in pre-revolutionary Russia, the highest legitimate and administrative body. Created according to the manifesto on the establishment of ministries 1802, which states that it consists of only ministers to discuss "ordinary affairs". Cases of particular importance are considered in the Council (later than the State Council). In 1802-05 in the Committee, as a rule, the emperor was chaired. Repeatedly special decrees of the Committee were provided temporary emergency powers. In 1805, special rules were published, according to which the Committee was obliged constantly (twice a week) to hold meetings in the absence of the emperor. His competence was also defined: his maintenance was subject to cases in which the ministers represented the all-shared reports of the king, the cases appointed by them to the hearing itself, and the discretion of the ministers. With the establishment of the State Council (1810), the Committee included the chairmen of his departments. In the early years of its existence, the Committee has resolved many of the most important issues of the legislation: decrees on immigrants and foreign colonists, about free landpashers, about the Old Believers, the Regulations on the settlement of Siberia, and others, the Committee's competence included issues of financial law: he conducted state monopolies, monetary emissions and state lending, considered concrete problems foreign Policy and the affairs of the military department. In the field of internal management, the Committee was headed by mail and ways of communication, folk food, considered all serious cases of peasant unrest and other violations of the established law enforcement as a judicial body. Sometimes he considered complaints about the Senate Decisions on Civil Affairs, performing the role of the highest appellate instance. In criminal proceedings, the Committee was the highest auditing authority - he could requested the decisions of courts for revising, allowed even cases that were not completed by the judiciary. The absence of a holistic and certain competence of the Committee negatively influenced the entire administrative system of the Empire, and the Committee was purely reformed. Accepted March 20, 1812 "Institution of the Committee of Ministers" gave him special powers and determined the circle of affairs. This document, with changes and additions, acted down to the abolition of the Committee in 1906. In the absence of the emperor, the Committee received all the completeness in the capital, all the institutions were reported; The position of his chairman was combined with the post of Chairman of the State Council (up to 1865). Thus, the Committee acquired actually priority in the system of government bodies. The ministers of the sovereign decreased, most of the most important cases were reported on the reports of the Committee, the reports of the Senate were held through it, including on judicial affairs, and synodal cases. In 1815, the Committee was appointed for the report and supervision. A.A. Arakcheev is a trustee of Alexander I. Magazines of the Committee of Ministers, approved by the king, became legislative acts. Although decrees 1829 and 1831, the ministers were granted great independence, in particular, in terms of submission of reports on cases, the competence of the Committee was expanded in the judicial sphere: from 1826 he considered all sentences of military courts, as well as on the disobedience of peasants to landowners in those cases When more than 9 persons were convicted of reference or corporal punishment. From 1838 to revision, the Committee received sentences of judicial chambers in cases of seduction from Orthodoxy, about the preaching of the split, about the sacrificance, from 1842 - on cases of fake money. The corresponding decrees were published so that the Committee soften the overly cruel sentences, which ended with the chambers on the basis of unvealous archaic legislation. After judicial reform 1864, the Committee has lost their judicial functions. In 1865, with the creation of relevant ministries, control of the messages and mail is seized from its conduct. In the current era, he mainly engaged in the affairs of the Office, for the permission of which there was not enough authority of one minister. In addition, through the Committee, the purely political considerations carried out those legislative acts that could meet the negative reaction of the State Council. In particular, this applies to several laws that limit the rights of the Jewish population, and the laws related to the political censorship. Such acts were called "temporary rules", although they acted for decades. Some categories of affairs, however, were consolidated by law in the competence of the Committee. So, from 1867 he considered the submission of ministers about the rejection of the petitions of the provincial Zemsky assembly; According to the law 1872, it was a case about the destruction of books and numbers of periodicals on the ideas of the Minister of Internal Affairs, which recognized them especially harmful, i.e. became the highest censorship authority (in 1872-1906 more than 200 publications were destroyed). The committee are also subject to cases concerning public peace and security, emergencies, about the prohibition of communities, he also considered the charters of those joint stock companies that did not claim to privileges, submission of the Minister of Railways to resolve the construction of railways and affiliated with private railways . After the adoption of the Regulation on Zemstvo institutions 1890 and the Governmental State of 1892, the Committee actually carried out the functions of the highest supervision of local government. Decree 1904 N A Committee entrusted the consideration of a whole complex of the most important issues of management; He had to prepare the reform of local self-government, judicial reform, to develop a system of state insurance of workers, revise the laws on enhanced security, prepare laws on violence and foreigners. These plans were not implemented. In the second half of the 19th - early 20 century. The Committee did not have the right to the Initiative in the consideration of cases, its decisions acquired legal force after approval by the emperor, he did not possess the executive. The Committee has resolved independently only ideas about the rejection of applications and the idea of \u200b\u200bdestroying works of printing. The Committee was abolished in April 1906, its functions switched to the Council of Ministers and Partially to the State Council. Lit.: Grad hell. The start of Russian state law. Part II. Controls / / Cons. op. St. Petersburg., 1907. T. 8; Eroskin N.P. Friendly autocracy and its political institutions. (First half of the XIX century). M., 1981; Historical overview of the activities of the Committee of Ministers. St. Petersburg., 1902-1904. T. 1-5. A.V. Shavrov

September 8, 1802 Emperor Alexander I signed Manifesto "On the establishment of ministries". Manifesto so defined the goal of the new device of the central system government controlled In Russia: "... split state affairs to different parts, according to their natural connection between them, and for the lack of way to entrust the ministers elected by us ..."

Originally, eight ministries were established (their number until 1917 was almost changed): military land forces, military sea forces, foreign affairs, internal affairs, finance, justice, commerce, folk enlightenment.

At the same time, the existing colleges continued to work. College officials were distributed by branches of new ministries, but for ten years many colleges acted on old settings, with previous states and in former organizational forms.

The first intentions of the ministerial reform belong to XVIII century. The collegial control of the central apparatus by some higher state dignitaries was recognized as ineffective in the second half of the reign of Catherine II.

Chancellor Nikita Ivanovich Panin (1719-1783) offered to divide the state administration between several persons, each of which will be solely responding to the monarch for those management areas, "koi ... require the ever-first correction, frequent changes and useful news."

Even closer to the idea of \u200b\u200bministries, there were transformations conducted with Paul I ("On the device different parts government controlled").

When maintaining the college, elements were enhanced uniqueness in the management of the state apparatus. The head of the colleges appeared the main director. Not ministers, but already similar to ministers on the volume of rights and powers, they had the right to a personal report from the sovereign on cases relating to their maintenance.

In the same period, the first ministerial position is also created - the Department of Runs, created in 1797, is headed by Prince A. B. Kurakin, named minister of specific estimates.

In addition to the department's department, it was assumed to create more seven departments on the main branches of the Central Public Administration: Justice, Military, Maritime, Foreign, Justice, Finance, Commerce and Casna.

Such a scheme was very similar to the one that is implemented several years later during the ministerial reform.

With the new reign (from March 1801), the contours of the ministerial system were discussed in the narrow circle of Alexander I - the unlasked committee. The main developer of the new central control system was N.N.

Novosillatsev, but not all members of the unlawful committee agreed in the details of the institution of ministries. Manifesto on September 8, 1802 was the result of several discussions and coordination of the positions of the "emperor's friends" - the authors of the ministerial reform.

higher Adm. Organ in Tsarist Russia, the meeting of the king with the most trusted officials on all issues of government management. Institutions in 1802. consisted of ministers, ministerial, state. Treasurer, with 1810 included before. Department-Tov State. Council, from 1812 - individuals for the purpose of the king; At the meeting was invited to the Ober-Prosecutor of the Synod. For consideration by KM.

cases were carried out, the first ministers could not solve due to the lack of laws or due to the fact that the case affected the interests of other departments, the case on the supervision of the state. The device for the personnel of the bureaucracy. K. m. He considered complaints of landowners and peasants, gave orders to punish the peasants. From 1872, he acted as the highest censorship instance. The value of K. m. Especially increased in the 80s.

19th century To the post before K. m., Established in 1810, the king appointed the most experienced officials who occupied the ministerial and others. Higher posts. In 1812-65 before K. m. Was at the same time before. State Council. Chairmen KM: 1810-12 - State. Chancellor Count N. P. Rumyantsev, 1812-16 - KN. N. I. Saltykov, 1816-27 - KN. P. V. Lopukhin, 1827-34 - KN. V. P. Kochubey, 1834-38 - Count N. H. Novosillesev, 1838-1847 - CN. I. V.

Vasilchikov, 1847-48 - Count V. V. Levashov, 1848-56 - KN. A. I. Chernyshev, 1856-61 - KN. A. F. Orlov, 1861-64 - Count D. N. Bludov, 1864-1872 - KN. P. P. Gagarin, 1872-79 - Count P. N. Ignatiev, 1879-81 - Count P. A. Valuev, 1881-87 - Count M. X. Reuter, 1887-95 - N. X. Bunge, 1895 -1903 - I. N. Dunovovo, 1903-06 - Count C.

In the context of the revolution, 1905-07 K. m. It turned out to be Archaich. institution and was abolished in Apr. 1906, his adm. Cases are distributed between the Council of Ministers and deputies of the state. Council.

Lit.: Magazines K-Ta Ministers 1802-26, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1888-91; East. Overview of the activities of the Ministerial Ministers, vol. 1-5, St. Petersburg, 1902; Telberg G. G., the origin of the ministers in Russia. "ZHMP", 1907, part 8; Yermolov A., Kt ministers in the reign of Alexander I, St. Petersburg, 1891; Eroshkin N. P., Essays of the history of state. institutions of pre-revoluz. Russia, M., 1960. N. P. Yeroshkin. Moscow.

- M.: State Scientific Publishing House " Soviet Encyclopedia", 1961-1976

Committee of Ministers

in Russia since 1802, the highest administrative law-based body, the meeting of the king with the most trusted officials on all issues of government management. Creating KM He was a consequence of the institution of ministries and the problem of coordination of their activities that arise in connection with this. K.M.

he was approved by Alexander I in 1812 and mainly maintained its strength until the liquidation of KM In 1906

KM Considered the projects of new decrees, cases that ministers - members of the Committee could not solve due to the lack of laws and for other serious reasons. Under Alexandra I members KM Participated in the State Council, and the chairmen of the Departments of the State Council - in K.M.

At the end of 1815, the functions of the "report and supervision of the Committee" were charged with Alexander I A.A. Arakcheev, which, thanks to this, was able to provide a decisive effect on the activities of KM. From 1872 he performed as the highest censorship instance. In 1812-1865 Chairman KM, appointed by the emperor, was simultaneously the Chairman of the State Council.

Members KM The ministers and equal heads of state departments, chairmen of departments, persons particularly designated by the monarch, were ministers.

Solve the problem of coordination of the activities of ministries KM failed. The ministers submitted to the monarch directly acted completely independently from each other. KM considered various administrative issues, minor laws, disassembled court cases; Often K.M. Replaced the State Council and took on the performance of its functions. Resolution KM For most cases considered in him, the emperor was approved.

In the 60-70s. XIX century Among the cases who came to the discussion in KM, the statutes of banks, joint-stock companies, the provisions on exchanges, etc. were most of all, and so on. It was abolished in April 1906, his affairs were competenced by the Council of Ministers.

Chairs (position introduced in 1812): N.I. Saltykov (1812-1816), P.V. Lopukhin (1816-1827), V.P. Kochubey (1827-1834), N.N. Novosiltsov (1834-1838), I.V. Vasilchikov (1838-1847), V.V. Levashev (1847-1848), A.I.

Chernyshev (1848-1856), A.F. Orlov (1856-1861), D.N. Bludov (1861-1864), pp Gagarin (1864-1872), P.N. Ignatiev (1872-1879), P.A. Valuev (1879-1881), M.Kh. Reiterne (1881-1886), N.Kh. Bunge (1887-1903), S. Witte (1903-1906).

Higher and central government agencies

Local administrative reforms 1775-1785, the abolition of most colleges, the general reaction direction in the lithika of absolutism - all this caused significant changes in the highest and central state apparatus of Russia.

The value of the Council at the highest courtyard in this period has increased significantly.

It turned into a senior advisory and administrative body of the state on all issues not only external, but also internal politics.

From the fall of 1773 to the beginning of 1775, 54 times the Council began to discuss the activities of the Peasant War under the leadership of E.

I. Pu-Gacheva.

The Council heard and discussed all the estimated reforms of the state-daride apparatus in 1775-1785. Council members heard in November 1775 by 28 chapters "institutions about provinces". The reform of the local control and the court caused the approval of the country's highest dynamics.

In the first two years, the Board of Paul I, the Council continued to remain the most important body of the state. The extreme centralization trends of Absolutism Paul soon affected the Council; The number of meetings began to fall.

At the end of the board of Paul, the Council turned into a deliberative institution, considered second-power and insignificant cases. From December 21, 1800, the Council was not going to generally.

Local reform of 1775 and the associated significant exploration of the rights and competence of local officials and institutions were the abolition of most colleges, office and offices.

By the end of the 80s, only three "state" colleas were preserved: military, Admiralty and foreign affairs. I did not have time to pass things before the Board of Paul I Commerce-College.

Since 1782, as a self-standing central department alleged the Postal Department, which was previously part of the Senate.

Cases of abolished colleges, the office and the stationery were transferred to local institutions. For the leadership of individual sectors of the package in the Senate, expeditions were created.

The expedition on state income inherited the administrative functions of the chamber and berg-colleges, about state expenses - the states-Con-Torah, about the certificate of accounts - the Audit College, about the state arrears - confiscation office.

The Senate also includes regular treasury in St. Petersburg and Moscow - cash registers, who have won the reception, storage and distribution of funds of the entire state. The remnants of funds not spent by state institutions were transferred during the year to the treasury of residual amounts. Banks remained in the senate.

In 1794, the Mietary Expedition of the Senate was transformed into a Maja Department, headed by an intertime in Russia and the analysis

measureties.

Entering the Council, all these institutions subordinate not to departments, but a prosecutor general; In his own jurisdiction there were mail departments, an appointence bank and a formal secret expedition.

Thus, the prosecutor general turned into a peculiar minister for internal management, connecting the title of Minister of Justice, Finance, State Treasury and State Control in his face.

Governors were demolished with the prosecutor general; He was subordinate to the local Prosecutor's Office:

The value of the Senate dropped sharply.

He ceased to be a body, implemented the overall guidance of the state office and the entire state policy; His departments have become mainly in the highest courts.

The huge stationery of the Senate acted sluggish and nerve. The prosecutor General had the right to withdraw from the Department a Liu-Framework and transfer it to his office, who is a link with all the subdirect institutions and combined the functions of almost all future ministries.

For 28 years (from 1764-1792), prosecutor general remain-born Prince A.

A. Vyazemsky, who enjoyed special confidence of Eka-Terrine II.

In 1796, Paul I conducted a centralization of government management. Positions are too independent in their actions on-site were eliminated, and instead of them in the center, some colleges are restored. The president of each recovered Collie was the "Director of the Board" and received the right to personal up-to-hold the king, as well as the well-known independence in the actions from members of the board. "The director was also headed by the created in 1798.

as an independent central institution, the Department of Water Communications and the Mail Department allocated from the Senate in the same year.

At the same time, the formation of new departments; In 1797, the Treasury expeditions of the Senate were allocated from the management of the prosecutor and subordinate to the treasurer of Count Vasilyev. The head of the Commerce-College Prince Gagarin became referred to as the minister.

"The establishment of the imperial surname" for the head of the land and peasants belonging to the royal family, the Central Office was the Central Office of the Department of Sale.

From the income, co-biurable by the Department of Details, members of the Tsarist family received annually money. The Department was headed by the Minister of Foots.

The emergence of posts of ministers reflected little on central institutions; Their internal organization and office managed remained collegial.

The value of the Senate is completely palo. Paul stopped interested in his deeds, leaning in everything with a prosecutor's general.

Special place in the state apparatus of the Russian Empire continued to occupy the secret expedition of the Senate.

Being a structural part of the Senate, the secret expedition was a completely independent institution with the personal report of its chief Catherine II, and then Paul I.

Through a secret expedition, all major political processes of the last quarter of a century passed. A secret expedition was played the most important role in the massacre of the leader of the Peasant War E.

I. Pug-Chevy and his associates.

In the course of the military suppression of the peasant war in the summer - in the fall of 1774. Secret investigative commissions were created in Orenburg (with a separation in the Yaitskaya Town), Kazan, Tsaritsyn, Ufa and Simbirsk.

In these commissions, headed by the Tsarist Collens and generals, they were interrogated by the captured polls. All these secret commissions were associated with a secret expedition.

In the fall of 1774, the materials of all secret commissions entered Moscow, where the "presence" of the secret expeditionation was translated.

Part of the leaders of the people's movement was executed on Mes-Tah, and the other was transferred to Moscow. In the iron cell with a large, well-armed guard was delivered by the Yaitskaya ka-whining the top E.

I. Pugachev. From November 4, 1774, the presence of a secret expedition under the leadership of Sheshkovsky began under the presence of the secret expedition. During interrogations, torture was widely used. Pugacheva's pre-repayment continued until December 31.

Finally, the royal "definition" and manifesto followed from St. Petersburg. On January 10, 1775, Pugachev and his associates A. Peredili, M. Shibayev, T. Pryerov, V. Tornov were executed.

By the decision of the secret expedition of the members of the Pugachev family, they sharpened in the Kexgolm fortress.

On June 30, 1790, the author of "Traveling from St. Petersburg to Moscow" was delivered to the Petropavlovsk fortress, Veli-Kiyevsky Revolutionary A.

N. Radishchev. Within two weeks, endless interrogations of Radishchev took place during two weeks. Shhechkovsky's leadership, seeking to achieve verbal and writing testimony, did not disappear: Moril prisoner hunger, threatened, promised forgiveness, etc. At the same time, the secret expedition through the police ranked surviving, sold or donated by radish copies. "Travels".

St. Petersburg Chamber of the Criminal Court sentenced A.

P. For the sickness to the death penalty, and the two higher authorities are the Senate and the Council at the highest yard - confirmed him. For two weeks, A. N. Radishchev expected death. But on the occasion of the conclusion of the world with Sweden, as well as at the request of the patronizing Radisch-Wu Veelmboszov, A. R. Vorontsova, Ekaterina II 4 September 1790 g. The renewal of the death penalty for 10 years in Ilimsky Ostrog.

The secret expedition considered the case of the enlightener N. I. Novikov, convicted to conclude in the Shlisselburg fortress. In 1793, an enlightenment-tel appeared before the secret expedition, a supporter of the republic in the peasant liberty F. of the Kretch, who after the investigation was also concluded in the Shlisselburg fortress. He got into a secret expedition close to the views to Radishchev Writer V.

Passek, etc.

Under Pavel I, in the incidents of the secret expedition, often fertilized Venels, officials, officers fell.

Through the secret expedition, the faces of all classes were held. Some of them after the consequence fell into the raw mousemakes of the Petropavlovsk and Schlisselburg fortresses, others were sent under the provincial prisons, the third were expelled under the supervision ("Summage") of local van-stey.

From the middle of the century, a drop in the role of the Cabinet began.

In 1763-1764 The office ceased to be a state body, turning into an institution, headed by the personal property of the Empress. In the conduct of the office there was a repository of personal collections of arts of Ekaterina II - Hermitage.

Since the Board of Catherine II, the personal office of the absolute power carrier is maintained; It originated in the face of Stats-secretaries, whose functions were distinguished from the Cabinet.

In 1763, "To send its own imperial vessels of affairs, a special official was determined - Stattto Secretary of the city of N. Heat, and for the adoption of petitions in the name of the Empress - Statis Secretary I. P. Elagin.

Subsequently, the State Secretaries changed: they were Bezborodko, Zavadovsky, Popov, Trochinsky, Misty and others.

By early 1780

in the office of Count, Lesborodko, focused on all cases, ascending to the approval or permission of the impelle Tritz.

Under Pavel I, the Personal Office of the king, who later received the name of the "his own imperial vessel of the Office", was finally developed.

The king of the Memorial of the Senate, petitions, complaints and other documents did they receive attention.

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Committee of Ministers.

The Committee of Ministers acquired in the current time the nature of the Supreme Administrative Institution, according to the law of 1872, considered the projects made by the King of the most important laws, took the decision on the submission of ministries, solved the issues promptly, had a narrow ministerial composition, combined the functions of a lawyer and administrative authority, was used by the emperor for adoption Solutions bypassing the State Council. Through the Committee of Ministers, a number of legal entities were held to strengthen the status of the authorities of the Governors, on the introduction of temporary governors, a state of emergency, a strengthened regime, police supervision in certain regions.

However, the Committee of Ministers could not coordinate the activities of various departments, he was not the Cabinet of Ministers. In the Russian Empire, there was no unified system in the actions of the executive. Each ministry acted a mansion, zealously defended its industry withdrawal. The ministers obeyed only the emperor.

The Council of Ministers arose in the process of preparing reforms. Alexander II was not limited to the Committee of Ministers, where there was a mass of the current policy makers, he convened from 1857 a meeting of ministers managers who manage the main committees, chairmen of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers, other approximate officials. The meetings were held by the will of the emperor, irregularly, did not have a plan, official status, although they discussed the concepts, reform projects, the work of special commissions, other national issues.

By decree on November 12, 1861, the Council of Ministers was established, endowed with the status of the Higher under the Emperor of the Authority, under his chairmanship to address the issues of national importance. Alexander II convinced, conducted his meetings, made questions for consideration. He was part of his high officials: Major-Governing, Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers and State Council, other close to the king officials.

For 150 meetings, more than 300 major issues were considered for 1.5 years. The agreed decisions were obtained after approval by the emperor, legal force were complemented, the laws concretized. The work of the new body partially contributed to the improvement of the coordination of ministries, departments in the inter-ministerial decision, general issues State department, which affected positively on the deployment of reform practitioners. But the Council of Ministers acted irregularly and fulfilled the role of semi-official meetings under the emperor.

History of the Committee of Ministers

Composition of the Committee of Ministers

The highest command of March 31, 1810, the composition of the Committee of Ministers, who, before consisting only of ministers, their comrades (deputies) and the State Treasurer were introduced, in all important cases, chairmen of the Department of the State Council, and the chairmanship was provided to the State Chancellor of the Count Rumyantsev The former then and the Chairman of the State Council (before that, members of the Ministerial Committee were chaired at the lack of emperor, starting with the elder in the rank, each within 4 meetings).

Since 1812, the post of Chairman of the Committee has become an independent position, which up to 1865 necessarily combined with the chairmanship in the State Council.

The Ober Prosecutor of His Holiness Synod entered the Committee from December 6, 1904, and before that (from 1835) was called for meetings only when discussing religious affairs. However, the obur-prosecutors were actually attended by the Committee since 1865, since Count D. A. Tolstoy (a member of the Committee from 1865 to 1880) was at the same time other ministerial positions, and the Ober-Prosecutor of the Synod in 1880-1905 K. P. The victorious was a member of the Committee on the Special Highest Committee.

In general, in the current era, members of the Committee consisted simultaneously from 19 to 24 persons.

According to the established tradition, the chairmanship in the committee was the last in the civil service to the honorary post on which the dignitaries were appointed, which became too old for the fulfillment of the minister's fixed duties. A number of chairmen of the Committee (first of all Prince A. I. Chernyshev, Count A. F. Orlov, Count D. N. Bludov) were characterized by contemporaries as "barely living", which are "in miserable condition", etc. On Prince A . I. Chernyshev M. A. Korf jokingly wrote in the diary: "Look, exactly alive!". Prince P. P. Gagarin died in this post aged 83 years. The movement of the active and influential Minister of Finance S. Yu. Witte for the post of chairman of the Committee of Ministers was considered by contemporaries (and Witte himself) as political collapse and a type of honorary resignation; By a common joke, Witte "fell up".

Competence of the Committee of Ministers

The competence of the Committee of Ministers had little to do with the contemporary idea of \u200b\u200bthe cabinet of ministers and its circle of functions. All the ministers (and mainly governing individual parts) were independent of each other, responded for the activities of their departments alone and had independent reports from the emperor. The Committee of Ministers has not been responsible for the activities of individual ministries or the consistency of their policies. Its competence developed historically and consisted of extremely heterogeneous groups of issues, most of which were petty and unimportant. A detailed list of subjects of the Committee has been continuously modified, and the total number of them gradually increased.

Formally, the competence of the Committee consisted of two types of cases:

• Current business in ministerial management (case, "The resolution of which exceeds the limits of power, entrusted especially to each minister, and requiring the highest permission"; cases requiring considerations of various departments);
• Cases, especially those assigned to the Committee of Ministers by law.

These norms were very general, and the real list of cases considered by the Committee was chaotic; Only in 1905 the first attempt was made to systematize the subjects of the Committee.

In general, the committee's activities were divided into three directions:

• important interdepartmental issues of public administration;
• "Odiotic" issues that are formally found within the departments of one ministry, but for which the ministers did not want to take on personal responsibility and sought to shifter her to the college;
• petty questions, the list of which was formed quite randomly (first of all, as a result of the evasion of individual ministries from making decisions of these tasks); This group of issues has always been the most numerous.

The most important thing that was in the jurisdiction of the Committee were railway affairs. Decisions on the provision of concessions for the construction of railways, the establishment of railway companies, guaranteeing the state of their shares and bonds, redemption of railways in the treasury and the like, from the era of Alexander II, paramount state and economic importance. Since 1891, the Committee considered these cases in joint meetings with the Department of Savings of the State Council.

Small cases, downloaded the Committee, were diverse and extensive.

The most numerous cases on the individual appointment of retirement retired officials were the most numerous. By the beginning of the era, Alexander II, existing rates of normal pensions in public service are outdated and did not provide the pensioners an acceptable standard of living. From the middle of the XIX century, more and more pensions were prescribed on individual highest commands. In 1883, a system of so-called "reinforced" pensions was developed. But these pensions were appointed individually, and individually were considered by the Committee of Ministers, which significantly clutched his office work.

The second numerous group of affairs was the consideration of the charters of joint-stock companies. Joint Stock CompanyThe institution of which was adjusted by law in 1833, were approved or decrehensively, that is, individual law for each individual society. The competence of the Committee of Ministers included the consideration of all the charters with deviations from the requirement of the law, and since a strongly obsolete law allowed only nominal shares, and almost all founders wanted to release shares on the bearer, the Committee by the end of the XIX century considered almost all the statutes of newly established companies. The number of such cases reached 400 during the greatest economic activity.

Maintenance of the Committee was subject to cases of Old Believers and Sectanates. Since 1882, the Committee has deployed from the consideration of this group of issues that have completed the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Synod. However, in this area, the competence was poorly contacted by law - in 1894, the Minister of Internal Affairs I. N. Runovovo held through the Committee Regulation on the Studde, thereby avoiding the consideration of the issue in the Liberalized State Council.

The Committee considered annual reports of governors, governor-general and state controller report on the execution of state painting costs and income. As a rule, the discussion of these reports was sluggish and did not lead to a significant consequence. An exception can be considered a scandal with the disclosed state control of abuses of the Minister of Payments by A. K. Krivoshein (1894), which led to his dismissal.

Obtaining an indispensable council from the field of legislation, the Committee of Ministers in the Sphere of Management has assigned the rights of the Senate, which remains "Governors" only by name.

In the field of the criminal court, the Committee of Ministers sometimes acted as an indictment chamber, decree on the court, or as a revision instance, demanding to revise the decision of the courts; Sometimes he entered into consideration of court cases, not yet finished in lower instances; Sometimes, mainly in civil cases, he acted as the highest appellate instance towards the Senate, accepting complaints of individuals on his decisions. He stopped being a judiciary only in 1864

As a rule, the Committee of Ministers was engaged in only preliminary discussion of issues. His conclusion, adopted by unanimously or by a majority vote, was made to the journal, which was approved by the emperor.

The feature of the journals was that in detail, with the introduction of unfolded arguments, not only the position of the majority, but also the position of the minority (if there was no unanimous decision), as well as the special opinions of individual members of the Committee (if they wanted to declare them). The Office of the Committee was magazines, trying in the most neutral tone and as much as possible to set out significant arguments of the divergent parties. The magazines were not so much the transcript of the meetings as an analytical note made by the Office of the Committee; The opinions expressed in meetings were reformulated, and in many cases more successful examples and arguments were also selected. The task of magazines in the divergence of opinions was not to convince the emperor at the rightness of the majority, and objectively present him the entire range of judgments expressed. This practice has fully coincided with the practice of conducting similar magazines of the State Council. The joining of the emperor to the opinion of the minority was not rare.

Phrase "The Committee believes:"followed by the text of the legislative act proposed by the Committee, when approving the emperor acquired the force of the law called Highest approved provisions of the Committee of Ministers.

Chairs

1. Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (1810-1812)
2. Nikolai Ivanovich Saltykov (March 1812 September 1812)
3. Sergey Kuzmich Vyazmitinov (1812-1816)
4. Petr Vasilyevich Lopukhin (1816-1827)
5. Victor Pavlovich Kochubey (1827-1832)
6. Nikolai Nikolaevich Novosillese (1832-1838)
7. Illarion Vasilyevich Vasilchikov (1838-1847)
8. Vasily Vasilyevich Levashov (1847-1848)
9. Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev (1848-1856)
10. Alexey Fedorovich Orlov (1856-1860)
11. Dmitry Nikolaevich Bludov (1861-1864)
12. Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin (1864-1872)
13. Pavel Nikolaevich Ignatiev (1872-1879)
14. Petr Alexandrovich Valuev (1879-1881)
15. Mikhail Christforovich Reiterne (1881-1886)
16. Nikolai christianovich Bungj (1887-1895)
17. Ivan Nikolaevich Runovo (1895-1903)
18. Sergei Yulievich Witte (16 (29) August - April 23, 1906)

Literature

• Beldova M.V. Ministerial Committee // Statehood of Russia (end of the XV century - February 1917): Dictionary-Directory. - M.: Science, 1999. - T. 2. - P. 347-352. - ISBN 5-02-008699-1.
• Historical overview of the activities of the Committee of Ministers. - St. Petersburg. , 1902.
• Yermolov A. Committee of Ministers in the reign of Emperor Alexander I. - St. Petersburg. 1891.

see also

Links

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 tons and 4 extra). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

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Books

• Historical overview of the activities of the Committee of Ministers. Tom IV. The Committee of Ministers to the reign of Emperor Alexander Third (1881 on March 2 - 1894 October 20), and Thorzhevsky. Reproduced in the author's original spelling. IN…

Ministries, central government agencies based on the principle of unity. The head of each ministry stood the minister. The main management activities were equal to the ministries (headed by primary-correcting). Ministerial rights (uniqueness) used a number of government officials in the XVII century. (A. L. Ordin-Nachichokin, A. S. Matveyev, V. V. Golitsyn), nominally the position of the minister appeared under Pavel I (in 1797 - Minister of Foots, in 1800 - Minister of Commerce). The question of replacing the College Management System (see: the Collegium), the ministerial arose with the top of Alexander I. In the unclean committee, wishes were expressed about creating a system of ministries, which, guided by the instructions of the emperor, would be carried out by agreed policies. Manifesto from 8 second. 1802 8 first ministries were established: foreign affairs, internal affairs, military-land forces, naval forces, finance, commerce, folk education, justice, as well as the state treasury acting on special foundations. The last only in 1810 existed as an independent department; Prior to that, and later it was actually a structural part of the Ministry of Finance, and in 1821 finally included in its composition. Preserved as a central institution created in the 1797 Department of Foots. The previously existing colleges were not originally liquidated; They were included in the ministries, retaining organizational independence and only obeying the Minister. With gray 1803 colleges are gradually reorganized into departments and other departments of ministries. In 1809, the main management of water and land messages was formed. Laws of July 25 and 17 Aug. 1810 On the division of public affairs for ministries clarified the functions of ministries, ch. arr. Finance and internal affairs. From the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Police and the General Directorate of Spiritual Affairs of various religions were allocated (in 1819 and 1832, they were again included in the Ministry of the Interior). At the same time, the Ministry of Commerce was liquidated, and its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Finance. In 1811, the General Directorate of the Audit of State Accounts was formed (in 1836 reorganized into public control). The post ministers were members of the Committee of Ministers and the State Council (from 1810), and should also be present in the Senate. In addition to the emperor, according to Manifesto 1802, the ministries were jumped by Senate and the Committee of Ministers, but their relationship was not clearly defined.

On June 25, 1811, the "General Institution of Ministries" was published, developed by M. M. Speransky, taking into account the experience of the first years of the activities of ministries and conceived as part big project State transformation and not implemented. Enchanting the current system of ministries and equivalent to them central institutions, the "general institution of ministries" at the same time determined the internal organization, the procedure and law of ministries. The ministries were headed by ministers appointed and dismissed king. The minister had one comrade of the Minister (Deputy) or a few comrades who managed certain parts of ministries. Each Ministry has entered departments (management, departments) who have made a certain complex of issues. The departments were divided into departments (expeditions), and branches - on the tables. For the maintenance of cases concerning ministries in general, not particularly important and not related to competence, no departments, as part of the ministries, existed the Office of Ministers (sometimes called community departments). For consideration special questions Committees and commissions were created. In a number of ministries, other institutions ("special establishments") existed: drawing, statistical bodies, etc. The ministries consisting of several departments were created, ministerial councils were created (which included comrades of ministers, director of departments, etc. Specially appointed persons) who were chaired by the Minister or his comrade. By law, the whole full of power in the ministry belonged to the Minister, even the directors of the departments enjoyed the right to solve only innovative current affairs. Dr. Officials were considered technical performers. In practice, however, the heads of branches and columns played a significant role in solving even major issues.

The "general institution of ministries" was established before 1917 the procedure for the deproprusion of ministries (in conditions of a large centralization of management of the circumstance of the fixation of events in documents, the stability of the forms of documents and a clear system of office work was carried out by archival funds of ministries in the most important and relatively complete source of the history of Russia XIX - N. XX .). The ministers were obliged to represent the emperor annual reports on the activities of ministries (from 1802 through the Senate, from 1810 through the State Council, from 1827 to the Committee of Ministers or directly to the king). However, reports were revealed irregularly, in thek. XIX century. Their view almost ceased.

The influence of the Senate on the activities of ministries was insignificant. The ministers had no right to establish new or cancel the existing legal entities; If necessary, legislative decisions, as well as in a number of others, especially related to the interpretation of laws, they were obliged to enter into submissions to the State Council. In practice, the publication of various prescriptions and explanations of the ministry had a significant impact on the legislation. To circumvent the State Council, the ministers have widely used the Committee of Ministers, whose decisions approved by the king received the force of law. Great importance They had personal reports to the Ministers to the emperor. The most important state issues were often solved under the resolution of the king on the report of the Minister bypass and the State Council, and the Committee of Ministers.

Under Nicolae I, due to the intensification of the activities of his own imperial majesty of the Office, the importance of ministries in the system of central government bodies temporarily decreased somewhat. The same happened during the First World War, with the creation of a system of "special meetings" and other bodies in the leadership of the military economy.

The network of ministries for more than 100 years of their activities was relatively stable. The most significant changes to it in the 1st floor. XIX century Associated with the formation of the Joint Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Folk Enlightenment (1817-24), the creation of the Ministry of Imperial Yard in 1826 (from 1893 - and Details) and the Ministry of Public Protection (1837). The Ministry of Imperial Court included the Department of Duties; Hermitage, Academy of Arts, Russian Museum, Directorate of Imperial Theaters, Archaeological Commission were jumped. In 1852-56, a special ministry of lotion was temporarily outlined from the Ministry of the Imperial Court. The Minister of the courtyard was delivered outside the control of the Senate and other of the highest authorities, submitting exclusively to the king. In the formation of the Ministry of State Protection (MGI), he was transferred to government property management (lands, rural articles, forests) and official peasants, to 1837 concentrated in the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance. In 1848-56 and 1874-81, state contemporary was also under the jurisdiction of MGU, and in 1873-1905 - mining (in particular, government and private mountain plants). In 1881, a state connotation institution was allocated to independent principal. As an independent departments in 1865-68 and 1880-81, the Ministry of Mail and Telegraphs operated, and in 1902-05 - the main department of trade navigation and ports. With Saint. 1916 to February. 1917 The Rights of the Ministry operated the main management public health. Frequent were the reorganization of departments and transfer them from one ministry to another. The development of the structure of the central management has significantly lagging behind the needs of the country's life. Only in 1905 created the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, which included the agencies previously located in the department of the Ministry of Finance and MGI.

After the February Revolution, 1917, the ministries system was saved. 1 (14) Martha in the ministries were appointed Commissioners from the members of the State Duma, and 2 (15) Martha - the Ministers of the Provisional Government, which 4 (17) of March began to be duties. Only the Ministry of Imperial Court and Duties were eliminated. The reorganization was subjected to the Department of Police. In May and Aug. The 1917 provisional government was formed by 5 new ministries: labor, post office and telegraphs, food, state charity, confessions. The principles of the internal organization of ministries were saved.

List of ministries and major departments in Russia (1802 - Oct. 1917). List of ministers and mining:

Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Internal Affairs(09/18/1802-25.10 (7.11) .1917) was the most important in the system of central institutions of the Russian Empire. From 1811 to 1819, part of its functions carried out the Ministry of Police, after which, in 1819, all police functions were transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. This ministry has been heading not only by local administrative and police agencies, but also food affairs in places, urban and land economy (including institutions and design of cities, fairs, dilution of urban lands), health, state statistics, postal affairs and many others regions. In the mission of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were also charitable (benvenous) establishments. Ministers: Kochubey V. P. (8.09.1802-24.11.1807), Kurakin A. B. (24.11.1807-31.03.1810), Kozodavlev O. P. (03/31/1810-24.07.1819), Golitsyn A. N. (3.08.1819-4.11.1819), Kochubey V. (4.11.1819-28.06.1823), Kampengausen B. (06/28/1823-29.08.1823), Lanskaya V.S. (29.08. 1823-19.04.1828), Zakrevsky A. A. (04/19/1828-19.11.1831), Bludov D.N. (12.02.1832-15.02.1839), Stroganov A. G. (03/10/1839-23.09.1841 ), Perovsky L. A. (09/23/1841-30.08.1852), Bibikov D. G. (08/30/1852-20.08.1855), Lanskaya S.S. (20.08.1855-23.04.1861), Valuev P. A. (23.04.1861-9.03.1868), Timashev A. E. (9.03.1868-27.11.1878), Makov L. S. (11/27/1878-6.08.1880), Loris-Melikov M. T. ( 6.08.1880-4.05.1881), Ignatiev N. P. (4.05.1881-30.05.1882), Tolstoy D. A. (30.05.1882-25.04.1889), Dunovo I.N. (28.04.1889-15.10 .1895), Goremykin I. L. (15.10.1895-20.10.1899), Sipyagin D.S. (10/20/1899-2.04.1902), Plevue V. K. (4.04.1902-15.07.1904), Svyatopolk -Mirsky P. D. (26.08.1904-18.01.1905), Bulygin A. G. (01/20/1905-22.10.1905), Dunovo P. N. (10/23/1905-22.04.1906), Stolypin P. A. (26.04.1906-5.09.1911), Makarov A. A. (09/20/1911-16.12.1912), Maklakov N. A. (16.12.1912-5.06.1915), Shcherbatov N. B. (5.06.1915-26.09.1915), Tailov A.N. (09/26/1915-3.03.1916), B. Sturmer (3.03.1916- 7.07.1916), Tailov A. A. (7.07.1916-16.09.1916), Protopopov A.D. (09/13/1916-28.02 (13.03) .1917), Lviv. E. (2 (15). 03.1917 -7 (20) .07.1917), Tsereteli I. G. (10 (23) .07.1917-24.07 (6.08) .1917), Avksenseev N.D. (25.07 (7.08) .1917-2 (15) .09.1917) , Nikitin A. M. (4 (17) .09.1917-25.10 (7.11) .1917).

Ministry of Foreign Affairs(8.09.1802-25.10.1917) Consisted in ch. arr. From the former board of foreign affairs. It was then included in its composition: the Office of the Minister, Department of External Relations (up to 1847), Department of Internal Resections (from 1898 2nd Department), Asian Department (from 1898 1st Department), Department of Household and Accounts (from 1869 Personal Department Composition and economic deeds), special office of the minister (up to 1862). The peculiarity of this ministry was that many of the most attractive destroyed positions assumed the service abroad, in embassies and missions. The ministry was subordinate to his Petersburg and Moscow main archives. Ministers: Vorontsov A. R. (8.09.1802-16.01.1804), Charteroysky A. A. (01/16/1804-17.06.1806), Budberg A. Ya. (06/17/1806-30.08.1807), Rumyantsev N. P. (08/30/1807-1.08.1814), Nesselrod K.V. (10.08.1814-15.04.1856), Gorchakov A. M. (15.04.1856-28.03.1882), Girs N. K. (28.03. 1882-14.01.1895), Lobanov-Rostovsky A. B. (02.26.1895-18.08.1896), Shishkin N. P. (08/19/1896-1.01.1897), Muravyev M. N. (1.01.1897-8.06 .1900), Lamdarf V.N. (06/06/1900-28.04.1906), Evalism A. P. (04/28/1906-14.09.1910), Sazonov S.D. (September 4, 1910-7.07.1916), Sturmer B. V. (7.07.1916-10.11.1916), Pokrovsky N.N. (30.11.1916-2 (15) .03.1917), Milyukov P. N. (2 (15). 03.1917-2 (15). 05/5 (18) .05.1917), Tereshchenko M. I.

Ministry of Military-land forcessince December 17, 1815 - Military Ministries (09/18/102-25.10 (7.11) .1917) existed as the central authority of military administration in the Russian Empire. As a result of the reforms of the 1860s, 7 main departments were created as part of the ministry: intenntenant, artillery, engineering, military medical, military-educational institutions, military-vessel, irregular troops. In 1865, the main headquarters was created - the main structural part of the ministry. He focused solving the issues of recruitment, dislocation, devices, services, education and army farms. There was also a reconnaissance information about the armies of foreign states. In 1909-1910, as a result of the centralization of the Military Office, the ministry included the General Directorate of the General Staff (subordinate directly directly to the emperor) and the management of general inspectors of the Troops (infantry, artillery, cavalry, engineering part). Ministers: Vyazmitinov S. K. (8.09.1802-13.01.1808), Arakcheev A. A. (01/13/1808-1.01.1810), Barclay-de Tolly M. B. (01/20/1810-24.08.1812) , Gorchakov A.I. (24.08.1812-12.12.1815), Konovnitsyn P. P. (12.12.1815-6.05.1819), Meller-Zacobelsky P.I. (05.05.1819-14.03.1823), Tatishchev A . I. (03/14/1823-26.08.1827), Chernyshev A. I. (08/26/1827-26.08.1852), Dolgorukov V. A. (08.26.1852-17.04.1856), Sukhoznet N. O. (17.04 .1856-16.05.1861), Milyutin D. A. (05/16/1861-21.05.1881), Vannovsky P.S. (05/22/1881-1.01.1898), Kuropatkin A. N. (1.01.1898-7.02. 1904), Sahars V. V. (11.03.1904-21.06.1905), Redigger A. F. (06/21/1905-11.03.1909), Sukhomlinov V. A. (03/11/1909-13.06.1915), Polyvanov A . A. (06/13/1915-15.03.1916), Shuvayev D.S. (03/15/1916-3.01.1917), Belyaev M. A. (3.01.1917-28.02 (13.03) .1917), Guccov A. and . (2 (15) .03.1917-30.04 (13.05) / 5 (18) .05.1917), Kerensky A. F. (5 (18) .05.1917-30.08 (12.09) .1917), Verkhovsky A. I. (30.08 (12.09) 1917-20.10 (3.11) .1917).

Ministry of Marine Forces;from 12/17/1815 - the Maritime Ministry (09/18/102-25.10 (7.11) .1917) included an old admiralty-board admiralty (up to 1827). The ministry was then transferred to the General For All Ministries of the Department. From 1827 to 1836, the Maritime Minister submits a separately existing maritime imperial majesty headquarters abolished in 1836. Ministers: Midvinov N. S. (09/08/1802-28.12.1802), Chichagov P. V. (12/31/180) , Traverse I. I. (11/28/1811-24.03.1828), Moller A. V. (24.03.1828-5.02.1836), Menshikov A.S. (02.02.1836-23.02.1855), Wrangel F. P . (05/18/1855-27.07.1857), Metlin N. F. (07.27.1857-19.09.1860), Krabbe N. K. (09/19/1860-3.01.1876), Leskovsky S.S. (12.01.1876 -23.06.1880), caves A. A. (06/23/1880-11.01.1882), Shestakov I. A. (11.01.1882-21.11.1888), Chihachev N. M. (11/28/1888-13.07.1896) , Tyrtov P. P. (07/13/1896-4.03.1903), Avelan F. K. (03/10/1903-29.06.1905), Birlev A. A. (06/29/1905-11.01.1907), Dikov I. M . (11.01.1907-8.01.1909), Voevodsky S. A. (8.01.1909-18.03.1911), Grigorovich I. K. (03/19/191-18.02 (13.03) .1917), Guccov A. I. ( 2 (15) .03.1917-30.04. (13.05) / 5 (18). 05.1917), Kerensky A. F. (5 (18) .05.1917-30.08 (12.09) .1917), Verperevsky D.N. (30.08 ( 12.09) .1917 -25.10 (7.11) .1917).

Ministry of Finance(8.09.1802-25.10 (7.11) .1917), the leading economic department of the country. He conducted public finances, including provisions, fees and other sources of state revenues, their distribution between various departments, government loan and cash circulation, managed state property (up to 1838), and also had a trade and industry in its jurisdiction (until 1905 ). The main redemption institution (1861-1895) carried out the peasant reform. Permanent (1810-1907) was the State Debt Repayment Commission; In 1895, the management of state savings cash registers was created. The ministry operated the State Assignment Bank, the State Domain, State Commercial Bank, the Peasant Poskonel, the State Nobility Land Bank. Ministers: Vasilyev A. I. (09.09.1802-15.08.1807), Balvestia F. A. (08.26.1807-1.01.1810), Guriev D. A. (01.1810-22.04.1823), Cankrin E. F. (22.04.1823-1.05.1844), Vronchenko F. P. (1.05.1844-6.04.1852), Brock P. F. (9.04.1852-23.03.1858), Knyajeshevich A. M. (23.03. 1858-23.01.1862), Reiterne M. H. (01/23/1862-7.07.1878), Greag S. A. (7.07.1878-27.10.1880), Abaza A. A. (27.10.1880-6.05.1881 ), Bunge N. H. (05/05/1881-31.12.1886), Vysnegradsky I. A. (1.01.1887-30.08.1892), Witte S. Yu. (08/30/1892-16.08.1903), Rold E. D. (08/16/1903-4.02.1904), Kokovtsov V.N. (5.02.1904-24.10.1905), Shipov I. P. (10/28/1905-24.04.1906), Kokovtsov V.N. (26.04. 1906-30.01.1914), Bark P. L. (01/30/1914-28.02 (13.03) .1917), Tereshchenko M. I. (2 (15) .03.1917-5 (18) .05.1917), Shinarev A. and . (5 (18) .05.1917-2 (15) .07 / 4 (17) .07.1917), Khrushchov A. G. (Ex.) (11 (24). 07.1917-24.07 (6.08) .1917), Nekrasov N. V. (25.07 (7.08) .1917-31.08 (13.09) .1917), Bernatsky M. V. (2 (15) .09.1917-25.10 (7.11) .1917).

Ministry of Justice(8.09.1802-25.10 (7.11) .1917) For a long time consisted of the Office of the Minister and the Sole Department divided in 1890 for two license plates (1st and 2nd). The minister also acted as a consultation (1803-1917), land control (from 1870), the main prison control (from 1895 was previously located in the Ministry of Internal Affairs). The Minister of Justice was as a prosecutor General of the Senate. Ministers: Derzhavin G. R. (09/18/1802-7.10.1803), Lopukhin P. V. (8.10.1803-1.01.1810), Dmitriev I. I. (1.01.1810-30.08.1814), Trochinsky D. P. (30.08.1814-25.08.1817), Lobanov-Rostovsky D. I. (08/25/1817-18.10.1827), Dolgoruky A. A. (10/18/1827-20.09.1829), Dashkov D. V. ( 09/20/1829-14.02.1839), Bliding D.N. (15.02.1839-31.12.1839), Panin V.N. (31.12.1839-21.10.1862), Zamaynin D.N. (21.10.1862-18.04 .1867), Urusov S.N. (04/18/1867-15.10.1867), Palen K. I. (15.10.1867-30.05.1878), Nabokov D.N. (05/30/1878-6.11.1885), Manseein N. A. (6.11.1885-1.01.1894), Muravyev N. V. (1.01.1894-14.01.1905), Manukhin S. (21.01.1905-16.12.1905), Akimov M. G. ( 12/16/1905-24.04.1906), Scheglovitov N. G. (24.04.1906-6.07.1915), Tailov A. A. (July 6, 1915-7.07.1916), Makarov A. A. (7.07.1916-20.12 .1916), Dobrovolsky N. A. (20.12.1916-28.02 (13.03) .1917), Kerensky A. F. (2 (15) .03.1917-5 (18) .05.1917), Pereverzev P. N. (5 (18) .05.1917-6 (19) .07.1917), Efremov I.N. (10 (23). 07.1917-24.07 (6.08) .1917), Zerryny . S. (25.07 (7.08) .1917-2 (15) .09.1917), Demianov A. A. (Ex.) (3 (16) .09.1917-25.09 (8.10) .1917), Malyantovich P. N. ( 09/25 (8.10) .1917-25.10 (7.11) .1917).

Ministry of Folk Education, from 10/24/1817 to 05/15/1824 - Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Folk Enlightenment(8.09.1802-25.10 (7.11) .1917) For a long time, the Office of the Office (1803-1917) and the General Directorate of the School of School of School of School was operated as part of the Office (1803-1917). In 1863, the General Directorate of School was reorganized into the Council of Minister of Folk Enlightenment. The Ministry of Ministries also acted (1817-1831, 1856-1917), which was engaged in the consideration of textbooks and teaching aids. In 1817-1824, the Ministry of Folk Enlightenment and the management of all religions were merged into the Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Folk Enlightenment. Until 1862, censored was also under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Folk Enlightenment. The ministry has existed a number of special committees and temporary commissions. The service in this department (except for the lower and secondary stationery) assumed a certain level of education. Ministers: Zavadovsky P. V. (8.09.1802-11.04.1810), Razumovsky A. K. (11.04.1810-10.08.1816), Golitsyn A. N. (10.08.1816-15.05.1824), Shishkov A. S. (15.05.1824-25.04.1828), Liven K. A. (04/25/1828-18.03.1833), Uvarov S.S. (03/21/1833-20.10.1849), Shirinsky-Shichmata P. A. ( 20.10.1849-7.04.1853), Norov A.S. (7.04.1853-23.03.1858), Kovalevsky E. P. (03/23/1858-28.06.1861), Putyatin E.V. (06/28/1861-25.12 .1861), Golovin A. V. (25.12.1861-14.04.1866), Tolstoy D. A. (04.04.1866-24.04.1880), Saburov A. A. (04/24/1818-24.03.1881), Nikolai A. P. (24.03.1881-16.03.1882), Delianov I.N. (03/16/182-29.12.1897), Bogolepov N. P. (12.02.1898-2.03.1901), Vannovsky P. S. ( 03/24/1901-11.04.1902), Zenger G. E. (11.04.1902-23.01.1904), V. Glazov (10.04.1904-18.10.1905), Tolstoy I. I. (31.10.1905-24.04 .1906), Kaufman P. M. (24.04.1906-1.01.1908), Schwartz A. N. (01.1908-25.09.1910), Casso L. A. (09/25/19 10-26.12.1914), Ignatiev P. N. (9.01.1915-27.12.1916), Kulchitsky N. K. (December 27, 1916-28.02 (13.03) .1 917), Manuilov A. A. (2 (15). 03.1917-2 (15) .07 / 4 (17). 07.1917), Oldenburg S. F. (25.07 (7.08) .1917-27.08 (9.09) /31.08 (13.09) .1917), Salazkin S. S. (Ex. from 4 (17) .09.1917, Minister 8 (21) .09.1917-25.10 (7.11) .1917).

Ministry of Commerce(09/09/1802-25.07.1810). Minister: Rumyantsev N. P. (09.09.1802-25.07.1810).

Main Department of Water and Land Messages, from 07/25/1810 - Main Management Communication, from 09/29/1832 - Main Management of Communications and Public Buildings, from 06/23/1865 - Ministry of Railways(20.11.1809-25.10(7.11).1917). Ministerial and Ministers:prince of Oldenburg G. (20.11.1809-15.12.1812), Devolant F. P. (15.12.1812-30.11.1818), Betankur A. A. (1.04.1819-2.08.1822), Duke Vürttemberg A. (20.09 .1822-22.06.1833), Tol K. F. (1.10.1833-23.04.1842), Kleinmichel P. A. (11.08.1842-15.10.1855), Chevkin K. V. (15.10.1855-11.10. 1862), Melnikov P. P. (11.10.1862-20.04.1869), Bobrinsky V. A. (04/20/1869-2.09.1871), Bobrinsky A. P. (2.09.1871-10.07.1874), Postess . N. (07/10/1874-7.11.1888), Pauker G. E. (7.11.1888-29.03.1889), Gyubbene A. Ya. (03/30/1889-17.01.1892), Witte S. Yu. (15.02 .1892-30.08.1892), Krivoshein A.K. (30.08.1892-16.12.1894), Hilkov M. I. (4.01.1895-25.10.1905), Nemeshaev K.S. (10/28/1905-24.04. 1906), Schaffgauzen-Shenberg-Ek-Shaufus N. K. (25.04.1906-29.01.1909), Rukhlov S. V. (01/29/1909-27.10.1915), Trepov A. F. (30.10.1915-27.12 .1916), Kriell-Voinovsky E. B. (12/28/1916-28.02 (13.03) .1917), Nekrasov N. V. (2 (15) .03.1917-4 (17) .07.1917), Takhtamyshev G. S.

(Ex. 11 (24). 07.1917-24.07 (6.08) .1917), Yurev P. (25.07 (7.08) .1917-27.08 (9.09) /31.08 (13.09) .1917), Liverovsky A.V. ( Ex. from 31.08 (13.09) .1917, Minister 25.09 (8.10) .1917-25.10 (7.11) .1917).

Ministry of Police(25.07.1810-4.11.1819). Ministers:Balashov A.D. (07/25/1810-28.03.1812), Vyazmitinov S. K. (28.03.1812-15.10.1819), Balashov A.D. (15.10.1819-4.11.1819).

The main management of the spiritual cases of different religions(25.07.1810-24.10.1817). Main Department of Foreign Religations(15.05.1824-2.02.1832). Mining:Golitsyn A. N. (25.07.1810-24.10.1817), Shishkov A. S. (15.05.1824-25.04.1828), Bliding D.N. (April 25, 1828-2.02.1832).

Department of Imperial Court, from 1893 - Ministry of Imperial Court and Foots(08/22/1826-28.02 (13.03) .1917). It included: the office of his imperial Majesty (created in 1704), which was carried out by the personal property of the emperor, land, mountain plants and factories; The court of its imperial majesty of the office (created in 1786), which made the content of palaces, parks, the Hermitage, etc., and to 1854 also the device of the court ceremony and the court state; Hispintendant office (1797-1851), observed behind the Winter Palace, Marmara, Peterhof, Tsarskoyelsky and other palaces and Mikhailovsky castle; Court Stable Chancellery (from 1889 Court Storey Part); Egermakership office (from 1882 imperial hunting). The Department of the Ministry entered the Department of Details, which managed the specific, i.e., belonging to the members of the imperial family with estates (in 1852-56, an independent Ministry of Returns, in 1892 renamed the main management of the lots). In submission of the ministry, the Directorate of Imperial Theaters, the court orchestra (from 1882), the court singular chapel (from 1801), the Imperial Academy of Arts, as well as a number of special departments of palace cities (Tsarskoye Village, Gatchina, etc.) and the Grand Duct The property of members of the imperial surname, and some other court institutions. In the court office, a system of special court ranks was maintained, there were relatively more favorable conditions For the promotion of court ministers. Special procedure acted for artists and musicians who were out of the table of ranks, but used the benefits of the court service. Ministers:Volkonsky P.M. (08/22/1826-27.08.1852), Adlerberg V. F. (08/30/1852-17.04.1870), Adlerberg A. V. (04/17/1870-17.08.1881), Vorontsov-Dashkov I. I. (08/17/1881-6.05.1897), Frederiks V. B. (6.05.1897-28.02. (13.03) .1917).

From 03/21/1894 - Ministry of Agriculture and Public Protection, from 05/05/1905 - Main Department of Land Management and Agriculture, from 10/26/1915 - Ministry of Agriculture(26.12.1837-25.10(7.11).1917). Ministry of State Propertyestablished in 1837, led by government peasants and unplaced executive lands, government officials and supervision of private forests, was engaged in the promotion of agricultural development. In 1866, the departments made by state peasants were abolished, instead of a temporary department for a stomach device of state peasants (1866-1883). In 1894, the ministry was transformed into the Ministry of Agriculture and Public Protection with Departments of Agriculture, Forest and Mountain (up to 1905); Department of State Land Property, Land Improvement Department, Rural Saving and Agriculture Department, as well as Agricultural Council and Hydrological Committee (since 1903). In 1905, it was transformed into the main management of land management and agriculture, which carried out agrarian policies and maintained mainly the former structure; With it, there was also a migration management (in 1896-1906 part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), and in 1914 the department of rural construction was formed. Ministers and Main Directuring:Kiselev P. D. (27.12.1837-11.07.1856), Sheremetyev V. A. (08/30/1856-17.04.1857), Muravyev M.N. (17.04.1857-1.01.1862), Green A. A. (1.01.1862-16.04.1872), Valuev P. A. (16.04.1872-25.12.1879), Liven A. A. (25.12.1879-25.03.1881), Ignatiev N. P. (03/25/1881- 4.05.1881), Ostrovsky M. N. (4.05.1881-1.01.1893), Ermolov A. S. (03/28/1893-6.05.1905), Schwanbach P. H. (05/31/1905-26.10.1905), Kutler N. N. (28.10.1905-4.02.1906), Nikolsky A. P. (27.02.1906-24.04.1906), Styshynsky A. S. (24.04.1906-8.07.1906), Vasilchikov B. A. (07/27/1906-21.05.1908), Krivoshein A. V. (05.21.1908-26.10.1915), Naumov A. N. (10.11.1915-21.07.1916), Bobrinsky A. A. (07.21.1916- 11/14/1916), Rittich A. A. (11/14/1916-28.02 (13.03) .1917), Shinarev A. I. (2 (15) .03.1917-5 (18) .05.1917), Chernov V. M. ( 5 (18) .05.1917-28.08 (10.09) .1917), Vikhlyaev P. A. (Ex. 28.08 (10.09) .1917-3 (16) .10.1917), Maslov S. L. (3 (16) .10.1917 -25.10 (7.11) .1917).

Ministry of Returns(30.08.1852-9.11.1856). Minister:Perovsky L. A. (08/30/1852-9.11.1856).

(06/15/1865-9.03.1868 and 6.08.1880-16.03.1881). Ministers:Tolstoy I.M. (06/25/1865-21.09.1867), Timashev AE (14.12.1867- 03.03.1868), Makov L. S. (6.08.1880-16.03.1881).

Main Department of State Connection(1.06.1881-25.10(7.11).1917). Mining:Vorontsov-Dashkov I. I. (1.06.1881-6.05.1897), led. kn. Dmitry Konstantinovich (25.05.1897-13.11.1905), Zdanovich A. I. (11/22/1905-28.11.1912), Shcherbatov N. V. (1.01.1913-5.06.1915), P. Stakhovich (28.07. 1915-28.02 (13.03) .1917).

Main Department of Trade Navigation and Ports(7.11.1902-27.10.1905). Major right:led. kn. Alexander Mikhailovich (7.11.1902-27.10.1905).

Ministry of Commerce and Industry(27.10.1905-25.10 (7.11) .1917) was created on the basis of so-called. Headquarters in terms of trade and industry, which united the departments of trade, industry, trade marine and ports and the educational ministry of finance. In addition, the main ministry was included in factory and mining cases. Presence, the main chamber of measures and scales, the Mountain Department (part of 1807-74 in the Ministry of Finance, and in 1874-1905 - the Ministry of Public Protection), as well as the Committee on Technical Affairs (at the Industry Department), Geological Committee and a number of other committees and commissions. Ministers: Timiryazev V. I. (10/28/1905-18.02.1906), Fedorov M.M. (02/18/1906-4.05.1906), Philosophers D. A. (07.27.1906-6.12.1907), Shipov I. P. (01/23/19088-13.01.1909), Timiryazev V.I. (14.01.1909-5.11.1909), Timashev S. I. (5.11.1909-17.02.1915), Shakhovskaya V.N. (18.02. 1915-28.02 (13.03) .1917), Konovalov A. I. (2 (15) .03.1917-27.05 (9.06) .1917), Stepanov V. A. (Ex. 27.05 (9.06) .1917-4 (17) .07.1917), Prokopovich S. N. (25.07 (7.08) .1917-25.09 (8.10) .1917), Konovalov A. I. (09/25 (8.10) .1917-25.09 (7.11) .1917).

Main Department of Public Health(1.09.1916-22.02(7.03).1917). Major right:Rhine G. E. (09.09.1916-22.02 (7.03) .1917).

the Ministry of Labour(5(18).05.1917-25.10(7.11).1917). Ministers:Skobeliev M.I. (5 (18) .05.1917-2 (15) .09.1917, Nailov K. A. (2 (15) .09.1917-25.10 (7.11) .1917).

Ministry of Email and Telegraphs(Temporary government) (6 (19). 05.1917-25.10 (7.11) .1917). Ministers:Tsereteli I. G. (5 (18) .05.1917-24.07 (6.08) .1917), Nikitin A. M. (25.07 (7.08) .1917-25.10 (7.11) .1917).

Ministry of Food(5(18).05.1917-25.10(7.11).1917). Ministers:PE SECHERS A. V. (5 (18) .05.1917-31.08 (13.09) .1917), Prokopovich S.N. (16 (29) .09.1917-25.10 (7.11) .1917).

Ministry of State Charity(5(18)05.1917-25.10(7.11).1917). Ministers:Shakhovs

KOA D. I. (5 (18) .05.1917-2 (15) .07 / 4 (17) .07.1917), Baryshnikov A. A. (Ex. 10 (23). 07.1917-24.07 (6.08) .1917) , Efremov I. N. (25.07 (7.08) .1917-24.09 (7.10) .1917), Kishkin N.M. (25.09 (8.10) .1917-25.10 (7.11) .1917).

Ministry of Religners(5(18).08.1917-25.10(7.11).1917). Minister:Kartashev A. V. (5 (18). 08.1917-25.10 (7.11) .1917).