Substances that cause chemical burns. Substances that cause chemical burns Sulfuric acid corrodes the skin

Chemists, please answer how long does sulfuric acid dissolve the whole person ??? and got the best answer

Answer from Pathologist [guru]
it is better to dissolve in nitric, since calcium which is part of the bones, reacting with sulfuric acid, forms calcium sulfate, which is insoluble, and therefore bones will disintegrate for a long time, hair also does not decompose very well under the action of acids, sodium or potassium hydroxide will help in this.
And I also forgot that fat is better hydrolyzed in alkali, so not only the crowns should have remained there.
I know one thing, it takes 10-12 days to decalcify (remove calcium) a tooth of a healthy person (in 10% nitrogen), while the organic part of the bone remains, which becomes soft
Apparently, the authors of the program did not dare to fully tell about the essence of the matter, especially since sulfuric acid is included in the lists of precursors in the EU and the United States, for sure, the sale there is strictly controlled.
Source: kmn pathologist

Answer from Dmitry Demkov[expert]
They have already left for you, wait.


Answer from Alexandra Bogdanova[newbie]
Sulfuric acid alone will not dissolve and
for a month of a person. Even concentrated, it needs an activator! Better read about it!


Answer from Violetta Solntseva[guru]
Patrice Lumumba (if, of course, heard of him) dissolved in two weeks, however, in "aqua regia".


Answer from Svetlana[guru]
Well, you, guy, are burning!))


Answer from YanGOR[expert]
I think, a month and a half, if we take into account the concentration of the acid and the required excess volume.
By the way, you noted correctly, it was the crowns that were found, because the teeth dissolve almost first ...


Answer from [guru]
First of all, you need to know for sure, a solution of sulfuric acid or is it still concentrated sulfuric acid? What is the approximate volume of a person (weight ...)
In general, if the endorsement, then I think the day is somewhere ...

Speaking in the language of chemistry, acids are those substances that exhibit the ability to release hydrogen cations, or substances that have the ability to accept an electron pair as a result of the formation of a covalent bond. However, in ordinary conversation, acid is usually understood only as those compounds that, when formed in aqueous solutions, give an excess of H30 +. The presence of these cations in solution gives the substance a sour taste and the ability to react to indicators. In this article, we will talk about which substance is the strongest acid, as well as talk about other acidic substances.

Antimony Pentafluoride Hydrofluoric Acid (HFSbF5)

To describe the acidity of a substance, there is an indicator PH, which is the negative decimal logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions. For common substances, this indicator is in the range from 0 to 14. However, for the description of HFSbF5, which is also called “super acid”, this indicator is not suitable.

There is no exact data on the activity of this substance, but it is known that even a 55% solution of HFSbF5 is almost 1,000,000 stronger than concentrated H2SO4, which is considered one of the strongest acids in the minds of the people. Nevertheless, antimony pentafluoride is a fairly rare reagent, and the substance itself was created only in laboratory conditions. It is not produced on an industrial scale.

Carboranic acid (H (CHB11Cl11))

Another super acid. H (CHB11Cl11)) is the strongest acid in the world that can be stored in special containers. The molecule of the substance has the form of an icosahedron. Carboranic acid is much stronger than sulfuric acid. It is capable of dissolving metals and even glass.

This substance was created at the University of California, United States of America with the participation of scientists from the Novosibirsk Institute of Catalytic Processes. As one of the employees of the American university said, the idea of ​​creation was the desire to create molecules previously unknown to anyone.

The strength of H (CHB11Cl11)) is due to the fact that it perfectly gives off a hydrogen ion. In solutions of this substance, the concentration of these ions is much higher than in others. The other part of the molecule, after the release of hydrogen, includes eleven carbon atoms, which form an icosahedron, which is a fairly stable structure, increasing corrosion inertness.

Another strongest acid is the more familiar hydrogen fluoride. The industry produces it in the form of solutions, most often forty, fifty or seventy percent. The substance owes its name to fluorspar, which serves as a raw material for hydrogen fluoride.

This substance is colorless. When dissolved in H20, a significant evolution of heat occurs. At low temperatures, HF is capable of forming weak compounds with water.

The substance is corrosive to glass and many other materials. Polyethylene is used for its transportation. Reacts very well with most metals. Does not react with paraffin.

It is quite toxic and has a narcotic effect. If ingested, it can cause acute poisoning, impaired hematopoiesis, malfunction of organs, disruption of the respiratory system.

Vapors of substances, which can also irritate the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes, also have a toxic effect. When it comes into contact with the skin, it initially causes irritation, but it is very quickly absorbed, which makes it necessary to consult a specialist for treatment. Has mutagenic properties.

Sulfuric acid (H2S04)

Few other acids are known more than sulfuric acid. Indeed, in terms of production volumes, H2SO4 is the most widespread. That is why it is the most dangerous acid in the world.

The substance is a strong acid with two bases. The sulfur in the compound has the highest oxidation state (plus six). Odorless and colorless. Most often used in solution with water or sulfuric anhydride.

There are several ways to get H2S04:

  • Industrial method (dioxide oxidation).
  • Tower method (production using nitrogen oxide).
  • Others (based on obtaining a substance from the interaction of sulfur dioxide with various substances, are not widely used).

Concentrated H2SO4 is very strong, but its solutions pose a serious hazard. When heated, it is a fairly strong oxidizing agent. When interacting with metals, they are oxidized. In this case, H2SO4 is reduced to sulfur dioxide.
H2SO4 is highly corrosive. It can affect the skin, respiratory tract, mucous membranes and internal organs of a person. It is very dangerous not only to get it inside the body, but also to inhale its vapors.

Formic acid (HCOOH)

This substance is a saturated acid with one base. Interestingly, despite its strength, it is used as a dietary supplement. Under normal conditions it is colorless, readily soluble in acetone and readily miscible with water.

HCOOH is dangerous at high concentrations. With a concentration of less than ten percent, it has only an irritating effect. At higher levels, it is capable of corroding tissues and many substances.

Concentrated HCOOH, when in contact with the skin, causes a very severe burn, which causes severe pain. Vapors of the substance can damage the eyes, respiratory system and mucous membranes. If it gets inside, it causes serious poisoning. However, very low concentrations of acid are easily processed in the body and excreted from it.

In case of poisoning with methanol, formic acid is also formed in the body. It is her work in this process that leads to visual impairment due to damage to the optic nerve.

This substance is found in small amounts in fruits, nettles, secretions of some insects.

Nitric acid (HNO3)

Nitric acid is a strong single-base acid. Mixes well with H20 in various proportions.

This substance is one of the most popular products in the chemical industry. There are several methods for its preparation, but the most commonly used is the oxidation of ammonia in the presence of a platinum catalyst. HNO3 is used most often in the production of fertilizers for agriculture. In addition, it is used in the military sphere, in the creation of explosives, in the jewelry industry, to determine the quality of gold, as well as in the creation of certain drugs (for example, nitroglycerin).

The substance is very dangerous to humans. HNO3 vapors damage the respiratory tract and mucous membranes. The acid on the skin leaves ulcers that take a long time to heal. Also, the skin becomes yellow.

When exposed to heat or light, HNO3 decomposes to nitrogen dioxide, which is a fairly toxic gas.
HNO3 does not react with glass, which is why this material is used to store the substance. The acid was first obtained by the alchemist Jabir.

Many people are interested to know which acid corrodes metal. Almost all acids are suitable for this purpose - they have a destructive effect of varying strength on any surface. There are many recipes for dissolving metal, but popular methods may not work for everyone. Someone needs to divide a sheet of steel into two parts without a grinder, while others need to make a hole in the fence in a couple of days. Let's consider the main methods, examining the pros and cons of exposure.

Nitric acid (HNO3)

It is a very strong acid with a pungent odor.

  • Dissolves all metals except aluminum and iron.
  • Low price. From 15 rubles. per kilogram for technical and from 50 rubles. for pure acid.
  • Prevalence - you can buy nitric acid in any city, in many online stores, in all volumes and concentrations.
  • Multifunctionality. This compound is also used as a reagent for rocket fuel, fertilizer and raw material for drugs (nitroglycerin).
  • Volatility of nitric acid. The concentrated compound "smokes" and decomposes into nitric oxide and water in bright light. It must be stored in dark containers.
  • Suffocating smell.
  • Virulence. The acid is dangerous to the human body, causes suffocation and intoxication with unprotected contact. You need to work with her wearing a mask and gloves.
  • Slow action. If the compound is not mixed with other acids, then 2 mm of metal will dissolve for 5 hours.
  • Dissolving not only the necessary, but also the surrounding objects - concrete, wood, etc.

What acids corrode metal

Sulfuric, perchloric and phosphoric acids in high concentration are also suitable.

  • corrode iron;
  • act quickly, but one must remember that "fast" in chemistry is a very broad concept;
  • availability - these acids are easier to find than nitric acids;
  • light does not affect connections in any way;
  • resistance to low temperatures - if, for example, it freezes, then its properties will not change from this.
  • Intolerance to high temperatures. Acids can be "quenched" - they themselves will not suffer after that, but the storage space will be difficult to recover.
  • The complexity of the job. It is necessary to follow safety rules; it is better not to touch the flasks with connections with bare hands. You will need to buy special equipment if you are going to do anything with acids.

What acid quickly corrodes metal

It is better to use compounds of several substances, for example, "aqua regia". It is a mixture of one part nitric acid and three parts hydrochloric acid. The oxidizing ability of such a compound is very strong - even gold can be dissolved.

"Tsarskaya vodka" cannot be stored open, because chlorine will evaporate from it and the compound will lose its basic properties. But in a few minutes, the metal will not dissolve even this substance - you will have to wait a couple of hours to achieve the desired effect.

If you want to increase the reaction rate, you can apply acid to the thread (apply without interruption) and move this thread like

Acids are not the best solution to the problem. It is much more efficient to use gases, grinder, thermite or autogen (gas cutter).

Burns and caustic substances. Sulfuric acid and other substances

Pyrosulfuric acid acts like sulfuric acid, but only stronger; anhydride - three sulfur oxide - acts even more strongly.


The so-called oleum, otherwise fuming sulfuric acid, obtained by dissolving sulfuric anhydride in sulfuric acid, acts in a corresponding way. Dilution of this substance with water is even more dangerous than dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid, because the heat generated during this process is sufficient to cause a violent transformation into steam of a large amount of water and also because the splashing acidic liquid has an even stronger corrosive effect. Inhalation, as it were, of the mist emitted from fuming sulfuric acid and from ordinary hot concentrated acid, can cause severe ulcers in the respiratory tract, leading to death. In milder cases, different durations of inflammation of the respiratory organs or voice are obtained (cf.).


Sulfuric acid is used very often in technology. Despite this, thanks to the improvement of factories, severe damage from its action does not happen so often. Most often they visit: in battery factories, in molding and loading rooms, during staining and cleaning of metals, in felt factories, in oil factories, in superphosphate factories and in tanning factories.


Derivatives of sulfur acids containing chlorine. such as. thionyl chloride, sulfuryl chloride, chlorosulfonic acid, its methyl ester. represent fuming liquids with a suffocating odor, corroding the skin and mucous membranes. The last three of them were used as suffocating agents.


Hydrochloric acid, see hydrochloric acids.


(33) Acetic acid, acetic anhydride and acetic acid halo derivatives are quite corrosive.


(34) Chloric and perchloric acids are corrosive. The latter causes malignant frames.


Chlorosulfonic acid: methyl ester of chlorosulfinic acid, see sulfuric acid.


(33) Chromic acid. Chromic acid and dichromate salts.


Chromic acid ignites many flammable substances, is corrosive and poisonous. Dust of chromic acid and its soluble salts (sodium chromate, potassium, potassium dichromate) cause long-term, deeply penetrating, but painless skin sores. In most people working with chromic acid salts, as a result of such abscesses, perforation of the nasal septum is found.


Poisoning reasons. Obtaining chromium and chromose compounds in coasil and calico prints with pigment and carbon embossing, in chromium-carbonating business, when etching metals, painting wood, in the production of coal dyes, chrome tanning, match fabrication, in etching copper and steel, in the preparation of artificial colors, wallpaper, ink, electrochemical cells, whitening fats, oils and wax.


(70) Herman in 1901 published the results of a survey, which lasted over 2 years, at chromate factories, where chromium-sodium salt was prepared from chromium iron ore, and from it sodium and potassium dichromate. Of the 257 examined workers, 107 had abscesses and 67, in addition, had a perforation of the nasal septum.


(36) Cyanic acid, when applied to the skin, often causes pain and blistering after a few seconds.


(37) Oxalic acid. When inhaled in the form of dust, it is corrosive to mucous membranes. When it acts on the skin, there is a blue color of the nails and their fragility (see also oxalic acid).


(38) Oxygen condensed in steel bombs often causes ignitions when, instead of a fiber gasket, flammable material (cotton paper, rubber) gaskets are placed between the bomb and the reduction screw, or when the gasket ring is lubricated with oil, cf. case).


Collodion, see nitric acid esters.


(39) Coal dyes. Some dyes cause skin rashes and eye problems. The latter is particularly dependent on Methylviolett and Methylgrun paints, which can cause blindness. According to A. Voоt "a, only basic dyes are dangerous for the eyes, but not acidic and neutral, and also not mordant. Since tannin forms insoluble compounds with basic dyes, it is possible to protect the eyes from damage by letting in drops of 5— 10 ° tannin solution in case dye gets into the eyes.


In dye houses where furs are dyed, the cause of skin rashes can be, for example, ursol.


In a large factory of coal dyes, out of 800 available workers, 1 suffered from skin diseases, however, mostly in a mild form, so that the loss of working capacity in 22 workers was expressed in 277 days.


(40) Silicon fluoride; with water forms silicic and hydrofluorosilicic acids: acts in the same way as silicon chloride. Causes tingling in the nose, cough, ulceration, etc.


(41) Silicon chloride; silicon tetrachloride, an easily volatile liquid, was used in World War II as an asphyxiant. On moist mucous membranes, it immediately decomposes into gelatinous silicic acid and hydrochloric acid; its vapors are highly corrosive to the eyes and respiratory system. The presence of silicic acid in the smaller bronchi can also be dangerous.


(42) Magnesium. Severe burns result from careless use of flash magnesium powder in Photographic shots. A real good powder for flash is a mixture of magnesium with potassium perchloric acid or with potassium permanganate; it is prepared without heavy rubbing and set on fire in a proper manner, but not with bare hands. Cotton wool or paper strips impregnated with nitrate make it easier to safely ignite. It should not be forgotten, however, that such nitrated fiber, as well as the paper sleeves of some flash cartridges, can be ignited even by the hot ash of a cigar. The parts of the previously used mixtures of magnesium powder with berthollet's salt, sometimes containing antimony sulphide, are very dangerous. Once there was a violent explosion in the hands of a young man when he opened a bottle with a ground cork containing such a mixture. The friction of the cork against the neck glass was sufficient to cause ignition. Several serious accidents with the use of blown lamps have been caused by. that for blowing into the flame was used - together with pure magnesium powder - a mixture of it with potassium chloride or potassium chloride salt. At the same time, not only the powder introduced into the flame of the lamp caught fire, but also its entire supply. located in the receiver, usually attached to the lamp. All flashes of magnesium instantly glow very strongly in the nearest space (up to 1 m). If you look at a flash of magnesium not from a distant distance, you get severe blinding for a long time; cutting pains often appear in the eyes.


(43) Oils. Blends and emulsions of unknown composition are often sold as lubricating and drilling oils and are often the cause of skin rashes. This "oily scabies" appeared during the World War in many industries.


In a sewing machine factory in Potsdam, 120 of 1,000 workers suffered from skin rashes caused by the use of lube oil containing coal tar products. While working in a factory in Frankfurt on the Oder, which made screws, workers experienced similar illnesses, the cause of which was the use of oils containing creosote.


Oil, Allyl mustard. see mustard oils.


(44) Mustard oils cause lacrimation and blistering of the skin. Allyl mustard oil - Used as a choking agent.


Machine oil, see oils.


Naphthalene oil and naphthalene vapor, see coal tar.


(45) Metal - alkyls (organometallic compounds, such as sodium methyl, zinc methyl, ethyl, propyl, magnesium dimethyl, but not organic halogen derivatives of magnesium) ignite by themselves in air, sometimes causing fires as a result, and on the skin - painful burns.


(46) Alkali metals and their compounds. Alkali metals, potassium and sodium, easily ignite by themselves in air, which is why they are stored under liquid hydrocarbons. The oxides and peroxides obtained during combustion, as well as the hydroxides (hydrates), alkalis (caustic potassium, caustic soda) formed in humid air have very strong caustic properties. The skin swells greatly, becomes slippery and mucous; with longer exposure, a very painful deep burn is formed. They are especially harmful if they get into the eyes and under the nails. The unpleasant sensation in the hands, resulting from the action of even a weak alkali, disappears immediately after washing with a very weak acid. Matter made from fibers of animal origin is rapidly destroyed by the action of alkalis, matter made from fibers of plant origin is well resistant to such an action (on the contrary, acids erode fibers of plant origin more quickly than of animal origin).


In Zurich, before Professor Melth's lecture, one of the students took a piece of potassium from an exposed jar and carefully wrapped it in a handkerchief and put it in his trousers pocket. side, then suddenly jumped on it and swiftly tore out the pocket that was on fire at that time along with its contents. "What's the matter?" The remains of the pocket were kept for some time, as a warning, in a chemical collection in a jar with the inscription: “The effect of stolen potassium on a student's trouser pocket.” In addition to ridicule, the student also suffered from burns.


In December 1920, at the Plauen fair, it was sold under the name "Japanese water lighter", "replacement matches". The sticks, sold in a dry, sealed jar, slightly thicker than a match, were made from metal, crusted sodium! According to the indicated method of use, it was necessary to break off a piece, put it on paper and then spit on it! One student who bought this dangerous toy made an experiment at home, and the hot and corrosive particles of sodium that bounced off hit his face and wounded him decently.


A fire broke out in the laboratory of one of the higher schools due to the bursting of a tube into which an alloy of potassium with sodium was sealed. The liquid alloy, acting on a very thin glass wall, softened it so much that the tube burst by itself. Alloys of this kind should be stored as indicated for phosphorus.


A worker at a paint factory in S. washed paint cans with a solution of potassium hydroxide. On the back of his hand he developed a rash with purulent blisters, crusts and scales, so he had to quit his job. The rash then spread to his face and ears; disability lasted 4 months.


At the rayon factory, 8 workers who washed copper-treated rayon in alkalis suffered from painful inflammation of the skin on the hands and lower forearm. After they began to wash their hands more often while working and lubricate them with greasy ointment, there was a noticeable improvement.

Chemical burns can be caused by liquid or solid mineral and organic substances that actively interact with body tissues. Not only the skin may be affected (especially severe burns are observed when the substance gets under the nails), but also the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and alimentary tract, as well as the cornea of ​​the eyes. Burns of the mucous membranes and, especially, of the cornea of ​​the eyes, as a rule, have more serious consequences than burns of the skin.

Substances that cause chemical burns can belong to different classes of compounds: mineral and some carboxylic acids (for example, acetic, chloroacetic, acetylene dicarboxylic, etc.), acid chlorides (for example, chlorosulfonic acid, sulfuryl and thionyl chlorides), phosphorus and aluminum halides, phenol, caustic alkalis and their solutions, alkali metal alcoholates, as well as neutral substances - liquid bromine, white phosphorus, dimethyl sulfate, silver nitrate, bleach, aromatic nitro compounds.

Acid

Of the mineral acids, the most dangerous are hydrofluoric and concentrated nitric acids, as well as mixtures of nitric acid with hydrochloric ("aqua regia") and concentrated sulfuric ("nitrating mixture") acids. Concentrated hydrofluoric acid corrodes skin and nails very quickly; in this case, extremely painful and long-lasting ulcers are formed. When concentrated nitric acid comes into contact with the skin, a strong burning sensation is immediately felt, the skin turns yellow. With prolonged contact, a wound is formed.

Concentrated sulfuric and chlorosulfonic acids are also very dangerous, especially to the eyes. However, if the sulfuric acid is immediately washed off the damaged skin area with plenty of water and then with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, the burn can be avoided. Chlorosulfonic acid is more corrosive than sulfuric acid and causes severe chemical burns if it comes into contact with the skin. With prolonged contact, these acids cause charring of the skin and the formation of deep ulcers. If these acids get into the eyes, in most cases it leads to partial or even complete loss of vision. The least dangerous of the mineral acids is hydrochloric acid. It only causes itching, without penetrating deep into the tissues. The skin becomes hard and dry and after a while begins to peel off.

Thionyl chloride, phosphorus halides and aluminum chloride have a similar effect on the skin. Hydrolyzed by the moisture of the skin, they decompose with the formation of hydrochloric and phosphoric acids, which cause a chemical burn.

Certain organic acids, such as trifluoro- and trichloroacetic acids, acetylene-dicarboxylic and, to a lesser extent, mono- and dichloroacetic acids, can also cause severe chemical burns and ulcers. Especially severe injuries are observed when their solutions in organic solvents (for example, diethyl ether) come into contact with the skin.

Alkalis

Caustic alkalis and their solutions cause more severe chemical burns than acids, since they cause swelling of the skin and therefore cannot be quickly washed off with water from the affected area. With prolonged action, very painful deep burns are formed. It is recommended to remove the alkali solution from the affected area not with water, but with a dilute solution of acetic acid. Contact with alkali in the eyes almost always causes complete blindness. Alcoholates and their alcohol solutions act on the skin and mucous membranes in the same way as caustic alkalis, but they are more aggressive.

Organic matter

Many organic substances cause chemical burns. For example, phenol and most substituted phenols, when on the skin, cause weeping lichens. With prolonged exposure, tissue necrosis and scabs appear. Most of the nitro compounds of the benzene series, as well as polynitro and nitroso compounds, cause eczema. Halo dinitrobenzenes and nitrosomethylureas used to obtain diazomethane are especially strong. Dialkyl sulfates, especially dimethyl sulfate, cause chemical burns.

Rules for working with substances that cause chemical burns

Precautions to avoid chemical burns are largely the same as those outlined in the "Flammable Substances" section. In most cases, chemical burns are the result of inept and careless handling of substances that cause burns. Work with such substances must be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment: rubber gloves and a protective mask made of organic glass or safety glasses.

Particular care must be taken when grinding solid alkalis, calcium carbide, lithium hydride and sodium amide, which cause severe damage not only to the skin, but also to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes. When performing these works, in addition to the mandatory use of protective gloves and a mask (and not glasses), a gauze bandage should be worn to protect the nose and mouth.

When working with concentrated sulfuric acid, it must be remembered that dilution with water is extremely violent and in some cases may be accompanied by splashing or even ejection of liquid. Therefore, dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid is carried out by gradually adding acid to water, and in no case is it the other way around. It should also be borne in mind that if water or small pieces of ice accidentally get into the reaction mixture containing concentrated sulfuric or chlorosulfonic acid, the reaction may get out of control and the reaction mass will be released.

Chemical burns can be obtained when working with large vessels containing large amounts of concentrated acids or alkali solutions. Such vessels should be in wicker baskets, from which they cannot be removed either during transportation from place to place, or when pouring their contents into vessels of smaller capacity. Transfusion should be carried out using special siphons, pre-filled with the transfused liquid using a rubber pear or a water jet pump. It is strictly forbidden to suck liquids causing chemical burns into siphons or pipettes using the mouth, as this can cause severe burns to the mucous membranes of the oral cavity.

Persons pouring corrosive substances from large vessels should be protected with rubber gloves, a mask and a long rubber apron.

First aid

First aid for a chemical burn should consist, first of all, in the immediate and thorough removal of this substance from the skin surface.

If the burn was caused by mineral acids, the affected area is washed for 10-15 minutes with water, and then 2 N. soda solution. If the eyes were affected, then after prolonged treatment with water, it is necessary to make lotions with a 2-3% sodium bicarbonate solution and immediately consult a doctor.

In case of damage to the skin with alkali solutions, it is better to immediately treat the affected area with 2 n. solution of acetic acid, and in case of eye damage, it is necessary to rinse them for a long time with plenty of water, directing an unsharp stream directly into the eye.

The organic matter is usually removed with a gauze or cotton swab slightly moistened with a solvent similar in polarity to the substance that has come into contact with the skin (alcohol, ether, benzene). It is not recommended to use a large amount of solvent, as the resulting solution can penetrate the skin and cause even more serious damage.

In case of burns with phenol, the affected area should be treated with alcohol for a long time. For cuts and abrasions, lubricate the edges of the wound with iodine.

After the treatment of the affected area described above, a bandage is applied to it with a neutralizing solution: for acid damage, a 2% solution of bicarbonate of soda is used, and for damage with a basic substance, a 1% solution of citric or acetic acids. In case of a burn with white phosphorus, after abundant treatment of the affected area with water, you can make a compress from a 1% solution of copper sulfate or a diluted solution of potassium permanganate. After that, you need to see a doctor.

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