(Function (W, D, N, S, T) (w [n] \u003d w [n] ||; w [n] .push (function () (ya.context.advmanager.render ((Blockid: "RA -261686-3, Renderto: "yandex_rtb_r-a-261686-3", async: true));)); t \u003d d.getelementsbytagname ("script"); s \u003d d.createElement ("script"); s .type \u003d "text / javascript"; s.src \u003d "//an.yandex.ru/system/context.js"; s.async \u003d true; t.parentnode.insertBefore (s, t);)) (this , this.document, "yandexcontextasynccallbacks");

On the pages of this blog, I wrote quite a lot about the benefits of cards in our difficult, but interesting business - a treasurebling. Thanks to the maps, we learn about the old villages where they were located, as the street went and when it existed and disappeared.

By cards, we can find even those places where the foot of the digger did not go. So, in the spring of last year we fell into a non-bidder. On PGM there was only barely noticeable small square. But in fact there was actually a settlement, where we were quite well accumulated.

Thanks to the maps, we can make our finds. After all, without them, it is unknown where to go, unless of course talk to the local population or not to determine the tract on poplar, which can be seen from afar.

Nowadays the internet breakdown, almost any cards, old and not very, easy to find and start working with them. In this article, I will tell you about some more useful cards, in particular, about those who use themselves.

Satellite pictures

I'll start with the newest cards. Satellite snapshots are now pretty good quality. For them, we can see the current state of the place that interests us. Whether the field has led the forest, whether they stayed at home in the village, find out the way to the point of the corop. This is a very detailed map, but it is difficult to watch a change in heights. The relief looks flat. Scale in pictures detailed. By the way, if there is no detailed clear snapshot of the desired location from one service, you can find such another. For example, if the google is blurred, then Yandex has it, it will probably be excellent quality.

Maps of General Staff

Also enough interesting cards. They are intended for the military, which is understandable from the name. But also enjoyed the success of the topographers, geodesists, geologists, road workers, and others who work on the ground. All Maps Staff Looks like: Sheets of individual squares, broken into smaller squares. Scale different. From 250 meters to 10 km in 1 cm. I heard a couple of times that there are still stomets, Ie 100 meters in 1 cm. At the same time, the High Staff cards have a very low error and with great success can be used on GPS navigator for orientation and navigation, as well as search for coopes and gasket routes. All villages are clearly listed and written how many people were there at the time of maps creation, the order of the streets, roads, mills is shown. I myself often use it, besides, the General Staff is loaded into the winter on the phone.

Maps of RKKKA

Maps of the worker-peasant red army. Very similar to the General Staff, but they began to be created back in the 20s of the last century. Due to the lack of funds, people and opportunities, there were still pre-revolutionary cards. Such cards have limited coverage. Namely, you can find the RCC cards of only the western part of our country. There is not even the Kirov region. Although, somewhere there was a mention that there are topocartes with the olde of the General Staff of our edges. By the way, the inscription "Coordinates of 1942" with the date of creation of this card is very often confused. In fact, it is not, here we are informed only about the coordinate system. And the date of shooting and release of the card is written in the upper right corner of the sheet. If the General Staff leaf was from 1942, then this is the RKKA card. They, according to my information, were produced from 1925 to 1941. Scale from 250 m to 5 km in 1 cm. Having considered this card, she attracted me to its detail and relative old. It contains even the smallest settlements. The number of courtyards is indicated. Undoubtedly, a great map for the search engine! But it is a pity that it is not on our Vyatskiy region.

Schubert map

With your permission, brief background. At the beginning of the 19th century, F. F. Schubert headed the hull of military topographers and with it 10 verset map of the Western parts of the Russian Empire was created by 60 sheets. But for some reason it turned out to be uncomfortable for practical use. I had to start working on a new one. She began to be created under the leadership of P. A. Tuchkov, but in the future work was taken over Shubert. It covers the time interval of almost the entire second half of the 19th century, starting from 1846. But the main works have been done until 1863, when 435 sheets were made. Further work continued in a similar pace. In 1886, 508 sheets drew. Basically, they used the already compiled tentelstoye, only complement and even specifying it. Very good detail of objects. It is literally everything you need: settlements, forests, rivers, roads, crossings, etc. There is even the nature of the relief. Its scale is 1 inch 3 versts or 1260 m in 1 cm. However, not all areas are drawn by Schubert. For example, Vyatka there, alas, no.

(Function (W, D, N, S, T) (w [n] \u003d w [n] ||; w [n] .push (function () (ya.context.advmanager.render ((Blockid: "RA -261686-2 ", Renderto:" yandex_rtb_r-a-261686-2 ", async: true));)); t \u003d d.getelementsBytagname (" script "); s \u003d d.createElement (" script "); s .type \u003d "text / javascript"; s.src \u003d "//an.yandex.ru/system/context.js"; s.async \u003d true; t.parentnode.insertBefore (s, t);)) (this , this.document, "yandexcontextasynccallbacks");

Map Strelbitsky

In the middle of the 19th century, I. A. Strelbitsky was part of the military-topographic department at the General Staff and he was instructed to update and supplement a special map of the European part of Russia. Strelbitsky led this work since 1865 to 1871. The new card consisted of 178 sheets and covered the European part of the country and part of the adjacent Western and South provinces. The scale is very unobed. In 1 inches 10 miles. And if we translate to our manner, then 4200 m in 1 cm. In particular, this card was also used as a basis and when creating RPC cards. What to say about the map of Strelbitsy: a big error, only large roads and settlements are marked. It is suitable, of course, as a sightseeing card, but I do not use her.

Map Mende

Her author A. I. Mende. From 1849 to 1866, he led the work on the creation of a card in the central provinces of the Russian Empire. When creating this card, 40 intermarkers and 8 officers of the host of military topographers were worked. Its scale is 420 m in 1 cm. A very interesting map, but covers not the entire European part of Russia. It is a pity ... it is a midware card with a decent detail. Very similar to PGM.

PGM or general interactions plan

The oldest of the cards presented here and, despite its age, very accurate and detailed. A decree to create a plan of general survey was given in 1796. With Catherine, the Great began mass surveying lands: the territory of the country was divided into the counties, and they were divided into cottages - the areas of owners who had the right to these land within certain boundaries. They were assigned numbers, and their decoding was given in an economic note, which was an addition to the plan for each province. The scale of the card 1 or 2 versts in inches, which is usually 420 meters to 1 cm. When applied to a modern map and when binding to satellites you will encounter difficulty - error and large enough. After all, this is not a map attached to the coordinates, but only a plan. But a detailed plan! From it, you can get a lot of useful information for searching with a metal detector about the time of the emergence of the surveillance, its size at the time, the location of the street and houses, on the roads and tracts. Churches and church lands were marked on which Togol and Fairs could be located, since these territories were not taxed. The map is very interesting and I use it. It is suitable as a sightseeing card: looked, thought and drove. I do not see the point of tie it. But you still stand on modern satellite pictures! By the way, some sheets due to their dilapidation can sound badly and instead of the places you are interested in you will see a hole.

Thus, you just reviewed those cards that are mainly used by treasures. There are also other cards, but sometime about them later.

Each card is good in its own way and brings its definite favor to the digger when planning places for the corop and studying the history of its edge. And you need to use maps at the same time, mentally overlapping them on each other and comparing the terrain on an old and newer map. These cards are the history of our country.

Where can I download?

Yes, right here, on this blog. I recently began to upload old cards. You can see and download them.

Vk.widgets.subscribe ("VK_SUBSCRIBE", (), 55813284);
(Function (W, D, N, S, T) (w [n] \u003d w [n] ||; w [n] .push (function () (ya.context.advmanager.render ((Blockid: "RA -261686-5 ", Renderto:" yandex_rtb_r-a-261686-5 ", async: true));)); t \u003d d.getelementsbytagname (" script "); s \u003d d.createElement (" script "); s .type \u003d "text / javascript"; s.src \u003d "//an.yandex.ru/system/context.js"; s.async \u003d true; t.parentnode.insertBefore (s, t);)) (this , this.document, "yandexcontextasynccallbacks");

Today we will talk about the ancient Russian cards. The post will be brief. Just because they are in general, in fact, simply not. Foreign cards of this period I have seen thousands, if not tens of thousands. Strange the situation with our cards.
The first Russian atlas, which is in public domain, is the Atlas of Kirilov, created in the interval between 1724 and 1737. (Link to download) .ATLAS not complete, unfortunately, there are cards not all areas and locations of our country. But this is essentially the beginning of Russian cartography, oddly enough it sounds.
There is a truth so-called the inherited book of Siberia (1699-1701), Remezov. (Link to download) as well as the "Khorographic book of Siberia" (1697-1711). Here are only their dates and the correspondence of reality personally cause me a lot of questions. For example, I bring the card to Perm a Great from the drawing book. All pictures are clicames to large sizes.

These cards draw children in grade 1. North here on the right (but it is very conditional). In general, in their works, Remez was clearly not bored with the orientation of his "cards" on the sides of the world. From the map to the map they constantly jump on the sides of the sheet. There are no concepts as a scale, the proportion is missing from the word at all. At the same time, cards are already created in the West, which are almost approaching the degree of accuracy to modern.
User palexy One passage:
I have a map of D.G.Sesmemidt 1721 (a plot of Obskoy Tom and Ini) which almost completely copies the card Remezov. The date of the Messerschmidt expedition is undisputed since the documents on it were running away, but the passage from the diary brought by the Invancent: "Captain Tabbert walked today with the cornet of the Iorist to one hu-devin on the surname of the Remezov, who he saw the Tomsk County card drawn by oil paint; he looked forward her, but did not find anything in it, which would be shown correctly" (Novlyanskaya M. G. Philipp Johann Stallenberg. M.; L., 1966. P. 36.) .

Well, finally on this map there are no cities open by me and. On hundreds of foreign cards, they are there and Remezov is not. Peter is the first in 1708. "They are mentioned in. But the sake of fairness must be said that it was on this map that I found the river Malesk ,.

There is such a drawing of the Siberian Earth, compiled in 1667 under the leadership of Tobolsk governor of the So-Stolnik Peter Ivanovich Godunov. From the service drawing book S. U. Rezzov (the handwritten department of the state. Public B-ki. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Hermitage Assembly, No. 237, L 31 on the reversal).

North here below. As for the drawing book Remezov, they certainly got excited. Since I already wrote, there was no orientation on the sides of the world.
And one more option of the same card:

There are more on the network (I wanted to write perfect, but it is not) a detailed version of this card. Solo is attributed to Remezov. If you look from the point of view of the lack of any scales and proportions, yes, it agrees this remresses. But the clear presence of the parties speaks about the opposite.

Looking for materials on the city of Perm Great stumbled upon a small fragment of the card from the Server of the Ural State University which is marked as - the card by Perm is Great. XVI in. Reproduction.

Again the north here below. And the city of Perm is. Won is there, under the word "Cheremis". I could not get the whole card all the card. And from where they dug it there and did not seem.
I saw some more similar cards on the network, but they are painful and terribly primitive. Therefore, I did not even save them.
And now the most interesting.

Here it is in full size:

Do you feel the difference? Heaven and earth with Remezov drawings. Even parallels are correct. Unfortunately, the permission from the card is not very large and many small inscriptions are not visible at all. But something you can find out.
Belgorod Horde on the territory of the modern Odessa region of Ukraine:

Small Tartarium (exactly what Tartarium) in the Black Sea steppes.

And to the right of it, separated by the border, the terrain called - the yurt of the Don Cossacks. It is still stretched to the Volga, most likely.

By the way, I will give part of one map of 1614 from my post :.

Those. Over a hundred years before that, these two terrain were a single state. And it is from his "Tatar yga".
By the way, before the Cossacks called the Tatars. I have about this. There at the end directly written that the Malorossiysk Cossacks live on the lands, where the Tatar Cossacks had already lived. Or maybe they were their descendants. Who knows.

Actually, all.

Well, finally, the book: Ancient Russian idrography,: containing the description of Moskoskogo states of rivers, ducts, lakes, bestings, and what are the cities and a tract on them and on what they understand. - St. Petersburg: published by Nikolai Novikov: [Type. Acad. Sciences], 1773 . Now it is known more called "Book of a Big Drawing. This is the same map of 16, the beginning of the 17th century, only handwritten. Actually it is not possible that his drawings of the remresses drew exactly here in such texts.
By the way there in the preface is an interesting passage:

That's just the case with us and cards. They were simply not. More precisely, probably all the same were. But either they were destroyed, or they lie deeply deep in the archives. Just because there is a completely different story of Russia. Where they were re-opened by me, cities,. By the way the last, but it did not put modern historians to stubbly firmly that it was not.

Yesterday I was told that in the archives of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, there are already 10,000 vintage cards. I still don't know exactly what kind of cards, our or foreign and some centuries, but I really hope that there will be Russian vintage maps 16-17 and early 18th centuries. My acquaintances are now trying to scan it all and post it. Give God, what would all come out. And then we learn a little more truth about the history of that time.

Addition :

Today we'll see the two Russian cards of the early 18th century from the archives of the Russian National Library. Although the word "let's see" here very conditionally. I have a very big desire to put all the leadership of this library to the wall and shoot them from the large-caliber machine gun. They are suitable for them and not scientists.

First seeHemisphess card 1713, published in civilian printing house VO. Kipilinova. The map is large and the resolution in the picture is still the opposite, small. Therefore, it is fashionable to see only very big records. Click will open in greater resolution. But something can be pulled out of it. Pay attention to Antarctica. She is not. I somehow specially watched similar atlases of Western cartographers. There, Antarctica is also not before the early 19th century, when her sailors opened. Therefore, if you see an old map, where Antarctica is present, then you know, it is made in the second half of the 19th century. Or later.
I would like to draw attention to the high degree of skill of the then Russian cartographers. . And I repeat my thought is not cards and children's drawings at the level of elementary school.

And one more map of the same author:Globe geographical siren earth-sensitive izh from "is four parts of the Earth, Africa, Asia, America, Jievourop, a nanion, and we have everywhere about" Emlet. The command in the civilian printing house of the Summer of the Lord: 1707. In the reigning country of Moscow, the care of Vasily Kryprianov. Under the name of His Excellency Mr. General Lieutenant Jacob Willimovich Bruce.
Her here on this link You can consider more or less. But after that, I want to squeeze the programmers with bare hands, for a long time. You can not drain all the card from there, so I made several screenshots from there. And our people are waiting for some interesting discoveries. And it is the word - "Sarmat" right under the letter M word Moscow. And above visibleOcean Sarmatian.

Here is another passage to the Sarmatian Ocean also added Scythian. To the right of the name "M. Moskovskoye". I did not understand what it means. The word tartarium is written. Through the "p". The name of the beginning of this word is visible. But above the letter "and" in the word "Siberia" is visible by the Tatar River. The word "Moscow" also seems to be written by -sarmatia. Why not written Russia or Russia? But what does the word "asin" mean not clear.

Oh, I wrote Lomonosov in vain in my book :.A brief Russian chronicler with Rodarlov, St. Petersburg: with imp. Acad. Science, 1760.

Well, in the last, the description of Europe. True can be seen very bad. Instead of France, Gallium is written. There is still some kind of Dakia. Poland is written without a soft sign. At the very end, it seems to be written by Eldard. For information . But Russia is there. And she, as I understood, in European Moscow and Tartaria as well as Turkis. These are separate states in the continent?

The description has a very interesting line:
Figures: Above hemispheres of the coat of arms of the Russian Empire against the background of the mountainous mantle supported by the archangels with swords in the hands; In the frame of the mantle of the figure of Mars, Apollo, banners and other military attributes;
And here they themselves. And this is far from a single case. By name . And all this very well go to my which we called simply - a woman's baba.

If someone canhere's from here pull out the whole map In more or less good resolution, I will be very grateful.

Supplement: the world is not without good people and thanks to the respected prostoyoleg. We can see the card entirely with you. True in the same not very large resolution.

Addition.

And these are individual files.

The semi-ocean is cool.

Strange Yes, the Adriatic Sea or Ocean Western?

And then the Ocean of Gengoriani. In general, before the sea and the ocean, they seemed to me, some other types of water vehicles.

Addition .

The Russian National Library, St. Petersburg, slowly digitizes its funds. And even puts them on everyone to review.
Pickup P. Kingdom of the Polish and Grand Duchy of the Lithuanian Drawing / By decree of his leading Tsarist Majesty, Peter Pickart, Grydorov, [Kartush Grav. A. Shhonebek]. - Moscow: Weapon Chamber, . But the card itself is accurately drawn much earlier. Kiev on it still as part of Lithuania, whereas on official history he became part of the Moscow state in 1667. I don't have a resistant feeling that it only engraved it in Moscow and created in the most principalness of Lithuanian, in the middle of the 17th century.

Click opens in a large resolution.

Very many unknown toponyms. Currently written here as Tartarium. And on the Russian map of the late 17th century from my main post. And only in the 18th century, Tartaria began to call Tataria. Act of attention to the Crimea, except for the cafe and revenue not a single acquaintance. Baltse The sea is previously called the eastern lake.

Please note how the Koenigsberg is called on this map. I climbed into the wiki and found amazing text there:
Under the name of the Queen (Kinguen) or Kinguitsa Castle and the terrain around him for a long time, starting from the XIII century, it is also mentioned in various Russian sources: chronicles, books, satin atlas. In Russia, this name was widely used to Peter I and, occasionally, in a later period, until the beginning of the 20th century, including in the artistic literature, for example, in the texts of M. Saltykov-Shchedrin. However, after Peter I, before renaming in 1946, the Russians often used the German version.
Heh, I am not in vain, I argued in my investigation - that Slavs lived there.

In general, if you do and compare a card with an official history, then the list does not dock, it will not be one ten pages. In this case, the case is a banal.

Addition :

There was such a city like Byzantium.Here is his plan

Plan of Constantinople or Tsar Grada izhe first-nominated Byzantium arms Vigos conquered by Mohammed second summer of the Lord 1453 months Maia on 29 days] / [drawn by Prince Dimitri Kantemir]; Grydor. Alexices of teeth in San [CT] P [ETER] Burg. - St. Petersburg: [Petersburg typography] ,.

IN . The French have not been lazy and sorted them all. In addition, the plans of Königsberg are. Well, and Ukraine of course. There are several dozen cards of various settlements of Russia, drawn, judging by the titles, in 1724-1729 by our cartographic. In English. This is nothing terrible. The main thing here is that until now, one of the earliest places of locality, were consideredcyril Maps, 1722-1731 . They are there, by the way, too, part. there is. And then there is a completely new one, no longer visible, the cartographic material at all. And there I found the city of Old Rezan.

North here left. This, by the way, is one of the signs, as I understand it, the map of the localities of the 17th century. Already in 18, it became the rule and map of specific locality to focus north. And before that, the cartographers painted them, to whom as convenient. The most visual example is Remizov's cards. There the north "walks" in a circle is just chaotic. Brains will be broken until you understand what and how the specific card is drawn. In general, the Russians of the 17th century, for the most part, are oriented to the south. As a map of Siberia and the Far East at the same Remezov. At least he is attributed to this card.
As for Europe, I will give an example of my old posts - . There the north is also not static. of the year, everything stirred up and adopted the modern framework.
I have a very reasonable suspicion that all the cards that we now know were made no earlier than the end of the 17th century. The right in the old originals, which by that time they simply dreamed and came into disrepair. Well, of course, they were just forged in 18- 19th centuries. It is visible according to the right proportions and outlines of the terrain. Let's watch Russian cards, pay attention to two things. Caspian must be round and not elongated. And in the Crimea, the Kerch area should be, as it were, cut off and do not stretch to the left as now.

So we see the city of Kolomna and Kashira. The city of Pereslavl - rizanskaya. And behind him the old pe.snap Note, in the old name there is a letter "E". Somewhere before the beginning of the 18th century, we had almost no letter "I". Therefore, it was, including Eroslavl.
The city of Old Rezan is a confusing story. At first, he was destroyed at the end of the 16th century Tatars, then he existed, along with the new cut, as a small village. And now in early 18th, it was rummaged to the city. ATTENTION At the city icon and footnote to the map. In such a form he existed somewhere Until the middle of the 18th century, and then disappeared again. The authorities announced that he was destroyed in the 13th century. In such a format of the settlement, it exists now as a monument of archeology. But there still can still see pieces of churches of the 18th century.
And in 1781, Catherine The second, renamed Perelavl-Ryazan in just Ryazan. But there is nowhere. Thank you for it. And then the toponym could go in history almost without a trace, like the city of Bulgar and Bulgaria. And then Baty, he is like a Schurik, you can write everything on it.

- This is not just a subject of art, but also a source of important historical information representing considerable value. That is why many historians, local history, treasures and other persons are looking for rare old cards and are ready to buy them for more money. Demand gives birth to a proposal: Every day the number of Internet sites allowing you to download old cards for payment.

Our site does not apply to the number of such. All old Cards of the provinces and counties of Russia, presented on our site you can download completely free. All old maps can be downloaded or directly from the pages of our website or from the "People" service. "People" - Yandex service for storing files.

Free Download Old Maps and Atlases of the Russian Empire

Russian Empire (other names: The All-Russian Empire, the Russian State or Russia) was proclaimed at the results of the Northern War (1700-1721) by the Russian king Peter I Great and existed to the monarchy dewing in 1917.

The capital of the Russian Empire was first at St. Petersburg from 1721 to 1728, then Moscow (in 1728-1730), and then again St. Petersburg (in 1914 the city was renamed Petrograd in 1730-1917.

By the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire held 1/6 of the sushi and stretched to the North Ocean in the north and the Black Sea in the south, to the Baltic Sea in the West and the Pacific Ocean in the East.

On our site you can download free the following old maps of the Russian Empire:

• Atlas Russian, 1745


• New map of the Russian Empire, divided into vicarity, 1786



• Atlas of the Russian Empire, 1792


• Atlas of the Russian Empire, consisting of 52 cards, 1796


• Pocket Mail Atlas of the Russian Empire, 1808


• Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire, 1820-1827.


• Atlas of the Russian Empire, 1843


• , 1871


• Cards of Russia from Atlas "The Complensive Atlas & Geographic of the World", 1882


• Maps of the Russian Empire from Reference Atlas of The World, 1887


• Maps of the Russian Empire from "Harmsworth Atlas and Gazetteer", 1909


• Map of paths of the Russian Empire, 1916

Free download old maps of the European part of Russia

European Russia is the most populated and most developed part of the country located in Europe. The natural boundaries of European Russia from Asian served the Ural Range, r. Ural, Caspian Sea and Caucasian Ridge.

On our site you can also download the following old maps of the European part of Russia:

• General Learning Plans (PGM), 1766-1861.



• 1799


• Postal map of European Russia, 1871


• Military topographic map of the western part of the Russian Empire (three-serset).


• Schubert map (Spec. Map of the Western Russian Empire), 1826-1840.


• Map Strelbitsy (special map of European Russia).


• Big World Desktop Atlas Marx (European Map of Russia), 1909


• LARGE SCALE MAP OF RUSSIA IN EUROPE, 1918

Free download old maps of Asian Russia

Asian Russia is part of the Russian Empire, located on Asian mainland. According to Encyclopedic Brockhaus and Ephron, Asian Russia encompasses Siberia, Central Asian possessions and the Caucasian region. The natural borders of Asian Russia from European served by the Ural Range, r. Ural, Caspian Sea and Caucasian Ridge. Asian Russia occupied the entire Northern part of Asia.

On our site you can download for free the following old maps of Asian Russia:

• General Map of Western Siberia with Kyrgyz Stepia, 1848


• Map of Asian Russia, 1868


• Postal Map of Asian Russia, Siberia, 1871


• Map of Asian Russia with ownership adjacent to it, 1884


• Map-road on the rivers Western Siberia: Tour, Tobolu, Irtysha, Obi and Tom, 1884


• Map of routes of the Asian Russia, 1901


• Atlas of Asian Russia, 1914

Free download old maps of individual provinces and regions

Province, the highest unit of administrative division and local device in Russia, which has arisen in 18 V. For the first time, the division of the Russian Empire on the province was held in 1708-1715 by the king of Peter I by decree of regional reform. In 1708, the country was divided into 8 provinces led by governors vested with all the completeness of judicial and administrative power. Later, Empress Catherine II conducted the reform of public administration, during which Russia was divided into 50 provinces led by the governors.

By 1914, Russia was divided into 78 provinces, 21 and 2 independent districts, in which 931 city numbered, and the Baltic States, Malororsia, Belarus, part of Poland (the Kingdom of Polish), Bessarabia, were part of the Russian Empire, the North Caucasus, from the XIX century, In addition, Finland (Grand Principality Finland), Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, etc.

On our site you can also download the following old maps of the provinces and counties of the Russian Empire:

Download old cards of St. Petersburg province

• Topographic map of the surroundings of St. Petersburg, 1831


• Topographic map of St. Petersburg province, 1834


• Topographic map of parts S. -Peterburg and Vyborg Province, 1860


• Map of Petrograd Province, 1916

Download old maps of Moscow province:

• Topographic map of Moscow province, 1860


• Map of the surroundings of Moscow, 1878

Download old maps of the Crimea Peninsula:

At the beginning of the XIX century. There was an official consolidation of the borders of Russian possessions in North America and in the north of Europe. St. Petersburg Conventions of 1824, borders were identified with American () and English possessions. Americans pledged not to settle north of 54 ° 40 "s. Sh. On the coast, and the Russians - south. The border of Russian and British possessions passed along the shore from 54 ° C. sh. Up to 60 ° C. sh. At a distance of 10 miles from the ocean edge , given all the bends of the coast. The St. Petersburg Russian-Swedish Convention of 1826 was established by the Russian-Norwegian border.

Academic expeditions V. M. Sezhgin and A. I. Sheremer in 1802-1804. To the North-West of Russia, Belarus, Baltic States and were devoted mainly to mineralogical research.

The period of geographical discoveries in the cured European part of Russia ended. In the XIX century Expeditionary research and their scientific generalization were mainly thematic. Of these, it is possible to call the zoning (mainly agricultural) of European Russia for eight latitudinal bands proposed by E. F. Kankrin in 1834; Botaniko-geographical zoning of European Russia R. E. Trautfetter (1851); studies of the natural conditions of the Caspian seas, the state of fisheries and other fields there (1851-1857), conducted by K. M. Barom; Labor N. A. (1855) on the animal world of the Voronezh province, in which he showed deep links between the animal world and physico-geographical conditions, and also established the patterns of distribution of forests and steppes due to the nature of the relief and soil; Classic soil studies V. V. In the zone started in 1877; A special expedition under the leadership of V. V. Dokuchaev, organized by the Forest Department for the comprehensive study of the nature of the steppes and finding ways to combat. In this expedition, the stationary research method was first applied.

Caucasus

Accession to Russia of the Caucasus caused the need to study new Russian lands, the study of which was weak. In 1829, the Caucasian Expedition of the Academy of Sciences under the leadership of A. Ya. Kravel and E. X. Lenza examined the rocky ridge in the system of the Big Caucasus, determined the exact heights of many mountain peaks of the Caucasus. In 1844-1865 The natural conditions of the Caucasus studied G. V. Abih. They were studied in detail by the orography and geology of Bolshoi, Dagestan, Kolkhi lowland, made up the first general orographic scheme of the Caucasus.

Ural

The work that developed a geographical view of the Urals includes a description of the Middle and Southern Urals, made in 1825-1836. A. Ya. Kupev, E. K. Gofman, G. P. Gel Messen; Publication of the "Natural History of the Orenburg Territory" E. A. Eversman (1840), in which the comprehensive characteristic of the nature of this territory is given with a well-founded natural division; Expedition of the Russian Geographical Society for the Northern and Polar Urals (E. K. Gofman, V. G. Bragin), during which the top of Konstantinov Stone was opened, opened and explored by Pai-Hoi Ridge, was composed of an inventory that served as the basis of the preparation of the map of the study of the Urals . A prominent event was a trip in 1829. An outstanding German natural scientist A. Humboldt to the Urals, Rudny Altai and to the banks of the Caspian Sea.

Siberia

In the XIX century Siberia's research continued, many areas of which were studied very weakly. In Altai in the 1st half of the century, the origins of p were opened. Katuna, studied (1825-1836, A. A. Bung, F. V. Goebler), Rivers Chulyshman and Abakan (1840-1845, P. A. Chihachyov). During travel, P. A. Chihachev, physico-geographical and geological studies were performed.

In 1843-1844 A. F. Middendorf assembled extensive material on the oriental, geology, climate, and the organic world of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, for the first time information about the nature of the Taimyr, the Range was obtained. According to the materials of the trip, A. F. Middendorf wrote in 1860-1878. Posted by "Travel to North and East Siberia" - one of the best samples of systematic reports on the nature of the territories studied. This product is given the characteristics of all major natural components, as well as the population, the features of the relief of medium Siberia, the originality of its climate, are presented, the results of the first scientific study of permafrost, the zogeographic division of Siberia is given.

In 1853-1855 R. K. Maak and A. K. Sondagagen examined the geology and life of the population of the Centraliakuta Plain, the Midnishness Plateau, Vilyuy Plateau, spent the shooting of the river.

In 1855-1862 The Siberian Expedition of the Russian Geographical Society produced in the south of Eastern Siberia and to topographic shooting, astronomical definitions, geological and other studies.

A large amount of research was carried out in the second half of the century in the mountains of the south of Eastern Siberia. In 1858, Geographical studies in Sayanov spent L. E. Schwartz. During them, the topograph of the feces carried out topographic surveillance. In 1863-1866 Research in Eastern Siberia and in the Far East conducted P. A. Kropotkin, paying special attention to the relief and. They were investigated by the Oka, Cupid, Ussuri, the ridges, the Patomic Highlands was found. Ridge Hamar-Daban, coast, Priangarya, Selenga pool, explored A. L. Chekanovsky (1869-1875), I. D. Khsky (1872-1882). In addition, A. L. Chekanovsky explored the basins of the River River Lower Tunguska and Olenek, and I. D. Chersky - the drill of the Lower Tunguska. Geographical, geological and botanical examination of Eastern Sayan spent during the Sayan Expedition N. P. Bobyr, L. A. Yachevsky, Ya. P. Posin. The study of Sayan in 1903 continued V. L. Popov. In 1910, in 1910, a geographical study of the boundary strip between Russia and China from Altai to Kyakhta was held.

In 1891-1892 During his last expedition, I. D. Khsky explored, Nevsky Plateau, discovered three high mountain chains of TAS-Kystabit, Ulahan-Chistai and Tomushai behind the Verkhoyansky ridge.

Far East

The studies of Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and the seas adjacent to them continued. In 1805, I. F. Kruzenshtern explored the eastern and northern shores of Sakhalin and the Northern Kuril Islands, and in 1811. V. M. Golovin made an inventory of the middle and southern part of the Kuril ridge. In 1849, G. I. Nevelsky confirmed and proved the shipping of the mouth of the Amur for large vessels. In 1850-1853 G. I. Nevelsky et al. Research, Sakhalin, adjacent parts of the mainland were continued. In 1860-1867 Sakhalin investigated F. B., P.P. Glen, G.V. Shebunin. In 1852-1853 N. Boschnyakov studied and described pools Amgun Rivers and Tim, Lake Everon and Chukchagir, Bureinsky Ridge, Haji Bay (Soviet harbor).

In 1842-1845 A. F. Middendorf and V. V. Vaganov were investigated by Shartar Islands.

In the 50-60s. XIX century The coastal parts of Primorye: in 1853-1855. I. S. Unkovsky Open the bays of the post and Olga; In 1860-1867 V. Babkin held a shot of the northern coast of the Japanese Sea and Petra Great Bay. Nizhny Amur and North Sikhote-Alin were studied in 1850-1853. G. I. Nevelsky, N. K. Boshnyak, D. I. Orlov, etc.; In 1860-1867 - A. Budishchev. In 1858, M. Venyukov was investigated by the Ussuri River. In 1863-1866 And Ussuri studied P.A. Kropotkin. In 1867-1869. A large journey through the Ussuri region performed. They held comprehensive studies of the nature of the basins of the Ussuri rivers and Sucean, the Sikhote-Alin Ridge was crossed.

middle Asia

As individual parts and Central Asia are attached to the Russian Empire, and sometimes preceding it, Russian geographers, biologists and other scientists investigated and studied their nature. In 1820-1836 The organic world of Murgjar, General Syrte and Plateau Ustyurt investigated E. A. Eversman. In 1825-1836 The description of the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, the ridges of Mangystau and Bolshaya Balkhan, Krasnovodsky Plateau G. S. Karelin and I. Blamberg. In 1837-1842 A. I. Schrenk studied East Kazakhstan.

In 1840-1845 Balkhash-Alakolskaya Basil was opened (A. I. Schrenk, T.F. Nifanthev). From 1852 to 1863 T.F. Nifanthev conducted the first shooting lakes, Zaisan. In 1848-1849. A. I. Butakov was held first shooting, a number of islands were opened, Chernyshev Bay.

Valuable scientific results, especially in the field of biogeography, brought an expedition of 1857 IG Borschov and N. A. Seversow in Muurgari, the Embuba River pool and the sands of large badgers. In 1865, IG Borschov continued to research on vegetation and the natural conditions of the Aralo-Caspian Territory. The steppes and deserts are considered as natural geographical complexes and analyzed mutual relations between relief, moisturizing, soils and vegetation.

From the 1840s. Studies of highland Central Asia began. In 1840-1845 A. A. Lehman and Ya.P. Yakovlev opened Turkestan and Zeravshansky ridges. In 1856-1857 P. P. Semenov laid the beginning of the scientific study of Tien Shan. The heyday of studies in the mountains of Central Asia is for the period of the expedition leadership of P. P. Semenova (Semenova-Tyan-Shanska). In 1860-1867 N. A. Severstech explored the ridges Kyrgyz and Karatau, opened the Kagegantau ridges, Pskemsky and Keshaal-LLP on, in 1868-1871. A.P. Fedchenko explored Tien Shan, Kuhistan, Alai and Zalai ridges. N. A. Severrtov, A. I. Skassi, Rushansky Ridge and Glacier Fedchenko (1877-1879) were opened. The studies conducted allowed to highlight the Pamir in a separate mining system.

Studies in the desert areas of Central Asia were carried out by N. A. Severstov (1866-1868) and A. P. Fedchenko in 1868-1871. (Kyzylkum desert), V. A. Obruchev in 1886-1888. (Karakuma Desert and the ancient Uzboy Valley).

Complex studies of the Aral Sea in 1899-1902. conducted.

North and Arctic

At the beginning of the XIX century. The opening of the Novosibirsk Islands ended. In 1800-1806 Ya. Sannikov was held by the Islands of the Publish Islands, Faddeevsky, New Siberia. In 1808, Belkov opened the island, who received the name of his opener - Belkovsky. In 1809-1811. At visited the expedition M. M. Gedenshtroma. In 1815, M. Lyakhov were found Islands Vasilyevsky and Semenovsky. In 1821-1823 P. F. Anju and P.I. Instrumental studies that ended with the preparation of an accurate map of the Novosibirsk Islands were carried out and described the Islands of Semyanovsky, Vasilyevsky, the column, the coast between the mouths of the Indigirk and Olekeuk rivers, the East Siberian Walnings was opened.

In 1820-1824 F. P. Vrangelia in very difficult natural conditions was a trip to the north of Siberia and the Arctic Ocean, studied and described the coast from the mouth of the Indigirka to the Kolyucian lip (Chukotka Peninsula), was predicted existence.

Studies were conducted in Russian possessions in North America: in 1816 O. E. Kotzebu opened a large bay in the western coast of Alaska in the Chukchi Sea, called him named. In 1818-1819. The east coast of Bering Sea was investigated by P.G. Korsakovsky and P.A. Ustyugov, Delta Alaska was opened - Yukon. In 1835-1838 The lower and secondary flow of Yukon was investigated by A. Glazunov and V.I. Malakhov, and in 1842-1843 - Russian sea officer L. A. Zagoskin. They also described the internal areas of Alaska. In 1829-1835 The coast of Alaska was investigated by F. P. Vrangel and D.F. Source. In 1838 A.F. Kashevarov described the north-west coast of Alaska, and P. F. Kolmakov opened the Innoko River and Ridge Qusokokuch (Kuskokvim). In 1835-1841. D.F. Source and P. Mightkov completed the opening of the Alexander archipelago.

The archipelago was intensively studied. In 1821-1824. F. P. Litke at Brig "New Earth" explored, described and amounted to the western coast map of the new land. Attempts to make an inventory and put on the map The eastern coast of the new land was not crowned with success. In 1832-1833 The first invention of the entire east coast of the Southern Island of the New Earth did P. K. Pakhtusov. In 1834-1835 P. K. Pakhtusov and in 1837-1838. A. K. Tsivolka and S. A. Moiseev was described the eastern coast of the North Island to 74.5 ° C. Sh., describes in detail the sheds of the Motokkin Ball, opened the island of Pakhtusov. The description of the northern part of the new land was made only in 1907-1911. V. A. Rusanov. Expeditions under the leadership of I. N. Ivanova in 1826-1829. It was possible to make an opis from the southwestern part of the Kara Sea from the nose to the mouth of Ob. The studies have made it possible to begin the study of vegetation, the animal world and the geological structure of the new land (K. M. Ber, 1837). In 1834-1839, especially during a major expedition in 1837, A. I. Schrenk was investigated by the Chysheska lip, the coast of the Kara Sea, the Timan ridge, the island, the Ridge of Pai-Hoi, Polar Urals. Studies of this area in 1840-1845 She continued A. A. Kayserling, who spent shooting, examined Timan ridge and Pecore lowland. Integrated studies of the nature of the Peninsula Taimyr, North-Siberian lowland spent in 1842-1845. A. F. Middendorf. In 1847-1850. The Russian geographic society was organized by an expedition to the North and Polar Urals, during which the Pai-Hoy Ridge was found.

In 1867, the island of Wrangel was opened, Opishen South Coast, which made the captain of the American whaling ship T. Long. In 1881, the American researcher R. Berry describes the eastern, Western and most of the northern shores of the island, the internal areas of the island were examined for the first time.

In 1901, I visited the Russian icebreaker "", under the team S. O. Makarov. In 1913-1914. On the archipelago, the Russian expedition under the leadership of G. Ya. Sedov. At the same time, a group of participants of the fraud of the expedition of the expedition G. L. Brousilov on the vessel "was visited here. Anna ", headed by the navigator V. I. Albanov. Despite the difficult conditions when all the energy was aimed at the preservation of life, V. I. Albanov proved that the Land of St. Petersburg and the land of the Oscar king do not exist on the map of Y. Payer.

In 1878-1879. For two navigating the Russian-Swedish expedition under the leadership of Swedish scientist N. A. E. On a small sailing and vapor "Vega" was first passed from the west to the East of the Northern Sea Path. This was proved the possibility of navigating along the entire Eurasian Arctic coast.

In 1913, the Hydrographic Expedition of the Northern under the leadership of B. A. Vilkitsky on the icebreaking pares of "Taimyr" and "Vaigach", exploring the possibilities of passing through to the north of Taimyr, met solid ice and following their edge to the north, opened the islands, called land Emperor Nikolai II (now - Northern Earth), approximately applying to its Eastern on the map, and next year - the southern shores, as well as the island of Zesarevich Alexei (now -). Western and northern coast remained completely unknown.

Russian Geographical Society

Russian Geographical Society (RGO) established in 1845, (from 1850 - the Imperial Russian Geographical Society - IRGO) belongs to great merits in the development of domestic cartography.

In 1881, the American polar explorer J. De Long North-east of the island of New Siberia is the islands of Jeannetta, Henrietta and Bennett. This group of the islands was named after his discovere room. In 1885-1886 The study of the Arctic coast between the rivers of Lena and Kolyma and Novosibirsk islands was carried out by A. A. Bungj and E. V. Tol.

Already in early 1852, it issued its first twenty-hyventical (1: 1,050,000) card and the Pai-Hoi coastal ridge, compiled by the materials of the Ural Expedition of the RGO 1847-1850. On it, for the first time with great accuracy and details were also depicted on the coastline of Pai-Hoy.

The geographical society also published 40-versa cards of the river regions of Amur, southern Lena and Yenisei and about. Sakhalin on 7 sheets (1891).

Sixteen large expeditions of the IRGO, who were led by N. M. Przhevalsky, N. Potanin, M. V. Pevtsov, G. Ye. GroMm-Mramijlo, V. I. Roborovsky, P. K. Kozlov and V.A. Obruchev, made a great contribution to the shooting of Central Asia. During these expeditions, 95,73 km were completed (from them over 30,000 km accounted for by N. M. Przhevalsky), 363 astronomical points were determined and the heights of 3533 points were measured. The position of the main mountain ranges and river systems, as well as lake basins of Central Asia, was specified. All this largely contributed to the creation of a modern physical map of Central Asia.

The heyday of the expedition activity of the IRGO is accounted for by 1873-1914, when the Grand Duke Konstantin was standing at the head of the company, and P. P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky was the vice-chairman. During this period, expeditions to Central Asia were organized, and other districts of the country; Created two polar stations. From the mid-1880s. The company's expeditionary activities are increasingly specialized in individual sectors - glaciology, limbies, geophysics, biogeography, etc.

The great contribution of the IRGO has entered the terrain of the country. For the processing of leveling and making a plaster mall, a plaster component of the IRGO was created. In 1874, the IRGO conducted under the leadership of A. A. Tillah Aralo-Caspian Level: from Karatamak (on the North-West Bank of the Aral Sea) through Ustyurt to the Bay of the Dead Cuttuk of the Caspian Sea, and in 1875 and 1877. Siberian Levels: from the village of Zverinogolovskaya in the Orenburg region and to Baikal. The materials of the plaster component were used by A. A. Tillage to compile a "map of European Russia" on the scale of 60 miles in inches (1: 2,520,000), published by the Ministry of Railways in 1889. More than 50 thousand high-altitude stones were used to compile it. obtained as a result of levels. The map made a coup in ideas about the structure of the relief of this territory. It was presented in a new way to the orography of the European part of the country, not changed in the main features and to the present, the Central Russian and Volga hills were first depicted. In 1894, the forest department under the leadership of A. A. Tello with the participation of S. N. and was organized an expedition to study the origins of the main rivers of European Russia, which gave extensive material on relief and hydrography (in particular, on lakes).

The military topographic service conducted, with the active participation of the Imperial Russian Geographic Society, a large number of pioneering reconnaissance filming in the Far East, in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, during which many territories map were compiled, which were previously "white spots" on the map.

Mapping the territory in the XIX-early XX centuries.

Topographic geodesic work

In 1801-1804 "His His Majesty Depot Maps" has released the first state multi-sized (on 107 sheets) Map of scale 1: 840 000, which covered almost all European Russia and the name of the "Pillaby Card". The maintenance of its maintenance was mainly put, mainly the materials of the general intelligence.

In 1798-1804 The Russian general headquarters under the leadership of Major General F. F. Steinhel (Stteyingel) with a wide use of Swedish-Finnish topographer officers conducted a large-scale topographic survey of the so-called old Finland, that is, the areas attached to Russia on Nesteadt (1721) and the Aboskom (1743) peace. The shooting materials, preserved in the form of a handwritten four-volume atlas, were widely used in the preparation of various cards at the beginning of the XIX century.

After 1809, the topographic services of Russia and Finland were combined. At the same time, the Russian army received a ready-made educational institution on the preparation of professionals-topographers - a military school, founded in 1779 in the village of Gappanimia. On the basis of this school, March 16, 1812, the Gappanham Topographic Corps was established, which became the first special military topographic-geodesic educational institution in the Russian Empire.

In 1815, the rows of the Russian army were supplemented by the instruments-topographers of the general apartment of the Polish troops.

From 1819, topographic surveys started in Russia, 1:21,000, based on triangulation and carried out mainly with the help of Menzula. In 1844, they were replaced by shooting on a scale of 1:42,000.

On January 28, 1822, the corpus of military topographers was established at the main headquarters of the Russian Army and the Military Topographic Depot. State topographical mapping has become one of the main tasks of military topographers. The first director of the host of military topographers was appointed a wonderful Russian geodesist and cartographer F. F. Schubert.

In 1816-1852 In Russia, the largest triangulation works were held for that time, stretching at 25 ° 20 "in meridian (together with the Scandinavian triangulation).

Under the leadership of F. F. Schubert and K. I. Tenner began intensive instrumental and semi-drug (route) shooting, mainly in the Western and North-Western provinces of European Russia. According to these filming in the 20-30s. XIX century The semitographic (half-spoken) maps of provinces on the scale of 4-5 versts in inches were compiled and engraved.

The military topographic depot began in 1821 to compile the extremely necessary not only military, but also to all civilian agencies of the topographic topographic map of European Russia on the scale of 10 miles in inches (1: 420,000). Special tentels of European Russia is known in literature as a map of Schubert. Work on the creation of a card continued with interruptions until 1839. It was published on 59 sheets and three valves (or half lists).

The large amount of work was carried out by the hull of military topographers in different parts of the country. In 1826-1829. Detailed maps of 1: 210,000 Baku Province, Talysh Khanate, Karabakh province, Tiflis plan, etc. were compiled.

In 1828-1832 A shot and valahi was drawn, which became a sample of its time, as it was based on a sufficient number of astronomical points. All maps were reduced to Atlas 1:16,000. The total survey area reached 100 thousand square meters. Must.

From the 30s. Geodesic and air-friendly work began. Geodesic items conducted in 1836-1838. The triangulations became the basis for creating accurate topographic maps of Crimea. Geodetic networks developed in Smolensk, Moscow, Mogilev, Tver, Novgorod provinces and in other areas.

In 1833, the head of KW General F. F. Schubert organized an unprecedented chronometric expedition to the Baltic Sea. As a result of the expedition, the longitude of 18 points were identified, which, together with 22 points associated with them trigonometric, gave a reliable justification for the shocks of the coast and Proms of the Baltic Sea.

From 1857 to 1862 Under the guidance and on IRGO funds in the military-topographic depot, work was carried out on the compilation and publication on 12 sheets of the General Map of European Russia and the Caucasian Territory on the scale of 40 miles in inches (1: 1,680,000) with an explanatory note. According to the Council, V. Ya. Struve, the card for the first time in Russia was established in the Gaussian projections, and Pulkovsky was adopted for the initial meridian. In 1868, the card was published, and later she was repeatedly reprinted.

In subsequent years, there were 55 sheets of 55 sheets, twentieth and orographic Sorious Caucasian Cards.

The best cartographic works of the IRGO belongs to the composed of Ya. V. Khanykov "Map of the Aral Sea and Khiva Khanate with their surroundings" (1850). The map was published in French by the Paris geographic society and, according to A. Humboldt, awarded the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle of the 2nd degree.

Caucasian military topographic department under the leadership of General I. I. St Bnitsksky conducted reconnaissance in Central Asia on the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea.

In 1867, a cartographic establishment was opened at the military topographic department of the General Staff. Together with an open cartographic institution of A. A. Ilina open in 1859, they were direct predecessors of modern domestic cartographic factories.

Special place among the diverse products of the Caucasian WTO were raised maps. A large embossed card was completed in 1868, and in 1869 was exhibited at the Paris exhibition. This card is made for horizontal distances on a scale of 1: 420,000, and for vertical - 1:84,000.

Caucasian military topographic department under the leadership of I. I. Stbanitsky made up a 20-versatious map of the Customic Territory based on astronomer-geodesic and topographic work.

Work was performed in the topogeodesic preparation of the territories of the Far East. Thus, in 1860, the West Bank of the Japanese Sea determines the situation of eight points, and in 1863 in the Gulf of Peter the Great defined 22 points.

The expansion of the territory of the Russian Empire was reflected on many maps and in atlases issued at this time. This in particular is the "General Map of the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of the Polish and Grand Principality of Finland" from the Geographical Atlas of the Russian Empire, the Kinguchi of the Polish and Grand Principality of Finland "V. P. Pyyschev (St. Petersburg, 1834).

Since 1845, one of the main tasks of the Russian military topographic service becomes the creation of a military topographic map of Western Russia on the scale of 3 versts in inches. By 1863, 435 sheets of the military topographic map were published, and by 1917 - 517 sheets. On this map, the relief was transferred by strokes.

In 1848-1866 Under the direction of Lieutenant General A. I. Mende, shooting were held to create topographic flight cards and atlases and descriptions for all provinces of European Russia. During this period, work was performed on an area of \u200b\u200babout 345,000 square meters. Must. Tverskaya, Ryazan, Tambov and Vladimir Province were sangapographed on the scale of one versta in inches (1:42,000), Yaroslavskaya - two versts in inches (1:84,000), Simbirskaya and Nizhny Novgorod - Three versts in inches (1: 126,000) and Penza province - on the scale of eight miles in inches (1: 336,000). According to the results of the shooting, the IRGO published multicolored topographic aircraft atlas of the Tver and Ryazan province (1853-1860) on the scale of 2 versts in inches (1:84,000) and the Tver province map on the scale of 8 miles in inches (1: 336,000).

Shooting Mende had an undoubted impact on further improvement of the methodology of state mapping. In 1872, the military topographic department of the Main Staff was started to update the three-service card, which actually led to the creation of a new standard Russian topographic map of the scale of 2 versts in inches (1:84,000), which was the most important source of information about the locality used in Forces and folk economy up to the 30s. XX century A two-service military topographic map was published for the kingdom of Polish, the parts of the Crimea and the Caucasus, as well as the Baltic States and the districts around Moscow and. It was one of the first Russian topographic maps on which the relief was depicted by horizontals.

In 1869-1885 A detailed topographic shooting of Finland, which was the beginning of the creation of a state topographic map of the scale of one versta in an inches - the highest achievement of pre-revolutionary military topography in Russia. The simulation cards covered the territory of Poland, the Baltic States, Southern Finland, the Crimea, the Caucasus and part of the Southern Russia north of Novocherkassk.

By the 60th year. XIX century Special map of European Russia F. F. Schubert on the scale of 10 miles in inches is strongly outdated. In 1865, the editorial commission appointed a responsible executor of the draft compilation of a special map of European Russia and its editor of the Captain of the General Staff I. A. Strelbitsky, under the leadership of which the final work was carried out and all the guidance documents that determined the methods of drawing up, preparation for the publication and publication of the new cartographic Works. In 1872, the preparation of all 152 sheets of the card was completed. The tentelstka was reprinted repeatedly and partially complemented; In 1903, it consisted of 167 sheets. This card was widely used not only in the military, but also in scientific, practical and cultural purposes.

By the end of the century, the work of the host of military topographers on the creation of new maps to low-talled areas, including the Far East and Manchuria, continued. During this time, several reconnaissance detachments passed more than 12 thousand miles, performing route and eye shooting. According to their results, topographic maps were drawn up on the scale of 2, 3, 5, and 20 miles in inches.

In 1907, a special commission was established in the General Staff to develop a plan for future topogeodesic work in the European and Asian Russia chaired by the chief of the KW General N. D. Artamonov. The new triangulation of grade 1 was decided to develop according to a specific program proposed by General I. I. Pomerantsev. By the implementation of the KW program began in 1910 by 1914, the bulk of the work was performed.

By the beginning of World War II, a large amount of large-scale topographic filming was performed on the territory of Poland completely, in the south of Russia (the triangle Chisinau, Galatz, Odessa), in Petrograd and Vyborg provinces partially; on the top scale in Liminity, Petrograd, Minsk provinces, and in the Transcaucasia partially, on the northeast coast of the Black Sea and in the Crimea; In a double-scale scale - in the north-west of Russia, east of the sections of the selection of the semi-and vests.

The results of topographic filming of previous and pre-war years have made it possible to draw up and publish a large volume of topographic and special military maps: semi-serpent map of the Western Border Space (1:21,000); Metal map of the Western Border Space, Crimea and Transcaucasia (1:42,000); Military topographic two-service card (1:84,000), three-service card (1: 126,000) with relief, pronounced strokes; half-spoke 10-versical map of European Russia (1: 420,000); Military Road 25-Verstal Map of European Russia (1: 1,050,000); 40-Verstual Strategic Map (1: 1,680,000); Caucasus maps and neighboring foreign states.

In addition to the maps of the Military Topographic Department of the General Directorate of the General Staff (HugSh), the Maps of Turkestan, Central Asia and the adjacent states, Western Siberia, the Far East, as well as the Maps of All Asian Russia, prepared.

The housing of military topographers for 96 years of its existence (1822-1918) performed a huge amount of astronomer-geodesic and cartographic work: the geodesic items were determined - 63,736; astronomical points (by latitude and longitude) - 3900; 46 thousand km of leveling strokes were laid; Made instrumental topographic surveys on a survey basis on a different scale on an area of \u200b\u200b7,425,13,29 km2, and semi-tooths and eyeers - on the area of \u200b\u200b506 247 km2. In 1917, 6739 nomenclatures of cards of different scales were on the supply of the Russian army.

In general, by 1917, a huge field filming was obtained, a number of wonderful cartographic works were created, but the topographic shooting of the territory of Russia was uneven, a significant part of the territory remained unexplored in topographic terms.

Research and mapping of seas and oceans

Significant were Russia's achievements in the study and world ocean. One of the important incentives of these studies in the XIX century, as before, served the need to ensure the functioning of Russian overseas possessions in Alaska. For the supply of these colonies, round-the-world expeditions were regularly equipped, which, starting from the first navigation in 1803-1806. On the ships "Hope" and "Neva" under the leadership and Yu. V. Lysyansky, many wonderful geographical discoveries have made and significantly increased the map study of the World Ocean.

In addition to the hydrographic work carried out almost annually off the coast of Russian America, officers of the Russian Navy, participants in the world expeditions, serving a Russian-American company, among which there were such brilliant hydrographs and scientists as F. P. Vrangel, A. K. Etolin and M D.D. Tebenkov, continuously replenished the knowledge of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and improved the navigation maps of these regions. The contribution of MD Tebenkova, who compiled the detailed "Atlas of North Morapadian coast of America from to Cape Corrientes and Aleutian Islands with the addition of some places of the North General Shore of Asia," published by the St. Petersburg Maritime Academy in 1852

In parallel with the study of the northern part of the Pacific, Russian hydrographs actively investigated the coast of the Northern Ocean, thus contributing to the final design of geographical ideas about the polar regions of Eurasia and laying the foundations of the subsequent development of the Northern Sea Route. So, most of the coast and the islands of the Barents and the Kara Sea were described and sangapographed in the 20-30s. XIX century Expeditions F. P. Litka, P. K. Pakhtusov, K. M. Bair and A. K. Tsivolki, who laid the foundations of the physico-geographical study of these seas and the archipelago New Earth. To solve the problem of the development of transport links of European Pomerania with, expeditions were equipped for the hydrographic inventory of the coast from the nose canine to the mouth of the Obi River, the most effective of which were Pechora Expedition I. N. Ivanova (1824) and Opve I. N. Ivanova and I. A. Geese (1826-1828). Maps compiled by them had a solid astronomer-geodesic rationale. Studies of sea coasts and islands in the north of Siberia at the beginning of the XIX century. They were largely stimulated by the discoveries of Russian arelands in the Novosibirsk archipelago, as well as the search for mysterious northern land ("Land Sannikov"), the islands of the north of the mouth of Kolyma ("Land Andreeva") and others. In 1808-1810. During the expedition under the leadership of M. M. Gedenshtroma and P. Pshetitsyn, who examined the island of New Siberia, Faddeevsky, Boiler and the shed between the latter, was first created a map of the Novosibirsk archipelago as a whole, as well as mainland sea coasts between the mouths of the Yana rivers and Kolyma. For the first time a detailed geographical description of the islands was performed. In the 20s On the same areas were equipped with Yanskaya (1820-1824) under the leadership of P. F. Anju and Kolyma (1821-1824) - under the leadership of F. P. Wrangel - expeditions. These expeditions were performed on an extended scale of the program of work of the Expedition M. M. Gedenshtrom. They had to shoot shores from the Lena River to Bering Strait. The main merit of the expedition was to compile a more accurate card of the entire mainland coast of the Arctic Ocean from the River Oleon to the Kolyucian lip, as well as the Maps of the Novosibirsk, Lyakhov and Bear Islands. In the eastern part of the Wrangel card, it was marked according to the local residents, the island with the inscription "Mountains are seen from the cape of Yakan in the summer." This island also depicted on maps in Atlasa I. F. Kruzenshtern (1826) and G. A. Sarycheva (1826). In 1867, he was opened by the American navigator T. Long and to commemorate the merit of a wonderful Russian polar researcher named Wrangel. The results of the expeditions P. F. Anju and F. P. Vrangel were summarized in 26 handwritten cards and plans, as well as in scientific reports and works.

Not only scientific, but also huge geopolitical importance for Russia had held in the middle of the XIX century. G. I. Nevelsky and his followers intensive maritime expeditionary studies in Okhotsk and. Although the island position of Sakhalin was known to Russian cartographs from the very beginning of the XVIII century, which was reflected in their works, however, the problem of accessibility of the Amur's mouth for maritime courts from the South and the North was finally decided only by G. I. Nevelsky. This discovery changed with a decisive way changed the attitude of the Russian authorities to Amuria and Primorye, showing the enormous potential capabilities of these richest areas provided, as the studies of G. I. Nevelsky proved, through water communications leading to the Pacific Ocean. These studies themselves were carried out by travelers sometimes at their own fear and risk in confrontation with official government circles. Wonderful expeditions G. I. Nevelsky prepared the ground to return Russia to the Amur region under the conditions of the Aigong Treaty with China (signed on May 28, 1858) and accession to the Empire of Primorye (under the conditions of the Beijing Treatise between Russia and China, Prisoner 2 (14), 1860 .). The results of geographic research on Amur and Primorye, as well as changes in the borders in the Far East, in accordance with Russia's treaties with China, were mapped to compiled and published as soon as possible the maps of the Amur region and Primorye.

Russian hydrographs in the XIX century. continued active work on the European seas. After the joining of Crimea (1783) and the creation on the Black Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Russian Navy, detailed hydrographic shooting of the Azov and Black Seas began. Already in 1799, navigation atlas I.N. was compiled. Billings on the northern coast, in 1807 - Atlas I. M. Budishcheva to the western part of the Black Sea, and in 1817 - "General Map of the Black and Azov Sea". In 1825-1836 Under the leadership of E. P. Manganari on the basis of the triangulation, the topographic survey of the entire Northern and West Sea was carried out, which made it possible to publish in 1841. "Atlas of the Black Sea".

In the XIX century The enhanced study of the Caspian Sea continued. In 1826, according to the materials of the detailed hydrographic work of 1809-1817, the Admiralty-Board Additional Affairs under the leadership of A. E. Kolodkin was published "Complete Atlas of the Caspian Sea", which satisfying the requirements of shipping of that time.

In the following years, Atlas's cards were specified by the expeditions of G. Basargin (1823-1825) on the west coast, N. N. Muravyeva-Kara (1819-1821), G. S. Karelina (1832, 1834, 1836) and others. - On the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. In 1847, I. I. Zherebtsov was described by the bay. In 1856, a new hydrographic expedition under the leadership of N.A. was sent to the Caspian Sea. Ivashinzova, which for 15 years held a systematic survey and description, composing several plans and 26 cards that covered almost entirely the coast of the Caspian Sea.

In the XIX century Intensive work continued to improve the maps of the Baltic and White Seas. The outstanding achievement of Russian hydrography was compiled by G. A. Sarychev "Atlas of the entire Baltic Sea ..." (1812). In 1834-1854 Based on the materials of the chronometric expedition, F. F. Schubert was drawn up and maps were drawn up on the entire Russian coast of the Baltic Sea.

Significant changes in the map of the White Sea and the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula were made by hydrographic works F. P. Litke (1821-1824) and M. F. Rainek (1826-1833). According to the materials of the expedition, Rainek in 1833 was published "Atlas of the White Sea ...", whose maps were used for the navigators until the beginning of the 20th century, and the "Hydrographic description of the Northern Coast of Russia", which completed this atlas, can be considered as a sample of the geographical description of coasts. The Imperial Academy of Sciences honored this work M. F. Reineek in 1851 the complete Demidov Prize.

Thematic mapping

Active development of basic (topographic and hydrographic) cartography in the XIX century. Created the basis necessary for the formation of special (thematic) mapping. Its intensive development refers to the XIX-early XX centuries.

In 1832, a hydrographic Atlas of the Russian Empire was issued to the main management of the routes of communication. It includes general maps of 20 and 10 miles in inches, detailed map of the scale of 2 versts in inches and plans on a scale of 100 inch in inches and larger. Hundreds of plans and maps that contributed to an increase in the cartographic study of the territories along the routes of the respective roads.

Significant cartographic works in the XIX-early XX centuries. The Ministry of Public Protection formed in 1837, in which in 1838 the Civil Topographer's Corps was established, which carries out the mapping of poorly studied and unexplored land.

An important achievement of domestic cartography was published in 1905 (2nd Edition, 1909) "Big World Wall-Top Atlas Marx", which contained over 200 cards and a pointer of 130 thousand geographical names.

Nature mapping

Geological mapping

In the XIX century Intensive cartographic study of the mineral resources of Russia and their operation continued, special geological (geological) mapping is developed. At the beginning of the XIX century. A lot of mountain districts were created, plans of factories, salt and oil crafts, gold deposits, mantomolomen, mineral springs. Especially in detail is reflected in the maps History of intelligence and development of minerals in the Altai and Nerchinsky mountainous districts.

Numerous mining deposit cards were compiled, plans of land and forest possessions, factories, mines and mines. As an example of a collection of valuable handwritten geological cards, the Atlas of Salt Fishes, compiled in the Mountain Department, can be called "Mountain Department. The compilation cards relate mainly to the 20-30th. XIX century Many of the cards of this satin are much wider in content than ordinary maps of hydrochlorians, and are, in fact, early samples of geological (petrographic) cards. Thus, among the cards of Vanovica, 1825 there is a petrographic map of the Belostok region, Grodno and part of the Vilen province. The rich geological content also has a "Map of Pskov and part of the Novgorod province: with the testimony of hillock and salt sources opened in 1824 ..."

An extremely rare sample of an early card is a "topographic map of the Crimea Peninsula ..." with the designation of the depth and quality of water in the villages, compiled by A. N. Kozlovsky in 1842. On a cartographic basis, 1817. In addition, on the map shows information about areas of territories, Having a different security of water, as well as a table of the number of villages on the villages in need of watering.

In 1840-1843 English Geologist R. I. Murchison together with A. A. Kayzerling and N. I. Koksharov conducted research, which for the first time gave the scientific picture of the geological structure of European Russia.

In the 50s. XIX century The first geological maps are beginning to be published in Russia. One of the earliest - "Geogenic Map of St. Petersburg province" (S. S. Kufortga, 1852). The results of intensive geological research found an expression in the "Geological Map of European Russia", (A. P. Karpinsky, 1893).

The main task of the Geological Committee was the creation of a 10-versical (1: 420,000) geological map of European Russia, and therefore the systematic study of the relief and the geological structure of the territory in which such prominent geologists, like I. V. Muskketov, A. P. Pavlov et al. By 1917, only 20 sheets of this map were published from those planned 170. Since the 1870s. Geological mapping began some areas of Asian Russia.

In 1895, the "Atlas of Earth Magnetism" was published, compiled by A. A. Tillan.

Forest mapping

One of the earliest handwritten maps of forests is "a map for reviewing the state of forests and forest industry in [European] Russia", compiled in 1840-1841, as established, M. A. Tsvetkov. The Ministry of Public Protection was carried out major work on mapping government forests, forest industry and forest consuming industries, as well as to improve forest accounting and forest cartography. Materials for it were collected by requests through local government departments, as well as other departments. In the final form in 1842 two cards were drawn up; The first of them is a forest map, the other was one of the early samples of soil-climatic cards, on which climatic bands and dominant soils were identified in European Russia. Soil-climatic card has not yet been detected.

Works on the preparation of the Forest Map of European Russia revealed the unsatisfactory condition of the device and mapping and prompted the scientist committee of the Ministry of Public Protection to create a special commission to improve forest mapping and forest accounting. As a result of the work of this commission, detailed instructions and symbols were created for the preparation of forest plans and maps approved by King Nikolai I. Special attention to the Ministry of Public Protection paid the organization of work on the study and mapping of government lands in Siberia, which acquired a particularly wide range after the cancellation of serfdom In Russia in 1861, one of the consequences was the intensive development of the migrating movement.

Soil mapping

In 1838, a systematic study of soils began in Russia. Most handwritten soil cards were compiled mainly on questioned information. A prominent economic and geographer and a climatologist Academician K. S. Veselovsky in 1855 amounted to and published the first consolidated "soil map of European Russia", which shows eight types of soil: black soil, clay, sand, loam and sproughs, calories, tundra , swamps. The works of K. S. Veselovsky on climatology and soils of Russia were the starting point for labor on the soil cartography of the famous Russian geographer and Soilist V. V. Dokuchaev, who proposed for soils, a truly scientific classification, based on the genetic principle, and introduced their integrated study, taking into account factors Soil formation. His book "Cartography of Russian Soils", published by the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry in 1879 as an explanatory text to the "Soil Map of European Russia", laid the foundations of modern soil science and soil cartography. Since 1882, V. V. Dokuchaev and his followers (N. M. Sibirstev, K. D. Glinka, S. S. Neztruev, L. I. Prasolov, etc.) held soil, and actually complex physical and geographical research in more than 20 provinces. One of the results of these works was the soil maps of the provinces (on a 10-vest scale) and more detailed maps of individual counties. Under the leadership of V. V. Dokuchaeva N. M. Sibirtsev, G. I. Tonfolov, and A. R. Ferchain was drawn up in 1901. "Soil map of European Russia" was published 1: 2,520,000.

Socio-economic mapping

Faculty mapping

The development of capitalism in industry and agriculture caused the need for a deeper study of the national economy. To this end, in the middle of the XIX century. Review economic cards and atlases begin to be published. The first economic cards of individual provinces (St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yaroslavl, etc.) are created. The first economic card published in Russia was "a map of the industry of European Russia with the testimony of factories, factories and fields, administrative places on the manufactory part, the main fairs, water and land messages, ports, lighthouses, customs, the most important marins, quarantines, etc. 1842 .

A significant cartographic work is the "economic statistical atlas of European Russia from 16 cards", compiled and published in 1851 by the Ministry of State Protection, withstood four editions - 1851, 1852, 1857 and 1869. It was the first economic atlas in our country dedicated to agriculture. He included the first thematic maps (soil, climatic, agricultural). In the atlas and his textual part, an attempt was made to summarize the main features and directions of the development of agriculture of Russia 50s. XIX century

Undoubted interest is a handwritten "Statistical Atlas", compiled in the Ministry of Internal Affairs under the leadership of N. A. Milyutin in 1850 atlas consists of 35 maps and cartograms reflecting a wide variety of socio-economic parameters. It seems to be prepared in parallel with the "economic-statistical atlas" of 1851 and gives many new information compared to it.

The major achievement of domestic cartography was the publication in 1872. Compiled in the Central Statistical Committee "Maps of the most important industries of the European Russia" (about 1: 2,500,000). The publication of this work was facilitated by the improvement of the organization of statistical affairs in Russia, related to the formation of the Central Statistical Committee, headed by the famous Russian geographer, Vice-Chairman of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society P. P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky. Materials collected in the eight years of the existence of the Central Statistical Committee, as well as various sources of other departments made it possible to create a map, a multifaceted and reliably characterizing the economy of the Foreform Russia. The map was an excellent reference manual and a valuable material for scientific research. Distinguishing the completeness of the content, expressiveness and originality of mapping methods, it is a wonderful monument of the history of Russian cartography and a historical source that did not lose its value up to the present.

The first capital atlas of the industry became the "statistical atlas of the main industries of the factory-factory industry of European Russia" D. A. Timiryazeva (1869-1873). At the same time, the maps of the mining industry (Urals, the Nerchinsky District, etc.) were published, the placement maps of the sugar industry, agriculture, etc., transport and economic card durability of cargo traffic on railroad and waterways.

One of the best works of Russian socio-economic cartography began XX century. It is the "Commerce and Industrial Map of European Russia" V. P. Semenova-Tyan-Shanskaya scale 1: 1,680,000 (1911). This map presented the synthesis of the economic characteristics of the set of centers and districts.

It should be stopped on one outstanding cartographic work created by the Department of Agriculture of the Main Department of Agriculture and Land Management before the First World War. This is the album-atlas "Agricultural fishing in Russia" (1914), representing a set of statistical maps of rural. This album is interesting as the experience of a kind of "cartographic propaganda" of the potential opportunities of the agricultural economy in Russia to attract new investments from abroad.

Mapping of the population

P. I. Keppen organized a systematic collection of statistics on the number, and the ethnographic features of the population of Russia. The result of the works of P. I. Keppen was the "ethnographic map of European Russia" on the scale of 75 versts in inches (1: 3,50,000), withstood three publications (1851, 1853 and 1855). In 1875, a new large ethnographic map of European Russia on a scale of 60 miles in Inch was published (1: 2,520,000), compiled by the famous Russian ethnographer, Lieutenant General A. F. Rittich. At the Paris International Geographic Exhibition, the map received a medal of the 1st class. Ethnographic maps of the Caucasian region of scale 1: 1,080 000 (A. F. Rittych, 1875), Asian Russia (M. I. Veniukov), the kingdom of Polish (1871), Transcaucasia (1895), etc.

Among other thematic cartographic works should be called the first map of European Russia, compiled by N. A. Milyutin (1851), "General Card of the entire Russian Empire with Meaning the degree of population" A. Rakinta scale 1:21 000 000 (1866), which included Alaska.

Complex research and mapping

In 1850-1853 The police department released atlases of St. Petersburg (compiler N.I. Tsylov) and Moscow (compiler A. Khothev).

In 1897, the student of V. V. Dokuchaeva G. I. Tonfolov published a zoning of European Russia, which was first called physico-geographical. In the Twef Filsta scheme, zonality clearly reflected, as well as some significant intrazal differences in natural conditions.

In 1899, the world's first National Atlas of Finland, which was part of the Russian Empire, but had the status of the Autonomous Grand Principality of Finland. In 1910, the second edition of this atlas appeared.

The highest achievement of pre-revolutionary thematic cartography was the capital "Atlas of Asian Russia", published in 1914 by the migration management, with an application of extensive and richly illustrated text in three volumes. The atlas reflects the economic situation and the conditions of agricultural development of the territory for the needs of the migration management. It is interesting to note that this publication first included a thorough review of the history of mapping of Asian Russia, written by a young naval officer, subsequently a famous historian of Martiography L. S. Bagrov. The content of the cards and the accompanying text of the Atlas reflects the results of large labor of various organizations and individual Russian scientists. The atlas for the first time is given an extensive set of economic maps in Asian Russia. Its central partition is mapped on which the backgrounds of different color shows the overall pattern of land tenure and land use, which displays the results of the ten-year activities of the reimportant to arrange archers.

A special card is placed on the distribution of the population of Asiatic Russia for religion. Cities are devoted to three cards, on which their humanity, budget growth and debt are displayed. On the cartographers in agriculture, the proprietary weight in the field of different cultures and the relative number of basic types of livestock is shown. On a separate map, mineral deposits are marked. Special atlas maps are devoted to the ways of communication, postal institutions and telegraph lines that have, of course, are extremely unclosed Asian Russia.

So, by the beginning of World War II, Russia has come by cartography, which ensured the demands of the defense, the national economy, the science and education of the country, at the level that the Great Eurasian state of his time that was responsible for its role. The Russian Empire, by the beginning of the First World War, possessed vast territories displayed, in particular on the general map of the state, published by the cartographic institution A. A. Ilina in 1915