Analysis of the activity of publishing houses. Main trends and features. The largest publishing houses in Western Europe (on the example of Great Britain, France and Germany) History and features of book publishing in Great Britain

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MODERN UK PUBLISHING

GLOBAL TRENDS IN BOOK PUBLISHING

According to the report of the Austrian analyst Rüdiger Wischenbart "Global Trends in the Publishing Business":

Almost 2/3 of the global value-added production system is owned by publishers in six countries (as of 2012):

The UK owns 3% of all value added.

In addition to the traditionally powerful book markets, the expert advises paying attention to the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China).

For the first time in five years, paper book sales are on an upward trend, according to Barnes & Noble:

In 2011, the growth was 4.5%.

Despite these strong numbers, according to BookScan, based on monitoring 75% of the market, the UK traditional book trade overall declined by 6.2%.

TOP TEN PUBLISHING HOUSES (2009)

1. Pearson (UK)

2. Reed Elsevier (UK-Netherlands)

3. Thomson Reuters (Canada)

4. Wolters Kluwer (Netherlands)

5. Bertelsmann (Germany)

6. Hachette Livre (France)

7. Grupo Planeta (Spain)

8. McGraw-Hill Education (USA)

9. De Agostini Editore (Italy)

10. Holtzbrinck (Germany)

TRENDS IN MODERN BOOK PUBLISHING IN EUROPE

1. Reducing interest in paper books as a result of the increasing popularity of digital media of text.

2. Overproduction of printed publications.

3. Monopolization of the publishing market.

4. Development of major European players in the publishing industry: Great Britain, Germany, France.

5. A clear stratification trend between large publishers and many small and medium-sized publishers in Europe.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BOOK PUBLISHING INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD

At the end of 2013, sales of e-books in the world grew by 176%, in financial terms, approximately 313 million US dollars.

For 2012, the share of e-books from all general purpose literature in the UK is 15% of all literature.

In the UK, there are 114 e-books for every 100 printed books. There is a transition of readers from printed publications and e-books to tablets and smartphones.

The "Bookmate" catalog for iOS and Android devices has about 500,000 books. However, readers who regularly use e-books continue to be interested in print publications.

The UK ranks first in Europe in terms of book production, number of titles and circulation.

150,000 book titles make up 10% of the world's titles.

Great Britain is the largest exporter of books to countries that were its colonies in previous years. Export: educational, scientific, reference literature of high quality.

Number of publishers: 40,000-50,000.

The largest publishing houses are concentrated near London. The presence of a large port makes it possible to carry out an export policy in the book business.

MAJOR PUBLISHING HOUSES

His Majesty's Stationary Office (since 1786).

Concern Matthew Hodder Ltd.

Pearson Company.

Hodder and Stoughton.

Great Britain is one of the leaders in terms of book production. The most popular book format: paperback.

Most of the publication of such books is concentrated in publishers: Penguin, Pan, Fontana and Kargi. The first paperback books published by Penguin Books appeared in 1935. Since then, this company has been one of the leading publishers in the UK. She is famous for her book series such as Pelican, Puffin, Pinguin Classics.

A separate place in the UK publishing business belongs to universities.

The Oxford University Press was founded in 1485. Publishes academic publications.

The Cambridge University Press was founded in 1521. Academic publications, publishes scientific journals.

DIFFERENCE FROM OTHER BOOK PUBLISHING SYSTEMS

Creation of global publishing concerns (this is an activity that allows you to distribute different types of work in different countries).

Creation of joint groups uniting the British and Americans (Bologna Book Fair).

Sustainable agreements between market participants

Growth in the number of online stores

In the UK, non-gos. market regulators

Major publishing associations:

British Publishers Association - 130 publishing houses, income 80% of the total turnover.

Guild of Independent Publishers - 480 publishing houses

Book Distribution Association

Association of Literary Agencies.

NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES

Newspapers and magazines were the first mass media. However, before newspaper circulation was limited by the possibilities of their transportation and distribution, illiteracy of the population and censorship. But over the past two centuries, an expanding educational system, the removal of censorship, new printing technologies and the small size of the UK have eliminated these difficulties and created an independent printing system.

PRINT MEDIA UK

There are over 7,000 different periodicals and magazines in the UK that are published weekly, monthly or quarterly. They cover the vast majority of business interests, professions, sports, hobbies and interests, and are designed for a variety of markets and educational levels. Color illustrated news magazines do not exist in the UK because they have not been able to compete with television and existing magazines.

Among the major serious weekly magazines are the New Statesman and Society, the Economist, the Spectator, and the New Scientist. The Times publishes several influential weeklies such as the Educational Supplement, the Higher Education Supplement and the Literary Supplement. The less serious part of the market is filled with publications such as Private Eye, which satirizes and attacks what it sees as the failings of British society.

Women's magazines in the UK are represented by publications such as "Woman" and "Woman's Own", which diverge in very large circulations. But weekly "Radio Times" and "TV Times" are gaining record circulation, which contains articles and schedules of BBC and independent television programs .

UK NEWSPAPERS

The Daily Telegraph is a British daily newspaper founded in 1855. One of the most popular and widely circulated newspapers in the UK along with The Times, The Guardian and The Independent. The average daily circulation is more than 800 thousand copies.

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper founded in Manchester in 1821 as The Manchester Guardian. In 1959 it changed its name to the current one, and in 1964 the editors moved to London. The Sunday issue is designed in the form of The Observer newspaper. The newspaper's website is the most visited website of British newspapers, and its content may differ from that of the paper edition. It belongs to the group of companies Guardian Media Group According to political views, the publication is classified as left-liberal, it is believed that the editorial office is in close relations with the ruling Labor Party.

The Independent is a British daily newspaper. Founded in 1986. Weekly editor S. Kellner, Sunday editor T. Davis. Ideologically close to the Liberal Democratic Party, it pays special attention to the problems of human rights. The circulation of the newspaper in 2009 was 183,547 copies, the circulation of the Sunday issue was 155,661 copies.

The Daily Mirror is a British tabloid founded in 1903. The circulation of the newspaper as of February 2010 is 1,234,967 copies.

The Times, The Times is a daily newspaper in the UK, one of the most famous newspapers in the world. It has been in print since 1785. The Times is currently published by Times Newspapers Limited and is wholly owned by the News Corporation, which is headed by Rupert Murdoch. The Sunday version of the newspaper is The Sunday Times. The paper is moderately right-wing and supported by the Conservative Party.

The Sun is a British tabloid founded in 1963. The circulation of the newspaper as of March 2010 is 3,005,308 copies. Published in the UK and Ireland. On average, about 7.7 million people read the newspaper a day, of which 56% are men and 44% are women.

UK MAGAZINES

book publishing publishing house uk electronic

The Economist is an influential weekly English language magazine. Published in Great Britain since 1843. The magazine is owned by the London-based company of the same name. In 2006, circulation exceeded one million copies, over half of which were sold in North America. Due to its global focus, The Economist is not considered an exclusively English publication. The main topics covered by the magazine are political events, international relations, financial, economic and business news, as well as science and culture. The editors of the journal adhere to the positions of classical liberalism.

Gramophone is an English monthly classical music magazine. Founded in 1923 by writer Compton Mackenzie and Christopher Stone. It is considered one of the most influential publications of its kind in the world, while at the same time encountering constant criticism about close ties with major recording corporations. The magazine awards an annual Gramophone Award for recording.

FHM is an English entertainment magazine founded in 1985 by Chris Ostridge. Every year, a list of the "100 most sexy women peace." FHM readers compile a list of 100 contenders from among the sexiest and most attractive girls and women in the world, and then a vote is taken, thanks to which certain places are awarded.

Homes Overseas is a popular English overseas property magazine. The magazine has been published in the UK since 1965 and is the world's oldest specialized publication on overseas property. Homes Overseas is distributed in 17 countries in Europe and Southeast Asia. The Russian version of the magazine has been published since 2005.

SFX is an English science fiction and fantasy magazine. Published once a month.

Q is a British monthly music magazine with a circulation of 130,179 founded in 1986 by Mark Ellen and David Hepworth. The main feature of Q magazine over the years has been an extensive album review department, using a five-star rating system.

The Banker is an English monthly specialized magazine dedicated to international finance. The publishing house is owned by The Financial Times Ltd. Produced in London.

Bestsellers 2014

Great Britain

Fiction

In second place is the children's book Awful Auntie by British writer David Walliams: word-loving Aunt Alberta tries to steal her fortune from the young heiress of a wealthy family, Stella Saxby.

For the second year in a row, Dan Brown's Inferno has been in the UK's Top 5 Fiction Books, coming in at number four.

Fifth place went to another book for children and young adults: the ninth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series: The Long Haul: The Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney.

non-fiction

The undisputed leader of the top 5 non-fiction literature in the UK are guides to the popular computer game Minecraft, occupying the first four positions in the ranking. Fifth place is traditionally taken by the reissue of the Guinness Book of Records.

Most Popular Books in UK Libraries

Inferno by Dan Brown was the most popular book among Scottish readers in 2014.

Erotic bestseller by E.L. James Fifty Shades of Gray leaves the top 100 most requested books in UK libraries as readers return to novels about murder and other crimes, as well as stories about secret organizations and conspiracies.

The film adaptation of the novel of the same name may attract a lot of romantic viewers this weekend, but the novel itself has failed in its efforts to keep the sympathy of British library visitors. The book is no longer in the top 100 most requested titles in libraries, unlike the previous year.

In 2013, the novel was borrowed from libraries 75,000 times. Thus, the book was the third most popular in the UK.

Also in the top ten were books by Lee Child (from the Jack Reacher series), James Patterson, Harlan Coben and Mark Billingham. Of course, the list didn't just include crime: it also included two novels from Jeff Kinney's Diary of a Wimpy Kid series. Also in eleventh place was Jamie Oliver's Save With Jamie, and seventeenth was J.K. Rowling's first adult novel, Random Vacancy.

The PLR also provided information on regional preferences. The most popular book in London is Life in the United Kingdom, a guidebook for new residents of the city. In the North East, in Yorkshire, the Humber and Wales, Lee Child's thriller Never Go Back was the first favorite. In the West Midlands, Kinney's Diary of a Wimpy Kid took the lead. The south east of England is probably the most sentimental region, at least in terms of reading habits of the population: the leading book here is Erica James' romantic hit The Hidden Cottage. In Scotland, readers were most interested in Inferno.

The new figures show that the American Patterson, thanks to his thrillers, has won the right to be considered the most popular author in terms of the number of requests for the eighth time - 13 books out of a hundred are written by him. Children's writers continue to be in high demand among library visitors, including Daisy Meadows, author of Magical Rainbows, Julia Donaldson and Francesca Simon, who are ranked second, third and fourth, respectively. M.S. rose to fifth place from last year's seventh. Beaton with his character Agatha Razin, a publicist and part-time amateur detective. Roald Dahl also changed his position in the ranking to a higher one - the tenth line instead of the fourteenth in 2013.

Donaldson, winner of the Children's Laureate and author of The Gruffalo, said she is very excited about the popularity of her books in libraries. "Given that many bookstores are closing, it is very important that libraries are still open and play a big role in society."

PLR, which pays authors to use their work in libraries, says seven writers' books were asked more than a million times last year by readers: Patterson, Meadows, Donaldson, Simon, Beaton, Adam Blade (creator of the "Beast Quest" series) and Jacqueline Wilson . The most popular non-fiction author in 2014, Mary Berry, among the classics was most often interested in the books of Roald Dahl, and among children's writers, Daisy Meadows became the leader.

Year of Language and Literature of Great Britain and Russia 2016

Great Britain and Russia are justly proud of their great literary traditions and always treat each other's cultural heritage with great respect and interest. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the program of the Year of Language and Literature of Great Britain and Russia 2016 became a continuation of the large-scale cooperation that marked the Cross Year of Culture of Great Britain and Russia 2014.

The General Sponsor of the Year is BP.

About the program of the year

The Program of the Year will kick off with the launch of a free online educational course on Shakespeare's playwrights. In February, the new season of the TheatreHD project starts - cinemas in 50 cities of Russia and the CIS countries will broadcast the most striking productions of the British Royal National Theatre, Shakespeare's Globe Theater and the Barbican Center.

In the spring of 2016, the State Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow and the National Portrait Gallery in London are holding cross-exhibitions of masterpieces from their collections. Visitors to the Moscow exhibition will be able to see Shakespeare's famous Chandos portrait for the first time and attend the educational program for the exhibition.

In May, a thematic train "Shakespeare's Passions" dedicated to the work of the playwright was launched on the Filyovskaya Line of the Moscow Metro.

At the same time, at the initiative of the British Council, competitions for translators of British literature will be held, and schoolchildren across Russia will take part in an olympiad dedicated to Shakespeare's work. They will be assisted in their preparation by a new online resource developed by VisitBritain as part of the Year's programme, the United Kingdom's Digital Literature Map.

In the fall, Yasnaya Polyana will host a professional seminar for Russian and British literary critics.

At the end of October, at the XVII New British Film Festival, which will be held in 30 cities of Russia, the audience will have a special program of films based on Shakespeare's plays, and in November, at the Non/fiction Moscow Book Fair, a large-scale educational program with the participation of famous writers from the UK.

MAIN EVENTS OF THE YEAR OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE OF THE UK AND RUSSIA 2016

XVII New British Film Festival

Literary seminar in Yasnaya Polyana

Year of Language and Literature of Great Britain and Russia at the Non/fiction Fair

All-Russian Competition for Literary Translation of Works by Contemporary British Writers

Grants for Russian publishing houses

"Shakespeare"

Great Britain: Literary Routes

Exhibition “From Elizabeth to Victoria. English portrait from the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London"

Shakespeare Festival "Midsummer Night Shakespeare" in Moscow

Future of the Word: a forum on the future of literature and language in the digital age

Shakespeare's spaces

Train "Shakespearean passion" in the Moscow metro

MOSCOW, May 13 - RIA Novosti. Paper books in Britain have for the first time begun to outsell their electronic versions, according to a study prepared by the British Publishers Association.

"Those who predicted the death of books must have underestimated how much people love paper," the Telegraph newspaper quotes association director Stephen Lotinga as saying.

According to the data received, sales of paper books increased from 2.748 billion pounds in 2014 to 2.76 billion pounds a year later. E-book sales dropped from £563m to £554m respectively.

"These data indicate that the publishing industry in the UK continues to improve and that the country's love of print has not yet been exhausted," Lotinga added.

The Publishers Association attributed this result to readers' awareness of the pleasure of reading a paper book, as well as to the huge amount of non-fiction or non-fiction that is not translated for e-books.

J "son & Partners Consulting presents brief results of a study of the e-book market in Russia and the world as part of the report "Development of the digital content market in Russia and the world. Results of 2013".

The e-book market in the world is a nascent segment of digital content that is developing at a fast pace due to the growth in sales of reading devices. In 2013, the e-book market increased by 37% compared to 2012, and in 2013-2014, the market is expected to grow by about 28% to reach the $11 billion mark, according to World Newsmedia Network.

According to The Global eBook Report, at the beginning of 2014, the US remained the largest player in the book market in the world, occupying 26% of the global market. The second largest market in terms of volume is the Chinese book market - 12% of the world market. The TOP-6 largest markets - the USA, China, Germany, Japan, France, Great Britain - account for almost 60% of the global market.

Great Britain

One in four UK book purchases was for a digital book in 2013, compared to only one in five purchases for an e-book in 2012, indicating an increase in e-book penetration.

UK e-book sales up 20%

Nielsen released statistics on book purchases by the British in 2013.

According to statistics from Nielsen, e-book sales grew 20% in 2013 compared to 2012. Nielsen spokesman Steve Bohme said that the British spent £300 million on 80 million e-books in 2013. The share of e-books in sales volumes is also growing: every fourth book bought in the UK was an e-book, while one in five a year ago.

Nevertheless, paper books continue to be the most popular: in 2013, the British spent £2.2 billion on them. This is 4% less than in 2012, but if you remove the sales statistics of "50 Shades ...", it turns out that sales of paper books increased by 1%, according to The Bookseller magazine.

About 40% of e-books purchased are adult fiction (up from 33% in 2012). 10% are books for children.

Nielsen points out that the average cost of "self-published" books (which accounted for 25% of all e-books purchased) is well below the average cost of e-books published by traditional publishers. The average self-published e-book cost £2, while a traditionally published one cost between £3 and £5. Meanwhile, a recent poll showed that British youth find e-books overpriced.

In line with the global trend in Russia, the process of reforming the federal legislation on legal deposit, its expansion to network electronic resources, has actively begun. In this regard, it is important to study foreign experience. The UK is certainly a leader in this area. And for us, it is also interesting because, as in Russia, legal deposit recipients are not only the national - the British Library, but also five other libraries. Recall that at present the UK consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. All territories have their own national libraries. The British Library serves as the national library for England and the UK.

In February 2013 at the British Library we were able to meet directly with the drafters of the new legal deposit legislation covering electronic resources. We believe that the history of the preparation and adoption of the document, as well as its text itself, are of interest both to the developers of the new Russian legislation and to the direct participants in this process - publishers, content producers, libraries.

BACKGROUND

Legal deposit (MA) legislation has evolved in the UK over many centuries. In 1662, the OE was established for England and Wales, and in 1710 for the whole of Great Britain.

The current Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 (Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003, hereinafter referred to as the Law - 2003) reaffirmed the current provisions requiring publishers to provide one copy of each printed publication published in the UK to the British Library within one month from the date of publication and upon request to each of the five other MA recipient libraries:

Bodleian Library, Oxford University (England);

Library of the University of Cambridge (England);

Trinity College Library (Dublin, Northern Ireland);

National Library (Aberystwyth, Wales);

National Library of Scotland (Edinburgh).

The request must be in writing and sent to e-mail(or otherwise) to the publisher. It is impossible not to refrain from commenting and not admiring how simple and rational the decision was made: publishing houses do not send extra copies to libraries, and libraries complete their collections only with the specialized publications they need. As a result, both parties benefit.

Along with this, the Law - 2003 has become a framework for the development of rules for obtaining an electronic legal deposit. UK e-MA legislation has come a long way, from lobbying and first consulting about the need for new legislation some 15 years ago, through the passage of the Act 2003, to the Library Deposit Rules (Regarding Non-Printed Works) approved on April 5, 2013 .

INTERESTS OF PUBLISHERS

Perhaps the most surprising and most respected development of e-MA legislation in the UK is the concern of the state and libraries that receive the MA with the commercial interests of publishers. For example, for small businesses (organizations employing less than 10 people) and new enterprises created after the adoption of the "Rules", a grace period is set for compliance with the requirements of the "Rules": until March 31, 2014. In order to make sure that the impact on publishing business is kept to a minimum, the "Rules" include some embargo provisions. They are intended to protect the commercial interests of copyright holders, which may be unreasonably violated if readers get access to their works before the agreed time. While the possibility of an embargo does not remove the obligation to provide an MA, an embargo means that readers will not be able to access the publication for a certain period of time. The recipient library of the MA must impose an embargo for a specified period of time, not exceeding three years if the right holder submits a written statement that viewing the work by the reader during the specified period infringes on his legitimate interests.

In cases where the same works are published both as a print publication and on one or more non-print media, a work published in one of the non-print media (on CD, DVD or as an online publication, etc.) .). If the same work is published on two or more non-print media and does not have a printed version, the publisher and the library receiving the MA may agree to deliver the work as MA on one of those non-print media. In the absence of such an agreement, the publisher may decide on a non-print medium to which the Rules will apply.

Many publishers consider it important and prestigious to include their publications in the fund as a national cultural heritage.

TECHNOLOGY FEATURES

In most cases, the delivery of an online work (i.e., content published on the Internet, including e-books and e-journals) to libraries will be done via web harvesting, i.e. automatic request for OE delivery. Delivery of the OE work is carried out in the form of an automated response to the request. As an alternative to web harvesting, publishers may agree with libraries to deliver online resources using a different method, but this will be a voluntary agreement and it is expected that most publishers will agree to use web harvesting. For works that are not immediately available for web harvesting because they are protected by login authorization, the library is required to give the publisher at least one month's written notice before making a request.

Harvesting of online publications is carried out with a certain frequency of robot programs. First, continuous scanning is carried out, then selective harvesting - selection of content according to predetermined criteria. Each website is archived approximately once a year. Approximately 200-250 sites of national cultural heritage value are archived more frequently.

After the adoption of the new "Rules", it is assumed that the entire national domain, about 5 million sites and 1 billion pages, will be archived. But sometimes economic interests are higher than the task of preserving cultural heritage. Movies and TV shows are not included in the MA. For example, the BBC website is archived, but video archives and news broadcasts are not available. Some publishers themselves send by e-mail the address where the content is posted with a login and password for access, or provide a login and password to their commercial resources posted on the Web.

If the publisher cannot provide the information in the required format, there is an intermediary firm Portico, which, under an agreement with the British Library, prepares the information received from publishers in the format necessary for storage and access.

INFORMATION SECURITY

Publishers are most concerned about the security of using electronic content. This issue is detailed in the "Guidelines" for the application of the "Rules". MA recipient libraries are linked by a shared infrastructure that allows them to exchange electronic data. The common infrastructure is protected from unauthorized access and other threats to information security, integrity and availability of the information contained in it. All access to the objects and information resources of each library is limited to authorized hardware, software, organizations and individuals. Access to each library's network is restricted to authorized users only, in accordance with the needs of the publishing business and in accordance with the library's information security policy. The common infrastructure supports the Digital Content Storage System (DCSS) developed by the British Library, which enables the management of digital content. A dedicated security feature ensures that each DCSS access point is secure and access to the facility and the firewalls around the DCSS is restricted to authorized personnel at the British Library.

Digital content transmitted under the Rules will be stored at four DCSS nodes located in London, Boston Spa (the British Library office and storage complex near the city of York), Aberystwyth and Edinburgh. Readers at the British Library, the National Library of Scotland and the National Library of Wales will have access to materials through the local node; readers in Oxford, Cambridge or Dublin will connect to one of the British Library's nodes over a secure network to view the material. Data transfer between DCSS nodes is carried out through secure network connections. The transmitted data is encrypted. DCSS nodes make up a private network that does not have a wide public Internet connection.

Any resident of the country can use the content for free, but only within the walls of one of the libraries - MA recipients. Access to electronic documents is carried out according to the principle: only one reader has access to one document at a time. Users receive information about resources through websites and at exhibitions. It is estimated that under this system, for every £1 invested in the work of the library, £4 is returned.

MA-receiving libraries have the right to copy documents for preservation purposes: to include material in the library's permanent holdings or to replace material, to replace corresponding material in another MA-receiving library if it is lost, destroyed, or damaged. The copy may be made in any format the library deems necessary and appropriate for long-term preservation.

"Accessible Copies" may be made to serve the visually impaired. Copies may also be provided for research purposes. To do this, the researcher fills out a special declaration in which he confirms that the research is being conducted for non-commercial and private purposes, and gives certain obligations for copyright protection. Libraries should keep a record of the copies they make and be prepared to report on their use to publishers and copyright holders.

ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING PLATFORMS: APPLE, ePLATFORM, AMAZON

samizdat

The Bowker Market Research service has published a press release according to the results of a recent study, 12% of digital book sales, including online stores, in quantitative terms, come from publications published by independent authors using self-publishing platforms. In specific sub-segments, the figure increases, and quite significantly: for example, for detective fiction, science fiction and fantasy, romance novels and humorous writings, the share in each case can exceed 20%.

Data based on surveys conducted monthly by Books & Consumers survey of 3,000 shoppers predominantly in the UK and US. It would, of course, be more productive to operate with separate statistics for each of these countries, but the service does not provide such an opportunity. One way or another, according to Bowker management, this is one of the first studies that provide a real picture of the development of the self-publishing segment in the digital book market.

It is also significant that readers learn about books by independent authors most often from the Web, with the help of special offers and recommendations on websites - the same option for obtaining information about printed books previously unknown to the reader is less common. By the way, among the reasons for turning to digital “samizdat”, respondents also mentioned prices that are much lower than for printed materials and official electronic publications. And one more noteworthy point: active readers are more inclined to provide financial support to independent authors: 61% of respondents who bought "samizdat" said they read every day. Among all book buyers surveyed, this figure is 37%. 36% of buyers of e-books "independent" - women over 45 years old, the same group is 24% of all respondents.

Overall, according to the survey results, e-books accounted for 13% of book purchases in the first quarter of 2013. Again, the situation varies from genre to genre: for example, the share exceeds 20% for detective stories, romance novels and classic literature, and ranges from 16% to 20% for popular fiction, erotic fiction, science fiction and fantasy. However, for many genres, including, for example, graphic novels, non-fiction for children, books about food and drink, the share of e-book sales does not exceed 5%.

SAMIZDAT PLATFORM: AMAZON KINDLE STORE

Crowdfunding (€3.56 billion)

The UK crowdfunding sector owes much of its rapid development to the support provided by the UK government. Alternative financing has become widespread in the country thanks to a concept introduced by the Zopa platform a decade ago. People's lending is now mainstream, and crowdfunding is becoming more popular thanks to new regulations that guarantee the safety of investors.

Zopa 438,826,300

Ratesetter 150,730,298

Funding Circle 198,299,400

Thincats 48,364,000 11

MarketInvoice 102,357,032

Crowdcube 16,488,270

Platform Black 35,000,000

Assetz Capital 11,617,335

Wellesley & Co 3,965,385

FundingKnight 3,453,000

LendInvest 15,910,750

TOTAL 1,028,340,769

The data shows that London-based public lending platform Zopa continues to dominate the alternative finance sector. The difference in the growth rates of companies depends, in particular, on the chosen business model and target audience.

Various amendments have been made to the original text, mainly to align with European Union requirements.

Motion pictures made before June 1, 1957, the effective date of the Copyright Act of 1956, are not protected by rights. They are protected as literary works under the Copyright Act of 1911 or as a series of photographs.

Wireless broadcasting prior to June 1, 1957 is not protected by rights. The 1911 act did not address broadcasting, as it had not yet been invented. Cable broadcasts prior to January 1, 1985 are not protected by rights. The 1911 and 1956 acts did not provide for cable broadcasting, as it did not work.

History of rights protection

The Statute of Queen Anne, adopted in 1709 in Great Britain (abbreviated as Copyright Act 1709) came into force on April 10, 1710 and is considered the first full-fledged copyright law. It is named after Queen Anne, during whose reign it was adopted. The Statute has had a significant impact on copyright law in the UK and the US.

The Copyright Act (1911) provided that the work of a particular person is protected by copyright, by virtue of the law, as soon as it is embodied in physical form: whether it be a novel, a painting, a piece of music written in manuscript or an architectural scheme. This rule remains valid in the laws of 1956 (Copyright Act 1956) and 1988.

The term "bad use" is sometimes used in this context to refer to the use of a work in which someone has put a lot of work and skill, but where there is little or no originality. This mainly occurs in the case of photo reproduction or retouching of artistic works that are protected by copyright, or for simple computer databases.

British citizen, citizen of British dependencies, in British national (overseas),

resident individual

a body registered under the laws of the United Kingdom,

in the United Kingdom,

in another country where the law is in force.

they are made in the UK, or

they are made in another country that has applicable copyright law.

First publication

The first publication is defined as a publication prior to which it did not exist. If the work is simultaneously published in several countries, then within 30 days each of these countries is considered as the country of the first publication.

For example, if a work is first published in the UK, but is published simultaneously in Canada, Australia and New Zealand, then for the next 30 days all of these countries are considered (under UK law) as the countries in which the work was first published.

Printed works

Accordingly, copyright in literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works expires 70 years from the end of the calendar year of the author's death. Where a work has more than one author, copyright expires 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.

Other jobs

For other works (such as sculpture, architecture, etc.) - depending on whether the author of the work is anonymous or not. If the author is unknown, the copyright period ends 70 years after the creation of the work; or, if during this period the work was brought to the public, 70 years after that date. If the author of the work is identifiable, the copyright in the work expires 70 years after the death of the author.

Radio broadcasts and sound recordings have their own copyright term.

LITERARY PRIZES

Hawthorndenpremium- Founded in 1919 by Alice Warrender. Authors are awarded for the best work of fiction, which can be written in any form: either prose or poetry. The Hawthorne Prize is awarded annually, although there have been several years without a winner. The winner is determined by the jury by a special vote.

Deutschermemorialpremium- (Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize) - An annual book prize of £250, with the announcement of the winner in the press and an invitation to the author to give the Deutscher Lecture.

PrizeArthurClark-- British Literature Award for the best science fiction novel first published in the UK in the last year. The award was based on a grant from Arthur C. Clarke and was first awarded in 1987. The winner is selected by a panel of judges from the British Science Fiction Association, the Science Fiction Foundation and a third organization, currently Sci-Fi-London. Considered "the most prestigious science fiction award in the UK". Novels written in English or translated into English and first published in the UK in the previous calendar year may be nominated for the award. Neither the nationality of the author nor the publication history of the work outside the UK is taken into account. The publishing house that published the book can nominate works. Self-published books are currently not accepted for consideration. The jury forms a shortlist of the six best works from which they then choose the winner. The winner receives a cash prize equal to the current year number (GBP 2012 for 2012). Until 2001, the winner received £1,000.

Royalgoldenmedalperpoeticachievements- awarded to poets living in any of the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. Initially, the award was awarded only to British subjects living in the United Kingdom, but in 1985 the circle of awardees was expanded to include citizens of other Commonwealth countries.

The presentation of poets for the award is carried out on the recommendation of a committee of prominent scientists and writers chaired by the poet laureate.

LiterarypremiumDavidCohen- one of the most prestigious British awards in the field of literature, which is awarded once every two years. In the beginning, the prize was awarded to novelists, playwrights, biographers, and poets. Currently, novelists, essayists and publicists have been added to the list of award recipients. According to the terms of the competition, the winners must be citizens of Great Britain or Ireland who create their works in English.

Medalcarnegie- British annual award in the field of literature for children and young people, awarded since 1936 by the Royal Institute of Library and Information Workers (CILIP). The award is positioned in the UK as "the oldest and most prestigious children's book award".

Named after Scottish philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. Only English-language books published for the first time in the UK during the year can qualify for the award. The jury consists of 13 children's librarians from Youth Libraries Group CILIP. The winner of the competition receives a gold medal and £500 worth of books, which they must donate to one of the libraries of their choice.

Orange(literarypremium)- one of the most prestigious awards in the English-speaking world for a literary work (novel) written by a woman of any nationality in English and published in the UK a year before its presentation. The award has been awarded since 1996. The winners of the award receive £30,000 as well as a bronze Bessie by sculptor Grizel Niven.

Poet Laureate(Great Britain)- the title of court poet, approved by the monarch and traditionally obliged to respond with memorable verses to events in the life of the royal family and the state. The title of poet-laureate was awarded for life, and since 1999 - for a ten-year term. Since the 19th century it is considered honorific rather than obligatory, and its owner usually pursues his own literary career. The predecessor of this title was the title of court poet, but although court poets have always been in English history, their official status was determined only in 1790. There is a similar title of Poet Laureate in the USA, with the difference that Poet Laureate is elected on 1-2 of the year.

Prize"The Independent"pertransferableprose- an annual award for a translation into English of a novel or collection of short stories by an acting author published in the past year, which was established by the daily British newspaper The Independent in 1990. The award is awarded to the author of the book and its translator - each of them receives 5 thousand pounds and a one and a half liter bottle of champagne ( magnum) from Taittinger winery.

PrizeDiagrampermostunusualtitlebooks- a humorous literary award, which is given annually to a book with the most unusual, strange or curious title. The award is named after the Diagram Group, a London-based information and graphics company, and the British publishing industry magazine The Bookseller.

PrizeBettyTrask-- British Authors' Society's annual award for best debut novel. Issued to citizens of the British Commonwealth of Nations under the age of 35. Founded in 1984, the prize fund is 25 thousand pounds. Only traditional or romantic novels are nominated, experimental fiction is not allowed. The award is given for both published and unpublished work. The fund was formed from the legacy left by the British writer Betty Trask, author of over thirty romantic novels.

PrizeBritishAssociationsScientificsci-fi-- a literary award established by the British Science Fiction Association (BSFA) in 1970. Awarded for outstanding achievement in the creation of works in the field of science fiction. The nomination and awarding of laureates is carried out on the basis of votes cast by BSFA members. Initially, the award was given only in the category of "Novels". In 1980, 1995 and 2002 the number of categories was expanded. Prizes are currently awarded in the following categories:

BSFA Award for Best Novel (For the best novel)

BSFA Award for Best Short Fiction (For the best fantasy novel, short story)

BSFA Award for Best Non-Fiction (For the best story based on real facts)

BSFA Award for Best Artwork (For the best creative work)

PrizeCostabefore2006 G.Whitbreadpremium(English)WhitbreadBookAward)- one of the most respected literary awards in Great Britain. Established in 1971 and awarded by the British Booksellers Association. Authors from Ireland can also apply for the award, along with British writers. Originally named after the Whitbread Group, a sponsoring firm operating primarily in the hotel and restaurant business; In 2006, Costa Coffee, part of the Whitbread Group, which owns 600 small wholesale coffee shops and 200 coffee houses in the UK, took over the duties of the main sponsor, in connection with which the award was renamed.

The Prize aims to promote reading and encourage works that can spread the pleasure of reading to a wider audience and is therefore more "democratic" than the Booker Prize. The prize is awarded annually in five categories: "Novel", "Best First Novel", "Biography", "Children's Literature", "Poetry"; laureates each receive £5,000. Out of five laureates, an overall winner is selected who receives £25,000. His work bears the title of "book of the year".

PrizeSomersetMaugham- English literary prize, awarded annually (in May) by the association of writers "Society of Authors". Young writers under the age of 35 can become laureates of the award. The prize is subsidized by £12,000.

PrizeT.WITH.Eliot-- a literary award, which since 1993 has been awarded annually for the best collection of new poems, first published in the UK or Ireland. It is awarded by the Poetry Book Society, created by Thomas Stearns Eliot in 1953. The monetary value of the prize is 15 thousand pounds sterling.

20. Book publishing in European countries. The specifics of the book publishing system in Germany. Major publishing houses in Germany.

The birthplace of modern printing is Gutenberg - the first printing press (mechanical).

Germany is a major publisher (fewer books are being published now than before). The distribution area of German books is much smaller than in GB (Austria, Switzerland).

The developed publishing system is evenly distributed throughout the territory.

Northern Hamburg, Berlin, Bremen great publishing potential

Southern Munich

frankfurt

Annual fair (for the sale or assignment of rights to a book edition.

Major publishers:

1.JSC Bertelsmann is a multimedia corporation, one of the largest publishing houses in the world. It has the rights to the largest publishing houses in all countries of the world. Bertelsmann Book Club - has a large DB audience. The book club is always a success because books are published in large editions, and are successfully sold by members of the club.

In Germany, the NBA system is still strictly enforced, followed by the German Book Trade Association.

Now 80,000 book titles - 3rd place in Europe after GB and Russia.

From Wikipedia:

Bertelsmann was founded by Karl Bertelsmann in 1824, has been engaged in publishing since 1835. In 1950-80 he united St. 100 printing and other firms of the country and foreign. It publishes fiction, scientific, encyclopedic (including Leksikoteka in 26 volumes, since 1972), reference, educational and other literature, compact cassettes and video disks. Distributes products primarily through a network of book and music clubs.

In October 2012, Bertelsmann agreed with British publishing house Pearson to merge its publishing assets, Random House and Penguin Group. The new venture, Penguin Random House, will be 53% owned by Bertelsmann and 47% by Pearson. It is planned to complete the transaction in the second half of 2013, after obtaining regulatory approvals.

2. Holzbring

Like Bertelsmann, Von Holzbrink expanded after the war and now has subsidiaries in the US, England and Switzerland. The prestige of the publishing house is emphasized by the list of authors: Boris Pasternak, Thomas Mann, Jean-Paul Sartre, Ernest Hemingway.

The company now includes five publishers in Germany, including the Macmillan group in England and two New York publishers.

Also Raines Coover and Kinema.

What was in the lecture:

1st place in the number of bookstores. Very conservative. The requirements are common to all. Not very fast changes in legislation following changes in the market as a result of electron. Publications are not priority. 2 billion euros are received through online sales. The total turnover for the year is 10 billion euros.

Peculiarities:

1) Women read more. female 45% male 29%

2) 24% of Germans do not read at all (according to tradition)

3) Feeling of shame after the First World War (the most politically correct in Europe)

4) Boom of bookstores (in berlin 300)

Ticket number 21. Book publishing in Europe. The specifics of the book publishing system in France. Book market regulators in France.

France is the center of Europe. Publishes 50,000 titles a year.

Industry in numbers Minimum wage (since 1921): Maximum workweek: Average % returns: Average book price: VAT on printed books: VAT on e-books: 5.93 pounds per hour (approx. 267 rubles) 48 hours 12 % 7.51 pounds (228 rubles) 0% 20%.

The largest publishing houses are Pearson (Penguin), Sengage Informa, Springer, Oxford University Press, Reed Elsevier Hachette, Harper. Collins, Penguin Random House.

The company was founded in 1724 in London by Thomas Longman. 1848 publishes W. Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, N. Hawthorne, S. T. Coleridge, and many other nineteenth-century literary luminaries. 1890 Whitman Pearson moves business to London and sets his sights on expanding the market overseas. 1998 Pearson Education formed from the merger of Addison-Wesley Longman and Simon and Schuster's educational businesses. For almost 300 years, the publishing house has been creating educational literature in the English language. For the past two decades, Pearson Longman has supported Russian teachers, professors, students, and anyone else with an interest in the English language, literature, and culture. Today, PEARSON offers not only books, but also modern, innovative solutions that can meet the individual needs of each student.

Cambridge University Press is the oldest publishing house in the world, having published its first books in 1584. Over the four centuries of its existence, the publishing house has released many books by famous scientists - Isaac Newton, John Milton, Bertrand Russell, Albert Einstein. It has branches and representative offices in the USA, Australia, Latin America, Africa, Asia and practically in all European countries, including Russia.

Cambridge University Press is a non-profit organization, and its income is used only to expand publishing activities. It is governed by the Cambridge University Syndicate, an official committee of leading professors who meet regularly to discuss publications in print.

More than 500 new books are published annually in the humanities, from ancient philosophers to modern linguistics. Publications on history and literature are the most numerous, but books on economics, sociology, psychology, political science, jurisprudence, and art are also of considerable interest. An important part of the publishing program is a series of textbooks written according to lecture courses by leading professors of Western universities. Another major activity of the publishing house is the publication of English textbooks, including multi-level training courses, self-study books, materials for preparing for international English language exams.

Oxford University Press is a publishing house affiliated with the University of Oxford in England. This is one of the largest publishers in the UK, the largest university press in the world, surpassing the leading American university presses and Cambridge University Press combined in annual financial turnover. It has branches in 60 countries around the world. The first, in 1896, opened a branch in the USA, in 1905 - in Canada, then in several dozen countries, such as India, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore, Nigeria and South Africa.

The emergence and activities of the publishing house are inextricably linked with the history of Oxford University. In the 17th century, Charles I issued a decree establishing a publishing house at the university. One of the first books produced at Oxford was the translation of the Bible into English. Since that time, the rapid development of book publishing as a branch of the economy began in England. Manuals for English as a foreign language (English Language Teaching, ELT) appeared in the second half of the 19th century. Currently, the ELT department is the largest in the publishing house. Today, Oxford teaching materials in English are used by teachers of major educational institutions, translators, philologists, and linguists. Many authors of textbooks are well-known scientists. Before publication, the manuals are tested in different countries.

The affiliates distribute their products both through the publisher's Oxford headquarters and independently. In most countries where Oxford University Press operates, the publishing house is exempt from corporate and income taxes, as it is structural unit non-profit organization

The publishing house is governed by the Delegates of the Press, an elected representative body made up of members of the University of Oxford. Currently, all the publisher's products are published under two brands: Oxford University Press itself, for most publications, and Clarendon Press, for "prestigious" scientific works.

The publisher's books are prefixed with ISBN 0-19, Oxford University Press is one of the few publishers with two-digit ISBN prefixes. Oxford University Press produces academic publications, technical literature, bibles, literature for children. The TSU Library has constant access to Oxford University journals through the Ingenta platform.

Scientific journals. http: //oxfordjournals. org Oxford University Press journals are authoritative publications that can be recommended to libraries with a universal acquisition profile. The content of individual thematic areas, such as medicine, life sciences, as well as the sciences of the social and humanitarian cycle, makes this resource interesting for libraries with an acquisition profile in the relevant fields of knowledge. The site contains more than 200 scientific full-text journals. There are 6 thematic collections: Medicine (67 journals); Life Sciences (32 journals); Mathematics and Physics (26 journals); Humanities (54 journals); Social Sciences (37 journals); Legal Sciences (26 journals). In free access - the table of contents of journals, bibliographic descriptions of articles with abstracts.

Oxford University Press has published books by Alex Thau about Queen Elizabeth II and her wife Prince Philip. In 2010, Oxford University Press invited Alex Thau to write a series of books about the royal family, and now the first 2 books, dedicated respectively to the 85th anniversary of the Queen and the 90th anniversary of her husband Prince Philip, are being published.

Oxford University Press activities in Russia Since the early 1990s, Russian educators and students have been able to purchase and use OUP manuals. The teachers immediately appreciated the consistency in Oxford textbooks, the successful combination of proven methods and new teaching methods, the presence of all the necessary components, compliance with international teaching standards, information about the culture of the country of the language being studied, and the high level of printing. The quality of Oxford textbooks was confirmed by a Russian-British examination conducted in 1996-98. with the participation of the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation. Eleven educational and methodological kits received a recommendation for use in various types of secondary educational institutions in Russia. In 1997, the publishing house opened its representative office in Moscow - RELOD. Its tasks include marketing research, preparation of special publications for Russia, holding methodological seminars and conferences for teachers in various cities. In the Moscow office, you can order a presentation of Oxford textbooks directly at your educational institution. Presentations are made by regional RELOD representatives. The task of representatives also includes holding meetings with educators, parents, and students.

The company was born in the autumn of 1992 as a result of the merger of Reed International, a British bookselling company and magazine publisher, and the Dutch scientific publisher Elsevier Headquarters in London and Amsterdam Head of the company - Anthony Habgood

Number of employees - 30200 Net income for 2011 - 767 thousand pounds Main products - academic and business publications, organization of book fairs

The organization conducts business in the following areas: Scientific and medical publishing house Elsevier Lexis Risk Division. Nexis Risk Solutions Lexis Legal Literature Division. Nexis Legal & Professional Exhibition Department Reed Exhibitions Business Unit Reed Business Information

The market capitalization in 2010 of the Reed Elsevier holding is over 18 billion US dollars. According to this indicator, in 2010 Reed Elsevier ranked 427th in the list of the largest companies in the world according to the FT 500 rating. Reed Elsevier is also presented in the FT 500 rating in its industry (Media), being in the seventh position in terms of market capitalization.

Key Products: Information Warehouse Science. Direct contains more than 25% of the world's full-text scientific information Scopus, the world's largest resource for research literature abstracts and citations, updated daily by Reed Business Information (and its subsidiaries Variety, New Scientist, totaljobs.com, Elsevier, ICIS and Xpert. HR ) contain complete information about business news.

Scopus (www.scopus.com) is the world's largest unified abstract database that indexes more than 17,000 titles of scientific, technical and medical journals from approximately 4,000 international publishers. The daily updated Scopus database includes records up to the first volume, the first issue of journals from leading scientific publishers. It provides unparalleled support for research publication searches and offers links to all published citations from the vast body of articles available.

Full text database Science. Direct is an unsurpassed Internet resource for scientific, technical and medical information and contains 25% of the world market for scientific publications. Designed to meet the needs of scientific, educational, commercial and governmental organizations in the search for information at a polythematic level, the Science. Direct provides comprehensive literature coverage from all fields of science, providing access to more than 2,500 journal titles and more than 11,000 books from the Elsevier collection, as well as a huge number of journals published by prestigious scientific communities.

The scientific community is dissatisfied with the high prices set by the publishing house for journals and databases of scientific publications. In 2011, members of the scientific community called for a boycott of the resources until free access was made available. In 2012, an online petition was created that anyone can sign.

Elsevier serves scientific data for about 4,500 organizations and universities in 180 countries. Subscribers to ELSEVIER products are research centers around the world (universities, libraries, ministries and departments), as well as private corporations in Europe, America and Asia.

The Elsevier publishing house has been operating in Russia since 2003. Since 2005, the Russian company Reed Elsiver LLC has been operating, currently with a total of about 50 employees.

In "difficult" 2008 and 2009. Alliance sales rose 12.5% and 20.5% respectively, driven by bestsellers such as: o Stieg Larsson Trilogy (Quercus), o The White Tiger by Aravind Adiga (Atlantic), o The Secret Sculpture by Sebastian Barry (Faber) ; o Books by Barack Abama (Canongate) Life of Pi by Yann Martel. Only in the Faber portfolio are the works of 11 Nobel laureates and 6 of the Booker laureates. For comparison: 29 editions of the Alliance bring in total the same profit as 66 books by Harper. Collins, and the total profit of the association for 5 years increased by 6.4% (from 1647 to 1752 billion pounds). Mr. Atkinson believes that the Alliance owes its success to: o "quality selection of books" o "healthy competition" o a "critical mass" that allowed the Alliance to strengthen its presence in the market.

Distribution Distribution and sales are separated in the UK. Distribution refers to the storage of physical books in warehouses and the logistics of deliveries.

The largest wholesalers Bertrams (https: //www. bertrams. com/Bert. Web/welcome. jsp) Gardners Books (http: //www. gardners. com/gardners/default. aspx) Dawsons (university and scientific libraries, including and outside the UK), Blackwells (university libraries), Grant and Cutler (literature in foreign languages).

Book machine, book machine t (book + machine) - a vending machine designed to sell books. Machine at Gatwick Airport, London. book machine

Gardners A family business founded in 1986. The volume of annual retail deliveries exceeds 250 million pounds (11.5 billion rubles) The size of warehouses is more than 32.5 thousand square meters. m with a throughput of 250 thousand items per day Catalog of books - 4, 25 million titles Available in stock - 6 million books Catalog of multimedia products - 165 thousand titles Catalog of e-books - 120 thousand titles 1000 new titles are added to the catalog weekly 90 thousand different items are shipped 15 thousand regular customers around the world Option B 2 B and B 2 C services (the store order is sent to the address of an individual)

Blackwell's Store Address: 100 Charing Cross Road, London 1000 sq. m. area 60 thousand items 100 thousand copies 36 people permanent staff + part-time workers Work is organized in 3 shifts 13-14 thousand pounds per year - the average salary of salesmen 24 pounds - the average size of the check

Address: 113 -119 Charing Cross Road, London The largest store in Europe 1903 - the year of foundation 6 thousand square meters. m. area, of which 4,200,000 trade items in the hall 3.5 million items in the catalog for online orders 110,000 e-books 15 million pounds per year turnover 26 departments 100 people permanent staff 32% conversion 15,000 pounds per year seller salary 7 -8% of multimedia products revenue 6% of stationery revenue. merchandise 40,000 shoppers per week £35,000-50,000 daily revenue

Introduction

The theme of this course work is "Analysis of book publishing and book distribution in the United States of America."

The relevance of the topic we have chosen lies in the fact that the US book business is considered one of the most technologically advanced and developed in the world, 26% of the entire book market is occupied by this country. The country with a population of about 313 million people ranks first in the world in terms of the number of published titles and in terms of the volume of the publishing market in terms of money, followed by the UK, Germany, Japan and China. Book production is produced, according to statistics for 2008-2010, 2.26 billion books - that is, 88% of the market, which generates an income of 13.944 billion dollars and accounts for 50% of the market. Of the top 60 largest publishers in the world, 11 are American and only 3 of them are Russian. Thus, the USA is the absolute leader in the world book market.

The purpose of our work is to analyze book publishing and book distribution in the United States of America.

To achieve our goal, we set the following tasks:

· Study the US book market over the past 5 years;

· Analyze the activities of US publishing houses;

· Identify differences and similarities in the activities of independent bookstores and book chains;

· To study the activities of organizations that regulate this industry in the United States;

· Draw a conclusion.

In the course of the study, we will turn to articles, scientific journals and monographs on this topic. We will analyze lists, ratings, tables and charts containing information about the state of modern book publishing and book distribution in the United States.

This work consists of an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion. The chapters are divided into paragraphs that provide general information about book publishing and book distribution in the United States, give figures and statistics, and consider the activities of publishers, shops, and organizations that regulate the activities of this industry. In conclusion, a conclusion is drawn. At the end of the work, a list of the literature studied by us is given.

Book publishing in the USA

Analysis of the activity of publishing houses. Main trends and features

Book publishing in America is a fairly common type of entrepreneurial activity. One of the main reasons for this is the ease of organization - no license is required to carry it out. In this regard, more than 3 thousand different publishing houses work in the USA, and only 20 of them are quite large. "The US publishing business is constantly moving forward - mergers and acquisitions, that is, there is a tendency to form large multinational corporations. Of the major publishers specializing in educational and business literature, the most famous are McGraw Hill, John Wiley and Sons, Thomson, Pearson Education (a giant that emerged from numerous mergers, including Irwin, Longman, Simon and Schuster, Prentice Hall, etc.)". Moreover, there are a number of university publishers that specialize mainly in the publication of scientific works by teachers and specialists conducting research at universities. They are united in the Association of University Press, which we will discuss below. The specialization of the publishing house can also be the creation of reference books, encyclopedias on a wide variety of subjects. The object of publishing activity can be narrow professional literature, designed only for specialists.

The main trends in the US book market include an increase in the share of national chain bookstores, such as Barnes and Noble, each of which has a thousand or more stores, and smaller ones - Emilia, Crown. Recently, the purchase of books by so-called warehouse clubs, which receive a large discount, has become widespread. Book market shares break down as follows: "40% of book sales come from clubs, online retailers, warehouse clubs, 20% from independent bookstores, and 40% from major national book chains. About 25 million books are sold annually in the US." The number of books published in the United States by the authors themselves without the help of publishers (self-published books) has almost quadrupled over the past six years (by 287%). In 2011, the number of such publications, including e-books, reached 235,625, said the bibliographic company Bowker.

One of the most important features of the US book business is computerization both in the system of marketing and promotion of books, and for their production. Great importance is attached to the creation and design of the organization's website. There are entire companies that, with the help of well-designed Web pages, significantly accelerate the sale of book products, strengthen the company's position in the market and its positive relationship with the local community and investors. With the help of the company's electronic page, funds are also raised for the development of the company and the implementation of innovative projects.

Thanks to the above, online book sales are rapidly increasing. The most popular site for selling books and not only is Amazon, com, known throughout the world. Despite this, the e-book sale still does not bring the expected profit, since the investment in the e-commerce organization is very large. In 2013, the volume of e-book sales reaches 50,000 copies, but only two or three bestsellers showed a really large volume of sales. According to experts, only in 40 years the electronic sale of books will be compared in success with traditional stores and paper form of books, so this area is still in development.

It should be noted that in 2013 there were 2,674 publishing houses in the United States, 122 of them in New York.

In addition to Internet sites for the sale of traditional books, American book publishing is characterized by sales of electronic versions of books that can be downloaded to the client's computer after paying the bill. Readers (e-book readers) have also been developed - portable electronic digital devices where you can download several electronic books. With the not very high price of readers, e-books themselves are in many cases not cheaper than traditional ones, therefore, according to experts, in the near future, paper versions of e-books are not expected to be completely replaced by e-books.

Another characteristic feature of the United States book business is the eternal competition between independent and chain bookstores. According to the journalists of Publisher's Weekly, this confrontation will not lead to the complete displacement of independent stores from the book market. Independent bookstores are necessary for the American book market; they are usually run by literary critics, devotees, enthusiasts, who often reveal unknown young authors. network companies are often guided by demand for independent stores - if they buy in an independent store, then it will sell well in the network.We will analyze network and independent bookstores in more detail in the second chapter of our term paper.

business-to-business companies

Other features of the modern development of the publishing business in the United States include companies that provide services to corporate clients (business-to-business companies). Their job is to develop marketing strategies, select communication tools for the company, develop Web pages, build an image and brand. One such company, which pays special attention to the use of various communications, including electronic ones, is the Metropolitan Group (MG). This company offers e-marketing, e-PR, e-book promotion. Her main task is to create Web-pages of companies, which would revive interest in the customer company, help her strengthen her position in the market and build relationships with strategic partners and stakeholders in the right way.

The work of such a company is based on an integrated approach to the problem of marketing. When applying to MG, the contracting company must provide basic data about itself and its activities. The work often begins with a mission statement, then defines what the company is, what its goals are, what its audience is, how it is segmented, and each segment has its own strategy for using electronic communications. When starting to develop such a strategy, the Metropolitan Group answers three questions:

What? (What kind of company is this, what goals does it pursue?);

So what? (What follows from this?);

· Now what? (What now? How can this concern us, what can you offer us?)

One of the important directions in the marketing of the company is PR-activities (public relations). The work of MG in this case consists, first of all, in carefully building the brand of the customer company, including its visual perception (company logo, color, shape, presentation methods). The main goal of PR is to involve stakeholders in a dialogue with the company, to interest them, to inform the target audience about future public events using various communication methods.

The company pays special attention to preparing the ground for partnership between the customer and interested parties. An example of such a successful partnership is the long-term relationship between Barnes and Noble and the famous New York Times.

Market Marketing

In the US book system, there are essentially narrow professional special publishing houses. For example, in Portland, Oregon, publisher Robert McGaughey, a lawyer by training, publishes books for lawyers. It is not for sale, and its main method of distribution and marketing is mailing. McGaughey's first publication was "101 Corporate Forms" (Model Corporate Agreement). There are more than 1 million lawyers in the United States, of which 150,000 specialize in corporate law. McGaughey's work began by sending out a promotional brochure to corporate lawyers. Those who respond are sent a book and a check for its payment, some of them pay the check, covering mainly the cost of producing the book and marketing. Lawyers are also offered books on a metal spring (on rings), in which new pages of information can be inserted, mailed weekly to those who wish.

Another noteworthy idea of Robert was a book-guide to caring for newborns. Advertising information about this publication could be found in a baby food store, and if a children's store trademark was put on a book, this could become effective marketing, beneficial for both parties.

One method of book promotion is also the presentation of the book by the author in a large bookstore, often accompanied by free distribution of copies, which attracts buyers and provides a public response to the author, as information about this event is reflected in the store's bulletin and local media. Another way to promote publications is to contact the numerous literary agencies throughout the United States. Moreover, such agencies often give an advance of $200 to the author to help with the publication of the book.

In the field of fiction, it is customary to work with literary agencies that represent the interests of authors. It must be emphasized that in the United States the institution of literary agencies is much more developed than in European countries. Such agencies are very active, sometimes offering publication of the author's work to several publishing houses on a competitive basis.