Socially economic development of Russia in the 16th century. The socio-economic development of the country in the XVI century. Examination at the rate

In the first half of the XVI century, the Russian economy developed on ascending. At this time, Russia did not conduct ruinous wars - neither external nor internal internecine. A large voltage of forces at this time required only collisions with Tatars in the South and Eastern borders.

At this time, the specialization of districts at the production of one type of goods are planned. First of all, it concerns the areas of salt mining and fishing for sale. Solverization is developing in the old Russa, the salt of the ottigar, salt of Kamsk, Salol Galich, Kostroma. Pskov land has been determined as a lard center, where the commercial production of the canvas and canvas was folded. Large center of the semination of the skin becomes Yaroslavl, metalworking - Novgorod. At the end of the XVI century, it consisted over 230 masters engaged in iron treatment. At the same time, the famous iron reinforcement center in the Serpukhov-Tula region is also being.

Craft production was concentrated mainly in cities. The largest in the population of the city in the middle of the XVI century were: Moscow (100 thousand people), Novgorod (about 25 thousand people), Mozhaisk (about 6 thousand people), Kolomna (3 thousand people). Moscow gradually becomes not only an administrative, but also the economic center of the state. Simultaneously with cities, smaller trade and craft settlements are growing - "Posada", "Rows". Such settlements often had their narrow specialization. Subsequently, many of them turned into cities. A network of small "Torzkov", located during monasteries or villages and sublodes, begins to form.

The main product in the domestic market was bread. Persons, peasants, monasteries took part in the bread trading. An important goods were also fish and salt. Nordic monasteries - Solovetsky and Savier-Prilutsky, who have had sources of salt in their possessions specialized on trade in salt. The growth of economic ties contributed to the fairs, usually organized in cities and during monasteries. Monasteries were interested in the fact that the fairs are held near the monastic walls, as customs income partially went into their treasury.

In the middle of the XVI century, attempts are made to streamline the collection of various duties associated with trade and the transport of goods. In the era of fragmentation, each of the principalities and the lands had its own order of trading and passage fees. Now there are single norms and establishes the concept of "state-owned", one for the whole country. Measures are taken to prevent illegal (duty-free) import and export of goods: "On the turns of Lithuanian, and German, and in the Tatar oblast, and the turnout and soil good ... Brechi, and viewing and more advanced people and protected goods."

In the XVI century, foreign trade flourishes, which becomes the most important state affairs. After taking Narva, Russian troops in 1558 she became a gate through which Russian goods went to Western European countries. Flax, hemp, salo, and lead, sulfur, tin, copper, cloth were imported from Russia.

To attract foreign merchants (and therefore, the influx of precious metals) the Russian government was ready to go for large concessions. In 1554, the Englishman Richard Chensler in search of the way to the East through the North Sea arrived at the mouth of Northern Dvina. He visited Moscow, was accepted by Ivan Grozny and spent several months in the capital. This expedition laid the beginning of the development of direct relations between Russia and Western states. The city of Arkhangelsk at the mouth of Northern Dvina for a half century became the focus of foreign trade in Russia.

Ivan Groznya fell great sympathy for England, which, because of his remoteness from Russia, seemed to him a friendly country. The English trading company received large benefits in Russia: exemption from paying duties, free passage through Russian lands to the east, full of internal self-government.

The Eastern Foreign Trade of Russia was bloomed. Turkey exported fur, skin, products of Russian jewelers. From there we were drilled silk, pearls, spices. The mediation role in this trading was played by Crimea. Another oriental neighbor of Russia is the Nogai Horde -Passed a huge number of horses. There were links with the Central Asian and Transcaucasian countries, although Kazan Khanate significantly obstructed these contacts.

Russia of that time knew the "eternal" economic problems faced by the population: price increase and taxation. During the XVI century, prices for agricultural and commercial goods increased in about three or four times. This increase occurred in several stages: the 20-30s, the second half of the 50s and the very end of the 70s and 1980s. At the end of the XV century, the unit of taxation in Russia was a certain amount of the cultivated pashnya. From the middle of the XVI century this is the so-called "big Moscow Soka". Depending on the number of "socks" at the landowner, the main state tax was charged - tribute.

After the local government reform in the middle of the XVI century, the peasant population began to pay the lifts, which was paid to serving serve people. In addition, the composition of the main state taxes included "half-one" (they walked to the redemption of prisoners), "Proshnaya service" (providing military campaigns) and the "city case" (repair and construction of urban fortifications).

From the end of the 1560s, the decline begins in economic life. The situation of the 1570-1580s is usually characterized as an economic crisis. By the mid-1580s, almost the entire territory of the country in one degree or another "was empty". The population decrease by 60-80% for various parts of the country meant the termination of tax revenues. The start of the ruin was laid out of the crown of 1570, and soon the country embraced a strong marine tetree. It was one of those terrible medieval epidemics, which arose about once every 100 years. Even after ten years, many villages, empty in the years, continued to remain unoccupied. Official pogroms and redistributes of the Earth also completed the ruin of the rural population.

Heavy consequences for the country's socio-economic situation had events related to the Livonian War. In those territories where military actions were conducted, Polish-Lithuanian soldiers killed the peasants and burned villages. With the needs of war, there were also an extremely rapid increase in taxes and shares that became an unbearable burden for peasants. From the middle of the century to the 70s, state regulations have doubled, and from the beginning of the 70s to the beginning of the 80s - another 80%. Emergency taxes began to gather annually - "Polonynyny Money", "Pilthines". On the lands of the protein-sized (state) peasants, the so-called, "Tenty Pashnya" was headed: each peasant should plow four tenth of the Earth on the sovereign.

At the rule of Tsar Fyodor (1584-1598) there are some economic revival. Some of the peasants who fled to the outskirts, returns to her former residence, begins to rebuild the yards, process a lot. But the events that followed the events of the troubled time bother these achievements of the government.

Russian State Agrarian Cammation University

Examination at the rate

"THE HISTORY OF HOMELAND"

is done by a student

Golokov IK

checked

________________

The socio-economic development of Russia in the XVI century. 3.

Internal policy and reform of the middle of the XVI century. four

Internal policy of the middle of the XVI century ........................................... 4

Reforms of the middle of the XVI century .............................................. .................... five

Foreign policy of Russia. Official ........................... 9.

Foreign policy of Russia ............................................... ..................... nine

Okrichnina ................................................... ............................................ 10

Conclusion ............................................................... ...................................... 13

List of references used ............................. 14

In the middle of the XVI century, the process of unification of the Russian principalities in a single state continued, expanding the borders to the south, southeast, the East as a result of the overthrow of the Ordan Iga. The territory increased almost ten times, the population turned the mark of 10 million people and was distributed very unevenly. The most populated were central areas from Tver to Nizhny Novgorod. The population of cities grew, Moscow by the beginning of the century had more than 100 thousand inhabitants, Novgorod, Pskov - more than 30 thousand, in other cities the number of residents fluctuated in the range of 3-15 thousand; The urban population was about 2% of the total population.

The central regions of the country were an area of \u200b\u200bdeveloped pastry farming with a stable three-field system. The development of the black earth lands of the "Wild Field" began, separating Russia from the Crimean Khanate. At the same time, it was practiced often "arable land" without the right crop rotation. In the non-black earth lands used primitive fertilizers (manure, ash). The main agricultural instrument of labor remained soy with an iron tip ( danger). She was improved, silent appeared with a dump, providing a better disarm and, consequently, the growth of the crop. The main cultures were rye, oats, barley, vegetable. Rightly sowed wheat, millet, buckwheat. In the north-western regions cultivated flax, culture required less than the sun and more moisture. In the central regions and the Volga region from the coal to Kineshma, productive cattle breeding developed. In the forest areas of the north of the north-east, the Flynin, the beast, the fish, were engaged in the saltation. On the basis of open swamp ores there were centers of iron production (Ustyuzhna Zanenopolskaya).

The development of cities was accompanied by the development of the crafts, the specialization was deepened, the skill was improved. Great development received clothing, weapons, wood treatment, leather, bone carving, jewelry. Big successes reached the foundry, a model of which the famous "king gun" can serve, cast by the master Andrei Chokhov in Moscow on the cannon court (the area of \u200b\u200bthe modern store "Children's World") and decorated with skilled-free images in 1586

Compared to the previous century, trade has increased. The largest centers were Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Kholmogory. The leading role in trade continues to play feudal and monasteries. Mortgations are formed from different layers of the population. The state emphasized large merchants by privileges, providing them with judicial and submitted benefits. Wear merchants often become large feudal owners. Trade with foreign states is growing and grows. After the accession of the Kazan and Astrakhan Hannies, the path to the East opens, in 1553 the Northern Path was opened in Scandinavia and England from Arkhangelsk.

In the internal and foreign policy in the XVI century, a number of important issues come to Russia. In domestic politics, this is the limitation of the power of large specific princes, a decrease in destructive civil society, decentralization trends, the creation and strengthening of the state's office. In foreign policy - the struggle against Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean Khanshai, the struggle for entering the Baltic Sea, strengthening the Eastern Rubber, the further development of Siberia, the association of all lands around the single center, which became Moscow.

After the death of Vasily III in 1533, his three-year-old son Ivan IV became the Grand Prince. Immediately after that, the struggle for the Moscow throne was launched: several attempts were taken by the overthrow of Ivan IV His mother - Regenth, Elena Glinsky, first, first by his father's brothers, then Uncle Elena - Mikhail Glinsky, who appeared on the specific princes of Belsky, Vorotnsky, Trubetsky.

Reflecting the performances of feudal nobility, leading between various groups of feudalists, the Government of Elena Glinsky continued to lead to the strengthening of the Grand Duct. It limited the submitted and judicial benefits of the church, put the growth of the monastery land tenure under its control, forbidden to buy land from serving nobles. To streamline the financial system in 1535, monetary reform was carried out. The weight of the coin was reduced, which eliminated the disorder between the Moscow and retained by the Novgorod monetary systems. The reform began - the introduction of the local "lifting" self-government, the nomination of "favorite heads" to address the issues of legal proceedings, which limited the power of the boyar feeders who managed on the ground. After the death of the Mlinsky series, the change of power (1539 - Shuisky, 1542 - Beliek, 1547 - Glinsky) of civilians, murders and ruin of political opponents weakened state power. The situation of the population has deteriorated, which lay the main severity of feudal strips.

The struggle around the throne, endless intrigue, conspiracies, cruelty could not leave the mark in the soul early orphaned child - the future sovereign. It formed contradictory traits of character, testifying to uncommon abilities, flexible and mocking mind. At the same time, he had suspiciously developed, the habit of hiding his thoughts, distrust of people, a tendency to hypocrisy, who testified the absence of parental care and maternal caress. He soon matured, addicted to read, thus obtaining an excellent education for that time, possessing evidence of contemporaries good memory. Until our time, his written works, theological, political content among which corresponds to the correspondence with Prince Andrei Kurbsky. It is presented with Ivan's views on power, controversy against the dishevement and its claims. Documents are filled with quotes from religious literature, illusions from the Greek Romans of Byzantine history and literature. The main idea occupying Ivan - about state proceedings, about the divine origin of the royal power (" Turn the power is not from God. All souls by the authority of the precondition may obey "), About the disastrous consequences of blurred and non-punishment.

The first step towards strengthening power becomes the wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom, conducted by Metropolitan Macarius in 1547. This in the then concepts sharply trembled Ivan over Russian and equalized it with Western European sovereigns. The first steps of the Moscow sovereign are aimed at achieving a compromise between feudal. The "Favorites Rada" (called by A. Kurbsky) is being created, which includes representatives of different classes from the approximate king. In 1549, the Zemsky Cathedral is created - the deliberative body, which presents the aristocracy, the clergy, "sovereign people", and later elected representatives of merchants and urban tips.

Reform continues, restricting the power of feudal. In 1550, a judiciary enjoying the restriction of the governor's power, which cancel the submitted benefits of monasteries. A shooting army is created - the fourth of the future army. A free people could act in the Sagittarius, for the service, the Sagittarius received a land station, who did not have one who did not give a cash and bread salary. In addition to the creation of Streletsky troops, the "Court of Service" is accepted, regulating the military service of the nobles, for which the salary was also paid. All this required from the treasury of money. Tax reform was carried out, limiting feudal benefits. The system of orders is created, which is based on the principles of inseparably judicial and administrative authorities.

Strengthening the state led by the king, the weakening of the position of feudal nobility reiterates the question of the place of the church in society and the state. In 1551, the so-called stallal cathedral was assembled, who approved, sanctified the judiciary and approved the proceedings. A compromise is achieved between the church and the royal authority.

The ongoing reforms that limit the power of the feudalists meet their resistance, disagreement with the royal politics, the irregularity of the wave of the king. Problems of centralization and strengthening power, the struggle against the opposition take the most terrible, bloody forms.

Ivan the 4th formed the new government from the people devoted to him, which was called the chosen Rada. It includes some noblemen and Staromoshkovskiy boyars interested in the elevation of Moscow. The head of the elected Rada was the favorite of the king of the noralian Alexey Adshev. The court priest Sylvester and Persener Ivan, his childhood, Prince Andrei Kurbsky played a big role in it.

Selected Rada conducted a policy of centralizing the state, seeking to reconcile the interests of all the boyars, nobles and clergy.

In February 1549, representatives of the boyars, the highest clergy and Moscow nobles gathered in the Kremlin Palace. On this "Cathedral of Reconciliation" Ivan 4th delivered a speech. He accused Boyar in abuse and urged everyone to joint activities to strengthen the unity of the Russian state. It was the first Zemsky Cathedral - a collection of representatives of the estates. In the future, Ivan 4th collected Zemstvo Cathedrals to address all the most important state issues. In addition to the boyars, nobles and clergy, representatives of other classes participated in them: merchants and artisans. In Russia, the estate-representative monarchy was established.

In the 16th century, the Moscow State took about 2.9 million square meters. Since by the 16th century, the peasants ceased to be taxed (the tax was entrusted to the Earth), then more independent people could move to other territories.

The monasteries played a crucial role in the process of settling and mastering the people of new territories. Despite the fact that the farm retains a natural character, in some areas arable farming and productive cattle breeding takes its development.

There is an active development of fishery and crafts, centers of iron production. Despite the fact that the commercial center continues to be unclosed cities, the number of trading villages increased.

During the board prince Vasily 3. In many Russian cities developed construction of stone. For this purpose, foreign workers were attracted for this purpose, and Pushkarsky affairs.

Livonian War and oprichnina No consequences for Russia:

· The ruin of cities and villages running on the new lands of the peasants;

· The economy of the country froze in place, and the epidemic of plague and extremely terrible yield aggravated the situation - the economic crisis has occurred;

· Almost all lands in the central regions were abandoned. The surviving peasants left the land.

A strong desire to find a way out of the crisis led the government to make a decision to introduce the "Reserved Years" (from 1581 to 1582), during which people were not allowed to leave their lands. Feodalai tried to hand over the peasants to the rent of land, but it did not bring much success. In the 1990s, the 16th century was noted a rise in agriculture, but it was extremely vulnerable. Earth owned mainly secular and church feudalists, whose possessions were sustained by various benefits enshrined with grand-road diplomas.

In the 16th century, important changes occurred in the structure of feudal property: the proportion of the local land ownership increases greatly, the development of the local system has led to a decrease in the number of protein-sized peasants in the center of the country. In Russia, the territorially divided 2 forms of feudal land tenure are naturally arranged:

· Already strengthened by the previously promoted (secular and church feudal) in the central regions;

· Community peasant in small areas, periodically controlled by the state, and as a result - in the sphere of widespread demand.

It was a distinctive feature of the development of the Russian economy in the Middle Ages.

The general direction of the socio-economic development of the country in the 16th century was to strengthen feudal-serfdom. The economic basis of serfdom was feudal ownership of land.

On the social position of the peasants were divided into 3 groups:

· Owned - belonged to the secular and church feudals;

· Palace - belonged to the Palace Department of the Moscow Princes, and then the kings;

· Brass (state) - lived in areas that do not belong to one or another owner, but obliged to fulfill public works in favor of the state.

In the 16th century, trade with centers in Moscow and other cities greatly increased. In the northern lands delivered bread, and from there - salt, fish and the fur. For internal trade, there were great importance to the feudals, who had privileges, as well as the Grand Duke itself. In the field of commercial education, fishery and craft products were facilities. Foreign trade actively gained momentum. Novgorod and Smolensk were the link link of trade ties with the West. In 1553, a trading path in England was opened through the White Sea. The products of Russian crafts and forest were exported, and weapons were imported, metals, cloth. From the east, Chinese fabrics, porcelain, jewels, and fur, wax were imported to Russia.

The growth of commodity turnover of the country in the 16th century led to the development of monetary relations and the accumulation of capital. But because of the domination of feudal-serfdom and cruel fiscal policies of the state, capital or enrichment of the treasury was sent to the provision of money in debt for interest and retracting the population into severe debt dependence.

During the expansion of trading from different social layers, a rich merchant interlayer was formed. In Moscow, merchant associations were created, having privileges. In legal terms, they were equalized with feudal landowners.

In the 16th century, the largest merchants were Stroganov, they were from Pomeranian peasants who became the founders of a powerful trading and industrial house in the 15th century, operating until 1917.

13) the socio-political crisis of the end of the XVI - early XVII century in Russia. "Troubles" and its consequences The beginning of the XVII century is characterized by an extreme exacerbation of social and political contradictions caused by and weakened by the crucial crisis and the deterioration of the country's international situation. Contemporaries identified these phenomena by the term "Smoot" (1605-1613). University can be viewed as the first civil war in the country's history. Oprichnina and Livonian war caused economic launch of the country. Due to the growth of taxes, the massacies of the peasants on the outskirts of the country to the Cossacks began. Trying to stop the flight of the peasants and to overcome the workforce of the workforce, the government in 1597 prohibits the peasant transition to Yuriev's day and announces the five-year term of the cheek of the raid peasants. The social crisis coincided with dynastic. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, his son Fedor Ivanovich became the king (1594-1598). Fedor was married to the daughter of Boris Godunova, who actually and ruled the country. After the death of a childless Fedor, the Zemsky Cathedral elected to the kingdom of Boris Godunov (1598-1605). However, the throne claimed the closer blood relatives of Ivan the Terrible - the princes of Shui and the boyars of Romanov. Boris Godunov (1598-1605). Originally, Boris favored the circumstances. By the beginning of the 1990s, the country began economic recovery, the development of the Black Earth Center began, an international situation improved. In 1598, Godunov managed to reach Moscow Patriarch Konstantinople and the institutions in Russia of the Patriarchant. The first Russian patriarch was the Metropolitan of Job, a native of the old man. However, the hunger of 1601-1603 aggravated the socio-economic crisis. In order to mitigate the crisis, Godunov restored the norms of Yuryev's norms in 1601-1602. But this recovery concerned only the peasants of a fine-earth nobility. The law caused dissatisfaction with the border nobles, and his abolition caused the displeasure of the peasants. As a result, the dissatisfaction with Godunov covered all the sectors of society - from the boyars to the peasants: 1) the disarray of the scarlet and displeased the very personality of Godunov; 2) the nobility is numerically increasing, and its land and the peasantry is reduced; 3) the peasantry is displeased with taxes, poverty and cancellation of freedom; 4) Cossacks displeased with the desire to enshrine Cossack land. In 1605, Boris died and his son Fedor Borisovich entered the throne. Thus, the dynasty of Godunov was entrenched in power. Lhadmitry I. The reason for the open premium against the Godun dynasty was the emergence of the impostor Grigory Ortrevyev (Feltmitry I), who issued himself for the son of Ivan the Terrible Tsarevich Dimitria killed in Uglich in 1591. The Polish king of Sigismund III helped, the Polish king of Sigismund III was helped, in Russia, Lhadmitry was relied on anti-Korota forces. In June 1605, Lhadmitriy took possession of Moscow, Fyodor was killed. Trying to please everyone, the impostor conducted extremely controversial inner politics: he freed the runaway peasants from responsibility and increased the wrestling period of the fugitives, increased the taxation of the monasteries, introduced the Polish army to the Kremlin, increased land awards to the nobles. IN AND. Shuisky (1606-1610). During the uprising in May 1606, Lhadmitry was killed, and the Zemsky Cathedral elected King Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. The peasants of the South and South-Western countries and the Cossacks, who received tax breaks from Falgeece, spoke against Shuisky. The head of the rebels was Ivan Bolotnikov (1606 - October 1607). With great difficulty, the government coped with the uprising. The remains of the Balmaniktsev in 1607 were joined to the Army of False Deadmitry II (Tushinsky Vora). Lhadmitriy II (1608-1609). The basis of the troops was the Cossacks and the Lithuanian-Polish troops. Falsmitry stopped in the village of Tushino (Tushinsky Thief) and partially besieged it. The Trinity-Sergiev Monastery was also precipitated (September 1608 - January 1610). In Tushinsky camp there was a Metropolitan Filaret (boyar Fedor Romanov). To combat the thief, the nephew of the king Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky concluded a union with Sweden, which sent a detachment to Russia. Skopin-Shuisky managed to remove the siege of the Trinity-Sergmis monastery and strengthen the defense of Moscow. Sweden intervention in Russian affairs gave a reason for the Polish intervention, which besieged Smolensk. Tushinsky camp deprived of Polish assistance collapsed. Semiboyarschina and occupation of Moscow (1610-1612). Vasily Shuysky in 1610 was summarized from the throne. The Council from Seven Boyar (Semiboyarschina) came to power. Trying to strengthen the power and overcome the Cossacks, the Council went to negotiations with Poland and let Polyakov in the Kremlin led by Tsarevich Vladislav. There was a threat of the death of Russia as a state. At the head of the national forces, Patriarch Hermogen stood. According to him, the militia from the nobles and Tushinsev, headed by Lyapunov and Ataman Zarutsky, was formed in Ryazan. However, due to disagreements between the leaders, the militia was contemplated. In August 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, a second national militia is formed led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and the merchant Kuzma Mini. On October 26, 1612, the militia liberated Moscow. The Provisional Government began the preparation of the Zemstvo Cathedral, which was collected in January 1613. At the Cathedral, the king was elected 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the son of Metropolitan Filaret. After the cathedral, relations with Poland and Sweden were adjusted. According to the Stolban World of 1617, Russia returned to Novgorod, but losing the land in the Baltic. Under the contract with Poland from 1618, Russia lost Smolensk. The consequences of the Troubles: 1) Further weakening of the doard and strengthen the nobility; 2) the economic consequences of the war led to strengthen the reinforcement of peasants; 3) Strengthening the feeling of national and religious unity. "The election of Mikhail strengthened her self-aware unity," writes A.S. Hamsters.

Russian State Agrarian Cammation University

Examination at the rate

"THE HISTORY OF HOMELAND"

is done by a student

Golokov IK cipher 2374.

checked

________________

Moscow 2002
Content.

The socio-economic development of Russia in the XVI century. 3.

Internal policy and reform of the middle of the XVI century. four

Internal policy of the middle of the XVI century. four
Reforms of the middle of the XVI century. five

Foreign policy of Russia. Official. nine

Foreign policy of Russia. nine
Official. 10

Conclusion 13.

List of used literature. fourteen

The socio-economic development of Russia in the XVI century.

The central regions of the country were an area of \u200b\u200bdeveloped pastry farming with a stable three-field system. The development of the black earth lands of the "Wild Field" began, separating Russia from the Crimean Khanate. At the same time, it was practiced often "arable land" without the right crop rotation. In the non-black earth lands used primitive fertilizers (manure, ash).
The main agricultural instrument of labor remained soy with an iron tip (wrench). She was improved, silent appeared with a dump, providing a better disarm and, consequently, the growth of the crop. The main cultures were rye, oats, barley, vegetable. Rightly sowed wheat, millet, buckwheat. In the north-western regions cultivated flax, culture required less than the sun and more moisture. In the central regions and the Volga region from the coal to
Kineshmas developed productive cattle breeding. In forest areas of the North
The northeast was produced by the fur, the beast, fish, were engaged in salt. On the basis of open marsh ores there were centers of iron production
(Ustyuzhna Zanenopolskaya).

Compared to the previous century, trade has increased.
The largest centers were Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Kholmogory.
The leading role in trade continues to play feudal and monasteries. Mortgations are formed from different layers of the population. The state emphasized large merchants by privileges, providing them with judicial and submitted benefits.
Wear merchants often become large feudal owners.
Trade with foreign states is growing and grows. After joining
Kazan and Astrakhan Hannis opens the way to the East, in 1553 the North Way was opened in Scandinavia and England from Arkhangelsk.

In the internal and foreign policy in the XVI century, a number of important issues come to Russia. In domestic politics, this is the limitation of the power of large specific princes, a decrease in destructive civil society, decentralization trends, the creation and strengthening of the state's office. In foreign policy
- Fighting Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean Khanate, the struggle for entering
Baltic Sea, strengthening the Eastern Rubber, the further development of Siberia, the association of all lands around the single center, which became Moscow.

Internal policy and reform of the middle of the XVI century.

Internal policy of the middle of the XVI century.

After the death of Vasily III in 1533, his three-year-old son Ivan IV became the Grand Prince. Immediately after that, the struggle for the Moscow throne unfolded: several attempts were taken by the overthrow of Ivan IV his mother - Regent
Elena Glinsky, first by his father's brothers, then Uncle Elena - Mikhail
Glynsky, relying on the specific princes of Belsky, Vorotnsky, Trubetsky.

Reflecting the performances of feudal nobility, leading between various groups of feudalists, the Government of Elena Glinsky continued to lead to the strengthening of the Grand Duct. It limited the submitted and judicial benefits of the church, put the growth of the monastery land tenure under its control, forbidden to buy land from serving nobles. To streamline the financial system in 1535, monetary reform was carried out. The weight of the coin was reduced, which eliminated the disorder between the Moscow and retained by the Novgorod monetary systems. The reform began - the introduction of the local "lifting" self-government, the nomination of "favorite heads" to address the issues of legal proceedings, which limited the power of the boyar feeders who managed on the ground. After the death of the Glinskaya series, the change of power (1539 - Shuisky, 1542 -
Beliek, 1547 - Glinsky) of civilians, murders and ruin political opponents weakened state power. The situation of the population has deteriorated, which lay the main severity of feudal strips.

The struggle around the throne, endless intrigue, conspiracies, cruelty could not leave the mark in the soul early orphaned child - the future sovereign. It formed contradictory traits of character, testifying to uncommon abilities, flexible and mocking mind. At the same time, he had suspiciously developed, the habit of hiding his thoughts, distrust of people, a tendency to hypocrisy, who testified the absence of parental care and maternal caress. He soon matured, addicted to read, thus obtaining an excellent education for that time, possessing evidence of contemporaries good memory. Until our time, his written works, theological, political content among which corresponds to Correspondence with Prince Andrei
Kurbsky. It is presented with Ivan's views on power, controversy against the dishevement and its claims. Documents are filled with quotes from religious literature, illusions from the Greek Romans of Byzantine history and literature. The main thought occupying Ivan - about the state order, about the divine origin of the royal power ("to bear the power of not from God. Any soul by the authority of the pre-war, it will obey"), about the disastrous consequences of blurred and non-punishment.

The first step towards strengthening power becomes the wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom, conducted by Metropolitan Macarius in 1547. This in the then concepts sharply trembled Ivan over Russian and equalized it with Western European sovereigns. The first steps of the Moscow sovereign are aimed at achieving a compromise between feudal. Created "Favorites Rada"
(named as A. Kurbsky), which includes representatives of different classes from the approximate king. In 1549, the Zemsky Cathedral is created - the deliberative body, which presents the aristocracy, the clergy, "sovereign people", and later elected representatives of merchants and urban tips.

Strengthening the state led by the king, the weakening of the position of feudal nobility reiterates the question of the place of the church in society and the state. In 1551, the so-called stogal cathedral was collected, who approved, consecrated
Foreniek and approved reforms. A compromise is achieved between the church and the royal authority.

The ongoing reforms that limit the power of the feudalists meet their resistance, disagreement with the royal politics, the irregularity of the wave of the king.
Problems of centralization and strengthening power, the struggle against the opposition take the most terrible, bloody forms.

Reforms of the middle of the XVI century.

Ivan the 4th formed the new government from the people devoted to him, which was called the chosen Rada. It includes some noblemen and Staromoshkovskiy boyars interested in the elevation of Moscow.
The head of the elected Rada was the favorite of the king of the noralian Alexey Adshev.
The court priest Sylvester and Persener Ivan, his childhood, Prince Andrei Kurbsky played a big role in it.

Selected Rada conducted a policy of centralizing the state, seeking to reconcile the interests of all the boyars, nobles and clergy.

In February 1549 representatives of Boyar gathered in the Kremlin Palace
, higher clergy and Moscow nobles. On this "Cathedral of reconciliation" Ivan
4th spoke with a speech. He accused Boyar in abuse and urged everyone to joint activities to strengthen the unity of the Russian state. It was the first Zemsky Cathedral - a collection of representatives of the estates. Further
Ivan 4th collected Zemstvo Cathedrals to solve all the most important state issues. In addition to the boyars, nobles and clergy, representatives of other classes participated in them: merchants and artisans. In Russia, the estate-representative monarchy was established.

Selected Rada conducted a number of reforms.

It significantly expanded the central administration authorities, the so-called orders, changed the procedure for managing cities and vulsions. Previously, the court and tax collects were injured by the governors of the boyars. They did not get a salary, and
"Fed" at the expense of the population. Selected Rada canceled the feeding system.
She appointed a governor who paid money to all cities and land, and the collection of taxes and court cases commissioned the elders chosen from the number of nobles.

A new judiciary was compiled - a collection of laws.

The Government of Adashev ordered all the markers and landowners in the event of a war to come with the detachments of armed contesions.

In addition, constant infantry shelves of forgers armed with firearms were created. Artillery significantly increased.

Deep spiritual shocks, tested in childhood, have deprived the king of confidence in the subject. The person is complex, controversial and unbalanced, it is in periods of extreme internal stress, when his unbridled passions went out for the norms of reasonable, worked the right and wrong trial over his valid and imaginary opponents.

The policies of the elected Rada did not satisfy the feudalists. The boyars were unhappy with the abolition of feedings and other privileges, and nobles by the fact that they did not receive new places at the expense of victims and monasteries. The situation was aggravated by failures in foreign policy. Infinite intrigues, who took place around the sovereign, undermined his psyche.

The first crisis, who left a deep mark in the exacerbid consciousness of Ivan
Vasilyevich, was associated with his sudden and severe illness after returning from the Kazan campaign and drawing up in March 1553 wills in favor of the infant of Dmitry (the first son born from Anastasia). The king demanded an oath to the heir in diapers, but some nearby boyars who were first kissed the cross, doubts were doubted, and they, having affected patients, dared with the oath. Rumors that they "wanted ... to the state" Staritsky Prince Vladimir Andreevich, cousin Ivana
4th.

The sick king spoke to the Boyars: "If you are my son of my Dimitri, you don't kiss, that means you have another sovereign ... I bring you to cross kissing, I drove you to serve my son Dimitri, and not Zakharian; You have my own souls forgot, we do not want to serve our children, what the cross is kicked for us no longer remember; and who does not want to serve a sovereign - a baby, he doesn't want to serve ... "Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Shuisky responded to this:
"We can not kiss the cross not before the sovereign; To whom we kiss when the sovereign is not here? " Skolnichy Fedor Adashev, the father of the royal favorite, was spoken by direct: "You, sovereign, and your son, Tsarevich Prince
Dimitry, a cross, kiss, and Zakharian, Danilla with the brother, not to serve us; Your son is still in diapers, and we will have zakhariah, Danil with the brother; And we have already seen many from the boyars in your boyfriend. " But in the evening, the following boyars kissed Dimitray: Prince I.F. Mstislavsky, Prince
V.I.Vorotansky, I.V.Shelemetyev, M.Ya. Morozov, Prince Dmitry Palestsky, Dyack
I.m.visky, etc.

Frankly preferred to serve Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky Prince P.Stathev, I.I. Pronsky, C. Lobanov - Rostovsky, D.I. and
I.M.Suysky, P.S. Serbrya, S.Mikulinsky, Bulgakov. The boyars were submitted only after the statement of the king, that he leads to the oath himself and tells to serve
Dmitry, not Zakharian.

According to the news of one chronicle, the boyars forced the prince to be sworn
Vladimir Andreevich, he writing to him that otherwise they would not be released from the palace; To his mother, he was sent three times demanding that she led her stamp to a cross-drive recording. "And she talked a lot of swiss speeches. And since then, there has been a feud, between the boyars of the trouble, and the kingdom in all poverty, "says the chronicle.

August 7, 1560. After the disease, Anastasia died. Her death shook
Ivan Vasilyevich. Anastasia held a special place in his life - he loved her and respected as a close man. The surroundings of Ivan 4th took advantage of his full confusion of stupid despair and entered the rumor that Anastasia died not with his death that "tested the queen with their charms" Sylvester and Adashev. This was enough - the king decided to judge the stipulated in absentia.

The church cathedral condemned the Sylvester for imprisonment in Solovki (it seems he died there). Alexey Fedorovich also did not escape the sad fate; He was taken into custody, transported to Derpt, where he died in imprisonment in 1561.

Then the mass executions began. Supporters of Sylvester and Adashev, all close and distant relatives Alexey Fedorovich, many noble boyars and princes, their families, including children - adolescents, were either physically destroyed, or sent to imprisonment, despite their merits in the past.
Karamzin exclaimed in this connection: "Moscow Chainlane in fear. Blood flowed, in the dungeon, in the monasteries of the victims of the victim! .. "

Now the sovereign appeared new pets. Among them were especially distinguished by the boyar Alexey Danilovich Basmanov, his son Kravychy Fedor
Basmanov, Prince of Athanasius Ivanovich Vyazemsky and Lack of nobles Gregory
Lukyanovich Malyuta Skuratov-Belsky. This latter was a rather colorful figure. Malyuta waded from Ivan the Terrible Son and torture. However, despite this, Malyuta himself was a good family man. One of his daughters, Maria, was married to an outstanding person of that time - Boris Godunov. Died
Malyuta Skuratov on the battlefield - Germans cut him on the wall of the fortress
Wittgenstein in Livonia during the assault in 1573.

Mass executions aroused the flight of many Moscow boyars and nobles in other people's lands. Ivan the Terrible especially struck and brought out the betrayal of Andrei Kurbsky, whom he appreciated not only as a deserved voyage and the nearest state adviser, but also as a personal and trusted friend. And here is unexpected treason! And not just treason, and the shameful flight of Russian governors from the battlefield into the mill of the enemy into one of the most difficult moments for Russia in her tightened war with
Lionia! The Polish king is graciously accepted Kurbsky, he retained all his high honors after him and complained to a rich estate.

"Between the king and boyars was a deaf dressing. She turned into a cruel persecution on the boyars after the flight in Lithuania Prince A.M. Kurbsky "(Platonov).

The Kurbsky himself later wrote that he fled, fearing the reprisals preparing for him. In a letter to the king, he condemned him for the acceleration of the selected Rada, for self-depth. Ivan the Terrible destroyed the close relatives of the Kourbi, abandoned by him in Moscow, a secondary essow. In response to an angry message
Kurbsky Ivan 4 exhaustively and concisely outlined the Credo autocrat: the unlimited will of the will of the monarch, the power of which is authorized by the church and
God, and complete submission of the Divine Will of the monarch of all subjects. Ivan.
Grozny speaks of his right to the autocratic throne, the right of ancient, unchanged, non-repeated: "The autocraticness of our beginning from the saint
Vladimir: We were born in the kingdom, and not someone else's kidnapped. "

Ivan Grozny comes up with an unprecedented mortgage in Russia - voluntarily leaves the throne and leaves the reigning hail of Moscow. This royal game had its own political meaning.

On Sunday December 3, 1564 Ivan with his children and the queen under the protection and accompanied by a large banner from the Kremlin "Unknown Whereby". He served a prayer in Trinity - Sergiev Monastery, and then drove down to Alexander Slobod, where he settled for a long time. A month later, Ivan.
Vasilyevich sent a messenger to Moscow with two grades. The first, "angry" grades was sent to the Metropolitan Athanasia. In it, the sovereign described all the lawlessness of the Boyarian rule, listed the guilt of the Boyar and accused the Metropolitan and the clergy in malicious complicity to the Boyars. The second, "tearful", gram is intended "Posad, all people" and was read in the meeting of the people. In this letter, the king assured Moscow landing people in that evil and anger does not hold on them, clearly seeking to enlist their support.

The departure of the king stuck the capital. The clergy, boyars, dignitaries, ordinarians asked Metropolitan to die the sovereign. To "hit by brow to the king and cry", a representative delegation from the clergy, boyars, nobles, ordinary people, merchants and Posadov went to Alexander Slobod. After listening to these messengers, "all the people", Ivan Grozny agreed to return to Moscow, but under certain conditions. In the most general form, they were as follows: From now on, the king will be at its discretion "I unbelled to execute the traitors to be a question, death, deprivation of heritage," without any claims from the clergy.

Foreign policy of Russia. Official.

Foreign policy of Russia.

The second half of the XVI century passed in diplomatic and military attempts to eliminate the focus of aggression in Kazan. However, they were not crowned with success.
The Ukrainian Millennik, Shig Aley, could not resist in power, and two hikes in 1547-
48 and 49-50 years were not crowned with success. Only by 1556 as a result of the siege and subsequent suppression of performances of Udmurt, Chuvash, Mari
Kazan was turned into a Russian administrative and shopping center. In 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate was joined to Russia, in 1557, Bashkirs entered the state. In the same year, Russia swelled the head of the big
Nogai Horde Murza Izmail.

The conquest of Kazan created a stronghold for further promotion on
East, to the wealth of the Urals and Siberia, sincecorable the attention of Russians. In 1574, the merchants of Stroganov received from Ivan IV diploma on the ownership of lands along the Tobol river. In 1581, for their own funds, they equipped the expedition of the Cossacks under the leadership of Ermak, which consisted of up to 1000 people. As a result of perennial campaigns, battles with Siberian Khan
Kuchum was conquered by Tyumen, land in the floodplain of Tobol and Irtysh. By the end of the century, the Earth were attached to Russia in the lower reaches of Obzda to
Ice Ocean. The flow of trading people, Cossacks, runaway fasteners, free people in search of a better life were rushed into new lands, in search of a better life from royal power with straightening, civil strife and bloodshed.

The exemption from foreign yoke along with the creation of the state contributed to the rise of the national self-consciousness. The Russian population of the state was aware of its ethnic unity. The country has increasingly approved the concept of "Russia" and the derivative of him "Russian", which were used to determine the entire country and its population. The word "Russian" began to be used to designate belonging to Russian nationality, and the word "Russian" was used to refer to belonging to
Russian state. It was finally established at the beginning of the XVII century.

Official.

February 2, 1565 Ivan Vasilyevich solemnly drove into the capital, and the next day she declared the clergy, the Boyars and the most significant officials on the institution of Okrichnina.

What is Okrichnina Ivan the Terrible? The term "Ochrichnina" comes from the Old Slavonic "Occupy" - except, therefore, the Ochrichnikov was still called Ground. In the ancient Russia, Okrichnina called the part of the principality, which, after the death of the prince, allocated his widow "Occupy" of all the lots. Tsarist reform included three groups of events:

1. In the system of centralized state, Ivan Vasilyevich allocated
"Hold" the whole land of significant territories in the West, the North and the south of the country, which amounted to its special personal possession of the nodes or an oprichnin. The Supreme Administration and the court in the sovereign exercise was carried out by Official Boyarskaya Duma. In Ochrichnina, the cities of Mozhaisk, Vyazma, Kozelsk,
Peremyshl, Suzdal, Shuya, Galich, Yuryevts, Vologda, Ustyug, Taraway Russ and a number of high-yielding volosts. Ancient trading routes to the North and East, the main centers of soletheys and strategically important forps in the Western and South-Western borders were departed. Of all the cities, counties, volosts and from the streets, which switched to the State Food, was to be forcibly evicting all the princes, boyars, nobles and orders, if they were not voluntarily recorded with ocraphones.

2. For his guard, the sovereign created from the princes, boyars, nobles and children of the boyars guard of bodyguards. Initially, the oprichny case did not exceed
1000 people, but soon a special army was brought to 5,000 people. The selection of ORDS was produced by Ivan Vasilyevich himself in a solemn atmosphere in
Big Chamber of the Kremlin Palace. Each Okrichnik denied his relatives and obliges to serve only the king. For all this, the sovereign complained of all selected estates and land in those cities and mosses, from where the princes, boyars, nobles and orders, who did not wish to join the oprichnin ... Okrichniki wore black clothes. To the saddle, they attached the dog head and broom. These were the signs of their position, held to track down, sniff and sweep the treason and gnawing sovereign villains - Kramolnikov. Karbsky's prince in his history of King Ivan writes that the king from all over the Russian land gathered his "mans of perfect and all sorts of anger fulfilled" and obliged their terrible oaths not to be found not only with friends and brothers, but also with parents, but to serve him This forced them to kiss the cross.

3. For a part of the state, which remained outside the sovereign is derived, became referred to as the land. The current state affairs here was still the Zemskaya Boyarskaya Duma and orders, but the king took part of the Tsar in the Okrichnin. The highest authorities and in court cases, and in the field of international relations, as before, was the king.

February 4, 1565, i.e. On the second day after the institution of Okrichnina, a new strip of cruel launched for "great modified cases" with those who still managed to serve as a sovereign. Some boyars and princes were executed, others were tonsured into the monks and exiled to remote monasteries, etc. The property of all the options was confiscated. Okrichniki throated boyars houses, took the property, hijacked the peasants.

There is every reason to think that the ghosts were painted with obsistent king by persons! ..

Obviously, the king saw in his cousin Vladimir Staritsky's chief opponent. In 1556, he selected from his cousin to the Orpichnin a significant part of his lot. Thus, Ivan Grozny deprived the Startytsky Prince the last support - support for old feudal feudal. So, the main goal of managing the oversight of the remnants of political decentralization.

Officer terror applied ruthless blows not only on the boyars and prince noble, but also throughout the population of those possessions where the ryrichniki was bursting, where they did not take and robbed "everyone and the whole" without any parsing. Oprichnina was in the hands of the king with a powerful military cavaluation organization.

Naturally, oprichnina very soon caused discontent and angry against the king not only among feudal supports, but also in the mass of a simple people ...

Alexandrova Sloboda became the second capital of the Russian state. In it, Ivan 4 lived seventeen years old, waking up sins with governors before God and continuing to repair the court and massacre over his opponents. The sovereign destroyed a lot of honest people, the people of Russia (the boyar Fedorova; the murder of Metropolitan Philip; murder of Staritsky Prince
Vladimir Andreevich, etc.)

At the Zemsky Cathedral in 1566, the Princess and Boyar group turned to the king with the petition, which requested the abolition of Okrichnin. Grozny responded to this strengthening of the bloody terror. About two hundred people were executed.
Against the Okrichnina performed the highest clergy. His discontent was caused by the desire of the king to completely subordinate the church to the state and take away the land of their land ownership from monasteries. Metropolitan Philip openly condemned the actions of the apricots. Once in the Assumption Cathedral, he asked the king: "How long will you shed the blood of faithful people without guilt? ! .. "By order of the Grozny Philip, we were exiled to the monastery. After some time, he was strangled in the master of the head of chicks by little closet.

The fratricide caused vague women in the people, and then the nameless denunciation appeared very by the way that the Novgorod people plot treason and intend to "surrender to the authorities of the Lithuanian principality."

At the end of 1568. Ivan Grozny with the son of Ivan headed the punitive expedition to Novgorod. In secret, the prepared campaign of the 15-thousandth of the Officer Troops across the native land was noted by the manifestation of the extreme cruelty of the king and the meaningless bloody and robbery rampage of his servants. Wedge, Tver and Torzhok were looted. In Novgorod itself, the unrestrained russell over the citizens lasted 40 days. During this time, all values \u200b\u200bwere withdrawn from churches and monasteries, реритны beat and robbed everyone in a row, without disassembling the right and guilty. Then the king went to Pskov. Pskovs were lucky enough to avoid the pogrom, but not executions. The king left Pskov, grabbing church treasury. Novgorod-Pskov's campaign of Grozny inflicted a big damage to the most advanced areas of Russia and this worsened its economic and martial law. The most modest calculations of the numbers of executed in Novgorod speak of 2 - 3 thousand victims.

Many noble Novgorods were in custody sent to Alexander Slobod. 5 months conducted a consequence, the results of which became known in the summer of 1570, and unexpectedly, many of the managers of the Ochrichnikov themselves came to the number of accused. The cruel execution was actually the head of the Officer Alexey Danilovich Basmanov and his son
Fedor, the favorite of the king, etc. Then over 100 people were executed for several days.

During the years of the Officials and Livonian War, the position of the main producers of the country of the peasants - even more deteriorated: not only born raised, but along with it increased and the lifts. Otherwise, I could not! Okrich dumina, hitting one end in no sense, even stronger hit the peasant and landed man, causing them innumerable troubles.

Ultimately, Okrichnina eliminated political fragmentation, but caused an even greater aggravation of contradictions in the country. In 1572 Ivan
Grozny abolished an oprichnin and even forbade under the fear of punishment whip mentioning this word hated in the people. Officers and Zemskiy territory, Officer and Zemskiy troops, Officer and Zemskie serunons were united, the unity of the Boyar Duma restored. Some Zemsky received back their confiscated victobs. But executions continued after Okrichnina.

The whole era of bloody executions, which the Russian society was subjected in the period of the Okrichnin, is the car with inconsistency. After all, the grandfather and father of John IV will manage to manage the power without any mass repression. And their grandson and son used the kindergarten orders as a combat ax that wrapped on the heads of the guilty and innocent sometimes without trial and the investigation.

Conclusion

Ivan Grozny was complex, ambiguous, contradictory, devoid of moral equilibrium by man and king. The situation in which his childhood proceeded, the emerging circumstances explain the complexity of the nature of John. The features of his personal character gave a special direction of his way of thinking, and the image of thoughts had a strong one, harmful, influence on his image of action.

The positive value of King Ivan in the history of Russia is far from being so great, as it would be possible to think, judging by his ideas and endeavors. Tsar Ivan was a wonderful writer, perhaps even a brilliant political thinker, but he was not a state dealers. One-sided, selfless and negative direction of his political thought under his nervous excitement deprived of his practical tact, political eyelasor, and faint of reality. The reign of Ivana is one of the most beautiful on top of the final results along with the Mongolian ig.
It can be compared with the windy-old blind bogaty, which, in order to destroy his enemies, pushed the building on himself, on the roof of which these enemies were sitting.

List of used literature.

1. Klyuchevsky V.O. Historical portraits. Historical Thoughts - M.:
True, 1990.-624 p.
2. Kostomarov N.I. Russian history in the life-writings of her main figures .-
M.: Thought, 1991.- 616 p.
3. Karamzin N.M. Traditions of centuries. - M: True, 1988. - P. 547-646.

Russian State Agrarian Cammation University

Test

Academic discipline

"THE HISTORY OF HOMELAND"

Performed:

Khokhlova S.Yu.

cIFR 8479.

Balashikha 2011.

The socio-economic development of Russia in the XVI century.

Internal policy and reform of the middle of the XVI century.

Internal policy of the middle of the XVI century.

The struggle around the throne, endless intrigue, conspiracies, cruelty could not leave the mark in the soul early orphaned child - the future sovereign. It formed contradictory traits of character, testifying to uncommon abilities, flexible and mocking mind. At the same time, he had suspiciously developed, the habit of hiding his thoughts, distrust of people, a tendency to hypocrisy, who testified the absence of parental care and maternal caress. He soon matured, addicted to read, thus obtaining an excellent education for that time, possessing evidence of contemporaries good memory. Until our time, his written works, theological, political content among which corresponds to the correspondence with Prince Andrei Kurbsky. It is presented with Ivan's views on power, controversy against the dishevement and its claims. Documents are filled with quotes from religious literature, illusions from the Greek Romans of Byzantine history and literature. The main idea occupying Ivan - about state proceedings, about the divine origin of the royal power (" Turn the power is not from God. All souls by the authority of the precondition may obey"), About the disastrous consequences of blurred and non-punishment.

Reforms of the middle of the XVI century.

Selected Rada conducted a policy of centralizing the state, seeking to reconcile the interests of all the boyars, nobles and clergy.

Selected Rada conducted a number of reforms.

It significantly expanded the central administration authorities, the so-called orders, changed the procedure for managing cities and vulsions. Previously, the court and tax collects were injured by the governors of the boyars. They did not receive complaints, and "fed" at the expense of the population. Selected Rada canceled the feeding system. She appointed a governor who paid money to all cities and land, and the collection of taxes and court cases commissioned the elders chosen from the number of nobles.
A new judiciary was compiled - a collection of laws.
The Government of Adashev ordered all the markers and landowners in the event of a war to come with the detachments of armed contesions.
In addition, constant infantry shelves of forgers armed with firearms were created. Artillery significantly increased.

Reforms contributed to strengthening the central authorities, limited the privileges of the nobles and increased the role of nobles in the management of the country.

The first crisis, who left a deep mark in the aggravated consciousness of Ivan Vasilyevich, was associated with his sudden and severe illness after returning from the Kazan campaign and drawing up in March 1553 of the Dmitry infant (the first son born from Anastasia). The king demanded an oath to the heir in diapers, but some nearby boyars who were first kissed the cross, doubts were doubted, and they, having affected patients, dared with the oath. There were rumors that they "wanted ... to the state" Staritsky Prince Vladimir Andreevich, cousin Ivana 4th.

The sick king spoke to the Boyars: "If you are my son of my Dimitri, you don't kiss, that means you have another sovereign ... I bring you to cross kissing, I drove you to serve my son Dimitri, and not Zakharian; You have my own souls forgot, we do not want to serve our children, what the cross is already kicked, do not remember; and who does not want to serve the sovereign - the baby, he does not want to serve ... "Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Shuisky responded to it:" We can not kiss the cross not before the sovereign; To whom we kiss when the sovereign is not here? " Skolnichy Fedor Adashev, the father of the royal favorite, was spoken straight: "You, sovereign, and your son, Tsarevich Dimitri, and the cross, and Zakharian, Danil with the brother, do not serve us; Your son is still in diapers, and we will have zakhariah, Danil with the brother; And we have already seen many from the boyars in your boyfriend. " But in the evening, the following boyars kissed Dimitray: Prince I.F. Mstislavsky, Prince V.I.Vorotansky, I.V.Shelemetyev, M.Ya. Morozov, Prince Dmitry Palestsky, Dyak I.M.Viskovy, etc.

Frankly preferred to serve Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky Prince P.Stathev, I.I. Pronskiy, C. Lobanov - Rostovsky, D.I. Eyoy, I.M.Suyskiy, P.S. Serbrya, S. Mikulinsky, Bulgakov. The boyars were submitted only after the statement of the king, that he leads to the oath himself and tells to serve Dmitry, and not Zakharian.

According to the news of one chronicle, the boyars were forced forced to swear Prince Vladimir Andreevich, he wrote to him that otherwise they would not be released from the palace; To his mother, he was sent three times demanding that she led her stamp to a cross-drive recording. "And she talked a lot of swiss speeches. And since then, there has been a feud, between the boyars of the trouble, and the kingdom in all poverty, "says the chronicle.

August 7, 1560. After the disease, Anastasia died. Her death shook Ivan Vasilyevich. Anastasia held a special place in his life - he loved her and respected as a close man. The surroundings of Ivan 4th took advantage of his full confusion of stupid despair and entered the rumor that Anastasia died not with his death that "tested the queen with their charms" Sylvester and Adashev. This was enough - the king decided to judge the stipulated in absentia.

Then the mass executions began. Supporters of Sylvester and Adashev, all close and distant relatives Alexey Fedorovich, many noble boyars and princes, their families, including children - adolescents, were either physically destroyed, or sent to imprisonment, despite their merits in the past. Karamzin exclaimed in this connection: "Moscow Chainlane in fear. Blood flowed, in the dungeon, in the monasteries of the victims of the victim! .. "

Now the sovereign appeared new pets. Among them were especially allocated by the boyar Alexei Danilovich Basmanov, his son Kravychy Fedor Basmanov, Prince of Athanasius Ivanovich Vyazemsky and a dignified nobleman Grigory Lukyanovich Malyuta Skuratov-Belsky. This latter was a rather colorful figure. Malyuta waded from Ivan the Terrible Son and torture. However, despite this, Malyuta himself was a good family man. One of his daughters, Maria, was married to an outstanding person of that time - Boris Godunov. Malyuta Skuratov died on the battlefield - the Germans cut him on the wall of Wittgenstein fortress in Livonia during the assault in 1573.

Mass executions aroused the flight of many Moscow boyars and nobles in other people's lands. Ivan the Terrible especially struck and brought out the betrayal of Andrei Kurbsky, whom he appreciated not only as a deserved voyage and the nearest state adviser, but also as a personal and trusted friend. And here is unexpected treason! And not just treason, and the shameful flight of Russian governors from the battlefield in the mill of the enemy to one of the most difficult moments for Russia in her tightened war with the Livonia! The Polish king is graciously accepted Kurbsky, he retained all his high honors after him and complained to a rich estate.

"Between the king and boyars was a deaf dressing. She turned into a cruel persecution on the boyars after the flight in Lithuania Prince A.M. Kurbsky "(Platonov).
etc.................