We sailed pretty. Suggestions with introductory sentences. Annual control dictation

We were sitting in the Bitch's plank. It was not very convenient for us, but the hunters are not very picky people. At the blunt, rear end of the boat, a Mote stood and worked with a pole. Vladimir and I were sitting on the crossbar of the boat. Yermolai was placed in front, at the very nose. Despite the tow, water soon appeared under our feet. Fortunately, the weather was calm, and the pond seemed to fall asleep.

We sailed rather slowly. The old man with difficulty pulled out his long pole from the viscous mud, all entangled with green threads of underwater grasses. The solid, round leaves of the marsh lilies also interfered with our boat. Finally we got to the reeds and the fun began. Ducks noisily rose from the pond, frightened by our unexpected appearance in their domain. Shots rang out in unison after them, and it was fun to see how these kurgozny birds tumbled in the air, plopping heavily on the water. Of course, we did not get all the ducks we shot. Lightly wounded dived. Others, killed on the spot, fell into such thick reeds that even the lynx eyes of Yermo-bark could not find them. But still, by lunchtime, our boat was filled to the brim with game.

The weather was fine: white round clouds high and quietly swept over us, clearly reflected in the water. The reed whispered all around. In places the pond sparkled like steel in the sun. We were about to return to the village, when suddenly a rather unpleasant incident happened to us.

We could have noticed for a long time that little by little water was collected in our plank. Vladimir was instructed to scoop it out with a ladle. Business went on as it should, until Vladimir forgot his duty. But towards the end of the hunt, as if saying goodbye, the ducks began to rise in such herds that we barely had time to load our guns. In the heat of the firefight, we did not pay attention to the condition of our plank. Suddenly, from the strong movement of Ermolai, our dilapidated ship tilted, scooped up water and solemnly sank to the bottom, fortunately, not in a deep place. We screamed, but it was too late. In a moment, we were standing in the water up to our throats, surrounded by the floating bodies of dead ducks. Now, without laughter, I cannot remember the frightened and pale faces of my comrades. But at that moment, I confess, it never entered my head to laugh. Each of us held his gun above his head, and the Mote, out of habit to imitate the masters, raised the pole up.

I. 1. He drove a whole lot, fussed about in a case that seemed very simple and easy, and, as often happens, decisively did not take a step forward, in spite of his strenuous efforts. (L. T.) 2. The man lifted up from the newspaper, not very pleased, Levchuk saw the varnish, his face and looked sternly at him through the glasses of his glasses. (Bull.) 3. In summer, the days are long, as people say, from dawn to evening on a good horse, you can go around half the world. (Prosk.) 4. This autumn burst into their native places, although at the right time, but nevertheless, as Andrei thought, somehow suddenly and boldly, and the whole native land was filled with the smells of wilting and decay. (Bub.) 5. Through flowers and leaves and thorny branches, I know old house look into my heart. (A. Blok.)

II. 1. He felt himself blushing - which rarely happened to him - turned away from the lieutenant and, no longer questioning the wounded and not observing them, went to the dressing station. (L. T.) 2. Evening dawns - I never see morning dawns - pour gold over the entire horizon. 3. Alexey - the reader already recognized him - was gazing at the young peasant woman. (P.) 4. However, on the way, we experienced the imperious manner of Andreev - that's the name of the hunter - that subordinated people and things to him. (Mag.)

III. 1. Finally, he ordered himself to be harnessed for a racing droshky, dressed warmly (this was already at the end of September) and, himself driving, drove out of the yard. (P.) 2. I heard how the snow creaked under the skis near the house (the old women had gone somewhere), and after that I, like my companions, plunged into a deep sleep. (Ars.) 3. The soldiers (there were three of them) ate, not paying attention to Pierre. (L. T.) 4. He got up and, limping (he was on a prosthesis), went to the window. (Kav.)

CREATIVE DICTANTS

1. Write down sentences, insert introductory words expressing: a) the speaker's feelings; b) the speaker's assessment of the degree of reliability of the reported.

Our fears were not justified, the work on the procurement of feed continues successfully. In the morning I wander through the woods and will not return home before lunchtime.

2. Write down the sentences. Indicate the options for placing prejudice marks in them. Read the sentences aloud by options.

Grandma may be at home. A rye field is visible beyond the village.

3. Write down the sentence by putting the introductory word at the beginning of the adverbial phrase. Will punctuation in the sentence change from such a permutation?

Horses, apparently not finding more suitable place, themselves came to the storage facilities.

4. Write down the sentences by placing an introductory word between the subject and the predicate, indicating the confidence or source of the statement.

Our neighbor is an experienced beekeeper. Distant lakes are convenient places for nesting ducks.

We sailed slowly. Finally we got to the reeds. Ducks noisily rose from the pond, frightened by our unexpected appearance, shots rang out in unison behind them. Of course, we did not get all the ducks we shot.

Vladimir, to the great consolation of Yermolai, did not shoot well at all. Yermolai, as always, fired victoriously.

In the heat of the firefight, we did not pay attention to the condition of our plank. When suddenly, from the strong movement of Yermolai (he was trying to reach the dead bird and with his whole body leaned on the edge), our dilapidated ship tilted, scooped up and solemnly sank to the bottom; fortunately, not in a deep place. In a moment, we were standing in the water up to our throats.

Now, without laughter, I cannot remember the frightened and pale faces of my comrades (probably my face did not differ then with a blush), but at that moment, I confess, it never entered my head to laugh. Each of us held his gun above his head, and the Mote, out of habit to imitate the masters, raised his pole up. (According to I. Turgenev.) (150 pages)

1. Spelling of unstressed vowels, prefixes, participles, adverbs, particles not.

2. Punctuation for homogeneous terms, introductory words, separate definitions, in a complex sentence.

PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT

"Mushroom Peak" seems to have reached its climax. Thousands of lovers of quiet hunting go to the forests with baskets, comb not only groves close to the railway or highway, but also climb into the wilderness, where in past years, it happened, you would not meet anyone. Indeed, now, according to the jokers, the number of mushroom pickers per mushroom has grown unprecedentedly, so you can count on luck only after walking a dozen kilometers.

Each mushroom picker probably has his own "secret" areas of the forest. And as it is sometimes annoying when he gets to them and does not recognize the familiar landscape. It's not that it's a shame that someone was ahead (the forest is generous, it will give everyone a harvest), but it's a shame that this someone left behind fragments of a bottle, plastic bags, broken trees, fireplaces.

Everyone probably knows that the most complicated and, by the way, expensive ones are being built for nature protection. sewage treatment plant, young forests are planted in large areas, animals are settled, millions of fry are released into the rivers. But all these good deeds will not achieve the maximum effect if everyone does not realize that he is the keeper of forests, rivers, fields. (According to L. Lebedev.) (162 f.)

1. Spelling of prefixes, personal endings of the verb.

2. Punctuation for homogeneous terms, introductory words and in a complex sentence.

FREE DICTANT

IN THE FOREST ZEMLYANKA

Five of our soldiers, who were returning to their unit from the medical battalion, found temporary refuge in the old dugout. Here they took refuge from the violent bombardment.

Suddenly, something closed the doorway. The soldiers looked, to their surprise, they saw a fox holding a fox in its mouth, its ears tucked in fear. The lush-tailed beauty, apparently, was familiar with this dugout, and she was going to take refuge in it with her baby. The fox stood in indecision and, apparently, did not know what to do.

Scared, redhead? - said the elderly soldier affectionately. - Come on to us, mom, we won't eat!

The fighters moved as if on command. The fox seemed to be waiting for an invitation and immediately darted into the aisle and hid in a corner. Putting the fox on the floor, she ran out for the second, then brought the third one. The whole family was assembled, and the fox, curled up in a ball near its cubs, hugged them with its paws and began to lick them.

Above the forest light, freed from the bomb load, the last "vulture" swept by.

The soldiers climbed out of the dugout, sat on the grass, lit a cigarette. Following the people, the redhead left the shelter, taking one fox into her mouth, then the second. And when she ran away with the latter, she stopped for a moment near the sitting soldiers, looked at them attentively. Maybe this is how she thanked the soldiers in gray greatcoats for shelter and affection. (According to V. Perov.) (195 pages)

1. Spelling of nouns, adjectives, participles, pronouns.

2. Punctuation for introductory words, addresses, participles and participial phrases, and a complex sentence, in sentences with direct speech.

6.5. Verb

Exercise 282. In an excerpt from the story of I.S. Turgenev "Lgov" define the aesthetic function of various parts of speech in the process of figurative concretization. Analyzing the content of the text, show how the growing dynamism of action is reflected in the particular use of nominal and verb forms. Name the verbs that convey the dynamics of fighting, hunting, and verbs that represent the gesture, human behavior; indicate them grammatical features(kind, inclination, time, etc.). Assess the stylistic use of verbs.

A quarter of an hour later, we were already sitting in the little bitch's plank ... At the blunt, rear end, the Twig stood and "shoved"; Vladimir and I were sitting on the crossbar of the boat; Yermolai was placed in front, at the very nose. Despite the tow, water soon appeared under our feet. Fortunately, the weather was calm, and the pond seemed to fall asleep.

We sailed rather slowly. The old man with difficulty pulled out of the viscous mud his long pole, all entangled with green threads of underwater grasses; the solid, round leaves of marsh lilies also obstructed our boat. Finally we got to the reeds and the fun began. Ducks noisily rose, "fell" from the pond, frightened by our unexpected appearance in their possessions, shots rang out in unison after them, and it was fun to see how these curly birds tumbled in the air and plopped heavily on the water. Of course, we didn’t get all the ducks we had shot: the easily wounded ones dived; others, killed on the spot, fell into such a thick mayer that even Yermolai's lynx eyes could not open them; but nevertheless, by lunchtime, our boat was overflowing with game.

Vladimir, to the great consolation of Yermolai, did not shoot perfectly at all and after each unsuccessful shot he was surprised, examined and blew the gun, was perplexed and, finally, explained to us the reason why he missed. Yermolai fired victoriously, as always, I - rather badly, as usual. The twig looked at us ... from time to time he shouted: "There, there is another duck!" - and now and then scratched his back - not with his hands, but with his shoulders set in motion. The weather was fine: white round clouds high and quietly swept over us, clearly reflected in the water; the reeds whispered all around; the pond glittered in the sun like steel in places. We were about to return to the village, when suddenly a rather unpleasant incident happened to us.

Exercise 283. In an excerpt from the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", define the expressive function of verbs. Indicate the temporal plan of the narration, pay attention to the change in the forms of the present and past tense in the speech of the author and the participants in the dialogue, to the use of verbs in the indicative and imperative mood. Highlight those sentences in which the expressive meaning of the verbs is enhanced. Evaluate the writer's artistic use of morphology stylistic resources.

Are you so disappointed? Bazarov asked.

No, - said Odintsova with a constellation, - but I am not satisfied. It seems as if I could be strongly attached to something ... ‹...›

“You are flirting,” he thought, “you miss me and tease me because I have nothing to do, but me…” His heart was really torn. ‹…›

That Katya is playing so late, - said Odintsova. Bazarov got up.

Yes, it’s definitely late now, you have to go to bed.

Wait, where are you in a hurry ... I need to tell you one word.

Wait, Odintsova whispered. Her eyes rested on Bazarov; she seemed to be examining him closely.

He walked across the room, then suddenly approached her, hurriedly said "goodbye," squeezed her hand so that she almost screamed, and went out. She raised her sticky fingers to her lips, blew on them and suddenly, impetuously getting up from her chair, walked with quick steps to the door, as if wishing to return Bazarov ... The maid entered the room with a decanter on a silver tray. Madame Odintsov stopped, told her to go away, and sat down again, and again began to think. Her braid developed and fell on her shoulder like a dark snake. The lamp burned for a long time in Anna Sergeyevna's room, and for a long time she remained motionless, only occasionally running her fingers over her hands, which were slightly nibbled by the night cold.

Exercise 284. In an excerpt from the novel by A.I. Herzen "Past and Thoughts" show the features of the use of verb forms in different parts of the text, delimiting description, narration, reasoning; monologue and dialogical speech. Analyze the choice of forms of view, mood, time, face, number; appreciate their expressive capabilities.

Once, on a long winter evening at the end of 1838, we sat, as always, alone, reading and not reading, talking and silent and silently continuing to speak. It was very freezing outside, and it was not quite warm in the office. Natasha felt unwell and was lying on the sofa, covered in a mantle, I was sitting beside me on the floor; the reading did not get better, she was absent-minded, thought about something else, she was interested in something, her face changed.

Alexander, - she said, - I have a secret, come closer here, I'll tell you in your ear, or not - guess. ‹…›

Like a human chest, it is rich in feelings of happiness, if only people know how to surrender to them, without being entertained by trifles. ... We spend, we pass the best minutes through our fingers, as if there are many of them in stock. We usually think about tomorrow, about the next year, while with both hands we need to cling to the overflowing cup, which life itself stretches out, uninvited, with its usual generosity - and drink and drink until the cup passes into others. hands. Nature does not like to regale and offer for a long time.

Exercise 285. In an excerpt from M. Gorky's story "Kalinin", select the verbs, noting the peculiarities of using their species-temporal forms. Determine the functional-semantic type of speech and show the expressive function of verbs in context.

Autumn, autumn - the wind whistles from the sea and furiously drives foaming waves to the shore - in the white manes black ribbons of algae flicker like snakes, and the air is saturated with moist, salty dust.

Coastal stones buzz angrily; the dry rustle of trees is alarming, they swing tops, bend as if they want to pluck roots from the ground and run into the mountains, dressed in a heavy fur coat of dark clouds.

Over the sea, the clouds are torn to shreds and rush to the ground, revealing bottomless blue chasms, where the autumn sun burns restlessly. Shadows glide across the dug sea; on the ground, the wind presses the clouds to the sides of the mountains, the clouds wearily crawl up and down, huddled in the gorges and smoke smoky there.

Everything around is frowned, argues with each other, darkens angrily and glistens coldly, blinding the eyes; along a narrow road, covered from the sea by a ridge of stones caressed by waves, the leaves of plane trees, black tree, oak, cherry-plum run chasing each other. Splash, rustle, whistle - everything boiled into one continuous sound, you listen to it like a song, the uniform blows of waves on stones sound like rhymes.

Exercise 286. Determine the expressive function of verbs, noting the features of the use of forms of the form, tense, mood.

The green Antelope, creaking in all its parts, raced down the outer passage of the Boulevard of Young Talents and flew out into the market square. There a strange picture presented itself to the eyes of the Antelope's crew. From the square, towards the highway, a man with a white goose under his arm was running bent over. With his left hand he held a hard straw hat on his head. A large crowd ran after him, screaming. The runner often looked back, and on his handsome actor's face one could see an expression of horror.

Panikovsky is running! - shouted Balaganov.

The second stage of the theft of a goose, - said Ostap coldly. - The third stage will begin after the capture of the culprit. She is accompanied by sensitive beatings.

Panikovsky probably guessed about the approach of the third stage, because he was running at full speed. For fear, he did not let go of the goose, and this caused strong irritation in the pursuers.

One hundred and sixteenth article, - said Kozlevich by heart. - Secret, as well as open abduction of large livestock from the laboring agricultural and cattle-breeding population.

Balaganov burst out laughing. He was amused by the thought that the violator of the convention would receive legal retribution.

The car made its way onto the highway, cutting through the noisy crowd.

Save! - Panikovsky shouted when the "Antelope" caught up with him.

God will grant, - answered Balaganov, hanging overboard. The car poured clouds of crimson dust on Panikovsky.

Take me! - screamed Panikovsky with the last of his strength, keeping close to the car. - I'm good.

Maybe we can take a reptile? - asked Ostap.

Don't, ”Balaganov answered harshly,“ let him know how to break conventions next time.

But Ostap has already made a decision.

Panikovsky immediately obeyed. The goose got up from the ground in displeasure, scratched himself and, as if nothing had happened, went back to the city.

Get in, - offered Ostap, - to hell with you! But do not sin any more, or I will tear out my hands by the roots.

Panikovsky, wiggling his legs, grabbed the body, then leaned on the side with his stomach, rolled into the car, like a swimmer in a boat, and, knocking with his cuffs, fell to the bottom.

Full speed, - ordered Ostap.

The meeting continues.

(Ilf I. and Petrov E.)

Exercise 287. Select the verbs; indicate their grammatical features (type, time, mood, face, number, collateral values); note the peculiarities of use in the context of verb forms. Evaluate the expressive possibilities of the verb as a part of speech and the traditions of its stylistic use for expressive purposes that have developed in Russian literature.

1. The whole hut shook, trembled, and the kochetok in the senets will shout in a bad voice, as it rises and bangs its head against the eaves (Paust.). 2. She used to come running: "Uncle Misha, catch the desman, it is very necessary!" Now I take the net, all the holes are known to me, if you bring the net to the exit, if you scare it, it's ready (Sol.). 3. And what ... and rightly so, we will create such a complex team, so that there is no bureaucracy (Polev.). 4. Come here, Globa! .. That's the deal. You will go to the other side, you will find Vasily, tell him that to put aside the explosion of the bridge (Sim.). 5. Pass the light, - nowhere will you find the friendship of that saint and purer that happens in war (Tvard.). 6. What, in your opinion, do you want me to lie on the spot like a stone? I’m as healthy as a bull, I have never vomited in my life (Kar.). 7. The boy ... spun the wheel with all his might (N. Evdokimov). 8. ... And doctors who have their own opinion ... kept silent. The sixteen-year-old boy died, took it and died! (DE) 9. At the Lesogorsk plant, it was difficult for me and Yulia at first ... This is where this Sonechka Chelishcheva appeared! (Kar.) 10. No, you're wearing a pouch! Got lost somewhere, praise, praise, disappeared and the trace (Tward.). 11. I missed you at all. At work, at school, at people. And you take it and come. - So you missed you after all? - already less confidently he asked (DE). 12. - Let's go to bed while the sun is out, - suggested a new friend. - Now we will at least get some sleep, otherwise at night because of the cold we will not close our eyes (Hyde.). 13. In Cyril, they [eyes] changed rapidly: now they suddenly shone heavily with the dull tint of old copper, then they brighten like tobacco (Fed.). 14. Amid bitter thoughts and regrets, Katya suddenly remembered the sandy wet path ... She was walking along the path herself - Katya - in a brown dress and a black apron. Sand crunches under the shoes. Katya feels how light, thin she is, her hair flutters the breeze ... (A. T.)

Exercise 288. Assess the use of conjugated forms of the verb. Note the unmotivated use of present tense verbs in the meaning of the past and vice versa; indicate the diversity of temporal, species, species-temporal forms. Edit the text.

1. After leaving school, Kovalev goes to work at the plant, where in a short time he acquired the qualification of a turner. 2. Moscow pigeon breeders annually hold various competitions, during which the birds covered a distance from 300 to 1500 km. 3. The late writer makes a protest against falsification. 4. He dreams of devoting himself to literary activity, but the play he conceived remained unfinished, and he gave up literary studies. 5. The regional office is in the wrong position. It not only reacted calmly to the irregularities in the work of "Rembyttekhnika", but also itself established such tasks in which the needs of farmers were assigned a secondary role.

Exercise 289. Analyze the use of verbs. Indicate the confusion of subject-object relations and the resulting ambiguity, ambiguity of the statement as a result of the incorrect use of reflexive verbs.

Indicate speech errors in the use of verb forms (use of colloquial variants, the use of intransitive verbs in the meaning of transitive, unmotivated appeal to reflexive forms, errors in the choice of temporal forms of the verb, etc.). Eliminate the noticed errors by suggesting options for stylistic edits.

1. Car after car came up and loaded with vegetables. 2. Continued to conduct capital research in the field of the theory of animal husbandry. 3. The Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine was annually entered on the Board of Honor ... 4. 250 hectares that were engaged in corn, after deep plowing were cultivated with disc harrows. 5. Now our site is occupied with housing. 6. The cyclone threatened to flood. 7. The sky is engulfed in a glow, and it becomes eerie. 8. Works are performed with high quality... 9. Recently, the connection between the staff of the shop and the students of the vocational school has weakened. 10. The seeds are placed in a jar, which is sealed and sealed with sealing wax or paraffin. 11. Boil 1/4 liter of milk and dilute 10 grams of soaked gelatin in it. 12. The tree hung thick branches so that our cars could comfortably perch under it. 13. Khanov said on the move: "I'm in a hurry, the car has broken down." But he could not refuse his comrades, and the car suddenly corrected itself. 14. I got what I wanted. Let the others play with it! 15. The play was performed on stage for 18 years in a row. During this time, the actors and the audience grew old, but, it seems to me, the mood in the hall has not changed. 16. Pervitsky was courted by noisy fame and went to others. 17. The writer brings out a hero who himself does not know how to put on stockings and lays on the couch all day.

Exercise 290 Compare the unedited and edited versions of the sentences; explain what errors have been eliminated, make your own stylistic corrections.

1. Anna Fedorovna organizes an excursion to the library, acquaints children with its funds and staff.

2. A good grade, even given in advance, would have cheered up the girl, breathed in the desire to learn, and dispelled the fog of indifference.

2. A good grade, even given in advance, would cheer the girl up, make her believe in her strength, and make her want to learn.

3. During the year, the plan was repeatedly corrected, some topics were diversified.

3. Throughout the year, we have repeatedly adjusted the plan, made changes to some topics.

4. To work on your own idea from a young age, you need to be a genius, be able not to be afraid of difficulties that immediately arise, if a student or even a graduate student wants to tackle a topic that does not work on the theory of his supervisor.

4. To work on your own idea from a young age, you need to be talented, not to be afraid of the difficulties that will immediately arise if a student or even a graduate student wants to tackle a topic that is not related to the theory of his supervisor.

5. When measuring illumination, accidental darkening should be avoided, however, the shadows on the working surface should not be specially eliminated at the time of examination.

5. When measuring illumination, it is necessary to avoid accidental darkening, at the same time, shadows on the working surface at the time of measurement should not be eliminated.

6. We manufacture reinforced concrete products that are used for the construction of factories and plants.

7. Formulas are simplified and will look as follows ...

7. Formulas are simplified and look like this ...

8. Exhausted, he forgot himself in a short sleep, but suddenly woke up from the sharp jolt of the carriage.

8. Exhausted, he was forgotten in a short sleep, but at times he woke up from a sharp jolt of the carriage.

9. He dreams of devoting himself to literary activity, but the works he conceived have remained unfinished.

9. He dreamed of devoting himself to literary activity, but the works he conceived remained unfinished.

10. He felt best of all in the circle of his disciples, whom he constantly helps unselfishly.

10. He felt best of all in the circle of his disciples, whom he constantly helped unselfishly.

11. Maybe this globality of a soldier's feat was written too loudly for me.

11. Perhaps the greatness of the soldier's feat is described by me too pathetically.

Autumn is the time of wilting of nature, when it flashes with the last bright colors.

Gold of all shades on the trees, gold on the grass, gold reflected in the stagnant waters of a narrow river. Silence. Not a sound, not a breeze. Even a light cloud froze in the sky.

This is how the landscape painter Levitan portrayed nature in his painting "Golden Autumn". She attracts us with the harmony of colors, and at the same time, this poetic picture of the autumn sorceress is fanned with light sadness. Nature is solemn, serene on this quiet day, but it is already dying. The cold, mischievous wind is about to blow, and then the trees will drop their last festive outfit.

Looking at the canvas, painted by the hand of a great master, we involuntarily penetrate into the inner world of the artist himself. Indeed, observing and studying nature, a true master of the brush tries to catch in her life the moment that is closest and dearest to his heart and reflect it in his work. (132 words)

(According to O. Tuberovskaya)

Control dictations grade 8

So, Petya passed the entrance exam at the gymnasium. However, the aunt insisted: "Of course, there was no exam, but there was an easy admission test." But Petya repeated with tears: "But there was an exam!" Aunt decided to twist her heart: “However, I was probably mistaken. It seems like there was an exam. " However, Petya was gnawed at by doubt, because everything went too quickly and smoothly.
In the beginning, everything went great. The boy was saddened only by the fact that he had never been summoned to the board. Every Saturday he sadly brought a diary, wrapped in luxurious paper, pasted over with silver stars.
One day Petya, without undressing, ran into the room. Waving his diary, he shouted joyfully: "I got marks!" Having solemnly thrown the diary on the table, the boy proudly stepped aside, as if not wanting to interfere with the contemplation of the marks.

Opening the diary, my aunt gasped: "Solid twos!" "I knew it! - Petya shouted almost crying from insult. - It is important that these are marks! " And, angrily snatching out the diary, the boy rushed into the yard to show it to his friends. (149 words) (According to V. Kataev)

Cranes.

In the distant childhood, with a special joyful feeling, in the spring we greeted the cranes returning to their homeland. Hearing their voices coming from the high sky, we left our games and, lifting our heads, looked into the blue heavenly heights.

“Cranes! Cranes! " - we shouted loudly, rejoicing at the arrival of the spring guests.

The cranes flew in slender schools. They were returning from distant warm countries. Having circled over a swamp or over a river bank, they sometimes sat down to rest and rebuild their strength after a long journey.

Once I had the opportunity to closely observe cranes. I hunted capercaillie near a large, almost impenetrable swamp. While spending the night in the forest, you know, many times at dawn I heard cranes dancing in circles. Having made my way to the swamp, hiding in the deep dense bushes, I watched these wonderful birds with binoculars. Gathering in a wide circle, flapping their strong wings, the cranes trumpeted and danced. This, of course, was the spring wedding crane festival.

Grammar tasks.

Option 1.

2. Write out from the proposal Circling over the swamps, ...

Option 2.

1. Parsing a sentence

Having made his way to the swamp, hiding in the deep dense bushes, ...

2. Write out from the proposal Hearing their voices coming from the high sky, ... all phrases, make up their schemes, indicate the types of connection of words.

Final control dictation in grade 8

On the hunt

Fortunately, the weather was calm, the pond seemed to fall asleep. We went with Yermolai along the pond, but, first of all, a duck, a cautious bird, does not stay close to the shore; secondly, even if some teal was exposed to our shots, our dogs were not able to get it.

We sailed rather slowly. Finally, we got to the reeds, and the fun began. We, of course, did not get all the birds we shot, but still, by lunchtime, our boat was filled with game. Vladimir, to the great consolation of Yermolai, did not shoot well at all. Yermolai fired victoriously, as always.

Towards the end of the hunt, the ducks began to rise in such herds that we barely had time to load our guns. Suddenly, from the strong movement of Yermolai, a healthy and strong peasant, our dilapidated ship scooped up and quickly sank to the bottom, fortunately, not in a deep place.

In a moment we were standing in the water up to our throats. Now, without laughter, I cannot remember the frightened and pale faces of my comrades. But at that moment, I confess, it never entered my head to laugh.

(I. Turgenev)

Grammar tasks. Option 1.

Vladimir, to the great consolation of Yermolai, ...

2. Write out from the proposal

When suddenly, from the strong movement of Yermolai, a healthy and strong peasant,

… all phrases, make up their schemes, indicate the types of connection of words.

Option 2.

1. Complete parsing of the sentence

Now, without laughter, I cannot remember the frightened and pale faces of my comrades.

2. Write out from the proposal

We, of course, did not get all the birds we shot, but still, by lunchtime, our boat was filled with game.

… all phrases, make up their schemes, indicate the types of connection of words.

Class

Control dictation for the second quarter

The fate of man

War thunderstorms died down, and for over ten years our people had been building a peaceful life, when M. A. Sholokhov again turned to the military theme. You read his short story entitled "The Fate of a Man", and your heart sanks from the ingenuous narration, which is led by a seasoned chauffeur, a soldier who has gone through the most terrible tests.

Two years in German death camps. Escape when there was no longer the strength to fight for life. But on native land Andrei Sokolov will face new attacks. He learns that his wife and daughters were killed during the bombing, and the son went to no one knows where. Shortly before the end of the war, Andrei finds his son in order to lose him on the last day of the war.

And now a middle-aged man, who has lost everything that makes up the meaning of life, meets a tiny defenseless creature. He who endured so much of his own did not harden his soul, did not become indifferent to the grief of others. Vanyushka became everything for Andrey. And the old soldier lives for his new son, so that a six-year-old child will never again feel like an orphan.

Grammar assignment:

In the second paragraph, find all the SPP, determine the type of clauses.

Control dictation for the first half of the year

Forest Lake

A mixed forest rose behind the roadside bushes. On the left side, black water gleamed mysteriously. We were only waiting for a path to rush along it into the depths of the forest and find out what was there. And then the path came across.

We did not have time to make two hundred steps along it, when the angry yelping of the dog stopped us. Not far off there was a forester's hut.

The forester invited us into the house and wanted to make arrangements for the table. But we said that we did not need anything and that we turned off the main road only to find out what kind of water glistens between the trees.

The water began about fifty paces from the threshold, but much lower than it, since the house stood on a hillock. The narrow boat we boarded was so light that, under the weight of four people, it plunged into the water along the very edges. A lake of extraordinary beauty surrounded us. The dark green oaks and lindens that covered the lake shores were clearly reflected in the still water. Rare and clear, like stars, flowers of white lilies rested on the water. Each flower was so sharply shaded by the blackness of the lake's mirror that we usually noticed it two or three hundred meters away.

(According to V. Soloukhin) 170 words

Annual control dictation

Mikhailovsky park

I traveled almost all over the country, saw many places that were amazing and squeezing my heart, but none of them had such a sudden lyrical power as Mikhailovskoye. It was deserted and quiet there. There were clouds above. Beneath them, along the green hills, along the lakes, along the paths of the centenary park, shadows passed.

Mikhailovsky Park is a hermit's shelter. This is a park where it is difficult to have fun. It is made for loneliness and reflection. He is a little gloomy with his age-old spruces, tall, silent and imperceptibly passes into the same majestic, like himself, century-old desert forests. Only on the outskirts of the park, through the gloom that is always present under the arches of old trees, will suddenly open a clearing overgrown with shiny buttercups and a pond with calm water.

The main charm of Mikhailovsky Park is in the cliff above Sorotya and in the house of the nanny Arina Rodionovna ... The house is so small and touching that it’s even scary to climb its dilapidated porch.

And from the cliff above Sorotya you can see two blue lakes, a wooded hill and our everlasting modest sky with clouds asleep on it ...

Talk about the spelling of the word.

We sailed rather slowly. The old man with difficulty pulled his long pole out of the viscous mud ... Finally we got to the reeds, and the fun began. The ducks noisily rose, "fell" from the pond, frightened by our unexpected appearance in their possessions, shots rang out in unison after them ... these kurgozny birds tumbled in the air, plopped heavily on the water ... Slightly wounded dived; others, killed on the spot, fell into such a thick mayer that even Yermolai's lynx eyes could not open them; but nevertheless, by lunchtime, our boat was overflowing with game.

(I.S.Turgenev)

These constructions vividly convey the movement, the development of the action, reflecting the dynamics of events as best as possible.

Sentences with a prepositive predicate are used when describing the situation, stating a fact, the presence of an object:

It was a beautiful July day ... A mighty star rises merrily and majestically, as if taking off. Around noon, many round high clouds usually appear ... In some places bluish stripes stretch from top to bottom: then a barely noticeable rain is sown ... Everything bears the stamp of some touching meekness ...

(I.S.Turgenev)

This word order is characteristic of an epic, calm tone of speech; it is most suitable for creating static pictures.

Without dwelling specifically on the peculiarities of word order in other functional-semantic types of speech, we note that both in reasoning and in dialogical unity, the theme-rhematic division of an utterance depends on the communicative attitude and nature of the previous text.

Elimination of speech errors in the structure of a simple sentence

A stylistic assessment of the word order in a sentence also draws our attention to violations of literary and linguistic norms in specific texts. The editor, analyzing syntactic constructions, may disagree with the actual division of the statement proposed by the author, obscuring its meaning; Wed:

In such constructions, the subject does not differ in form from the direct object, and therefore the inversion cannot be justified.

In other cases, the rearrangement of the theme and rheme in the author's text is explained by the negligence or low speech culture of the writer: Gondola cars are separated from the general mass, calculations and analysis are carried out separately for them. In the second part of this complex sentence, the subject is the subject, and the remy is the composition of the predicate, therefore correction is necessary: Gondola cars are separated from the general mass; analysis and calculations for them are carried out separately.

Stylistically unjustified inversion interferes with the correct understanding of the text. This is the joke of A.P. Chekhova: I wish you to avoid all kinds of troubles, sorrows and misfortunes. The ability to combine words into phrases in different ways generates ambiguity: As a six-year-old village boy, he ran barefoot along the autumn mudslide in order to see a plane landed up close (to see a landed plane close or near?).

An unsuccessful word order often becomes the reason for inappropriate comic and absurdity of the statement: the Belochka Children's Center accepts children after overhaul; The department store hosts an exhibition and sale of goods for men of the spring-summer season. There is a large selection of foreign-made jewelry for women; The stores have received strollers for children of various colors. Such speech errors are most often found in hastily compiled ads. However, unfortunately, such lapses sometimes remain uncorrected in print: As the gray-haired Rauschning rightly noted in a conversation with me ...; Skrikvin was found at the time of the arrest of the car in a sleeping state; Conducted an inspection of the scene where the theft was committed from the store with the participation of attesting witnesses.

Careful attention to the order of words in the sentence will avoid speech errors that create absurdity in the statement.

A lot of speech errors have to be eliminated by the editor when analyzing the construction of syntactic constructions. It is often possible to observe an unmotivated omission of one or another member in the composition of a sentence, violating its structure, and sometimes distorting the meaning of the statement. The following phrase cannot be recognized as correct:

The editorial office received a letter from citizen Loginova, in which she informed about the unsatisfactory work of the head of the Milyatinsky store A.G. Tarasova.

Stylistic editing in this case requires the use of the subject in the subordinate clause of a complex sentence (... she reported). An unmotivated omission of one of the elements of a compound predicate leads to the defectiveness of such a sentence:

In 1985, village workers were able to collect 29 centners of grain, 360 centners of other vegetables, increase the number of cows to 8.5 thousand, milk 3.9 centners of milk, 158.5 million eggs.

An inappropriate ellipsis not only makes the construction incomplete, but also provokes a misinterpretation of the text, giving rise to a comic statement (it turned out: milk ... eggs). When stylistically correcting this sentence, the editor will insert the omitted infinitives, and will try to clarify the author's idea in this way:

In 1985, village workers were able to collect from each hectare 29 centners of grain, 260 centners of potatoes and 360 centners of other vegetables, bring the number of cattle to 8.5 thousand; milk 3.9 centners of milk from each fodder cow, get 158.5 million eggs.

Defective syntactic constructions are a consequence of the fuzzy thought of the writer, who, while constructing a phrase, sometimes has not yet decided what should be the topic in it, and what should be the theme, how best to present information. An example of an unsuccessful theme-rhematic division of the statement can be the following proposal: The production of ferrous metals requires a significant increase in the procurement of scrap metal, because about half of the total volume of steel is smelted from scrap metal.

Such a structure needs to be transformed: Increasing the collection of scrap metal is very important for the production of ferrous metals: after all, half of all steel is smelted from scrap.

The revised version focuses on the need to increase scrap collection.

A gross mistake in constructing a sentence is the incorrect use of word forms: Andrey's constant hobby, absorbing all his free time, is sports.

In this case, instead of the expected form of the nominative case of the noun (his hobby is sports), there appears an instrumental one, appropriate in a different construction: He is fond of sports. Stylists call this error syntactic bias.

Consider examples of stylistic editing of sentences in which there was a shift in the combination of word forms:

As you can see, the elimination of this syntax error requires significant revision of the author's text: the editor can complicate the construction by transforming a simple sentence into a complex one (second example), can replace the impersonal construction with a personal one (third example), etc.

Analyzing the structure of a sentence, the editor also encounters incomplete syntactic constructions. For example: Only recently adopted laws on health protection, family strengthening, land management, water use, to strengthen the fight against crime.

So, of course, you cannot finish the sentence, but the author put an end to it and moved on to the next phrase. The editor must make up for the absence of the predicate in the unfinished construction, which can be done without almost changing the author's text: it is enough to replace the full participle with a short one: laws have been passed.

Stylistic assessment of the main members of the proposal

Subject and predicate expression

Stylistic interest is represented by non-standard forms of expression of the main members of the sentence, since it is they who receive a special expressive coloring in speech and have a functional and stylistic purpose, while most of the two-component sentences, built according to structural schemes, with the most characteristic ways of expressing the subject and predicate for the Russian language , do not need special stylistic comments, for example: The wind dispersed the clouds; The sun is shining; A peaceful settlement of the conflict has been achieved.

Depending on the lexical and grammatical properties of the main members, the following basic structural schemes of two-part sentences can be distinguished: 1) "name + conjugated form of the verb"; 2) "name + name"; 3) "infinitive + name"; 4) "infinitive + infinitive". Their frequency depends on the style of speech. In book styles, sentences are more often used that implement the second scheme, as well as the first, the use of which has no functional and style restrictions. For example: The question of free scientific thought is not limited to the freedom to seek truth. This question is incomparably wider and deeper. Freedom of scientific search and discussion of truth is not unambiguous in its moral content with the freedom to choose the goal of research. Research objects are limitless, and research opportunities are limited. In this excerpt, of four simple sentences, three follow the second block diagram, one along the first. At the same time, the "bookishness" of the construction determines the type of predicate: a compound nominal predicate is more characteristic of the language of science.

From this, however, it does not follow that sentences such as "name + name" (cf .: "You are an eccentric", "She is cunning") are not used in the colloquial style, but their frequency is less than in book styles.

What are the features of the expression of the subject in different functional styles?

First of all, it should be noted that the subject, expressed by a noun and a substantive adjective, participle, numeral, is used in speech without any restrictions. Let us give examples of the use of such subjects in a journalistic style: Can we consider that we are now moving on to market methods of economic management? Perhaps at first it will turn out like this: the "rich" will get richer, and the "poor" will get poorer ... Now, when some enterprises work on self-financing, and others do not, the first to drive the bad worker, the second willingly take it, just to fill the states ... all of us unemployed (those who are on the staff of the enterprise, but do nothing) receive a salary. Should we get rid of them? .. Bad ones are not needed by anyone (AiF. - 1986. - No. 50); Recently "Pravda" told about the incident at the Shurovsky cement plant ... What happened was a completely natural, deliberate act of a young engineer (Pravda - 1986. - December 12).

As you can see, in publicistic speech, adjectives, participles, and numbers easily become subjects. In the official business and scientific styles, the same is true, and a number of terms in them represent precisely substantiated adjectives and participles (victim, incapacitated, able-bodied, detained, adult, accused, etc., as well as: straight (line), curve , slit, explosive (sounds), cloven-hoofed, umbrella, etc.), so that replacing a noun with substantivized names can even enhance the functional and stylistic coloring of a text belonging to one of the book styles when using the corresponding special vocabulary.

The use of pronouns to denote a subject in scientific, official and business speech, and partly in journalistic speech, encounters limitations: in book styles, two-part sentences are used with a subject meaning "author's we", which is presented in the excerpt from the weekly "Arguments and Facts" quoted above. Other personal pronouns (with the exception of the third person forms: he, she, it, they) are rarely used in the subject function in book styles. The scientific and formal-business styles, which are characterized by an impersonal form of presentation, reject the subjects expressed by the words I, you, you. In these styles, it is also impossible to use indefinite pronouns as a subject, since this is incompatible with the requirement of accuracy and objectivity in the presentation of the material. In a word, and in the expression of the subject in different parts of speech, there are undoubted functional and stylistic features.

Restrictions on the expression of the subject with some substantivized parts of speech and whole constructions, which at the same time acquire the categorical meaning of objectivity, are also imposed by the expression that arises in such cases, which indicates the colloquial nature of such utterances. For example: Everyone is tired of your "ah" and "no matter what happens"; These "tomorrow", "another time", "call" are not encouraging. In artistic speech, such non-standard ways of expressing the subject receive a vivid stylistic application: Suddenly, in the midst of extreme silence in the air ... it is clearly heard: "Whoa, whoa" (T.); Here and there they knocked on the board, lazyly heard from somewhere a drawn-out "Listen!" (Hound.); ... Loud: "Thank you, Father Alexey Stepanovich!" announced the clearing (Ax.).

The infinitive in the role of the subject is used without stylistic restrictions, but its frequency is low: It is difficult to dissuade him in anything, it is impossible to argue with him (Ch.); Someone is pleased to endure vain! (Acute); You cannot be forced to participate in a psychological experiment (from the monograph); To refuse to work meant to let the whole brigade down (out of gas); No smoking! As a rule, the subjects expressed by the infinitive are expressively colored in sentences built according to the fourth structural scheme (to believe is to love).

Incomparably great stylistic possibilities are possessed by different types predicate, the use of which deserves careful study.

A simple verb predicate is universal; there are no stylistic barriers to its use, although special cases its use in speech is of stylistic interest. In each of the functional styles, a simple verb predicate takes on characteristic forms of lexical and grammatical expression. So, colloquial speech is primarily characterized by the conjugated form of verbs belonging to common neutral vocabulary (Do you know who came?) Or having colloquial coloration (He did not endure, of course, but gave everything in full). In book styles, the predicate is more often used, expressed by passive verbs, which is associated with the frequency of passive constructions. The functional and stylistic coloring of speech is given by special verbs: These therapeutic baths are prescribed every other day; Water is fluoridated; It is prohibited to swim behind the buoys.

Various forms of expression of a simple verbal predicate give grounds to stylistically oppose two ways of its grammatical design: 1) the predicate, formally assimilated to the subject (that is, expressed by a verb of any mood, time and person), is stylistically neutral in its grammatical nature; 2) a simple verbal predicate, formally not similar to the subject, expressed by special forms of verbs, verbal interjections, used in the meaning of the indicative mood, the purpose of which is to enhance the effectiveness of speech. In their very nature there is a vivid expression: Ivan Nikiforovich did not act in such a way, if he said “bird” and not “gander”, it would still be possible to correct (G.); And new friends, well, kissing, well, hugging ... (Cr.); Suddenly something fell noisily into the water, I grabbed my belt - there was no pistol (L.). Rich in modal-expressive shades, such forms of the simple verb predicate are used only in colloquial speech and in expressive styles that are open to its influence.

A special stylistic comment deserves the replacement of the conjugated form of the verb, which acts as a simple verb predicate, with a combination of a verbal noun and an auxiliary verb with a weakened lexical meaning: The doctor helped the patient (instead of: The doctor helped the patient). In the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, the functional and stylistic affiliation of the text should be taken into account.

The appeal to verbal-nominal combinations can be quite reasonable in book styles: The distinguished guest undertook a trip across the country ... (from gas.). The state takes care of the family by creating and developing a wide network of maternity hospitals (Marriage and Family Code); In a problem situation, a person first makes an orientation, considering options for a possible way out ... And only after that does the communication itself (Social Psychology). At the same time, the use of verbal-nominal combinations instead of the corresponding verbs not only emphasizes the functional and stylistic orientation in the selection of linguistic means, but also clarifies the meaning of the statement, draws to the use of special terms and sometimes even enhances the effectiveness of speech. To be convinced of this, it is enough to compare a number of verb-nominal combinations with the corresponding verbs: to give an instruction - to indicate, to declare gratitude - to thank; to impose a penalty - to collect (the first were fixed in the official business style as special), to provide broad support - to support, to show an ardent interest - to be interested, to provide an invaluable service - to serve (the first are expressive, since a verbal noun makes it possible to shade it with a definition, and the corresponding verb is not always combined with such an adverb (impossible: "invaluable to serve"). right choice an auxiliary verb when using a verbal-nominal combination: In this case, the personality undergoes some changes (cf .: changes); The listener enters into communication on condition ... (cf .: communicates).

On the other hand, one can often observe a stylistically unjustified replacement of a simple verbal predicate with a verbal-nominal combination, which gives speech an inappropriate clerical coloring: Bogomolov proposed that we organize the restoration of defective discs by imposing an additional welding seam. In such cases, they talk about "splitting the predicate", seeing in this the negative influence of the official business style. Of course, the stylistics warns against the use of such clericalisms.

The inappropriate use of verb-nominal combinations instead of conjugated forms of the verb is easily eliminated during stylistic editing: Bogomolov suggested that we restore defective discs by imposing an additional welding seam.

The complicated verb predicate is of significant stylistic interest, since it usually contains a qualitative characteristic, an assessment of the action. So, the repetition of the predicate, expressed by the verb indicative mood, emphasizes a long, intense action: And I sat, sat, listened, listened, looked, my heart expanded, and again it seemed to me that I loved (T.). A special expression distinguishes colloquial constructions of the type: he said so and the like, which are used by writers as a characterological means: Well, he is so busy (Ch.); Well? kill, Panteley Eremeich: at your will; and I will not return to return (T.); Uncle Lyubim Karpych took and in revenge on him and played up, he went with the beggars and stood at the cathedral (Ostr.); He does not talk to anyone, is shy, - know yourself walking around the garden (T.); I didn’t get stupid, but my feelings somehow became dull (Ch.); I just screamed: "Dead!" Yes, I grabbed myself by the hair ... (Lesk.)

Such and similar forms of the complicated predicate “have different shades of meaning. They indicate, for example, the action and its purpose (I will go and write); the arbitrariness of the action (took and came); on the uncertainty of the action (do not shoot); the impossibility of taking action (we can't wait); on the completeness of the action, redundancy (he does not look at it). " They are possible in emotionally colored speech, are characteristic of oral poetry and works stylistically close to it: Waiting and waiting from morning to night. Looks in the field ... (P.)

The complicated verbal predicate also includes phraseological units, which are syntactically indivisible: Wait, I will take you out into the fresh water (Gonch.). They are used by word painters as a means of enhancing the emotionality of speech.

A compound verb predicate is characterized by limited stylistic possibilities in expressing evaluative values and a lack of functional and stylistic attachment. The source of its stylistic actualization can only be its constituent parts. modal verbs and separate word forms: Monkey decided to work; The eagle undertook a great service for a friend and volunteered to raise the Lion Cub himself (Cr.); I know Ivan Nikiforovich very well and I can say that he did not even intend to marry (G.); The old man ... all tried to crouch down, kiss the stirrup, but Andrei, frowning in disgust, pulled back his leg (Shol.); … Everyone knew that if Nagulnov had cocked the trigger, then if necessary, he would not hesitate to pull it (Shol.); Grandfather Shchukar managed to make the noise with his harsh voice like a woman (Shol.).

Adding components to a compound verb predicate gives it different semantic shades: I decided to continue writing; agreed to quit smoking, was eager to continue studying; had the intention to start working. However, multicomponent predicates of this type do not acquire special expressive power.

The nominal predicate can be used in any style of speech, but it is especially often used in bookstores, due to the predominance of the nominal character of presentation in them. At the same time, the most productive forms of a nominal compound predicate with an abstract link are: The Buka company is one of the official distributors of Sony in the Russian market; Of the various models of cell phones, the most popular in our country is Bee-Line (Izvestia); Caring for the family, in which the public and personal interests of citizens are harmoniously combined, is one of the most important tasks of the state (Code of Marriage and Family). The second of the above-mentioned complex socio-psychological formations, in which the social aspects of group mental processes are manifested, is the way of life (Social psychology).

The use of a verb as an abstract bundle has become a style-forming feature in the official business, scientific styles, therefore, outside of them, it can be assessed as clericalism, if this form of the nominal compound predicate introduces a style inconsistency in the nature of the utterance. For example: January is the peak of winter, sometimes with searing frosts; The participation of our amateur team in this competition is significant.

The struggle for a high culture of speech obliges us to pay more attention to the choice of the conjunction in the nominal predicate, and not only to diversify the composition of auxiliary verbs, but also to more accurately convey the meaning of the utterance. The extent to which edited sentences win, in which the use of a bundle is stylistically justified, can be judged by the following examples:

In the modern journalistic style, there is a tendency to avoid the use of a ligament to appear in cases where an emphasized bookish coloring of speech is undesirable. For example: Elections have become a real school of true democracy; The most important task is to ensure that not a single useful thought hangs in the air, is not left unattended.

In an official business style, it is advisable to diversify the linking verbs for a more accurate transfer of information. Let us analyze the forms of the nominal predicate in such sentences: The property acquired by the spouses during marriage is their common joint property ... In the event of a division of property ... their shares are recognized as equal ... The property of each of the spouses can be recognized as their common joint property ... (Code of Marriage and Family ). It is obvious that in each case the link introduces the necessary semantic shade into the wording and the most popular universal link for this style would be imprecise.

Nevertheless, its use in definitions is always stylistically justified. For example: One of the means of expressing syntactic meanings and emotionally expressive coloring of syntactic units is intonation (Babaytseva V.V., Maksimov L.Yu. Modern Russian language. - p. 10); The supreme governing body of the Novosti press agency is the council of founders elected every four years (Journalist's Handbook. - p. 141). In passing, we note that in the definitions the pronoun is also used in the role of a ligament, "zero ligament": Adjacency is such a way of subordinate communication ... Intonation is one of the main means of design exclamation sentences(Babaytseva V.V., Maksimov L.Yu. Modern Russian language. - pp. 46, 66).

The stylistic feature of the abstract ligament is that it is generally used only in the forms of the past and future tense (There was love without joys, Separation will be without sorrow (L.). However, in the present tense its use is stylistically colored, since the norm for the modern Russian language became in this case the zero link (Moscow is the capital of our Motherland). The link is can be used in book styles: "The Thunderstorm" is, without a doubt, the most decisive work of Ostrovsky (Good). However, the same form of the link is characteristic of colloquial vernacular constructions (Who are you?) "In people - an angel, not a wife, at home with a husband - Satan" ... The true truth ... Satan was, Satan is (Ch.).

The link is becomes an expressive means if the predicate lexically repeats the subject and the author wants to emphasize its meaning: A wife is a wife (Ch.); An order is an order, food (Sim.). In the case of opposing the present and the past tense, this link is also a means of actualization: Bolkonsky was your friend ... he is your friend (L. T.); “You were a fool, you are a fool,” I thought, falling asleep (Lesk.).

Stylistically, the plural form of this bundle is isolated - an essence that is still rarely used in the scientific style in definitions (Lions, tigers and panthers are predatory animals) and among writers of the past. To the modern reader, this form seems somewhat archaic: The people whose life will be the subject of this story are the inhabitants of the Stargorodskaya Sloboda (Lesk.).

The expression “It’s not important”, fixed in colloquial speech, with a distorted grammatical form of the link ( plural instead of the only one) to our time has been neutralized: in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D.N. Ushakov, it was given with a mark (colloquial), and in the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1984, it was given without stylistic marks.

In comparison with abstract ligaments (as well as with semi-distracted ones - to become, seem, to be considered, used without any functional and stylistic restrictions), the ligaments expressed by significant verbs are more often found not in book speech, which is due to their semantics: these are verbs that completely retain their lexical meaning: We parted as great friends (P.); He served for two years ... came from there to junior lieutenants (Sim.). Such predicates cannot be popular in scientific, official and business styles due to their abstract and generalized nature. In the newspaper-journalistic style, they become a means of object-figurative concretization of speech and therefore attract the attention of essays and feuilletonists.

The nominative part of the predicate also requires stylistic study. It can be expressed by all names in various grammatical forms, but their stylistic use is ambiguous.

Stylistically neutral nominal predicate with a zero link, expressed by a noun in the nominative case: Pushkin is a poet; I am terribly glad that you are my brother (L.T.). A similar form of the nominal predicate can be used in any style. Here are some scientific examples: Pine is a coniferous tree; Shortness of breath - a feeling of difficulty breathing, accompanied by a violation of its frequency, depth and rhythm; from the journalistic: The most important thing is the awareness of the integrity and indivisibility of the world as a historical reality; Sobriety is the norm of life (from gas). Replacing the nominative with the instrumental gives the speech a colloquial coloring: How long have you been here as a fisherman? (T.); I am again a dishwasher on the steamer "Perm" (MG). The predicates in which the nominal part is expressed by a tautological combination of nouns in the nominative and instrumental case: NS! Yes, you are a fine fellow, my dear! (S.-Sh.); And he is a cloud cloud (Lesk.).