Old-timers of the Russian Arctic. The origin of the Nenets people Nenets in brief

The Nenets are the Samoyed people of Russia and are subdivided into Siberian (Asian) and European. Of all the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of Russia, the Nenets is the most numerous. There are about 45,000 Nenets in the world, and they all inhabit the territory of the Russian Federation.

The people are divided into two groups: forest and tundra. The second group represents the majority, forestry only 1,500 people.

Where live

The people live on the territory of the Eurasian coast of the Arctic Ocean, from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr. European Nenets live in the Arkhangelsk region, in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Siberians are settled in the Tyumen Region, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the Dolgano-Nenets Taimyr Municipal District. People live in small groups in the Komi Republic, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions.

Name

The ethnonym Nenets is translated as "a real person" and has been entrenched in the nation since the 1930s. Other names of the ethnic group are Nenech, Nenei, Hasovo, Neschang. Outdated names: Samoyeds, Yuraki.

Language

The Nenets language belongs to the Samoyed group of the Uralic language family and is divided into two dialects:

1. forest, is distinguished by a varied phonetic composition, which is why linguistic contact with the speakers of the second dialect is very difficult. Divided into various dialects;
2. tundra, is divided into eastern and western dialects, the speakers of which understand each other well.

At the end of the 19th century, the first books were published in the Nenets language, based on the Russian alphabet, but without a few letters. The first Nenets alphabet was created in 1931 on a Latin basis. In 1937 it was translated into Cyrillic. At first, it was the Russian alphabet with the addition of the sign "" "and the digraph" ng ", which was replaced by the letter" ӈ "in 1950. Additionally, the sign" "was introduced. More than 70% of the Nenets consider the Nenets language their native language.

Religion

Traditional religion is animism. The Nenets believed that the whole world is filled with spirits, that lakes, rivers and natural phenomena have master spirits. A person's life and luck in trades depend on them. The Nenets brought donations to the spirits to flavor them. Perfumes were classified into two types:

1. the kind ones helped people in various matters;
2. the evil ones sent sickness and misfortune to a person.

According to the people, the Universe is divided into three worlds, which are located vertically above each other: Upper, Middle and Lower. The upper world consists of seven heavens and is located above the earth, deities live there. The middle is the Earth itself, where people and various spirits live. The land is flat and surrounded by the sea. Under the ground is the Lower World, there are seven tiers in which evil spirits live. On the first tier live the spirits of sikhirta, for whom the earth is the sky. They graze the earthen deer "I-chora".

The creator of the universe named Numa lives in the sky. He controls the seasons, cold and heat, storms, wind. The creator has a wife and sons. Every year the Nenets climbed to an elevated open place and sacrificed a white deer to Numa. They ate the meat, put the head with horns on a stake and put it with its muzzle to the east.

His lord Nga lives in the underworld. The souls of people come to him after death. In the Middle World, two patrons rule: the sinner Parna-Not and the bright mother Earth I-Neby.

Food

Deer provide the people with meat and fat for food. Venison is often salted and stored for a long time. Such meat is eaten raw, smoked, dried. Fresh Nenets eat kidneys, liver, deer blood. For them, the tongue, part of the abomasum, and the heart are considered gourmet food. In order to survive in harsh conditions, people consume raw blood and meat, these products not only satisfy hunger and thirst, but also saturate the body with useful substances, vitamins B2 and C, of ​​which a considerable amount is contained in deer meat. Therefore, the Nenets never get scurvy.

Young antlers - antlers - are considered a delicacy. Their cartilage is filled with blood vessels. The Nenets eat rotten meat (kopalhen). A beater is made of fish - a strongly frozen fish, which is smashed entirely on the table.

They eat, in addition to venison, beef, pork, sea animals, freshwater fish, which is stewed or boiled. The Nenets are very fond of venison fried over a closed fire. This dish is similar to barbecue, but not marinated. Stroganina is made from whitefish, liver and reindeer meat. Nenets cook soup with flour, stew with pasta, pancakes with blood. As a side dish, they usually eat rice, pasta, vegetables are quite rare in the diet. The favorite drink of the people is tea, they drink fruit drinks, compotes. The drinks are made from berries: cloudberries and blueberries. Jelly is cooked from berry juice with starch. Bread is preferred from rye flour.

Character

The Nenets are distinguished by their silence and modesty. They may ignore questions they don't like. This people has its own inner world, which is sometimes incomprehensible to the inhabitants of modern cities.

Appearance

Cloth

The main purpose of the Nenets clothes is to protect from severe frosts in winter and blood-sucking insects in summer. Deer skin with fur is used for sewing clothes. Before sewing, a woman sorts the raw materials according to the age of the animal. It is important from which part of the carcass the skin was removed. Especially appreciated is the skin of a 3-month-old deer calf taken at the end of summer. Clothes are decorated with embroidery and ornaments.

Men wear a malitsa with a hood and mittens sewn to it. It is very warm and warms the head and body well. They sew and put on a malitsa with fur inside, decorate with embroidery, girdle with a leather belt trimmed with red cloth, with two or three rows of copper buttons. A knife in a sheath is attached to the belt on a chain. In the summer they wear old malitsa with the hood pulled back, in the winter they put on new ones. If it is very cold and a long trip is ahead, a fur owl with a hood, framed by the edge of the tails of a polar fox, is put on over the malitsa.

Women's clothing is more complex and consists of a swinging pana fur coat. The upper part of this garment is made of skins removed from the upper part of reindeer legs - kamus, with the fur outside. The lower part of the fur coat is sewn from arctic fox fur down with a pile, mittens are sewn to the sleeves. Pans are decorated with edging and tassels made of colored cloth, fur mosaics. A cover made of cloth with an ornament is put on over the fur coat. The outer garment is girded with a long fabric belt richly decorated with tassels and brass. As a headdress, women wear a sava fur hood, which is not fastened to a fur coat.

A life

The main occupations of the Nenets have long been reindeer herding, hunting and fishing. They call themselves "children of the deer." The whole life of the people is connected with deer. The animals graze all year round and are watched over by shepherds and dogs. The Yamal Peninsula is home to several thousand reindeer herders who keep about 500,000 reindeer and lead a nomadic lifestyle.

They hunt wolverine, arctic fox, fox, wild reindeer, ermine, wood grouse, ptarmigan, goose. Women are engaged in sewing clothes, bags, tires, dressing leather, chopping wood, preparing food, lighting a fire and looking after children.

Toddlers sleep in cradles filled with dry moss. Deer skins are used as diapers. For girls, nuhuko dolls are made from the beaks of geese or ducks, sewn to each other with patches. Boys play with antlers and lassos to catch imaginary deer. From the age of 4 they are taught to prepare the harness and manage the reindeer.

They move on a sleigh with a reindeer team. Passenger transport is divided into women and men. The women's sled is additionally equipped with a side and front wall for the convenience of riding with children. The men's sled is equipped with a back seat only. The sled is seated on the left side, the control is carried out by the reins. Harness is made from the skin of a bearded seal or deer. Freight sledges are harnessed by two reindeer and from several of these sleds make up a caravan.

The clan structure of the Nenets consists of two phratries:

1. Vanuyta, includes childbirth: Wengo, Sol-Vanuyta, Vanuyta, Lutsa-Vanuyta, Saby, Yar, Soplia Yapti, Yaptik;
2. Kharyuchi, include childbirth: Ngano-Kharyuchi, Kharyuchi, Ngadsr, Syuhunei, Ladukai.

Dwelling

Since ancient times, all Nenets live in tents. For the people, the chum is not only housing, but also a miniature model of the world. The hole at the top symbolizes the connection with the moon and the sun, the poles - the air sphere that envelops the Earth. It is believed that the more spacious the dwelling, the richer the family. Wealth is also determined by the top of the plague, which is pointed in the poor and blunt in the wealthy.

In the very center of the chum, there is a hearth where food is prepared. On both sides of the hearth there are sleeping places, opposite the entrance to the dwelling there are cult objects and dishes. There is only a large table from the furniture. Instead of beds, reindeer skins are spread on mats over wide planks.

Setting up a home is a purely female occupation. The place where the housing will be located is chosen depending on the season. In winter, the chum is placed in a place where it will be protected from the wind; in summer, it is installed on ventilated heights. 40 poles are required for the construction of housing. In winter, chum is covered with reindeer skins; up to 75 of them may be needed. In summer, the skins are removed and the dwelling is covered with birch bark.

The culture

The most widespread genre of Nenets folklore is the epic legends of Yarabts and Syudbabts. They are performed by singing, therefore they are often called epic songs. The heroes of the legends of syudbabts are giants who get a wife for themselves, fight people and take revenge with blood feud. In yarabts, the hard life and suffering of the hero is mourned. In the folklore of the people, there are riddles, lullabies, everyday stories of the Yarabtsarka, fairy tales of the lahanako, which are divided into several themes:

• legendary
• about animals
• household
• magical

Lyric songs have no stable lyrics. People improvise and sing about what is in their souls at the moment.

Traditions

The Nenets believe that the deer brings happiness. It is considered indecent to ask the Nenets how many heads there are in his herd. It is customary among the people to leave several reindeer from the herd in their dwellings, which are called avkas. The animals live with people in the plague and are partly nannies for the children. The Nenets also have sacred deer. Their horns are decorated with red ribbons, and images of spirits or the sign of the sun are cut on the sides. These deer must not be slaughtered for meat. There are deer in the herd, which are used only for racing, and deer, which bring good luck.

You can not laugh at food, it is forbidden to finish eating for the elderly. If a piece falls while eating, this means that the dead are hungry. The piece is placed near the hearth.

Only a woman has the right to touch the hearth circle and poles. During the lighting of the fire, she talks to the flame, expresses prophecies on the strength, color of the flame, smoke and crackling of firewood. The entire space of the plague is under the auspices of the woman, except for the hallway. A man, entering a dwelling, takes off his shoes and outerwear, puts on a domestic malitsa and a kitty's shoes.

Faces of Russia. "Living together while remaining different"

The multimedia project "Faces of Russia" has existed since 2006, telling about Russian civilization, the most important feature of which is the ability to live together, while remaining different - this motto is especially relevant for the countries of the entire post-Soviet space. From 2006 to 2012, within the framework of the project, we have created 60 documentaries about representatives of different Russian ethnic groups. Also, 2 cycles of radio programs "Music and Songs of the Peoples of Russia" were created - more than 40 programs. In support of the first series of films, illustrated almanacs were released. Now we are halfway to the creation of a unique multimedia encyclopedia of the peoples of our country, a picture that will allow the people of Russia to recognize themselves and leave a legacy of what they were like for their descendants.

~~~~~~~~~~~

"Faces of Russia". Nenets. "My homeland - Taimyr" ", 2006

General information

N'ENTSY, Nenets or Khasova (self-name - "man"), Samoyeds, Yuraki (obsolete), Samoyed people inhabiting the Eurasian coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr. The Nenets live in the north of the European part of Russia and in the north of Western and Central Siberia. They live in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (6.4 thousand people), Leshukonsky, Mezensky and Primorsky districts of the Arkhangelsk region (0.8 thousand people), the northern regions of the Komi Republic, Yamalo-Nenetsky (20.9 thousand people) and Khanty- Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Tyumen Region, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug of Krasnoyarsk Territory (3.5 thousand people). The number of people in the Russian Federation is 34.5 thousand.

Of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North, the Nenets are one of the most numerous. According to the 2010 census, there are 44 thousand 640 Nenets in Russia, of which about 27 thousand live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. According to the 2002 census, the number of Nenets living on the territory of Russia is 41 thousand people.

The Nenets are divided into two groups: tundra and forest. The tundra Nenets are the majority. They live in two autonomous regions. Forest Nenets (1,500 people) live in the basin of the Pur and Taz rivers in the southeast of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Also, a sufficient number of Nenets live in the Taimyr municipal district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Related peoples: Nganasans, Enets, Selkups.

They speak the Nenets language of the Samoyed group of the Ural family, which is subdivided into 2 dialects: tundra, which breaks down into western and eastern dialects, communication between the speakers of which does not interfere with mutual understanding, which is spoken by most of the Nenets, and the forest language, which is distinguished by the peculiar phonetic composition, which makes it difficult to speak contact with the speakers of the tundra dialect (it is owned by about 2 thousand Nenets, settled mainly in the taiga zone, along the upper and middle reaches of the Pur River, as well as in the sources of the Nadym River and along some tributaries of the Middle Ob). The forest dialect is also divided into a number of dialects. Nents - translated from Nenets means "man". The Russian language is also widespread. Writing based on Russian graphics.

The cycle of audio lectures "Peoples of Russia" - Nenets

Like other North Samodian peoples, the Nenets were formed from several ethnic components. During the 1st millennium AD, under pressure from the Huns, Turks and other warlike nomads, the samoyed-speaking ancestors of the Nenets, who inhabited the forest-steppe regions of the Irtysh and Pre-Tobol regions, the taiga of the Middle Ob region, moved north to the taiga and tundra regions of the Arctic and Subpolar regions - the assimilated population of the aboriginal wild deer and sea hunters. Later, the Ugric and Entsy groups were also included in the Nenets.

Traditional activities are hunting for fur animals, wild deer, upland and waterfowl, fishing. Since the middle of the 18th century, domestic reindeer husbandry has become the leading branch of the economy.

In the former USSR, the economy, life and culture of the Nenets have undergone significant changes. Most of the Nenets worked in the fishing industry, led a sedentary lifestyle. Some of the Nenets graze reindeer on individual farms. The families of reindeer herders wander. A significant number of families live in the cities of Naryan-Mar, Salekhard, Pechora, and others and work in industry and the service sector. The Nenets intelligentsia grew up.

Most of the Nenets led a nomadic lifestyle. The traditional dwelling is a collapsible pole tent covered with reindeer skins in winter and birch bark in summer.

Outerwear (malitsa, sokuy) and footwear (pimas) were made of reindeer skins. We moved on light wooden sleds.

Food - deer meat, fish. The need to survive in the harsh conditions of the Far North taught the Nenets residents to eat raw meat with blood. This is not only a delicacy, but also the body's need for vitamins, especially C and B2, and there is a sufficient amount of them in venison. Therefore, the Nenets do not suffer from scurvy.

The world, according to the Nenets, was created by the loon bird. She pulled out a clod of earth from under the water, which gradually turned into the earth's surface with its many mountains, forests, rivers and lakes. The Nenets represent the land in the form of several layers. Above the earth, where people live, there are seven heavens. They form a single whole and rotate above the earth along with the moon and sun.

The sky is convex. The edges of it rests on the ground, resembling an overturned bowl. There are people in heaven who own deer. When it rains, the reason for its appearance is easily explained by the Nenets. Snow melts in the lower sky, and it naturally flows down to the ground. The land seems to the Nenets flat. A little hunched over in the middle. There are mountains, rivers flow from them. And including the Ob river. The entire Earth is surrounded by the sea.

The main social unit of the Nenets at the end of the 19th century was the patrilineal clan (yerkar). The Siberian tundra Nenets retained 2 exogamous phratries.

Religious views were dominated by belief in spirits - the masters of heaven, earth, fire, rivers, natural phenomena. Orthodoxy spread among the Nenets in the European North in the middle of the 19th century.

V.I. Vasiliev

Essays

The sun and moon shine for everyone

The Nenets live in the north of the European part of Russia and in the north of Western and Central Siberia. In the territories that are part of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Leshukonsky, Mezensky and Primorsky Districts of the Arkhangelsk Region, the northern regions of the Komi Republic, the Yamalo-Nenetsky and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, as well as the Tyumen Region and the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenetsky) Autonomous Districts. According to the 2002 census, the Nenets in the Russian Federation - 41302 people.

Seven lands and seven heavens

The world, according to the Nenets, was created by the loon bird. She pulled out a clod of earth from under the water, which gradually turned into the earth's surface with its many mountains, forests, rivers and lakes. The Nenets represent the land in the form of several layers. Above the earth, where people live, there are seven heavens. They form a single whole and rotate above the earth along with the moon and sun. The sky has a convex shape. The edges of it rests on the ground, resembling an overturned bowl. There are people in heaven who own deer. It is interesting that when it rains, the reason for its appearance is easily explained by the Nenets. Snow melts in the lower sky, and it naturally flows down to the ground. The land seems to the Nenets flat. A little hunched over in the middle. There are mountains, rivers flow from them. And including (an exact detail of the myth) Ob. The entire Earth is surrounded by the sea. It is not superfluous to say that the stars (numgs) are perceived by the Nenets as quite specific lakes. The land on which the Nenets live is not alone. There are seven more lands under it. The first of them is inhabited by sikhirta (sirtya) - small people. The Nenets believe that the sun and the moon are the same for all worlds - lower and upper. The Nenets represent the sun itself in the form of a beautiful woman. It is she who decides whether to grow trees, grasses, mosses or not. If the sun is hiding, then frosts begin. According to the ideas of the Nenets, the moon (iriy, Ira) is flat and round. The moon is known to have dark spots. These are the legs of the moon man (iriy khasava). We humans see from the ground only the lower limbs of this creature. His torso and head are on the other side of the moon.

The seven-winged bird is flying

No less interesting and paradoxical are the views of the Nenets about natural phenomena. For example, the wind (shimmer) is caused by the mythical bird Minley. She has seven pairs of wings. Lightning (hehe tu '- sacred fire) are sparks that fly from under the sled runners of the inhabitants of the upper world. The rainbow (nuv 'pan) seemed to the Nenets to be a living creature. And its very name comes from colored horizontal stripes on the hem of men's or women's clothing. With the emergence of animistic ideas (that is, belief in spirits and souls), the Nenets' views on the world around them changed, and they began to distinguish between “good and evil principles in nature itself”. It was then that the concept of "master spirits" arose, who controlled certain areas of life and were in charge of specific territories. The cult of these spirits arose. They tried to appease the spirits, to win over to their side. Every year a white deer was sacrificed to the spirit of heaven (Numu). The ritual itself (killing the beast) took place in an open, elevated place. The process was accompanied by the ritual eating of meat. The head of a deer with antlers was put on a stake and turned to the east.

Let's feed the sky to its fill

There was one more form of veneration of the spirit of the sky - feeding it: in the Nenets way - nouve of the Khanguronta. On a sunny day in late July - early August, the inhabitants of the Nenets camp gathered in a high place. The food was laid out in bowls, but at first no one touched it. Steam from the food rose up. It was believed that in such a simple way (only weightless steam) the sky was treated. At the beginning of the 19th century, the first attempts were made to introduce the Nenets to the Christian doctrine. A special mission of the Arkhangelsk Archimandrite Benjamin carried out the baptism of the Nenets in the mainland tundra of the European North and on the island of Vaygach. In the late 19th - early 20th centuries, missionaries of the Tobolsk spiritual consistory tried to introduce the Nenets of the Ob North to Christianity. Still, a significant part of the Nenets reindeer herders in the north of Western Siberia, as well as the forest Nenets, retained animistic ideas.

There is no bad weather for hunting

Hunting was of great importance in the life of the Nenets. To meet their food needs, they hunted wild deer and waterfowl. Fur animals (ermine, arctic fox, fox and squirrel) were hunted by the Nenets for fur to decorate clothes, and later to pay tribute to the Russian state, which included Western Siberia in the 17th century. By the way, the first written evidence of the Nenets dates back to the 11th century. It is found in the story of Gyuryaty Rogovich from Novgorod, which is included in the Tale of Bygone Years. In the 13th century, the papal ambassador Plano Carpini traveled through Russia, he learned about the Nenets (Samoyeds), and then talked about them in Western Europe. It should be noted the careful attitude of the Nenets to the animal world and the environment in general. The hunt was, if I may say so, dosed. The extraction, as a rule, did not exceed the vital needs.

It is easier for a left-handed reindeer herder

And yet, the main occupation of the Nenets is reindeer herding. The nomadic way of life associated with it naturally determined the character of the dwelling. This is a chum - a cone-shaped tent made of poles, covered with reindeer skins in winter and birch bark in summer. While reindeer grazing, hunting and fishing are predominantly male occupations, the installation of a plague is traditionally considered a female business. The place for the chum is chosen specially - depending on the season. In winter, they try to hide the dwelling from the winds. In summer, on the contrary, the airing capacity of the plague is appreciated, therefore it is placed in open, elevated places. To install one chum, from 25 to 40 poles are required. Nukes - tires are pulled onto the finished frame with the help of poles. In winter, these are four sheets of reindeer skins. Summer tires are sewn from boiled birch bark. As a rule, there are many of them, but they cover the chums in one layer. Nenets reindeer herders wander in several families - together with families of brothers and married sons. In summer, reindeer herders come together on purpose, because it is easier to keep reindeer in a herd in a large group. It is especially difficult to restrain deer during mosquito season. Gadflies and midges are also very dangerous. To destroy these insects, or at least partially neutralize them, reindeer breeders use special bait skins, as well as a smoker.

Life with reindeer and among the reindeer is very difficult, but if the Nenets have principles and correct methods, then he can become a good reindeer herder. Our contemporary Nenets Yuri Vella presented them in a special “Reindeer-breeding alphabet” and published them in one of the issues of the magazine “Severnye Prostory”. Making reindeer skins and sewing clothes is a traditionally female occupation. When making clothes, the age of the deer is taken into account, as well as from which part of the body this or that part of the skin is removed. If, as a result of some unfavorable conditions, newborn calves die, then their skins (pawn, fawn) are used to make hoods for malitsa and women's hats. Especially appreciated by the Nenets is the skin of a calf at the age of two and a half - three months, taken at the end of summer. Outerwear is sewn from these skins. It is interesting that the skin of a large deer is also found in the riddles of the Nenets people. But only it is all in holes. Guess what it is? The first thing that comes to mind: the gadflies have spoiled them. No, the correct answer is: the stars are in the sky. And here is a riddle that is very similar to a poem: On a starless night to the plague Who will help you get there? Who will find a way down the wind, If the tundra is off-road? The answer suggests itself. Deer, of course. King and ship of the tundra.

; 8326 (2002)

• Nenets Autonomous Okrug Nenets Autonomous Okrug :
  7504 (2010); 7754 (2002)

The traditional occupation is large-herd reindeer herding. On the Yamal Peninsula, several thousand Nenets reindeer herders, keeping about 500,000 reindeer, lead a nomadic lifestyle. The dwelling of the Nenets is the conical chum (me).

The names of two autonomous regions of Russia (Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets) mention the Nenets as the titular nationality of the region; another such district (Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous District) in 2007 was abolished and transformed into the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets District of Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The Nenets are divided into two groups: tundra and forest. The tundra Nenets are the majority. They live in two autonomous regions. Forest Nenets - about 1500 people. They live in the basin of the Pur and Taz rivers in the southeast of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.

The number of Nenets in Russia:

Generic structure

They consist of two phratries: Kharyuchi and Vanuita.

According to the “Book of Obdorskoy Samoyedi” of 1695, the Karyuchi clans include: Kharyuchi, Ngano-Kharyuchi, Syuhunei, Ngadsr and Ladukai, and the Vanuyta phratry includes Vanuyta, Lutsa-Vanuyta, Sol-Vanuyta, Vengo, Yar, Saby and Yaptik, Soplia Yapti ...

On Gydan, the genera of the Kharyuchi phratries are Ader, Evay, Lapsuy, Nenyang, Nyaruy, Okotetto, Susoi, Serotetto, Syugney, Togoi, Tesida, Habdu, Kharyuchi, Khorola, Khudi, Heno, Yadne, Yando, Yaptunai. The Vanuito phratry includes clans - Vanuito, Wengo, Lamdo, Puiko, Saba, Yar, Yaptik, Yaungad.

Ethnogenesis theories

According to geneticists, the Y-chromosomal haplogroups N1a2b-P43 (56.8%), N1a1-Tat (40.5%), R1a1 (5%), (3%), (1.4%) are most widespread among the Nenets.

Stralenberg's theory

Due to the presence of tribes on the territory of the Sayan Highlands, whose language in the recent past belonged to the Samoyed (see Sayan Samoyeds), Stralenberg suggested that the Samoyeds of the Sayan Highlands are descendants of the Samoyeds of the circumpolar zone, where they were aborigines, that from the north part of the Samoyeds under the influence of for some reason moved south, populating the Sayan Highlands.

Fischer - Castrena theory

The opposite point of view was expressed by the historian Fisher, who assumed that the northern Samoyeds (the ancestors of the modern Nenets, Nganasans, Entsys and Selkups) are descendants of the Samoyed tribes of the Sayan Upland, who moved from southern Siberia to more northern regions. This is Fischer's assumption in the 19th century. was supported by a huge linguistic material and substantiated by Castren, who assumed that in the first millennium AD. e., in connection with the so-called great movement of peoples, the Samoyed tribes were driven out by the Turks from the Sayan Highlands to the north. In 1919, A. A. Zhilinsky, a researcher of the Arkhangelsk north, spoke out sharply against this theory. The main argument is that such a resettlement would require a sharp change in the type of nature management, which is impossible in a short time. Modern Nenets are reindeer herders, and the peoples living in the Sayan highlands are farmers (about 97.2%)

G. N. Prokofiev's theory

Lamartinier also informs about the rite of worship of the Nenets wooden idols that he observed on the South Island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago.

Anthropological type

In anthropological terms, the Nenets belong to the Ural contact small race, whose representatives are characterized by a combination of anthropological features inherent in both Caucasians and Mongoloids. Due to their widespread settlement, the Nenets are anthropologically divided into a number of groups, demonstrating the main tendency of a decrease in the proportion of Mongoloidism from east to west. A small degree of manifestation of the Mongoloid complex is recorded in the Forest Nenets. The general picture is accompanied by a discrete, focal localization of Caucasoid and Mongoloid features, which is explained both by interethnic contacts and the relative isolation of individual territorial groups of the Nenets.

Language

The need to survive in the harsh conditions of the Far North taught its inhabitants to eat raw meat with blood. This is not only a delicacy, but also the body's need for vitamins, especially B2, and there is a sufficient amount of them in venison. Therefore, the Nenets never suffer from scurvy.

In addition to venison, beef and pork, sea animal meat, as well as freshwater fish: whitefish, pike, nelma are used here. It is mainly boiled or stewed.

Residents of reindeer camps are very fond of reindeer meat fried over a closed fire - something like a barbecue, but not pickled. The favorite dishes of the Nenets are whitefish slices, venison, liver, soup with flour, pancakes with blood, stewed meat with pasta.

They prefer pasta or rice as a side dish, vegetables are rarely consumed.

The favorite drink of the population of the North is tea, as well as compotes and fruit drinks from lingonberries, cloudberries, blueberries, jelly from starch and berry juice.

Bread is preferred over rye.

Economic culture

The main occupations of the Nenets are reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting.

Reindeer husbandry... For a long time, the Nenets call themselves “children of the deer”. Their whole life is connected with the deer. In the herd, the leader stands out, who is the most beautiful and largest deer. The Nenets call him "Change"... The leader is never used in a harness. Other trained reindeer are used for sledding and transporting goods. In winter, three to four deer are used, and in summer, four to five. The advanced deer is distinguished by its growth, strength and understands the command of the later. In Nenets, the advanced deer is called "Nenzamindya"... Deer are also distinguished by age and sex. Bull - "Chorus" and the chick - "Yhadey"... Calves begin to be harnessed at six months of age. Young deer - females and males - are separated by the end of the first year of their life. The fastest and most resilient deer are used for sledding. Deer live up to twenty-three years. Interestingly, only idle deer are used for riding. They differ greatly in running speed and endurance. In just one day, these deer can overcome up to three hundred km with light sledges. But a break is made every twenty-five kilometers to rest, quench their thirst with water and feed the reindeer. Large-scale reindeer herding of the Nenets is impossible without the Nenets Laika.

Fishing... Children use hooks, harpoons and fences to fish. In the summer, the adults caught fish with nets and seines from boats - koldanoks. Nets are woven from hemp or willow bast. While fishing, the Nenets eat raw fish. In winter, they break through the ice and catch fish with the help of muzzles, vazhans and wicks. Small wooden fish are used for bait. When the fish swims up, it is pricked with spears.

Clothes and footwear

The natural conditions of the Nenets Autonomous District and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District are harsh. Therefore, good clothes have always been of great value to the residents of the district. In winter, it must protect from severe frosts, in summer - from midges. For example, malitsa- underwear fur shirt with a hood and mittens sewn to it. It is very warm and protects the body and head well from the cold, leaving only the face open. It is sewn and worn with fur inside, to the body. The malitsa is decorated with fur edging. In summer they wear old malitsa with the hood thrown back, and in winter they wear new malitsa. They even travel short distances. Malitsa has a hood - sava. From the front, the hood is pulled together with straps. Mittens must be sewn to the malitsa - ngoba... They are made from the frontal skins with the fur on the outside. Malitsa is certainly girded with a belt - nor... It is made of leather. The outside is trimmed with red cloth and two or three rows of copper buttons. The belt is also decorated with pendants made of copper chains and openwork plaques. A scabbard with a knife is sewn to the belt on a chain. In a cold, in a blizzard and on long trips over long distances, a fur coat is worn over the malitsa. owl... Its hood is framed by an edging of polar fox tails. The owl is usually white, but sometimes it is made in a checkerboard. Women's clothing was more complicated. This is a swinging fur coat - lords... The upper part of the fur coat is made of skins from the upper part of reindeer legs - black and white kamuses with the fur outside. The lower part is sewn from arctic fox fur with the pile down. Mittens are sewn to the sleeves. Pans are decorated with fur mosaics, tassels and edging made of colored cloth. The floors of the fur coat are tied with leather laces. Over the top is a cover made of cloth with an ornament. Outerwear is girded with long fabric belts, richly decorated with copper and tassels. Women's headdress - sava fur hood is sewn separately. Unlike men's clothing, it is not fastened to a fur coat.

Work tools and traditional transport

Tools... Each chum had a set of tools: knives, an ax, an awl, and others. Every man was a joiner, carpenter, tanner, net knitter, sculptor, and goldsmith. Of the tools, only axes and saws were bought from the Russians. Everything else was made by ourselves.

Sled... Sleds are the most essential means of transportation in the tundra. They drive fast enough. Sleds are used both in winter and in summer. The reindeer are harnessed to the sleds and the chorea is controlled. Trochee- This is a pole up to five meters long, with a bone ball at the end or an iron tip. The trochee is squeezed in the left hand, and the reins are held in the right. The harness is decorated with copper rings, bells and tassels. From the outside it looks very beautiful and unusual.

Chum among the Nenets

Since ancient times, all the Nenets have lived in tents. For the Nenets, this is the center of all family life, which is perceived as a whole world. At the top of the plague there is a hole, which corresponds to the location of the sun during the day and the month at night. The inclined poles, covered with skins, correspond to the sphere of air that envelops the Earth. The richer the family was, the larger the chum was. Poor people have pointed chum, and blunt-pointed, on the contrary, Nenets with good incomes. Chum is built from poles. This requires forty poles. Then the poles are covered with cloths of reindeer skins, which the Nenets call " nuke "... Deer skins are sewn into solid sheets and then covered with poles. It takes sixty-five to seventy-five deer to cover the chum in winter. From June to September there is a transition from winter to summer nukes. The plague reaches up to eight meters in diameter, and can hold up to twenty people.

Inside the plague, every object and every place has its own purpose since antiquity. The central axis of the plague is a pole, which the Nenets consider sacred and call " simzy "... Seven heads of family and ancestral spirits are placed on it. In the shaman's plague, simza was necessarily decorated with the image of the sacred bird minley. By simza, the smoke from the hearth rises to the upper opening of the plague. According to legends, heroes flew away on a sacred pole for battles and military exploits.

There is a sacred place behind simza - "Si"... Only older men are allowed to step on it. This place is forbidden for children and women. There is a sacred chest at this place. It contains the patron spirits of the hearth, family and clan. All family savings and relics, weapons and a chest of tools are also kept there. These things are available only to the head of the house, and to other members are inviolable. Place "not"- for a woman, it is located opposite si, at the entrance. Here she does all the household chores. In the middle, between no and si, there is a sleeping place. A belt with amulets and a knife is placed at the head. Going to bed, the man takes refuge in a female yagushka. In summer, the sleeping place is fenced off with a canopy of chintz. The canopy is used only at night, during the day it is carefully rolled up and secured with pillows. Children lie next to their parents. Farther from the simza, the unmarried elder sons lay down, then the elderly and other family members, as well as guests. It is very smoky in the plague, but in summer the smoke is a good escape from mosquitoes.

Chum often moved with its owners from place to place. Therefore, there are no beds or wardrobes in the chums. Of the furniture, there is only a small table - roofing paper and a chest. Before the advent of mobile power plants, lamps were used to illuminate the chum. They were made from bowls and filled with fish oil, into which the wick was dipped. Later, kerosene lamps appeared. There is a beater at the entrance to the chum to shake off snow from shoes and the hem of outerwear.

There is a cradle for small children in the tent. Previously, the baby was placed in the cradle immediately after birth, and taken out only when he began to walk. Wood shavings and dry moss were poured into the bottom of the cradle. The skins of deer and arctic fox served as swaddling clothes. The child was attached to the cradle with special straps. When breastfeeding, the mother took the baby along with the cradle. Such cradles are still used today.

In the place where a person died, special grave chumiks are placed. The plague, in which a person died during an epidemic, becomes a grave. In this case, a press iron hoop is removed from the top of this plague.

The rules of life in the plague .

For women... The woman is in charge of the hearth. Only a woman can touch the hearth poles and the hearth hook. She also collects firewood for the hearth, chops it, dries it at the entrance and kindles a fire. She speaks with a flame, expresses prophecies about the crackling of firewood, smoke, the strength and color of the flame. The entire space, except for the hallway of the plague, is under her patronage.

For men... A man at the entrance to the chum is upholstering snow from shoes and clothes with a mallet. He takes off his outer clothing and leaves it on the sleds. Entering the room, the man puts on home kitties and homemade malitsa.

For guests... Male guests are laid for the night from the middle of the chum to the simza. Female guests are accommodated from the middle to the exit. The place that the guest occupies depends on respect for him.

Gallery

• see also

  • Nenets language

The Nenets are currently the largest of the Samoyed peoples in terms of language. The name "Nenets" comes from the word Nenets - "man". This self-name of the main groups of the European and Siberian Nenets was adopted after the revolution as the official name of the entire nationality. Another self-name - khasava ("man") is found among all the Yamal Nenets, among some of the Gydans, and along with the self-name "Nenets" among some groups. The archaic self-name Nenei Nenets ("real person") is distributed mainly to the east of the Ob, partly in its lower reaches and on the Yamal.

Before the revolution, the Russians called the Nenets Samoyeds and Yuraks. The first name was spread in the European and Ob North, the second in the Yenisei. Until the 19th century. the first name was in the forms "samoyad", "samodi" and was applied to all the Nenets, as well as to the Enets and Nganasans.

Russian and foreign researchers have different explanations for the name "Samoyed". Attempts to link this ethnonym with the word formation "self-ed" (that is, eating oneself), "self-alone" (that is, living alone), "salmon-eating" (i.e. eating salmon) are completely unscientific. and others. Some researchers have compared the name “Samoyed” with the Lappish (Sami) words “Same-edne” (“the land of the Sami”). This comparison is based on the fact that the territory of the settlement of the Nenets in the North of the European part of the USSR, with whom the Russians first met, was in more ancient times the area of ​​distribution of the Lapps (Sami). However, a definitive explanation for this name has not yet been found.

According to the far from complete census of 1897, the Nenets numbered 9427 people, according to the 1926-1927 census, which covered all groups of the Nenets, - 16 375 people.

The territory of settlement of the Nenets was very large and almost entirely covered the European tundra and forest-tundra from the river. Mezen in the west and to the left tributaries of the river. Pyasins - Pura and Agapy in the east in Siberia. Since the XIX century. a small number of Nenets lived on the Kola Peninsula (mainly in the Levoozersk and Ponoisky districts of the Murmansk region). Small groups of them also entered the west from the Mezen to the Northern Dvina. In the north, the Nenets settled up to the shores of the Barents and Kara Seas, lived on the islands of Kolguev, Vaigach, Novaya Zemlya and visited the islands of Dolgiy, Bely, Shokalsky, Oleniy and Sibiryakov. In the south, separate groups of the Nenets reached up to the middle reaches of the Mezen; they settled along the southern tributaries of the river. Tsylma (tributary of the Pechora). Groups of Nenets also lived in the river basins. Noluya, Taza, along the tributaries of the Yenisei - Bolshaya and Malaya Khete, as well as from the mouth of the Khantayka down the Yenisei to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. The southern Samoyed group, the so-called "forest Nenets", mainly roamed in the basins of the river. Pura and Nadym, entering the northern tributaries of the river. Wah and others.

The main areas of settlement of the modern tundra Nenets are tundras: Kaninskaya (Kanin Peninsula and the coast of the Czech Bay up to the Snopa River), Timanskaya (between the Snopa and Velt rivers), Malozemelnaya (between the Velt and Pechora rivers), Bolypezemelskaya (between the Pechora, Kara and Usa), Priuralskaya (eastern slope of the Urals, between the Shchuchya and Sob rivers), Yamalskaya (Yamal Peninsula), Maloyamalskaya (between the Ob and Tazovskaya bays), Gydanskaya (between the Ob and Yenisei) and part of the Taimyr (from the Yenisei to the river Pura and Agapa).

At present, the overwhelming majority of the Nenets are concentrated in three national districts: Nenets, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Yamalo-Nenets, Tyumen Oblast, and Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets), Krasnoyarsk Territory. The Kolguev and Novaya Zemlya Islands are directly subordinate to the Arkhangelsk Regional Executive Committee. The rest of the islands inhabited by the Nenets are territorially included in the corresponding national districts. Many ethnic groups are the neighbors of the Nenets. On European territory - Lapps (Sami), Komi; in Siberia - Komi, Khanty, Selkups, Evenks, Dolgans, Enets and Nganasans; in the southern part of their settlement, the Nenets are almost everywhere adjacent to the Russians, and in many areas Russian villages are also located in remote areas of the tundra inhabited by the Nenets.

The settlement area of ​​the Nenets to the west and east of the Polar Urals is flat and rich in lakes. Only the Northern Urals and the spurs of the Timan ridge rise above the tundra. Long winters and short summers, strong winds blowing from the sea in summer, from the mainland in winter, the widespread development of permafrost (continuous in the extreme northeast, insular in the southern strip) - these are the general features of the harsh climatic conditions of this territory. Only in the river basin. Pur is dominated by forests. The rest of the Nenets settlement territory is occupied by forest-tundra (forests - spruce west of the Urals and larch forests east of it - alternate here with tundra), and to the north, to the sea coast and on the islands, there are tundra with thickets of shrub willows. Various types of swamps are found throughout.

The commercial fauna is represented by forest (squirrel, chipmunk, fox, brown bear, ermine, elk, etc.) and tundra (polar fox, polar bear on the ocean coast, etc.). Reindeer, wolverine, and ptarmigan are found in the tundra and forest. In summer, a lot of geese, ducks and other birds fly to the tundra. The coastal waters are inhabited by various species of seals, walrus, beluga whales (the latter especially near Novaya Zemlya and in the Ob Bay); fresh waters - lakes and rivers - are inhabited by various fish (sturgeon, whitefish, salmon).

The most numerous group (over 14 thousand) are the tundra Nenets. They live in the tundra and forest-tundra zones and speak the tundra dialect of the Nenets language. A separate group - the forest Nenets (self-name "neschang"), known as "pyan khasavo", "pyad-khasavo", "khandeyary", inhabits, as mentioned above, the taiga zone included in the Purovsky district of the Yamalo-Nenetsky and in the Surgut region Khanty-Mansiysk national districts. The forest Nenets, according to the 1926-1927 census, numbered 1129 people. They speak a special dialect of the Nenets language.

Many Nenets of the Bolynezemelskaya tundra (Nenets district) and the northern regions of the Komi ASSR (Izhemsky, Pechora and Ust-Tsylemsky regions) were strongly influenced by the Izhma Komi. Sedentary Nenets with. Kolva (south of the Bolypezemelskaya tundra) and a number of villages along the river. Izhma, Pechora, Kolva, Usa, Adzva speak the Izhma dialect of the Komi language and lead a lifestyle close to the Komi-Izhemtsy. The neighboring nomadic Nenets also speak this dialect. Previously, these Nenets called themselves "yaran" (plural "yaranyas"), that is, as the Komi Nenets were called. They, unlike themselves, called the Nenets who preserved their language "vynentsi" (from the Nenets "vy'nenetsya" - "tundra Nenets").

It should also be noted the group of Nenets living in the lower reaches of the Ob, on the Small Yamal, in the lower reaches of the Taz and partly on the Big Yamal and in the Gydan tundra. This group is known to the rest of the Nenets under the name "khabi". This is what the Nenets call all foreigners in general and, in particular, the Khanty. The Khabi are descendants of the Lower Ob Khanty, who mixed with the Nenets and lost their native language and most of the national features in culture. They themselves also call themselves "habi".

The Nenets language, as indicated, belongs to the group of Samoyed languages. Like all Samoyed languages, it is characterized by agglutination. In addition, there are elements of inflection in the language, which are expressed in the alternation of vowels in the root. The vocabulary of the Nenets language reflects the ancient interconnections of the Samoyed languages ​​with the Turkic languages ​​and with the languages ​​of the pre-Samoyed population. Some dialects reflect connections with the Komi language. In recent years, there has been a great influence on the part of the Russian language. However, it should be noted that the vocabulary of the Nenets language has been little studied. There are two main dialects in the Nenets language: tundra and forest; each of them breaks down into a series of dialects. The main differences between dialects relate to sound composition; some differences are noted in the field of vocabulary and morphology. Lexical discrepancies between the dialects of the tundra and forest Nenets are that in the vocabulary of the latter there are numerous inclusions of Selkup and Khanty words. A number of elements in the language of the Forest Nenets connect it with the languages ​​of the Enets and Nganasans. The tundra dialect splits into western (Kaninsky and Malozemelsky) and eastern (Bolynezsmelsky, Yamal and Taz) dialects. However, the differences between the western and eastern dialects are very insignificant and do not in any way hinder the mutual understanding of the representatives of different groups of the tundra Nenets.

The Samoyedic languages ​​have developed in the area of ​​the Sayan Upland. As early as 150-200 years ago, the Samoyedic languages ​​were spoken in the Sayan Mountains by the Mators (koibals),

Kamasinians, Karagases (Tofalars), etc. As a result of the long-term influence of the Turkic-speaking peoples, these tribes adopted the Turkic language, only Kamasinians back in 1921-1925. retained the Samoyed language. The assumption about the kinship of the Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Selkups with the said Sayan tribes was made back in the 18th century. In the middle of the XIX century. the famous researcher M.A.Kastren, based on the study of linguistic and ethnographic material on the northern Samoyed and Sayan-Altai groups, put forward a hypothesis of the Sayan origin of the Samoyed groups. The Soviet ethnographer-linguist GN Prokofiev, comparing the languages, material culture and ethnonyms of various Samoyed groups, in a number of his works confirmed Castren's hypothesis.

Reindeer husbandry is of great interest in terms of solving the problem of the origin of the northern Samoyed groups. Although already quite early chronicle information speaks of Samoyed reindeer herders with harness reindeer herding, some groups of Samoyeds (Pian-Khasavo, Selkups), apparently, had pack-riding reindeer herding, which preceded the modern luge. In the language of both, a special term has been preserved to designate a saddle. Researchers of the mid-19th century we also found a pack saddle among the southern groups of the Samoyedians. This brings the southern Samoyed groups closer to the Sayan reindeer-breeders Toji and Tofalars that have survived to this day. It can be assumed that reindeer husbandry was known to the Samoyeds even before their resettlement to the north, where it subsequently developed into a special tundra type of reindeer husbandry characteristic of the modern Nenets. At the same time, in the material culture and language of the Samoyed peoples, features are observed or were observed in the recent past that were absent in the Sayan groups. These special features, specific to the population of the polar zone, in particular to the ancient sea hunters, appeared among the modern Samoyed peoples, probably as a result of the mixing of their Sayan ancestors with the most ancient inhabitants of the polar zone, whom they found here. In the Eskimo, Chukchi and Koryak languages, there are words that coincide with the corresponding terms of the modern Nenets language, referring precisely to that part of the dictionary that covers phenomena characteristic only of the polar zone. So, the seal in Nenets is nyak, and in Eskimooski - ne sak, polar partridge in Nenets - khabevko, in Chukchi - khabev; the front part of the malitsa, below the hood, in Nenets is lukhu, in Nganasan, deaf clothes are generally called lu, and in Koryak - lhu (lku) - the root of the word denoting any clothing.

These and other comparisons suggest that the modern northeastern Paleoasian peoples were also associated with the pre-modian population of northwestern Siberia. The remains of dugouts found here are consistent with the data of the Nenets folklore, mentioning the underground dwellings of some aborigines.

The first written information about the Nepets dates back to 1096. In the chronicle of Nestor there is the following mention: “In the tales of Gyuryat Rogovich, a Novgorodian: the ambassadors of his youth to Pechora, while people are a tribute to the New City, and my youth came to them, Ugra, Ugra is the essence of the language of it and is adjacent to samoyadio in midnight countries. "* Therefore, already in the XI century. The Nenets were known to the Novgorod industrial and commercial people who penetrated the remote outskirts. After the fall of Veliky Novgorod, the initiative for the development of the rich Siberian lands passed to the Moscow principality. A number of campaigns are organized by Moscow beyond the Urals, bringing the peoples of Siberia under the "high hand" of the Moscow prince.

In the XVI century. a broad movement of Russian industrial people to the east begins. The tsarist government is building on the Nenets territories a number of strong points - forts, towns. In 1499 the Pustozersky prison was founded, and about a century later, Berezov (1593), Obdorsk (1595), Surgut (1594), Mangazeya (1601) and Turukhansk (1607). The population of these forts consisted of servicemen, peasants and industrialists. At the head were the governors appointed by the government, who ruled the lands assigned to the prison. Ostrog and small towns were not only the first administrative centers, but at the same time the first cultural centers in the remote northern Siberian lands. Here regular trade relations between the Nenets and the Russians began. Here the Nenets got acquainted with the higher Russian culture of peasants and industrialists, strengthened close friendly ties with them, helped the Russian working population in the struggle with the harsh northern nature. Sources of the 17th century show the gradual rapprochement of the Nenets with those Russians with whom they began neighboring trade relations, necessary for both sides. Rapprochement with the Russian population played an important role in the development of the Nenets people. New means of production and objects of material everyday life penetrated into the life and production of the Nenets: firearms, nets, metal products, fabrics, etc.

The tsarist government imposed a tribute on the Nenets, the sizes of which were different depending on the regions (2-3 Arctic foxes, 1 sable or 15 squirrels). Many Nenets (Yamal, Purovskys) paid yasak “out of wage,” that is, they paid as much as they could or wanted to pay. In the XVIII century. natural yasak was partially replaced by money. To pay yasak, the Nenets resorted to loans and often lost their mortgaged reindeer. The resistance of the Nenets to the colonial policy of the tsarist government, in particular the imposition of yasak on them, was expressed in the 17th century. in the "pogroms" of the yasak treasury, when it was transported from Siberia through the Urals, in attacks on the Russian fortresses as administrative centers of the tsarist government, etc. Pustozersky prison alone was attacked six times over a hundred years (XVI-XVII centuries).

Developed by the Speransky Commission at the beginning of the 19th century. The "Charter on the Administration of Foreigners in Siberia" (1822) also extended to the Nenets, who were classified as foreigners of the third category - "wandering." Special sections of the "Charter" - "The Rights of Wandering Foreigners" (Part I, Chapter 6) and "On Foreigners of the Arkhangelsk Province, Called Samoyeds", promised the Nenets land ownership, internal self-government based on customary law, etc. Most of these points, however, were practically not implemented.

The establishment of new governing bodies - foreign councils and the institute of foremen - contributed to the further deterioration of the situation of the Nenets masses. The foremen were usually well-to-do Nenets, and the appropriation of certain rights to them: collection of yasak, some judicial functions, etc., aggravated the exploitation of the working Nenets masses, strengthened the inequality of property among the Nenets. In the first quarter of the XIX century. the planting of Christianity among the Nenets began. For this purpose, a special "Spiritual Mission for the Conversion of Samoids to Christianity" was established in 1824 for the Nenets of the Arkhangelsk province. The whole families of the Nenets were baptized. Hundreds of images of spirits were burned in sacred places. It was also prescribed "from all who, having adopted the Christian faith, still continue to worship idols, to take away all idols by police power." All this further intensified the indignation of the Nenets against the actions of the tsarist government.

Shameless commercial exploitation on the part of merchants who paid the Nenets for a fox skin a brick of tea or a ladle of flour, enslaving relations, as a result of which the Nenets had to pay the debts of their fathers and grandfathers, etc., caused massive ruin and impoverishment of the Nenets. The poor went to work for the rich Nenets reindeer herders and fell into bondage dependence on them. The expropriation of land also contributed to the devastation of the broad Nenets masses. The ancestral fishing grounds were seized by fellow tribesmen-rich and leased to Russian industrialists; Nenets, Russian and Izhemsk rich reindeer herders, who had herds of thousands, seized the pasture lands.

In response to this, organized actions take place both against representatives of the tsarist government and against their own exploiting elite.

The most outstanding of these performances was the uprising of the Obdorsk and Taz Nenets under the leadership of the Nenets Vavle Nenyang (aka Vauli Piettomin). At the end of the 30s of the XIX century. Vavle, having gathered a group of Nenets, organized attacks on the herds of the rich, taking away reindeer and distributing them to the poor. He called on the Nenets to stop paying yasak to the tsarist authorities. In 1839 Vavle was caught, imprisoned in the town of Berezovo, and then exiled to the Surgut district. From there he soon fled to his native tundra on the river. The pelvis. In 1841 Vavle again gathered the Nenets from Taz, Small and Big Yamal, as well as the Obdorsk Khanty, and approached Obdorsk with a detachment of 400 people. His goal was to seize the city, drive out the tsarist officials and their protege, the Khanty prince Taishin, and stop the payment of yasak by the Nenets. By deception and cunning, the tsarist authorities and the local wealthy managed to lure Vavlo to Obdorsk and take him prisoner. He was tried, whipped, and sent to hard labor. But the protest movement among the Nenets did not die out. In 1856, the Nenets Pani Toho, Tum Pe and others, including the participants in the Vavle uprising, once again gathered in a squad, took away reindeer and other property from the rich Nenets. In the end, with the help of the rich and the elders, they were caught and sent to hard labor.

In the 70s of the XIX century. the tsarist government began the resettlement of the Nenets to Novaya Zemlya. This colonization was undertaken to put an end to the Norwegian claims to the resource-rich Novaya Zemlya, which had long belonged to Russia.

In the second half of the XIX century. the commercial exploitation of the Nenets increased significantly. Representatives of large merchant firms of Arkhangelsk, Cherdyn, Tobolsk and Krasnoyarsk penetrate the tundra along with single traders-buyers of furs. Large-scale trade with an extensive network of shops and its own fleet joins the small traveling, mainly exchange, trade. Capital penetrates into fisheries, fisheries are organized; as a result of this, commodity relations are significantly strengthened. In the western regions (Kaninskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra), where the marketability of the reindeer-breeding economy was incomparably higher, elements of capitalist relations are already emerging. All this contributes to the further growth of exploitation of the working part of the Nenets and an increase in the number of salted farms. A significant part of the herds in some areas passes to the Russian, Izhemsk and Nenets rich people. In 1895, in the Pechora district, the Russian and Izhemsk wealthy owned 229,365 heads, and the rest of the Nenets population - only 46,950. This redistribution of reindeer was accompanied by the seizure of pastures that were once communal property. The ruin and impoverishment of the Nenets laboring masses continued right up to the revolution itself.

Galina Podolyanets
"The Nenets and Their Traditions." Materials and assignments for work on the implementation of the national component

We live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. We came from different parts of the country to this northern land. They call it "a harsh land", "the end of the Earth", "a sacred country where a good spirit cannot reach and an evil spirit cannot reach ..." (from a Khant song).

Exercise:

If you were asked to draw a "harsh edge of the Earth", what would you do (children are asked to verbally form an associative array).

Task:

development of imagination, the ability to find speech descriptions.

In ancient times, people lived in the snowy tundra, near the cold rivers. They went hunting, fished, raised deer. They had everything they needed for life: they built houses from wood and deer skins, made tools, dishes, sewed clothes. These kind, beautiful people still live next to us - they are the Nenets. They are the masters of this land, and we are guests. The Nenets consider a beautiful person to be one who has a face as round as the moon, a nose as if a button, eyes as if they were not there at all.

For a long time, the Nenets had special rules of life. The younger generation learned about them through legends from old people. A legend is a poetic tradition. The Nenets sacredly cherished the legends they heard and told them to their children. Therefore, to this day, there are strict rules in relation to nature, animals, man, good and evil spirits. The rules that people have followed from time immemorial are also called traditions. Thanks to these traditions, the life of the Nenets is very different from ours.

For the Nenets, the home is the entire visible tundra - the land on which they build dwellings and graze reindeer. The walls of the house are considered to be the sea, mountains and forest. Beyond this lies a foreign land. Hence, an important rule: do not harm your home. You cannot destroy vegetation, kill animals unnecessarily, litter the tundra. The Nenets believe that nature is endowed with good and evil spirits, therefore, if the Nenets goes hunting, they always bring some gift to the owner of the tundra.

Demonstration of the layout of the plague.

The tundra is a big house for the Nenets, but there is also a small one - this is a chum. Chum is a Nenets dwelling. It is very convenient. The Nenets are a people who often move around the tundra and for their convenience they need collapsible housing. Chum is a simple cone-shaped structure, consisting of several poles and tires, sewn from deer skins. In the center of the plague is a hearth. There is an iron circle under the fire, it closes the passage from the world of the dead to the chum. In the upper part there is a hole through which smoke escapes from the fire and, they say, spirits enter the tent through it. Good spirits, if a person has not done anything wrong. Hence, the second rule: it will always be good in your house if you do well.

The chum is warm, comfortable, clean. Each thing knows its place, basically they are all in the bags that the woman sews. There is a rule among the Nenets: Clean is not where they clean, but where they don’t litter.

The Nenets believe that every thing has its own soul, having been with one person, it gets used to it, and can offend another. Hence, the strict covenant: do not steal, otherwise you will be severely punished.

Mystery:

Satisfy hunger with mosses

At least the blizzard covered them.

Like shovels, horns

We are raking the snow. (Deer)

The Nenets treat animals in a special way. The most revered is the deer, because the deer is food, shelter, and transportation. The Nenets make chum out of reindeer skin, sew warm clothes, reindeer meat is considered very useful. The Nenets ride on reindeer across the tundra. They say that they used to ride reindeer on horseback, but now they are harnessed to wooden sledges, the Nenets call them sledges. It turns out that deer have saved people more than once. If the Nenets in the tundra was caught by a blizzard, and he got lost, you can rely on the reindeer, he will definitely lead the team to the dwelling.

Nenets riddle:

Two heads are looking at the sky. (Sled)

Mystery:

Master of the forest

Wakes up in the spring

And in winter, under the blizzard howl

He sleeps in a snow hut. (Bear)

According to the legend, the tundra is in charge of two owners - the Golobed Bear and the Seven-Child Bear. The first is the leader of all polar bears, he lives in the sea and never goes on land. The second - the she-bear, the leader of all brown bears, never leaves the hidden den. The Nenets feel fear and respect for the bear. After all, meetings with a bear do not happen “just like that”. Met a bear or its trace, wait for something unusual in your fate. Often bears help the lost Nenets, the legend says that an image of a bear appears and shows the way. A bear can also punish if a person has taken an oath and has not kept it. If a person wears a bear fang on his belt, nothing will ever happen to him. The Nenets raise a white deer especially for the bear. When the deer is seven years old, it is brought to the spirit of the bear at special places in the tundra.

Mystery:

Lies - is silent

Come up - grumble

Who goes to the owner,

It lets you know. (Dog)

A dog is a true friend of man. On the farm, the Nenets always have several dogs: some guard the chum, others - deer, and still others - helpers in the hunt. The Nenets believe that the barking of a dog warns of the approach of evil spirits.

Nenets legend tells how the Earth and people appeared on it.

“At first there was only water. The sacred bird Gagara took out a piece of silt from the bottom and gave it to the Supreme Deity Num. From this silt, Num blinded the earth. Num created the sun and melted the glacier. Nga created the moon. When the people came to life, Nga decided to breathe a soul into them, but Num did not allow him to do it alone and they breathed in together, since then they have coexisted in man - good and evil. "

The most important Deity among the Nenets is God Num. He rules the whole world where people live. And under the seven layers of permafrost lives the terrible Nga, he and his underground spirits send damage and disease to people.

"In summer, there is a fight between the gods of light and gloom, sparks fly from the teeth with which they grab each other, and people see lightning, and thunder is heard from the strikes."

Only a shaman can communicate with good and evil spirits. He lives in a separate plague, with the help of spirits, he helps a person in hunting, farming, heals people, protects deer, and can punish a person for a committed sin. The shaman addresses the spirits with a beater and a tambourine. The shaman knows spells and songs - calls of spirits, he dances around the fire, beats a tambourine and says: "Goy, goy, goy." At his call, spirits flock to whom the shaman addresses, and fulfill his request.

In the Nenets family, there are rules for the division of occupations. A man, for example, has to hunt, take care of deer, fish. Children are allowed to play, boys, however, only outside the chum: they shoot arrows from a toy bow, which they make themselves, learn to throw a noose around the deer's neck. Girls play in the tent, their dolls are special. They are made of rags, and instead of the head of a bird's beak, the girl also learns needlework.

A woman keeps order in the tent, she prepares dinner, sews clothes and handbags from reindeer fur.

The bags store shoes, clothes, pieces of fabric, dry food. Nenets women say: “We have women, a hundred knots, a thousand knots: you will tie one knot, you will untie the other”. For the wedding, a girl must sew a lot of bags, if a beautiful bag, then the girl is a good housewife and craftswoman. The handicraft bag has a special pocket for needles and a patterned confidant. The bag is also decorated with metal objects, with their tinkling they ward off evil spirits.

A woman sews a needle cushion from cloth and decorates with beads and fur. The pincushion is endowed with magical powers. On it the taiga flew over, and the seas swam across.

Winter clothes and shoes are sewn from deer skins, and the product is decorated with ornaments. Ornament is a repeating pattern on a product. The ornament is made of dark and light deer fur. The patterns are cut and sewn together to create a double mirror ornament. The connection of various parts of the ornament is called a mosaic.

Exercise:

Connect the ornament (children are invited to create a Nenets ornament from the elements). If a pattern is sewn onto clothes, this is already an applique.

Task:

familiarization with the "mosaic" technique.

The ornament consists of various geometric shapes: rhombuses, squares, stripes, but they all form a certain symbol that can be "read". Usually the woman took its name from nature: "hare ears", "deer antlers", "fox elbow", "running sable", etc. The ornament looks like an animal, and therefore is sung in a Nenets song that a beast, a deer is running.

A Nenets woman loves to make an ornament out of beads, string it on a string and get magnificent beaded stripes for decorating clothes and shoes. There is a legend: “Long ago, overseas merchants sailed on the sea, sailed for a long time. We landed on the shore. They made a fire and, to hide the fire from the wind, covered the fire with sacks of soda. We sat by the fire for a long time, fell asleep. In the morning, when they woke up, they saw glass pieces that were formed from soda, fire, wind. These multi-colored glass pieces were brought to the Nenets and they began to weave jewelry ”.

Exercise:

Read, ornament (children are invited to name the ornament of the proposed beaded stripes).

Task:

to teach children to identify the originality of the Nenets ornament.