Freud's basic concept briefly. Psychoanalysis of Z. Freud: main ideas and problems. Since all these forms of reactions are inadequate, a vicious circle is created: anxiety is not eliminated, but on the contrary, it grows, giving rise to more and more conflicts.

Based on two key premises. The first premise - genetic - is that the experiences that a child experiences in childhood have a huge impact on adulthood. The essence of the second premise is that a person initially has a certain amount of sexual energy - libido. It is the libido that during the development of a person goes through several stages, representing a close relationship between instincts, psychology and sexual activity.

The hypothesis of four is called "Freud's Theory of Personality" and is of great scientific and practical interest to psychologists and doctors. According to Freud, development takes place over 4 stages, each of which is discussed below.

Stage 1. Oral phase.

An infant is in the oral phase between the ages of birth and one year. During this period, the child is completely dependent on the mother, and feeding is the main source of pleasure. Freud emphasizes that in this phase the child has only one desire - the absorption of food, and therefore the main erogenous zone is the mouth, because it is a means of nutrition and initial examination of surrounding objects.

Stage 2. Anal phase.

The next stage of personality development is anal, which in duration includes the age of the child from 12-18 months to the third year of life. Freud's theory of personality states that during this period the child begins to learn to control the physiological functions of his body. At this time, the libido is concentrated around the anus, which is now the object of the child's attention.

Children's sexuality now finds its satisfaction in having control over the functions of its body (primarily, over defecation and excretion). It is important to note that, according to Freud, it is during this period that the child encounters the first prohibitions. The outside world is now a high barrier for him. Development at this stage acquires the character of a conflict.

Stage 3. Phallic phase.

The new one manifests itself in a child aged three to six years. Now the libido is concentrated in the genital area. At this stage, children begin to understand and realize sexual differences. The child notices either the presence of a penis, or the absence of one.

According to Freud, at this stage the child already feels pleasure from the stimulation of the genitals, but such arousal is associated with the close presence of the parents.

Stage 4. Latent period.

This period is characterized by the concession of sexual manifestations to curiosity, which is associated with the diversity of the world around the child. The period of the latent period coincides with the age of 5-12 years. Sexual activity during this period is reduced, libido is unstable, the child tries to identify his own "I".

Freud's theory of personality indicates that sexual impulses during this period are repressed by ideals of aesthetics, as well as morality, shame and disgust. At this age, personality development occurs in a combination of biological processes, as well as under the influence of culture and education.

Stage 5. Genital phase.

The transition to the last phase of personality development is accompanied by a transition of the concentration of excitement and satisfaction to the genital area. Genital masturbation in this period is of key importance in satisfying sexual needs.

In conclusion, we note that Freud's theory of personality served as the basis for formulating the foundations of the genesis of the psyche of children: child development corresponds in stages to the movement of libido zones.

The great minds of our planet have been studying the structure of the human personality for many decades. But there are many different questions that scientists are unable to answer. Why does a person have dreams and what information do they carry? Why can the events of past years cause a certain emotional state and provoke rash actions? Why does a person try to save a hopeless marriage and does not let his half go? In order to answer questions from the topic concerning psychic reality, the technique of psychoanalysis is used. Freud's psychoanalytic theory is the main topic of this article.

The founder of psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud

Briefly about creating a method

The theory of psychoanalysis has made a real revolution in the field of psychology. This method was created and put into operation by the great scientist from Austria, doctor of psychiatry Sigmund Freud. Early in his career, Freud worked closely with many eminent scientists. Professor of physiology Ernst Brucke, founder of the cathartic method of psychotherapy Joseph Breuer, founder of the theory of the psychogenic nature of hysteria Jean-Mare Charcot - only a small part of the historical figures with whom Sigmund Freud worked together. According to Freud himself, the original basis of his method was born precisely at the moment of cooperation with the above people.

Being engaged in scientific activity, Freud came to the conclusion that some clinical manifestations of hysteria cannot be interpreted from the point of view of physiology. How to explain what one part human body completely loses sensitivity, and neighboring areas still feel the influence of various stimuli? How to explain the behavior of people in a state of hypnosis? According to the scientist himself, the above questions are a kind of proof of the fact that only a part of mental processes is a manifestation of the reactions of the central nervous system.

Many people have heard that a person immersed in a hypnotic state can be given a psychological setting, which he will definitely fulfill. Quite interesting is the fact that if you ask such a person about the motives of his actions, he can easily find arguments explaining his behavior. Based on this fact, it can be said that the human consciousness independently selects arguments for committed actions, even in the case when there is no particular need for explanations.

During the life of Sigmund Freud, the fact that human behavior can depend on external factors and secret motives for consciousness, was a real shock. It should be noted that it was Freud who introduced such concepts as "unconsciousness" and "subconsciousness". The observations of this outstanding scientist made it possible to create a theory about psychoanalysis. Briefly, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis can be described as an analysis of the human psyche in terms of the forces that move it. The term "power" should be understood as the motives, consequences and influence on the future fate, past life experience.

Freud was the first person who, using the method of psychoanalysis, was able to cure a patient with a semi-paralyzed body.

What is the basis of psychoanalysis

According to Freud, the mental nature of man is continuous and consistent.. The appearance of any thought, desires and actions performed have their own reasons, which are characterized by unconscious or conscious motives. Thus, all committed actions have a direct reflection in the future of the individual.

Even in those situations where emotional experiences seem unfounded, there is a hidden connection between various events in human life.

Based on the above facts, Freud came to the conclusion that the human psyche consists of three different areas:

consciousness;
the unconscious realm;
preconscious section.

The unconscious realm includes the basic instincts, which are integral part human nature. Ideas and emotions that are repressed from consciousness can also be attributed to this area. The reason for their repression may be the perception of such thoughts as forbidden, dirty and unworthy of existence. The unconscious realm has no time frame. In order to explain this fact, it should be said that childhood experiences that have entered the consciousness of an adult are perceived as intensely as they were for the first time.

The area of preconsciousness includes a part of the unconscious area, which in certain life situations becomes available to consciousness. The area of consciousness contains everything that is realized by a person throughout his life. According to Freud's idea, the human psyche is driven by instincts and incentives that make the individual perform various actions. Among all instincts, 2 stimuli should be distinguished that have a dominant role:

Vital energy- libido.
Aggressive Energy- death instinct.

The classical psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud is directed mainly to the study of libido, the basis of which is the sexual nature. Libido is a vital energy that is closely related to the behavior, experiences and emotions of a person. In addition, the characteristics of this energy can be interpreted as the cause of the development of a mental disorder.

The human personality contains three components:

"Super-I"- Superego;
"I"– Ego;
"It"– Id.

“It” is inherent in every person from birth. This structure includes basic instincts and heredity. It cannot be described logically, because "It" is characterized as disorganized and chaotic. It is important to note that "It" has a limitless effect on the ego and superego.

The topical model of the mental apparatus consists of 2 components: conscious and unconscious

"I" is one of the structures of the human personality, which is in close contact with the surrounding people."I" comes from "It" and appears at the moment when the child begins to perceive himself as a person. "It" is a kind of nourishment for "I", and "I" acts as a protective shell of basic instincts. In order to better understand the relationship between

'It' and 'I' should consider the example of sexual needs. "It" is the basic instinct, that is, the need for sexual contact. "I" determines under what conditions and when this contact will be realized. This means that "I" has the ability to restrain and control "It", which is the key to internal psycho-emotional balance.

The "Super-I" originates in the "I" and is a kind of base where moral laws and rules are stored that limit the personality and prohibit certain actions. According to Freud, the task of the "Super-I" includes building ideals, self-observation and conscience.

All of the above structures have an important role in the development of the human personality. They maintain a delicate balance between the danger associated with displeasure and the desire that leads to satisfaction.

The energy originating in "It" is reflected in "It". The task of the "Super-I" is to determine the boundaries of the action of this energy. It should be noted that the requirements of external reality may differ from the requirements of the "Super-I" and "It". This contradiction is the cause of the development of internal conflicts. To resolve such conflicts, the following methods are used:

compensation;
sublimation;
protective mechanisms.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that dreams are a recreation of human desires that cannot be realized in reality. Recurring dreams clearly indicate the presence of unrealized stimuli. Unrealized stimuli interfere with self-expression and psychological growth.

Sublimation is a mechanism for redirecting sexual energy to those goals that are approved in society. These goals include intellectual, social and creative activities. Sublimation is one of the protective mechanisms of the human psyche, and the energy created by it is the basis of civilization.

Anxiety caused by unsatisfied desires can be neutralized by direct appeal to the internal conflict. Since internal energy is unable to find a way out, it is necessary to redirect it to overcome existing obstacles. In addition, it is necessary to reduce the impact that these barriers can provide and compensate for unsatisfied incentives. An example of such compensation is perfect hearing, in people with visual impairments.

According to Freud, the human psyche is limitless.

Freud suggested that we are all driven by the pleasure principle.

A person suffering from a lack of certain skills, and who wants to succeed, can achieve his goal through assertiveness and unsurpassed performance. But there are examples when the resulting voltage can be distorted due to the work of special protective mechanisms. These mechanisms include:

insulation;
suppression;
hypercompensation;
negation;
projection;
regression.

An example of how these defense mechanisms work should be seen in situations with unrequited love. The suppression of these feelings can be expressed by the phrase "I do not remember this feeling", the mechanism of rejection is expressed as "There is no love, and there was not", and isolation can be described as "I do not need love."

Summarizing

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis was briefly and clearly presented in this article. Summing up, we can say that this method is one of the attempts to understand those features of the human psyche that were previously incomprehensible. AT modern world, the term "psychoanalysis" is used in the following areas:

As a name scientific discipline.
The collective name of the complex of events devoted to the study of the work of the psyche.
As a method of treatment of neurotic disorders.

Many modern scientists often criticize the theory of Sigmund Freud. However, today, those concepts that were put into circulation by this scientist are a kind of base for the science of psychology.

Freud Sigmund(1856 - 1939) - Austrian neurologist, psychiatrist and psychologist, professor at the University of Vienna, the first researcher of the phenomena of the subconscious (in 1938 he emigrated to Great Britain).

Designed in late XIX in. a special method of treatment is the analysis of free associations, erroneous actions, sayings and dreams. Freud later interpreted it as a way to penetrate the subconscious, and then, on this basis, proposed his general psychological theory of the structure of the psyche as a continuous conflict interaction of consciousness with unconscious drives ("Interpretations of Dreams", 1900).

Consciousness, according to Freud, continuously suppresses unconscious desires (especially sexual ones), which, breaking through the censorship of consciousness, manifest themselves in various sayings, jokes, slips of the tongue, slips of the tongue (“Psychopathology of everyday life”, 1901). Later, Freud focused on sociocultural problems ("Psychology of the masses and the analysis of the human "I", 1921; "Civilization and those dissatisfied with it", 1929) (see).

Freud's teaching

1. The human psyche consists of two main levels: conscious and unconscious. It is like an iceberg, most of which is hidden from direct view. The unconscious part of the psyche was formed over millions of years in animals. Consciousness is peculiar only to man and has been formed for several tens of thousands of years. The unconscious contains the driving forces of human behavior.
The psychic energy of the unconscious manifests itself directly - in the aspirations aimed at the self-preservation of the individual and the development of the species (the desire for reproduction), and indirectly - in the aspirations for destruction, aggression against obstacles to the survival and development of one's species.

2. In the psyche there is a specific energy of life - the energy of procreation - , sexual energy. Its source is in the unconscious, it is laid down by nature itself. Libido is aimed at the development and survival of the species, genus. However, since a person has consciousness, it can come into conflict with the unconscious libido. A person, being a part of society, wants to develop not only the race, but also himself, his personality. The only source is compelled to nourish both aspirations equally. Freud introduces, in addition to the power of love (Libido, Eros), a new power - the power of death (Mortido, Thanatos). The creature comes into the world to reproduce its kind and make room for the next generation. All living things carry the potential for self-destruction.

Method of psychoanalysis

The purpose of psychoanalysis techniques- to bring the unconscious into the sphere of consciousness without the use of hypnosis.

Free association technique. The patient is placed on a comfortable couch in a small soundproof room with soft lighting, without a pattern on the wallpaper. The purpose of such an organization is the absence of extraneous incentives. Even the psychoanalyst is placed in a chair at the head of the patient so that he does not see him and practically does not feel his presence. Instruction to the patient: “Say whatever comes to your mind without stopping for a second; do not stop your flow of thought by willpower." The psychoanalyst must watch the place where the instruction is violated, pauses appear. the session lasts no more than 40 minutes, as fatigue sets in further. The patient's thought at some point "stumbles" on a certain barrier and turns sharply to the side. The psychoanalyst does not interrupt the patient's story, but marks this place in a notebook. The psychoanalyst asks the patient to talk about problem areas. Over time, the problem for the psychoanalyst becomes obvious. He speaks clearly to the patient. The patient usually denies everything, sometimes this denial turns into aggression. The psychoanalyst must make the patient re-experience this problem, accept it, and thus be freed.
Dream interpretation. The waking psyche does not let through some images that are prohibited by censorship, some internal barriers. However, in a dream we see these images, although they are also veiled by the psyche, since consciousness even in a dream does not let them through in their pure form.
Interpretation of erroneous actions. Erroneous actions are awkward movements, reservations, oversights, jokes. All these are breakthroughs of the unconscious into the realm of consciousness.

Minus psychoanalysis was that he underestimated the fact that man is a social being and interacts in the system of social relations.

Freud creates a holistic doctrine of the human personality. In the structure of personality, he distinguishes:

- the unconscious with which a person is born. It is supported by the pleasure principle. The unconscious is filled with libidinal energy of procreation and aggression. The increase in the energy potential of the libido creates tension, and its discharge is pleasure.
- our consciousness, subject to the principle of reasonableness. I am always between the Id and the Super-Ego, in the confrontation between these two structures. If we obey the Eid, we pay with pangs of conscience, the prohibitions of morality and law. Following the Super-Ego, we pay with neuroses and disorders.
- an idealized person who follows the principles of public morality and duty. This is the social part of the personality. This is an image of a person, what she could be if she followed all the rules and norms of society. However, the Super-I does not have its own source of energy, it is forced to feed on the same libidinal energy of the unconscious. Libido must set in motion two mechanisms at once, and this gives rise to intrapersonal contradictions. Freud uses the Platonic image of a charioteer who drives a chariot pulled by two horses that rush in different directions, and the charioteer is forced to drive them.
Freud's theory of personality structure is complemented by the theory of personality development.

Another important part of Freud's theory of personality was the doctrine of the methods of psychological protection of the individual. When conflicts arise in the human psyche between consciousness and the unconscious, 2 fundamental forms of behavior are possible: and retreat from the object. Aggression can manifest itself in aggression towards other people and objects that we consider unacceptable. Aggression can be expressed both in socialized forms of protest and in asocial forms. Self-aggression is also possible, that is, aggression directed at oneself. A separate section of Freud's theory is devoted to the problem of retreat from the object.

Psychological defense methods

Suppression, exclusion from consciousness of unpleasant or unacceptable impulses. In this case, they are transferred to the unconscious.
. Reorientation of impulse from one object to another, more accessible.
. An attempt to rationally justify the desires and actions caused by such a reason, the recognition of which would threaten the loss of self-respect.
. Unconscious transfer of one's own feelings and inclinations to another person.
Somatization. Fixation on the state of one's health as a form of protection from conflicts.
Jet formation. Replacing unacceptable trends with directly opposite ones.
. Return to primitive forms of behavior in a difficult situation.
. Impossible desires, thoughts, impulses are not recognized. Their very existence is denied.
. Transforming socially unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable and encouraged ones. The clearest example is the arts.

Today, there is probably no person who has not heard of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). This is an Austrian psychologist, neurologist and psychiatrist. It is he who is the "father" of psychoanalysis, which had a huge impact not only on medicine, but also on sociology, art, and literature. The Austrian made a great contribution to understanding the cause-and-effect relationships of the behavioral functions of the individual. Thanks to this, it became more clear why a person thinks, feels, acts this way and not otherwise.

For some specialists, Freud's theory is a model for understanding the human essence, for others it is a conjuncture that has no rational basis. However, despite the aggressively minded opponents, worldwide recognition is evident. Therefore, there are many people who want to get acquainted with the works of the Austrian psychologist. But consider in in full Freud's works within the framework of one article is impossible. Firstly, they are intended for specialists, and secondly, they are too extensive and multifaceted. Therefore, in a concise form, we will get acquainted only with the main postulates and calculations that reflect the essence of Freud's theory.

The essence of Freud's theory

Sigmund Freud was convinced that everything we think about and experience has its own root cause. This means that there are no random actions in human behavior. In the depths of our consciousness there are hidden sources that encourage us to perform certain actions. The depths of consciousness are subconscious. It is this that plays a decisive role in our life. It seems to us that we are reasonable, rational, we are aware of our actions. However, in reality, this is only an outer shell, under which a huge layer of the unknown is hidden.

Freud's theory states that we all come from childhood. It is in the first 5-6 years of life that the foundations of human character are laid. In other words, a foundation is being created on which a building is already being built. Wherein construction works are carried out throughout life. Something is being changed, removed, completed. But the foundation is unshakable. It simply cannot be touched, because then the whole building will collapse.

Further, it should be said that in the writings of the venerable Austrian great importance attached to sex. But in this concept, Freud did not include the primitive copulation of two bodies, but the whole world of human pleasures, feelings and passions. As for sexual life, it is only a part of a multifaceted and beautiful reality, the formation of which takes place in the first years of human life.

The child satisfies hunger not only because it is a physiological need of the body, but also because the absorption of food gives him pleasure. He begins to feel love for those who cradle him, caress, wipe, that is, give physical joys. They are combined with spiritual food, when communication with a person gives the baby pleasure.

As the child matures, he discovers that his sexual organs are extremely sensitive. This is the next stage of personal development. But in its essence, it is a continuation of the previous process, which is based on physical pleasures. The ability to love and the nature of this love become the basis of sexual education.

From early childhood, every person is constantly encouraged to give up something they love. The toddler loves to recover when he pleases and ignores the toilet, but as he grows older he is forbidden to do so. The child wants to express his protest, and he is reminded that only small children cry.

The number of restrictions increases with age, and the requirements increase. Children do not like to get up early, but they are forced to do it because they have to go to Kindergarten. And gradually in consciousness little man Confidence is formed that you can earn the love of others only without objecting to them. There is a suppression of one's feelings and desires for the sake of other people.

A person grows up, becomes an adult. He reaches psychological maturity, and sometimes, on the contrary, directs his forces to satisfy all the same childhood desires. The only difference is that they are somewhat modified depending on the mental and intellectual development of the individual.

Someone can indulge in gluttony with pleasure. For these purposes, he uses his mouth, through which he receives pleasure. And the other individual becomes a brilliant speaker. In this case, the same organ is used, but it brings pleasure in a different plane. The first man confines himself to primitive pleasure at the expense of genuine joys. The second achieves the highest harmony in his desires. In this case, both use the same part of the face.

Sigmund Freud (center) in the 30s

Freud's theory describes many options for replacing childhood desires with more mature and adult ones. He called such processes "adaptation mechanisms". They are based on aspirations small child that have undergone a transformation as a result of a certain life experience and age. This once again emphasizes that everyone - big child. If you tear off the burden of years and extra husks from him, then a charming baby will be born with his childhood passions and desires.

Another fundamental point of psychoanalysis - the presence in the mind of a person of a wide variety of conflicts. This means that in the psyche of every person there is an incessant struggle of opposing forces. This is greed and generosity, good and evil, frivolity and thoroughness, vice and chastity. This list can be continued for a very long time. This must be remembered in order to better know your inner world and reveal your true nature. Indeed, sometimes a person knows himself very poorly and cannot even imagine what he is capable of in a given situation.

The main task of Freud's theory is to create a universal methodology that can help a person solve his life problems. Psychoanalysis tries to the best of its ability to cope with the burden of problems that puts pressure on the psyche and prevents each of us from feeling truly happy. Freud's methods suggest how to rethink your deepest desires. Outwardly, they regularly appear in everyday behavior, but it is very difficult to immediately determine them.

Therefore, people sometimes go to a psychoanalyst for years. Is this treatment beneficial? It all depends on a particular person, on his desire to know his inner world and change for the better. To be positive result, one must first of all believe in the effectiveness of psychoanalysis, and therefore in the Austrian himself who invented it. If, however, one takes all this lightly or with irony, then a positive outcome will never come, and Freud's theory will remain a theory and will not acquire practical value.

Sigmund Freud is an outstanding Austrian psychoanalyst who developed a unique method of studying personality - psychoanalysis. He was the first to explore the hidden part of the psyche - the unconscious, its role in human life. Freud's philosophy laid the foundation for the development of new methods of studying the psyche and methods of psychological assistance.

Major discoveries

Freud made several fundamental discoveries in the field of psychology, introducing new trends and concepts. These include:

Unconscious. Under the Unconscious, Freud understood a special area of the psyche, the presence of which a person is not aware of. The unconscious seeks to subjugate the will and save the human being from the pressure of moral norms.
Libido. Freud called it the engine of the mental life of the individual. Libido activity affects ambitions and aspirations. Freud draws a parallel between sexual and social activity: a man's libido is stronger than a woman's libido, so he has a stronger need for sex and a desire for competition.
Dream interpretation. The unconscious is constantly trying to overpower the will of the individual and sends him signals that remind him of suppressed desires. A person receives these signals in the form of dreams. To get rid of feelings of anxiety, you need to analyze dreams and find the true causes of discomfort.
Neuroticism. Mental disorders caused by the suppression of instincts, Freud collected in one group and called nervous diseases or neuroticism. All people who exist within the framework of European culture are subject to neuroticism, because they are distant from nature and are forced to constantly control their natural needs.

Not all contemporaries welcomed Freud's ideas, some criticized them. Karen Horney, an American psychoanalyst, in one of her works examined Freud's theory of women's envy of a man's penis in detail and suggested that in fact a man is jealous of the presence of a uterus and the ability to reproduce, and the driving force of the human personality is not libido, but anxiety. Karen's bold views have made her one of the iconic figures of neo-Freudianism.

Personality

Initially, in philosophy, the idea of a human being as a rational being was entrenched. All actions were seen as the result of a conscious decision.

So it was before the discovery of the unconscious - a hidden component that guides the actions of the individual, but remains unconscious.

Freud suggested that the psyche of the individual is not integral. This is a structure consisting of separate parts:

"I" - is responsible for the conscious understanding of reality;
"Super-I" - controls the components formed under the influence of social norms;
"It" - stores repressed instincts and desires.

Every person has all the ingredients. They constantly interact with each other. When he has any desire, the Conscious evaluates it in terms of moral standards. If the fulfillment of a desire is fraught with a violation of these norms, it passes into the hidden part of the personality structure and remains there until it is satisfied. The more moral prohibitions an individual has (the stronger his will), the more unfulfilled desires he will have, hidden from the conscious beyond the “It”. Constant control over one's aspirations causes neurosis - somatic manifestations, expressed in physical and mental discomfort. Freudianism in philosophy made it possible to make significant progress in the study of one of the main questions of knowledge - the essence of man.

Components of the psyche

The human psyche consists of the Conscious and the Unconscious. They are not equivalent: the Unconscious tries to suppress consciousness and force the individual to follow his primary drives: Eros and Thanatos. Eros causes sexual desire, Thanatos - the need for death, one's own and someone else's. If the primary drives merge, the person becomes a maniac. He is unable to be guided by the principles of reality and sees the world distorted, created to satisfy his desires. The need to achieve harmony between the components of the psyche makes him commit murders and crimes of a sexual nature.

Functions of the Unconscious

"It" or the Unconscious requires a person to satisfy needs. The unconscious is guided only by inner desires, it is selfish and inconsistent. According to Freud, the main human desires are the desire for reproduction and power, the desire to experience pleasure and avoid feelings of fear. If a person in his actions is guided by the Conscious, the Unconscious comes into conflict with him. There is an emotional tension that needs to be eliminated. To do this, the psyche uses the following techniques:

Repression is the movement of desires into the “It” area, where they continue to affect the psyche, causing a feeling of unaccountable fear and anxiety.
Rationalization - the search for a more acceptable explanation for true desires, relieving feelings of shame.
Sublimation - replacement of instinctive drives for other activities: creativity, social work other.
Regression - refusal of the individual from the perception of reality, a return to the stage of personality development, which could provide psychological comfort.

The constant conflict between Conscious and Unconscious leads to mental disorders. The main goal of psychoanalysis is to determine the true desires of a person, and to find compromise ways to implement them.

Origins of smoking addiction

Freud divided mental development at stages depending on the mode of obtaining pleasure. The first he called oral - the stage of obtaining pleasure with the help of the mouth area. Infants feeding on milk maternal breast, stimulate the oral cavity. In the process of saturation, they have a feeling of satisfaction, and it is automatically associated with swallowing, chewing, licking.

Freud believed that smoking addiction appears in people who need to satisfy their needs, but who have the opportunity to fulfill them. These people mentally return to the first stage of development and unconsciously seek to influence the oral cavity.

Freud once said that a woman's addiction to smoking is a subconscious desire for oral sex. The scientist himself suffered from nicotine addiction, and his students immediately reminded him of this, hoping to embarrass him. In response to this, Freud said his famous phrase, which later became famous: "Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar."

Role of culture

For Sigmund Freud, philosophy was a way of analyzing the influence of culture on a person. In his opinion, culture is an external censor of the individual, which determines the norms and boundaries of what is permissible. The process of cultural development is directly related to the feeling of satisfaction. The evolution of culture distances a person from nature, the satisfaction of primitive inclinations, and makes him unhappy.

Restriction of natural desires causes a feeling of guilt. Freud was convinced that culture suppresses man's natural desires for aggression and destruction. His colleague and follower Carl Jung at the beginning of his work was in solidarity with Freud, but later changed his mind. Jung considered in more detail the influence of libido on a person and his desire for creativity. Based on the teachings of Freud, Jung created his own theory of archetypes - images that form in the collective unconscious and affect people's perception.

Oedipus Complex and Electra Complex

The concept of Freud's philosophy includes a deep analysis sexual desires person. The scientist believed that they are formed in childhood and manifest as the Oedipus Complex or the Electra Complex.

The description of the complexes was based on Freud's observations of parent-child relationships and ways of showing affection in boys and girls. He found that boys pay much more attention to their mother, tend to hug or kiss her, require constant attention. If the mother prefers to spend more time with her husband than with her son, the boy becomes jealous. Unconsciously, he feels sexual attraction to his mother and perceives his father as a rival. Girls show affection for their father and show a negative reaction to his attitude towards their mother.