Opinion f. The ideal state according to F. Nietzsche. The most important philosophical work of Immanuel Kant
Marlboro cowboy
- to my ever-beloved friend
How are we going to keep in touch?
Read the ads in the Odessa Evening newspaper, the next day I will post an ad “I'm selling a coffin. Inexpensive."
Today, the ability to write deliberately sad letters is an indispensable virtue of every homosexual. Especially if these letters are public and relate to unrequited love.
Until some time, my love was not at all unrequited, not even deaf and dumb.
A series of reckless actions tied us together for five whole months; service, ideas, texts, the ability to criticize left us completely - we belonged only to each other.
Usually, we met around ten in the evening near the metro station " Old village”, then we walked around - drinking Starbacks coffee from paper cups, arguing about articles in Interni, imagining how we would walk through some deserted park on a frosty morning and look into each other’s eyes.
To look into the eyes, in my opinion, is a sensual transformation of the famous philosophical statement of Descartes - “Cogito ergo sum”, more precisely, the original statement about “ Je pense, donc je suis" - I think, therefore I am.
With us, this fundamental principle of Western rationalism is being transformed even further - to the boundaries of understanding "I am HE", in other words, "I see, therefore I possess" and further - "I possess, therefore I am."
The Cartesian concept of the “body”, the idea of the possibility of existence only in the aspiration of two bodies towards each other, could well replace all other philosophies for us; therefore, I insist that this state of affairs - attitudes - the desire to possess, and, as a result, possession - were self-sufficient in our short-term system "I - HE". We rarely fucked.
I have the ability to speak; him to be silent. But in the history of the 20th century, and perhaps even earlier, silence does not negate dialogue at all. Silence is a sign. And a sign in the European cultural tradition is nothing more than an agreement about the property of an object. Continuing, - an agreement - as with a glas and e (detente - mine) about something, for example, about love.
And here our friendship was a perfect example of agreement and consent - that I can love, and He - agreed to receive love. This is a significant addition, it blocks, in my opinion, idle thoughts about irresponsibility, about the game, about modeling social decency.
We jerked each other off every time we met and it was sincere.
I continue. According to F. Gwatari, the contribution to the unconscious is made not only by childhood, prepubertal fixations, children's sexualities, but also by the actual (acting right now) reality - everything that surrounds us, according to the scientist, makes its investments (Gwatari's term) in the being unconscious.
An illustration of this thesis is the endless, as it seemed to me then, His travels. From apartment to apartment, from work to home, and from early morning to work.
Hence, it seems, a kind of ephemeral vision of the dialogue, and an exhausting service schedule, like a skioptikon, through which reality was refracted into an incomprehensible, and therefore frightening bogey.
For the last time we lay together on the floor of His new room in one of the tenement houses on Vladimirsky Prospekt. Warm and huggable. As then, for the very first time, lost among many other people who, like us, are looking for support in their own kind.According to F. Engels, the cognizability of the world can only be justified
Answers to the test
1 (3), 2 (2), 3 (5), 4 (1), 5 (2), 6 (1), 7 (2), 8 (4), 9 (1), 10 (1-2 , 2-3, 3-2), 11 (1-3, 2-2, 3-1), 12 (socio-economic formation), 13 (productive forces), 14 (relations of production), 15 (mode of production) .
1. One of the main achievements of Marxist philosophy is ...
1) Idealistic dialectics.
2) The idea of the activity of the subject in cognition.
3) The discovery of a materialistic understanding of history.
4) Creation of an anthropological form of materialism.
5) Formulation of the categorical imperative.
2. The main work of Marx is ...
1) Dialectics of nature
2) Capital
3) Monadology
4) Science of logic
5) Essence of Christianity
3. According to Marx, the defining type of relationship between people is the relationship ...
1) Household
2) Ideological
3) Political
4) Legal
5) Production
4. The term ALIENATION introduced in Marxist philosophy reflects the process:
1) In the course of which the results of activity or the activity of a certain subject become independent and alien in relation to this subject.
2) Human activity that enslaves the subject of activity.
5. According to K. Marx, the wages of a worker are connected with the profits of the capitalist:
1) When the capitalist wins, the worker necessarily wins.
2) When the capitalist loses, the worker necessarily loses with him.
6. According to F. Engels, “Those who claimed that the spirit existed before nature, and who, therefore, ultimately, one way or another recognized the creation of the world,” belonged to the camp:
1) Idealism
2) Materialism
7. According to F. Engels, “Those who considered nature to be the main principle joined various schools”:
1) Idealism
2) Materialism
8. The philosophical formulation of the epistemological side of the main question of philosophy contains:
1) the relation of thinking to being.
2) the relation of our thoughts about the surrounding world to this world itself.
3) the correspondence of our ideas and concepts about the real world to a true reflection of reality.
4) the question of the identity of thinking and being.
9. According to F. Engels, the cognizability of the world can only be justified:
1) Practice.
2) The logic of the thought process.
10. Match the names of philosophers and their works:
1 TO. Marx
1Materialism and empirio-criticism
2F. Engels
2Capital
3B. Lenin
3Dialectics of nature
11. Match the names of philosophers and their concepts:
1 TO. Marx
1communist labor
2F. Engels
2historical materialism
3B. Lenin
3alienation
12. The category of historical materialism, which serves to designate society at a certain stage of historical development ***
13. In dialectical and historical materialism, the attitude of people to nature is fixed with the help of the category ***
14. In dialectical and historical materialism, the relationship of people to each other is expressed in the category ***
15. The concept that fixes the existence of social production in historically defined specific forms, within which not only the relationship between people is carried out, but also their relationship to nature is ***
"Personality types" - Practical (realistic) type. Standard (office) type. Opposite type: artistic. Related types: artistic and entrepreneurial. Close types: realistic and artistic. Opposite type: intellectual. Intelligent type. Opposite type: entrepreneurial. Entrepreneurial (entrepreneurial) type.
"Personality of Lermontov" - Remember what poetic sizes exist. School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers. House in Pyatigorsk, where M.Yu. Lermontov lived. Dersey Castle. Poem "Sail". The personality of the poet. Determine the rhyme in M.Yu. Lermontov's poem "Sail". Monument to M.Yu. Lermontov in Tarkhany.
"The concept of personality" - Subject. The task "Spell it out". K.G. Jung (1875-1961). Correlation of the concepts "individual", "subject", "individuality", "personality". Personality and subject. In the "Concise Psychological Dictionary" (1985, ed. Therefore, individuality is only one of the aspects of a person's personality. The individual acts mainly as a genotypic formation.
"Modal verbs" - Modal verbs. Das ist eine Katze. Wollen Konnen Mogen Durfen Sollen mussen. Konnen. Diese Katze kann schnell laufen. The place of the modal verb in the sentence. Conjugation of modal verbs. Durfen. To want, to desire, to love, to be able, to be able. Mussen. What kind modal verbs have we learned? Sollen.
"Personality of Chekhov" - was born in Taganrog on January 17 (29), 1860. House in Moscow. Taganrog. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The house where Anton Chekhov was born. Mother - Evgenia Yakovlevna, a wonderful hostess, very caring and loving. Father Chekhov's shop in Taganrog. Father - Pavel Yegorovich Chekhov was a very interesting person. Chekhov family.
"Education of the personality of a schoolchild" - Strategic goal: education of the personality of a Russian. Pedagogical necessity. Artistic and aesthetic profile: Education of a Russian in a multicultural environment. The main goal is the formation of behavioral stereotypes based on tolerance and citizenship. Conceptual positions of education of the Russian.
According to. Liszt, the universal and scholastic concept of the classics is unsuitable for practical use. The business economic system must be based on reliable historical facts. It is called upon to respect the truly national interests, and not to "fill the head" of practitioners with various doctrinal considerations. The preaching of freedom of trade, which is contained in the writings of the classics, is only in the interest. England. English merchants buy raw materials and sell manufactured goods. In the absence of prohibitive duties, this undermines the still fragile industry. Germany. The paradox lies in the fact that the German princes willows in early XIX in were separated by customs borders, and there were no duties in relation to neighboring states. Meanwhile, the British themselves fenced off the domestic market from German agricultural products with the help of the so-called Corn Laws.
4 What is new in the development of the theory of political economy introduced F List?
Recognizing merit. Liszt, one should first of all single out his historical method. The scientist substantiated and concretized a number of new, fundamentally important provisions. General principles classical school. List translated into the language of national political economy. He showed the impact of political unity and government controlled on the economic development, on the progress of national production and the increase of national wealth. The foreign trade policy should correspond to the general economic policy. State power coordinates and directs the efforts of individual links of the national economy in the name of long-term, indigenous interior of the nation.
5 Give a general description of the new historical school. What is its merit?
Historical school in Germany was developed in the works. Wilhelm. Roscher (1817-1894). Bruno. Hildebrand (1812-1878) and. Carla. Chris (1821-1898), who are considered the founders of the new historical school, inherits the tradition. F. List, they substantiated the need for reflection in economic theory features of national economies, defended the idea of a historical approach to the economy, taking into account specific historical and socio-cultural factors in the analysis of economic systems. Significant was their contribution to the history National economy and the history of economic thought.
6 What role did the representatives of the new historical school assign to the state?
The greatest merit of the economists of the new historical school was that they were long before. John. M. Keynes raised the question of the regulatory and guiding role of the state in the economic life of society. G. Schmoller, for example, argued that the Prussian state is the main force in the development of society, a significant clothing capital. He was an active supporter of a strong hereditary monarchy, with the help of which any social contradictions could be sewn into a whirlpool. Within the framework of the bourgeois system, the realization of the idea of social justice is possible only under the condition of a strong government. A wise and strong government, in his opinion, can resist the manifestations of class selfishness and class abuses, and ensure economic prosperity. This thesis laid the foundation for the theory of "above-class state power".
According to. G. Schmoller, economic life is part of an active cultural model, and economic science must determine the means or laws of cultural stratification in the economic aspect, thus without worrying about harmonizing changes in culture with economic growth or recession. Since history is a complete sequence of events, an exhaustive analysis of past cultural developments will provide cultural perspective. Active for development in the future.
F. Kotler on marketing strategy
According to F. Kotler, a company in the competition can play one of four roles. The marketing strategy is determined by the position of the company in the market, whether it is a leader, challenger, follower or occupies a certain niche:
1. The leader (a market share of about 40%) feels confident. The market leader owns the largest market share of a particular product. In order to consolidate its dominant position, the leader must strive to expand the market as a whole, attracting new consumers, finding new ways to consume and use products. To protect its market share, the leader uses the strategies of positional, flank and mobile defense, preemptive strikes and repulse of an attack, and forced reduction. Most market leaders seek to deprive competitors of the very possibility of going on the offensive.
2. Applicant for leadership (market share of about 30%). Such a company aggressively attacks the leader and other competitors. As part of special strategies, the applicant can use the following options attacks:
- "frontal attack" - conducted in many areas (new products and prices, advertising and sales), this attack requires significant resources;
- "environment" - an attempt to attack all or a significant market area of the market.
- "bypass" - the transition to the production of fundamentally new goods, the development of new markets.
- “gorilla attack” - small impetuous attacks by not entirely correct methods.
3. Follower (20% share) a company that strives to maintain its market share and get around all the shallows. However, even followers must adhere to strategies aimed at maintaining and increasing market share. The follower can play the role of imitator or double.
4. Digging into market niches - (10% share) serves a small segment of the market that large firms do not care about. Traditionally, this role was played by small businesses, today large companies are also using the niche strategy. The key to niches is specialization. Niche targeting companies choose one or more areas of specialization: by end user, by vertical, by customer size, by specific customer, by geography, by product, by customer experience, by specific quality/price ratio, by service, distribution channels. Several niches are preferable to one.
M. Porter on five basic competitive strategies
1. A cost leadership strategy that involves reducing the total cost of producing goods or services.
2. A strategy of broad differentiation, aimed at giving products specific features that distinguish them from the products of competing firms, which helps to attract a large number buyers.
3. A cost-effective strategy that enables customers to get more value for their money through a combination of low costs and broad product differentiation. The task is to provide optimal costs and prices relative to manufacturers of products with similar features and quality.
4. Focused strategy, or market niche strategy based on low costs, is focused on a narrow segment of buyers, where the company is ahead of its competitors due to lower production costs
5. A focused strategy, or a market niche strategy based on product differentiation, aims to provide representatives of the selected segment with goods or services that best suit their tastes and requirements.
M. Porter identifies three key general strategies: cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Let's consider each of them in turn.
1. Cost leadership. When implementing this strategy, the task is to achieve leadership in terms of costs in their industry through a set of functional measures aimed at solving this particular problem. As a strategy, it involves tight control over costs and overheads, minimizing spending in areas such as research and development, advertising, and so on. Low costs give an organization a good chance in its industry even if competition is fierce. A cost leadership strategy often creates a solid basis for competition in an industry where fierce competition in other forms is already established.
2. Differentiation. This strategy involves differentiating an organization's product or service from those offered by competitors in the industry. As Porter shows, the differentiation approach can take various forms including image, brand, technology, distinctive features, special customer service, etc. Differentiation requires serious research and development, as well as sustainable marketing. In addition, buyers must give their liking to the product as something unique. The potential risk of this strategy is changes in the market or the launch of analogues initiated by competitors, which will destroy the competitive advantage gained by the company.
3. Focus. The objective of this strategy is to focus on specific group consumers, market segment or geographically distinct market. The idea is to serve a specific target well, not the industry as a whole. It is assumed that the organization will thus be able to serve a narrow target group better than its competitors. This position provides protection against all competitive forces. Focusing can also be combined with cost leadership or product/service customization.
Analyzing the competitive environment and determining the organization's position in it involves determining the complexity and dynamism of the competitive environment. The universal methods of such analysis are the five forces model of M. Porter and the cost analysis of competitors.
The five forces model involves conducting a structural analysis based on determining the intensity of competition and studying the threat of potential competitors entering the market, the power of buyers, the power of suppliers, the threat from substitutes for a product or service. Cost analysis of competitors comes down to finding out the strategic factors that control costs, the actual cost analysis and cost modeling of competitors.
To gain a competitive advantage, a firm can use three general competitive strategies: cost leadership (the task is to achieve cost leadership in a particular area through a set of measures to control them), individualization (it is supposed to achieve a difference between the product or service of the organization from the products or services of competitors in this area), focusing (the task is to focus on a specific group, market segment or geographic region).
First, in practice, there are much more factors that influence the choice of a company's behavior strategy: improving product quality; price drop; cost reduction; increase in the release program; improving the quality of service of goods; lower operating costs; development of a new market, etc.
Secondly, the choice of the company's strategy is determined not only by the orientation towards changing one factor and the choice of only one of the listed strategies, but by the dynamic combination of many factors in the formation of the strategy. Can't a firm simultaneously improve the quality of the product, reduce unit costs, improve the quality of service, develop new markets, increase the output program?
All of these factors can be involved simultaneously. Everything is determined by the competitiveness of the company's personnel and the availability of funds.
