulate in them.
A significant impact on the chemical composition of soil is provided by modern agriculture, widely use fertilizers and various chemicals to combat pests, weeds and disease diseases. Currently, the amounts of substances involved in the circulation in the process of agricultural activities are approximately the same as in the process of industrial production. At the same time, every year the production and application of fertilizers and eradicates in agriculture increases. Inept and uncontrolled use of them leads to a violation of the cycle of substances in the biosphere.
Persistent organic compounds used as keriformicates are particularly dangerous. They accumulate in the soil, in water, bottom sediments of water bodies. But the most important thing is that they are included in environmental food chains, go from the soil and water in the plants, then in animals, and ultimately fall into the human body.
Water pollution
In most cases, pollution is invisible, since pollutants are dissolved in water. But there are exceptions: foaming detergents, as well as flooding oil products and crude stocks on the surface. There are several natural pollutants. The aluminum compounds in the land are falling into a system of freshwaters as a result of chemical reactions. Floods are washed out of the soil meadows of magnesium compound, which cause huge damage to fish reserves. However, the volume of natural pollutants is negligible compared to the person produced. Every year thousands of chemicals with an unpredictable action are falling into water pools, many of which are new chemical compounds. In water, elevated concentrations of toxic heavy metals (as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium), pesticides, nitrates and phosphates, petroleum products, surfactants (seals) can be detected.
As you know, up to 12 million tons of oil fall annually in the sea and oceans. A certain contribution to an increase in the concentration of heavy metals in water is also made and acid rains. They are able to dissolve minerals in the soil, which leads to an increase in heavy metal ions in water. Radioactive waste falls from nuclear power plants into the water cycle. Reset of untreated wastewater into water sources leads to microbiological pollution of water. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates (WHO), 80% of diseases in the world are caused by the inappropriate quality and unsanitary state of water. IN countryside The quality of water quality is especially acute - about 90% of all rural residents in the world are constantly used for drinking and bathing with contaminated water.
Hard and liquid pollutants fall from the soil to the sources of water supply as a result of the T.N. leaching. Small quantities Waste mortised on earth dissolve and fall into groundwaterAnd then into local streams and rivers. Liquid waste penetrates fresh water sources. Solutions for spraying crops or lose their activity in contact with the soil, or fall into local rivers, or leached in the ground and penetrate into groundwater. Up to 80% of such solutions were wasting, as it is not on the spraying object, but in the soil.
The time required for the penetration of pollutants (nitrates or phosphates) from the soil into groundwater is definitely unknown, but in many cases this process can last tens of thousands of years. Pollutants entering the environment from industrial enterprises are called industrial and emissions.
The pollution of groundwater acquires increasing relevance. With the help of modern technologies, a person all intensively uses groundwater, depleting and polluting them. Around the cities, private construction of housing and small businesses are rapidly developing, with autonomous water supply. For example, in the suburbs daily, a distance from 50 to 200 wells of different depths. For various reasons (ignorance, for example), the overwhelming majority of wells are operated without complying with the rules for using such water sources. This leads to a rapid local pollution of the groundwater of this region.
Pollution may indicate such signs as the dead fish, but there are more complex methods for its detection. Freshwater pollution is measured in the biochemical need for oxygen (BOD) - that is, how much oxygen absorbs the pollutant from the water. This indicator makes it possible to estimate the degree of oxygen starvation of aquatic organisms.
Conclusion
As a result of growing environmental pollution, many environmental problems arise, both at the local and regional levels (in large industrial areas and urban agglomerations) and global (global climate warming, reducing the ozone layer of the atmosphere, the depletion of natural resource reserves). The main ways of solving environmental problems may not only be the construction of a variety of treatment plants and devices, but also the introduction of new low-waste technologies, reprofiling of production, transfer them to a new place in order to reduce the "concentration" of pressure on nature.
Recently, increasingly in print, on radio, television one of the main topics becomes ecological. The general public, knowing about the critical state of the environment, should actively act. "Environmentalization" of the legislative and executive power is now particularly important, since the priority is to make environmentally friendly production beneficial and, on the contrary, any disgrace is economically unprofitable. Without this calls for ordinary citizens, protect the nature will look at demagogic and is unlikely to be reached. At the same time, the greatest educational work among citizens of all ages is necessary.
List of used literature
2. Demines T. A. Ecology, environmental management, environmental protection:
Allowance for students of high school educational institutions. - M.: Aspect Press, 1998
3. Kormilitsyn V.I. Basics of ecology - M.: InterStil, 1997
4.Snakin V.V. Ecology and Protection Nature: Dictionary-Directory. - M.: Akademia, 2000
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION- bringing new, not characteristic of it physical, chemical and biological agents or the excess of their natural levels.
Any chemical pollution is the appearance of a chemical in an unpredictable place for it. Pollution arising in the process of human activity is the main factor in its harmful effects on the natural environment.
Chemical pollutants can cause sharp poisoning, chronic diseases, as well as provide carcinogenic and mutagenic effect. For example, heavy metals are able to accumulate in plant and animal fabrics, having a toxic effect. In addition to heavy metals, chloridioxins are particularly dangerous pollutants, which are formed from chlorine derivative aromatic hydrocarbons used in the production of herbicides. Sources of environmental pollution by dioxins are also by-products of pulp and paper industry, waste of the metallurgical industry, exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. These substances are very toxic for humans and animals even at low concentrations and cause damage to liver, kidney, immune system.
Along with environmental pollution with new synthetic substances for it, large damage to the nature and health of people can be interfere with the natural circulation of substances due to active industrial and agricultural activities, as well as the formation of household waste.
Initially, people affected only the living substance sushi and the soil. In the 19th century, when the industry began to grow rapidly, significant masses of the chemical elements retrieved from earthly subsoil began to be involved in the industrial production sphere. In this case, not only the outer part of the earth's crust began to be exposed, but also natural water and the atmosphere.
In the middle of the 20th century Some elements began to be used in such a quantity, which is comparable to the masses involved in natural circulation. The low efficiency of most of the modern industrial technology has led to the formation of a huge amount of waste, which are not disposed of in adjacent industries, but are emitted into the environment. The masses of polluting waste are so great that they create a danger to living organisms, including a person.
Although the chemical industry is not the main supplier of pollution (Fig. 1), it is characterized by emissions that are most dangerous to the natural environment, humans, animals and plants (Fig. 2). The term "hazardous waste" is used to any kind of waste that can harm health or environment when storing, transportation, processing or reset. These include toxic substances, flammable waste, corrosion and other chemically active substances.
Depending on the characteristics of the mass transfer cycles, the pollutant component can spread to the entire surface of the planet, to a more or less significant territory or have a local character. Thus, environmental crises resulting from environmental pollution can be three varieties - global, regional and local
One of the problems with a global nature is an increase in the content in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide as a result of man-made emissions. The most dangerous consequence of this phenomenon can be an increase in air temperature due to the greenhouse effect. The problem of violation of the global carbon mass cycle is already moving from the field of ecology into economic, social and, in the end, political spheres.
In December 1997 in Kyoto (Japan) was adopted Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (dated May 1992) (). The main thing in Protocol - Quantitative obligations of developed countries and countries with economies in transition, including Russia, to limit and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, primarily CO 2, into the atmosphere in 2008-2012. Russia has a permitted level of greenhouse gas emissions for these years - 100% of the 1990 level. For EU countries, as a whole, it is 92%, for Japan - 94%. The United States was supposed to be 93%, but this country refused to participate in the Protocol, since a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions means a decrease in electricity generation and, therefore, the stagnation of industry. October 23, 2004 The State Duma of Russia decided to ratify Kyoto Protocol.
Regional expansion pollution include many waste industrial enterprises and transport. First of all, it concerns sulfur dioxide. It causes the formation of acid rains affecting the organisms of plants and animals and causes diseases of the population. Technogenic sulfur oxides are rapidly uneven and damage to individual districts. Due to the transfer of air masses, they often cross the boundaries of states and are in the territories remote from industrial centers.
In large cities and industrial centers, the air, along with carbon and sulfur oxides, is often contaminated with nitrogen oxides and solid particles emitted by car engines and smoke trumpet. Often, the formation of smog is observed. Although these contaminants are local in nature, they affect many people who are compactly expressing in such territories. In addition, damage to the surrounding nature.
One of the main environmental pollutants is agricultural production. Significant masses of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus in the form of mineral fertilizers are artificially introduced into the system of cycle of chemical elements. Their excess, not learned by plants, is actively involved in water migration. The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in natural water bodies causes an enhanced increase in water vegetation, overgrowing of water bodies and pollution by them dead vegetable residues and decomposition products. In addition, anomalously high content of soluble nitrogen compounds in the soil entails an increase in the concentration of this element in agricultural food and drinking water. This may cause serious diseases of people.
As an example, showing changes in the structure of a biological cycle as a result of human activity, data can be considered data for the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe European part of Russia (table). In prehistoric times, the whole territory was covered with forests, now their area has decreased almost twice. Their place was taken by fields, meadows, pastures, as well as cities, villages, transport highways. Reducing the total mass of some elements due to the overall reduction of the mass of green plants is compensated by fertilizers, which involves significantly more nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium into biological migration than natural vegetation. Foresting and soil disintegration help enhancing water migration. Thus, the content of compounds of certain elements (nitrogen, potassium, calcium) in natural waters is significantly increased.
| Table 3. Migration of elements in the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe European part of Russia (million tons per year) in the prehistoric period (on a gray background) and now (on a white background) | ||||||||||
| Nitrogen | Phosphorus | Potassium | Calcium | Sulfur | ||||||
| Precipitation | 0,9 | 0,9 | 0,03 | 0,03 | 1,1 | 1,1 | 1,5 | 1,5 | 2,6 | 2,6 |
| Biological cycle | 21,1 | 20,6 | 2,9 | 2,4 | 5,5 | 9,9 | 9,2 | 8,1 | 1,5 | 1,5 |
| Feeds with fertilizers | 0 | 0,6 | 0 | 0,18 | 0 | 0,45 | 0 | 12,0 | 0 | 0,3 |
| Harvest export, wood cutting | 11,3 | 0 | 1,1 | 0 | 4,5 | 0 | 5,3 | 0 | 0,6 | |
| Watercraft | 0,8 | 1,21 | 0,17 | 0,17 | 2,0 | 6,1 | 7,3 | 16,6 | 5,4 | 4,6 |
Water pollutants are organic waste. The additional amount of oxygen is consumed on their oxidation. With too low oxygen content, the normal life of most aqueous organisms becomes impossible. Aerobic bacteria that need oxygen is also dying, bacteria are developing instead that use sulfur compounds for their lively. The sign of the appearance of such bacteria is the smell of hydrogen sulfide - one of the products of their livelihoods.
Among the many consequences of the economic activity of human society, the process of progressing accumulation of metals in the environment is of particular importance. The most dangerous pollutants attribute mercury, pigs and cadmiums. Significant impact on living organisms and their communities also have manganese, tin, copper, molybdenum, chromium, nickel and cobalt (Fig. 3).
Natural waters can be contaminated with pesticides and dioxins, as well as oil. Oil decomposition products are toxic, and the oil film, insulating water from the air, leads to the death of living organisms (first of all, plankton) in water.
In addition to accumulating in the soil of toxic and harmful substances as a result of human activity, the damage to the grounds is applied due to the burial and landfills of industrial and household waste.
The main measures to combat the contamination of the atmosphere are: strict control of emissions of harmful substances. It is necessary to replace toxic source products on non-toxic, switch to closed cycles, improve gas cleaning and dust removal methods. It is important to optimize the placement of enterprises to reduce transport emissions, as well as the competent application of economic sanctions.
International cooperation begins to play a major role in environmental protection from chemical pollution. In the 1970s, in the ozone layer, protecting our planet from the dangerous effect of ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, a decrease in concentration of 3 was found. In 1974, it was established that the ozone is destroyed under the action of atomic chlorine. One of the main sources of chlorine falling into the atmosphere are chlorofluoride hydrocarbons (freons, chladones) used in aerosol cylinders, refrigerators and air conditioners. The destruction of the ozone layer occurs, possibly not only under the action of these substances. Nevertheless, measures were taken to reduce their production and use. In 1985, many countries agreed to protect the ozone layer. Information sharing and joint research of changes in the concentration of atmospheric ozone continues.
Conducting measures warning pollutants in reservoirs includes the establishment of coastal protective strips and water protection zones, rejection of poisonous chlorine-containing pesticides, reduce the discharge of industrial enterprises through the use of closed cycles. Reducing the risk of oil pollution is possible by increasing the reliability of tankers.
Warning measures are needed to prevent pollution of the surface of the Earth - prevent soil clogging by industrial and domestic wastewater, solid household and industrial waste, the soil sanitary cleaning and territory are needed, where such violations were identified.
The best solution to the problem of environmental pollution would be waste-free production, not haulating, gas emissions and solid waste. However, waste-free production today and in the foreseeable future is fundamentally impossible, for its implementation, it is necessary to create a cyclic system of substance and energy streams for its entire planet. If the loss of the substance, at least theoretically, can still be prevented, then the ecological problems of the energy will still remain. Thermal pollution cannot be avoided in principle, and the so-called environmentally friendly energy sources, such as wind power plants, are still damaged to the environment.
So far, low-waste technology is the only way to significantly reduce environmental pollution. Currently, low-waste production is being created, in which emissions of harmful substances do not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), and waste does not lead to irreversible changes in nature. Complex processing of raw materials, combining several industries, the use of solid waste for the manufacture of building materials.
New technologies and materials are created, environmentally friendly fuels, new energy sources that reduce environmental pollution.
Elena Savinkina
