Stages of psychosexual development in Freud. What is important to know the parents! Freud's contribution to psychology development

Many have heard about the mysterious theories of Sigmund Freud, based on sexual experiences, but what represents at least one of them? Why did the scientist built them exactly, and not otherwise? What does the term "latent stage" mean and what is its meaning?

To understand this, it is necessary to get acquainted with the full material of psychoanalysis and consider detail each of the phases of development.

In addition to the latent stage in Freud, there is another similar term that applies to one of the stages of HIV disease, the theme of which will also be covered at the end of this article, as it is very important for the future of each of us.

Freud's theory

Undoubtedly, parents most importantly affect the further life and development of their child. And many of them try to see the world around the world through their children. What is quite reasonable, as it helps in installing a clear contact with your own chad, and eliminates many problems in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to independently understand the mechanisms of mental development of the person. And it should be especially worth paying attention to such a simple at first glance of the stage of psychosexual development as the latent period. After all, it is during it that the ego and super ego develops.

Stages of psychosexual development

The once great scientist Sigmund Freud was put forward to a very original theory of the development of the psyche in children, which is relevant to this day, so parents just need to familiarize themselves with it.

According to the theory of scientist, the basis of mental development is sexuality. But in order to turn into the one that arises in our understanding, it takes place not one step.

Prior to the onset of the genital phase of development, the objects of experiencing the child are not at all the "mysterious places" of the human body, but completely different parts of it.

The stage of psychosexual development on Freud look like this:

Oral stage - (0-1, 5 years).
Anal stage - (1.5-3 years).
Phallic stage - (3-7 years).
Latent stage - (7-13 years).
Genital stage - (13-18 years).

Each of them directly affects the formation of a particular personality character. From a prosperous or unsuccessful flow of each depends on how it will manifest itself in adulthood. Therefore, in any phase of the formation of a person, a particularly latent stage of the sexual development of a person, the main role is played by the parents behave in relation to the child. When a failure occurs in the passage of a certain stage, the development can "stall", speaking by scientific language - to dwell on this phase of injury.

The looping on one of the stages of development is fraught with the fact that, being an adult, a person remembers the mental injury obtained in this or that period at the unconscious level, and it does not matter whether it was in anal or latent stage. Freud for each period found his explanations.

At the time of the loss of self-control, in a stressful situation, a person seems to be the defenseless little child who was at the time of receipt of emotional shock. And, undoubtedly, the looping on any of these stages of development will manifest itself in adulthood, because injuries received in childhood, this is essentially unresolved problems in relations - the parent is a child.

Oral stage

This phase of mental development received this name because the priority body of the baby's feelings is the mouth. With it, he not only gets food, but also studies the world around him, while getting many new sensations. And this is the first stage in the way of development of sexuality. The child considers himself and mother in one whole, and a robust connection that began during pregnancy lasts during this period. Maternal breast for him is to continue it.

The period can be described as a state of autameroticism, since sexual energy is sent inside. Feeding from the warm mother "Sisi", the child is not only saturated, while having enjoyed pleasure, but also has peace and protection.

Therefore, breastfeeding throughout the entire phase of development is so important to preserve, especially since during this period there is nothing more priority for the Karapuza than a close communication with a mom, which should be sought with every second, spent with a crumb, because in the fourth (latent) stage it will be This is very missing.

But unfortunately, for various reasons, many kids do not get breast milk, and moms are forced to feed them with artificial nutrition. In this case, it is very important to take crumb into the hands, at the time of meals, so that he felt the mother's warmth, since tactile contact becomes especially important.

How to avoid injury at this stage?

The kids of this age are anxious, if the mother disappears from the field of view, they do not want to sleep alone, they cry loudly and require them to be taken on the handles. You should not refuse them in this, because in this case it is not manifestation of capriciousness, but the desire to gain confidence in both the domestic and in the outside world. The rigor at this stage of development can only harm the baby, and, according to Freud, there are two extreme types of mom's behavior:

Excessive severity and, as a result, ignoring the emotional needs of the child.
Excessive guardianship, which manifests itself in premature, anyone desire for Karapus.

And the one and the other model of maternal behavior leads to the development of an oral-passive type of personality, which prevails a sense of insecurity and infantality. Becoming an adult, this person will all the time will be waiting for those who surround the same relationship, as from the mother, and will require constant assistance and praise to its address. It is usually overly trusting and infantile, which can be bad already in the IV Latent Stage.

Therefore, if you want to raise a decisive and confident man, then:

firstly, do not spare your caress for the baby when he calls you cry;
secondly - do not be afraid to breastfeed it longer than is accepted in the masses;
thirdly - do not be afraid to put the crumb into my bed.

All of the above only strengthens the trust of a tiny little man to the outside world and mother with dad, so do not listen to the "experienced" grandmothers.

Part II.

With the onset of the second half of the first year of life, the oral-sadistic phase of mental development begins, which is directly related to the teething of the teeth. From this point on, along with the sucking of the chest, there is often a bite that offended crumb can respond to a long lack of mom or for too slow satisfaction of its needs.

A person, loaranteed at this stage, often grows by a sarcastic cynic and a debate, for whom the only goal is the power over people and the use of them for their own mercenary purposes. Such a child can negatively express itself against other children, while in the latent stage of human development, after which the conflicts of this age can affect the entire future life.

The sharp and untimely excretion of the child from the chest and the use of nipples and pacifiers is fraught with fuses on the oral phase of development. As a result, there are such bad habits in the future, like bitten lips, nails and various items falling into hand (pen, pencil, match, etc.); love for a chewing; smoking; Cattle, as well as the "Lack" habit of stress, which, of course, contributes to the extra weight gain.

These people are often inclined to depression, they constantly lack some special meaning of life.

Anal stage

It comes at the age of about aven a half years and lasts up to three. It is called so because parents, and the child himself, during this period, pay special attention to him, because at this age it is time to teach a person to a pot.

Based on the Theory of Freud, the baby receives true relief and pleasure during the "exit of waste of the body's livelihoods", and especially from what begins to control this process itself. It is now that the child begins to comprehend its own actions, and the teaching to the pot is the most important element in the knowledge of new skills and abilities.

It is important for parents to understand that the interest of the kid to his own feces is quite normal, because he still does not know the feelings of disgust and squeamishness. But it perfectly understands that his feces belong only to him, and he himself decides what to do with them. I hear praise from parents for going to a pot, Kroch sincerely considers his feces with a gift to mom and dad, for this reason, and further considers it necessary to do the same, bringing them new "surprises." Therefore, it becomes a pleasant procedure to smear the products of its livelihoods.

Freud emphasizes how precisely parents usually carry out the procedure. If the shot of the pot on the pot begins untimely (the most optimal age for this is 2-3 years old, since the controlled muscles of the anal sphincter are finally formed,) or parents are too strictly compliance with the rules, new for it - shout, ashamed and punished for unwillingness to go to the toilet. - The kid has one of these types of behavior:

Anal-ejector - the installation is formed that the love of parents can be obtained, only successfully converging into a pot.
Anal-retention - the reaction of the mother and the dad can affect the opposite, and the crumble in protest simply refuses to deteriorate. As a result, constipation arises.

For people of the first type, such features like destructiveness, impulsiveness, restless behavior are characteristic. For them, spending money is the main manifestation of love.

The second-type people characterize such features as leaning, punctuality, perseverance, stubbornness, greed and misfortune. These are real pedants, pathologically afraid of the slightest pollution. And at the age of latent stage (7-13 years), these features can be assessed by very positive school teachers.

But a completely different personality can be brought up if you correctly approach this issue. The main thing is not to forget to praise the baby for successes and not scolding too strictly for failure. Then the little man will feel support and understanding from close and gradually learned self-control, thereby increasing his self-esteem. Becoming an adult, he will be generous and generous, and make gifts to their relatives will be a real pleasure for him.

It is the opinion that the correct behavior of parents is the key to the development of creative abilities. But despite the successful course of this stage, there is a feeling of some dissonance, since for a child of feces - a gift to mom, but she, in turn, seeks to throw them as soon as possible. This conflict in understanding gives anal phase of development is very dramatic.

Phallic stage

It comes when the child reaches a three-year-old age, because its own genitals begin to be interested. At that moment he first find out that the boy and the girl are somewhat different from each other. And it is then that first sounds the question: "Mom, and how did I appear?", To which parents often give a response incompatible with reality.

Parents should not be inadequately reacting both to such questions and on the game of Karapuz with their own "human resources", believing that their child is a future pervert. This is a completely natural stage of development to which patiently should be considered and with understanding. Intimidation, strict prohibitions and bounce words will not lead to anything good, but, on the contrary, will cause the child to do it secretly, simply becoming a neurotic. In the future, this is fraught with a complete abandonment of sex life in favor of onanism.

Many psychologists have been allocated to the three-year age, which is called Critical, and Freud is among their number, because, in his opinion, during this period, every child is experiencing the Complex Complex (Girl - the Elektral Complex), after which the stage of psychosexual development comes - the latent period .

For a boy, this is characterized by an unconscious sexual deposit to the mother, the desire to fully own her attention and take the place of his father. At this age, the mother becomes the ideal for him, and the presence of his father causes the thirst for rivalry and envy.

Often, you can hear from the child such a phrase: "Mom, come out better married me!", And it says it all. But the feeling of daddy superiority causes him a fear of being punished by castration, so he refuses the desire to take possession of her mother. At the age of seven years, the child comes when he wants to do everything as a father and look like him, so the spirit of rivalry is replaced by imitation. "Once Mom loves dad, it means that I should become the same strong and brave!" - Kroch thinks adopting all the features of his father's behavior, which creates the basis for the development of the super ego. And this is the last stage of the EDIPOV complex.

For the girl, this complex takes place with some differences. The first love of her father becomes, as for the boy is a mother.

In Freud's theory, it is mentioned that, being in childhood, women begin to envy the presence of a penis in men, which is power and power. Based on this, the girl blames the mother in that she gave birth to her defective, and unconsciously seeks to take possession of his father, because in her understanding Mom loves him for this "element of power."

The outcome of the Elektra complex is completed by analogy with the Oedipal Complex. The daughter cope with the deposit to his father, starting to imitate her mother. The more she will correspond to her, the more chances of ever find a man resembling a father.

According to Freud's theory, injuries in this period are often becoming the key to the development of impotence, frigidity and nervousness in adulthood. People looked at the phallic stage of mental development, special attention is paid to their body, everywhere demonstrating him to others. Dress up pretty catchy and extravagant. Machine individuals are often arrogant and self-confident. Victory on the love front for them - the basis of everything! They constantly prove to everyone around their men's consistency, but a little boy is sits deep inside each of them, shaking his "dignity" from fear. And the latent stage as follows the phase phase corresponds to the personality period in society.

For women, the electra is characterized by sexual licenses and the constant desire to attract as many men as possible.

Latent Stage

At the age of seven to thirteen years, interest in erotic theme is temporarily dulled, and the libido energy goes to active socialization. The complex stage of the Edipova conflict is successfully resolved, and the long-awaited equilibrium is finally established.

The latent stage in the development of the child is a manifestation of paramount attention to the social side of life. During this period, he establishes friendly connections with other children, actively mastering the school curriculum, is fond of sports and other types of leisure. The personality structure for the type "Ego" and "Super Ego" is formed.

After coming to this world, all the existence of a child depends on one primary personality component, which Freud assigned the name "it" (ID). This component is our unconscious instincts and needs that directly depend on getting pleasure. When the desire to acquire the desired does not correspond to reality, the conflict arises and the element "it" develops into "I" (EGO).

The ego is our consciousness, an idea of \u200b\u200bherself, which directly depends on reality. And when the surrounding society requires a child to comply with generally accepted norms of behavior, the third element of the individual arises - "Ex-I" (Super-EGO).

Super-ego is our conscience, that is, the inner judge, strictly estimating all our actions. By the time of the onset of the latent stage, all three elements of personality were successfully formed, and during the passage of this phase of mental development, preparations for the latter, genital stage continues. But if, during the development of the super-ego, parents impose strict prohibitions and limit the child's freedom, he begins to worry all this too emotionally, incorrectly interpreting such a behavior of the elders. But in the development of its ego, such qualities are manifested as independence from someone else's opinion, perseverance and purposefulness.

Contrary to the opinion of the majority that in the latent stage of the sexual development of a person comes "Full County" and inaction, this is far from the wrong. Such important qualities are developing as adaptation to reality and self-esteem.

The pastime with children of the same age brings a teenager greater joy than communicating with relatives. He learns to behave in the company of peers, and in disputes there is increasingly a way to make a compromise. In school, the child learns obedience and executiveness, often even competing in this with others.

When the latent stage replaces the phallic phase, the super ego becomes no longer so harsh to the outside world, as was originally, but more tolerant.

At the time of puberty in the body of the teenager, physical changes occur on a hormonal background. It is at this moment that the latent stage and the genital stage flow one to another. It continues on average until 18 years. It becomes the basis of the sexuality of an adult person and accompanies him all his life. However, the latent latent phase can permanently leave the priority of friends, and not a soul mate, and then a person late creates a family.

All sexual attractions and erogenous zones that manifested in the pregenital phases merge into one common sexual desire. Now the rising child is fully prepared for intimate intimacy, which is not so easy to achieve. That is why, during the passage of this development phase, all the "loaning" of the child in the preceding stages can take themselves. A teenager as if "rolled back" back to earlier age. And there may be a latent stage of the conflict of the super ego with reality.

If you believe Freud, then all people in adolescence pass through the homosexual phase, which is not always noticeable even to the adolescent herself, and often manifests itself in the fact that he is more likely to spend time in communicating with his fellow comrades.

In order to brilliantly go through the genital stage of development, it is necessary to show decisiveness and independence in their own actions, be able to respond to them and stop being a infantile boy, in case of danger of disrupting under her mother skirt. Only in this case, the personality is successfully formed in the perfect - genital type of personality.

And finally about Freud's theory

Any doctrine of psychoanalysis, almost always considers the prosperous passage of all stages only with a rare exception to the rules. In each of them there are fears and conflicts, and despite the desire of parents, do not injure the children's psyche, it is not possible to obtain injuries to almost anyone. Therefore, it is safe to say that every person is looked at one of the above mental stages.

But it is safe to say that the knowledge of all these features of the formation of a person noticeably reduces the risk of many mental injuries on the path of development stages and contributes to the proper upbringing of the child from parents. Now, the question of what latent stage in Freuda can be considered closed.

Punishment for erratic sex and unprotected sex

Then we will talk about such a terrible disease as HIV infection, because a matured child is required to warn about the possible danger that sees those who have neglected "safe" sex. And before you explain to the child, why do you need contraception, you need to briefly familiarize yourself with the topic.

HIV Disease Stages (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

Incubation stage. It begins at the time of infection, and lasts before clinical manifestations of symptoms of acute infection, and is accompanied by the production of antibodies, so the diagnosis is carried out by putting blood. The period lasts an average of 3 to 12 weeks, in individual cases can delay up to 12 months.
Stage of initial manifestations. It has several pronounced forms of the disease.
The latent stage of the disease is continuing each person individually, since the current depends on many factors. In some cases, variations from 2 to 20 years are possible. But mostly the duration of the latent stage - 5-6 years, and this period coincides with the decrease in CD + T-lymphocytes.
Stage of concomitant diseases. Due to the increasingly developing immunodeficiency to HIV, all sorts of (opportunistic) "sores" are joined, which only aggravate the course of the underlying disease. This stage has three phases: 4 A, 4 B, 4 V. and the course of the disease becomes worse than in the description of the latent stage.
AIDS (terminal stage). The secondary diseases present in the human body are transmitted to the incurable phase, and no antiviral treatment methods have due validity. And the person who confesses not one month in this stage in the end dies from a banal cold or cut during shaving.

But lately, patients with HIV infection in the latent stage appeared some chances of recovery, as the drug developed by scientists was approved in America, and in Europe there is already a special treatment consisting of three stages.

Freud allocated the following stages of psychosexual development:
Oral stage - from birth to one and a half years;
Anal stage - from one and a half to three years;
phallic stage - from three to 6-7 years;
Latent Stage - from 6 to 12-13 years;
The genital stage - from the beginning of the puberty period for about 18 years.

Oral stage: Named because the main body of the kid's senses during this period is the mouth. It is with the help of the mouth that he not only feeds, but also knows the world around, is experiencing a lot of pleasant sensations. This is the initial stage of development of sexuality. The baby is not yet able to separate himself from Mom. A symbiotic relationship that existed throughout the pregnancy continues and now. The kid perceives himself and mom as a whole, and the motherboard - as a continuation of himself. During this period, the child is in the state of autoerotic, when sexual energy is directed to himself. Maternal breast brings a baby not only pleasure and pleasure, but also a sense of security, confidence and security.
It is important to find a subtle face in the child's raising. If there is a gapperopec or excessive markerity of the mother, then in the future the child may have an oral-passive type of personality.

Both of these behaviors lead to the formation of a child oral-passive type of personality. As a result, a sense of dependence appears, insecurity. In the future, such a person will constantly expect from the surrounding "maternal" relationship, to experience the need for approval, support. The man of oral-passive type is often very trusting, dependent.

Readiness to respond to crying baby, prolonged breastfeeding, tactile contact, joint sleep, on the contrary, contribute to the formation of such qualities as self-confidence, determination.

In the second half of the first year of life, the oral-sadistic stage of development comes. It is connected with the appearance of the child's teeth. Now the bite is added to sucking, the aggressive nature of the action, which a child can react to a long lack of mother or a deferment to satisfy his desires. Due to the bite, the desire of a child to enjoy a conflict with reality. People with fixation at this stage are inherent in such features as cynicism, sarcasm, a tendency to disputes, the desire to dominate people in order to achieve their own goals.

Too early, sudden, coarse excision from the chest, pacifiers, the bottles cause fixation at an oral stage of development, which will later show itself in a habit of gnawing the nails, bite her lips, caring the tip of the handle in the mouth, constantly chew a chewing chew. Advocacy to smoking, excessive talkativeness, pathological fear to remain hungry, the desire to eat tightly or drink in minutes of special anxiety and anxiety is also manifestations of fixation in the oral stage.

Such people often possess a depressive character, they are characterized by a feeling of shortage, the loss of something most important.
Anal stage of development

Anal stage of development comes in about a year and a half and continues up to three years.

During this period, the baby, and his parents focus their attention on ... children's ass.

Most parents are in the interval of 1.5 to 3 years begin to actively accustom to crumb to the pot. Freud believed that the baby receives great pleasure from the act of defecation and, in particular, from what can independently control such a responsible process! During this period, the child learns to realize their own actions, and teaching the pot is a kind of experimental field, where the child can test his abilities and enjoy a new skill.

It is necessary to understand that the child's interest in its own feces at this stage of development is quite natural. The baby is still unfamiliar to the feeling of squeezing, but it is quite clear that feces are the first thing that a child can manage at his own discretion - to give or, on the contrary, to leave. If the mother and dad praise the baby for going to a pot, the child perceives the products of its livelihoods as a gift to parents, and the subsequent behavior seeks to get their approval. In the light of this attempt at Karapuza flashes with pokes or stain anyone acquire a positive shade.

Freud pays special attention to how parents teach the child to the pot. If they are too strictly and persistently monitor the compliance with the new rules, or began to plant a pot on a pot too early (the ability to fully control the anal muscles is formed only by 2.5 -3 years), besides, they scold and punish the child when he refuses to go to Toilet, the baby is shamed for the blunders, then the kid is formed by one of their two types of character:
Anal-pushing. The child may have a feeling that only going to a pot, you can get love and approval of parents;
Anal retention. The actions of parents can cause a protest from the child, hence the problem of constipation.

People of the first type are characteristic of such features as a tendency to destruction, anxiety, impulsivity. They consider spending money with a prerequisite for the manifestation of love.

For representatives of anal-holding type, there is nobleness, greed, thrift, perfection, punctuality, stubbornness. They do not endure disorder and uncertainty. Often prone to mesophobia (fear of pollution) and a pathological desire for purity.

In a situation where parents behave more correctly and praise the baby for successes, and the failures are condescendingly, the result will be different. The child, feeling supported by the family, tears to self-control, forms a positive self-esteem. In the future, such a person is distinguished by generosity, generosity, desire to make gifts close. It is believed that the correct type of parental behavior contributes to the development of creative abilities.

But even with the positive course of the stage of teaching the pots, the element of the conflict of this stage remains, since on the one side of the feces are perceived by their parents as a gift, and on the other hand, it is not allowed to be struggled, they seek to get rid of them as soon as possible. This contradiction gives an anal stage of development dramatic, ambivalent character.
Phallic stage

It starts about three years. The child is actively interested in its own genital organs. He learns that the boys and girls are unlike each other. Crocha occupy the issues of relations between the floors. It is during this period that the children ask a sacramental question: "Where do children come from?" It is not necessary to perceive the increased interest of the child to the "Forbidden" topic, numerous "indecent" questions and the desire to once again touch our own genitals as a terrifying confirmation that a small pervert is growing in the family. This is a normal development situation, and it is best to treat it with understanding. Strict bars, swearing and intimidation will only bring harm to the baby. The child will still not cease to be interested in the theme of the floors, and fear of being punished can turn him into neurotic and in the future to affect intimate life.

Different schools of psychology, speaking about the development of the child's psyche, call the 3-year age critical. Freud's psychosexual theory is no exception. In his opinion, during this period, the child is experiencing the so-called Oedipus complex - for boys; or Elektra complex - for girls.

Oedipus complex is an unconscious erotic attraction of a child to the parent of the opposite sex. For a boy, this desire to take the place of his father near the mother, the desire to possess. During this period, the boy perceives mother as a woman's ideal, the position of the Father in the family causes envy and the desire to compete. "Mom, I want to marry you!" - Here is the phrase that says herself. The feeling of the superiority of the father and the fear of being punished give birth to the boy so-called castration, which makes him abandon his mother. At the age of 6-7 years, the boy begins to identify himself with his father, and the envy and the desire of rivalry is replaced by the desire to resemble the father, become the same as he. "Mom loves dad, it means that I should become the same brave, strong as he." The son takes a system of moral norms at the Father, which in turn creates prerequisites for the development of the child's super ego. This moment is the final stage of the passage of the Complex.

Elektra's complex is an edipo version of the complex for girls - proceeds somewhat differently. The first object of love for her daughter, as well as for his son, is a mother. Freud believed that women had already been envy in childhood in relation to men because the latter had penis - personifying power, power, superiority. The girl accuses the mother in his own damage and unconsciously seeks to have a father, envying that he has a penis and that he has love of mother. The resolution of the Elektra complex occurs similarly to the resolution of the EDIPOV complex. The girl suppresses the attraction to his father and begins to identify himself with his mother. Being similar to your own mother, it thus increases the likelihood in the future to find a man similar to the Father.

Freud believed that injuries during the Oedipov complex could become a source of neurosis, impotence and frigidity in the future. People with fixations on the phallic stage of development pay great attention to their own body, do not miss the case to put it on the show, love beautifully and defiantly dressed. Men behave self-confidently, sometimes brazenly. Love victories they associate with life success. Constantly seeking to prove to themselves and surrounding their masculine. At the same time, in the depths of the soul, they are far from being so confident how they try to seem, because they are still a fear of castration.

Women with fixation at this stage is characterized by a tendency towards messy sexual relations, a constant desire to flirt and seduce.
Latent Stage

From 6 to 12 years, sexy storms calm down, and the libido energy is sent to a more peaceful direction. During this period, the child focuses on social activity. He learns to establish friendly relations with peers, a lot of time devotes to mastering the school program, is actively interested in sports, various types of creativity.

New elements of the personality structure of the child - the ego and the super ego are formed.

When the baby appears on the light, all its existence is subject to the only component of the person, which Freud called "it" (id). It is our unconscious desires and instincts that obey the principle of pleasure. When the desire for pleasure enters the conflict with reality, the next element of the identity "I" (EGO) is gradually begins to appear. I am our ideas about yourself, aware of the individual, which obeys the principle of reality.

As soon as the social environment begins to demand from a child compliance with certain rules and behaviors, this leads to the emergence of the last, third element of the person - "super-I" (Super-EGO). Ex-I am our internal censor, a strict judge of our behavior, our conscience. On the latent stage of development, all three components of the individual are formed. Thus, throughout this period, there is an active preparation for the final stage of the psychosexual development - the genital stage.
Genital Stage

Begins from the moment of puberty, when appropriate hormonal and physiological changes in the teenager body occur, and develops for about 18 years. Symbolizes the formation of mature, adult sexuality, which remains with man to the end of life. At this point, there is an association of all previous sexual aspirations and erogenous zones. Now the purpose of the teenager is normal sexual communication, the achievement of which, as a rule, is associated with a number of difficulties. For this reason, throughout the passage of the genital stage of development, fixations may appear at various previous stages. A teenager as if regressing to earlier childhood. Freud believed that all adolescents at the beginning of genital development take place a homosexual stage, which, however, is not necessarily a pronounced character, and may manifest itself in a simple desire to communicate with representatives of their gender.

For the successful passage of the genital stage, it is necessary to occupy an active position in solving its own problems, to show the initiative and determination, to abandon the state of child infantality and passivity. In this case, a person is formed by a genital type of personality, which is considered ideal in psychoanalysis.

In conclusion, it is necessary to add that psychoanalytic teaching practically eliminates the prosperous passage of all stages of psychosexual development. Each of the considered stages is filled with contradictions and fears, and therefore, with all our desire, it is not possible to protect the child from childhood injuries in practice. Therefore it would be more correct to say that any person has fixation on each of the listed stages of development, but one largely prevails and read the oral type of personality, the other is anal, the third is phallic.

At the same time, one cannot doubt: having an idea of \u200b\u200bthe peculiarities of psychosexual development, we can significantly reduce the risk of serious injuries at a particular stage of development, contribute to the formation of the personality of the baby with the minimum damage for it, and therefore make it a little happier

No one will deny the fact that the understanding of the child's development processes has a key role in the formation of the personality, and the understanding of these processes should be the most complete as possible, because at an early age the potential and character of a person, his personality is largely formed. Starting from the earliest stages of development, parents should carefully monitor the emergence of so-called features of the development of their children, because each child has a set of preferences, methods of understanding sexuality, sexual orientation. In psychoanalysis this is called psychosexual development.. This will be discussed in this article.

Psychosxual development

With existing several theories of psychosexual development, I would like to stay on one of them. The founder of this theory is, and it is called psychodynamic theory. According to her, all children from birth have adhesives of sexual energy, and it is directed can be absolutely arbitrarily, that is, the child initially does not relate to one of the floors. Only with the time the so-called libido is locally formed in erogenous zones, and at a later period - in the field of genitals.

According to Freud, libido - Sexual Attraction, It is the basis of the human psyche, and before becoming sexuality in the general understanding of this word, it takes place several stages of development. In other words, at certain intervals of the centers of psychosexual unrest of the child are not genitals, but other objects.

According to Freud, you can allocate five stages of the development of sexuality:

Oral - continues from the moment of birth to one and a half years.
Anal - from one and a half to three years.
Fallicic - From three years to six seven.
Latent - From about six to thirteen years.
Genital - Since the beginning of puberty (Pubertata) approximately to eighteen years.

Each of the stages lies with the responsibility for the formation of the damned feature of the individual. A safe passage of each of the five stages is characterized by a careful and sensitive attitude of parents to the child, the conditions of education, residence and training.

If this series fails to comply with this series, the so-called fixation-stop development in some one of the stages. Subsequently, this will lead to the fact that a person in adulthood at the subconscious level preserves memories of the stage at which fixation happened, and for each stage it will have its own consequences.

It is not for nothing that the motives of any actions should be sought in childhood. It may be problems in relationships with parents, peers and all those who surround the child.

Speaking of development stages, I would like to briefly consider each of them.

Oral stage

At this stage, the main organ of the senses and the object of localization of pleasure and pleasure is the mouth of a child. With it, it feeds, perceives itself and maternal breasts as a whole. At the same time in the process of breastfeeding the child feels the pleasure of akin to eroticThe male babies may have an erection during feeding. In the oral stage, the sexual energy of the child is aimed primarily on himself, this condition is called autoerotism.

Often at this stage, children explore their body, can play with genitals. This in no way should cause a negative reaction from parents, prohibitions and the more punishment. Throughout the entire period it is important not to replace breastfeeding for artificialbecause tactile contact with mother, and in particular with the chest, represent for a child basic sources of pleasure.

Anal stage

In contrast to the previous period, at this stage, attention is focused on the sphincter field. Approximately three years of the child are trained to the pot, and he has a growing process that is of great interest in part due to the fact that it can control this process itself, besides, this is the first manifestation of independent actions. At this stage, it is important how exactly the parents teach the child to the pot, because too early attempts to plant the baby on the pot either too strict control over the process can only harm him. It is important to refer to a new case for a child loyally and the most correctly. The period characterizes the child's attitude to more adulthood to social standards.

Phallic stage

Takes its beginning about three years. The child opens for him a certain triangle, in which, in addition to the mother now there is also a father. At this stage, children begins to manifest interest relative to interpopers, specifically - mother and father, and, in general, are the rest of adults, by this Freud explained the increased interest of the child to his genital bodies. The stage is also characterized by the presence of "uncomfortable" topics and questions, which, of course, do not need to hide, and even more strictly react, because the child's interest is quite appropriate.

Latent Stage

The period from six to twelve years can be called "relatively calm". Here the socialization is coming to the fore, the establishment of contacts with peers, a variety of hobbies, such as sports, creativity, science. At this stage, new components appear.

From the moment of birth, our existence is obeying only one component. Freud identified him as "it." "It" can be characterized as a set of our unconscious instincts and desires for which responds principle of Pleasure. At that moment, when reality imposes his imprint, and conflicts with the desire to pleasure, a new component appears - "I". It completely obeys the principle of reality and is a conscious idea of \u200b\u200bitself.

As soon as the child enters into the socialization process, certain norms appear and the rules that the society adheres to, which, in turn, leads to the appearance of the third component - "beyond me". In fact, "Over I" is our conscience, this personality component gives an assessment of our actions and makes adhere to certain rules of behavior.

Genital Stage

As soon as the pubertal period ends, this stage begins. It has its beginning adult, well-known sexuality, which one everyone knows. A teenager seeks to establish normal sexual relations, and this is usually given to him hard. Freud adhered to position, according to which at this stage all teenagers have homosexual predispositionwhich, however, does not necessarily have a pronounced character, and can manifest itself in the form of a tendency to communicate with their sex.

Parents should understand that for the "painless" passage of this stage, a teenager needs to be able to actively solve emerging problems, develop confidence in themselves, and here, of course, do not do without their help.

Having considered briefly all five stages of development, I would like to separately dwell on fixation in the stage of oral, because it is from it to be the beginning of the psychosexual development of the child.

Oral fixation

As mentioned above, in the oral stage the center of pleasure for the child is the mouth. With the help of it, contact with the mother, and breastfeeding throughout this period is simply necessary, since tactile contact with mother - the most important for the child At the moment. It should not be seen at the moment, it is necessary to understand that paying the child maximum attention, you strengthen its confidence. But the excessive wakefulness should not be, spinning around the child, predicting his desires, will not be the best option. Freud identified two opposite types of mother behavior:

excess guardianship
excessive rigor.

Both of these options do not carry anything good for the child. In the future, this can lead to the development of an oral-passive type of personality. This type is characterized by uncertainty in itself, excessive trust and dependence, expectation from the surrounding approval and support, signs of "maternal relations" to themselves. The development of some phobias such as sociophobia is also not excluded.

Excessively early raidness from the chest can also cause fixation at this stage. In the future, this can be expressed in bad habits, such as smoking, overeating, addiction to alcohol, habit nibble, lips, handle tip.

Summing up all the above, I would like to note that according to Freud, all five stages are completely successful - almost impossible, anyway, some of them may have certain difficulties, and the main task of parents can occur - bring them to a minimum. And having some knowledge in this area, help the child to develop in a healthy and happy person will become a little simpler.

Sigmund Freud is a fairly famous psychoanalyst who at one time offered the theory of psychosexual development. In this theory, we are talking about how individuality begins to develop even during childhood. This theory is quite famous and distributed in psychology, but along with this, it is the subject of many disputes. According to Freud's reflections, individuality begins to develop in childhood and passes several diverse stages. At these stages, the energy that is looking for pleasures is eventually concentrated on specific erogenous blocks. It is the described psychosexual energy and is the main behavioral incentive for a person.

Consider the stages of psychosexual development

Sigmund Freud considered below the ranking stages of psychosexual development as the main:

Oral stage

This stage is observed in the period from birth to one year.
Mouth is the most important erogenous zone at this stage.
Undoubtedly, the mouth is incredibly important, because it is necessary to eat, also the baby receives some satisfaction from oral promotion and to satisfactory acts, among which can be noted suction or tasting. Since the child at this age is completely independent of the person who cares for him, the child develops a sense of confidence in the child, and he also gets comfort.
The main conflict that occurs at this stage is the taker of the baby from the chest, it is at this stage that the child is obliged to become a little less dependent on the person who cares for him. Fixation at the specified stage would lead to dependencies or to hostility. Also, this fixation will lead to difficulties associated with drinking and eating food, and it may also be difficulties with a tobacco and bad manner nibble nails.

Anal stage of development

This stage is observed from one year to 3 years.
Erogenic zone: work belly and urinary bubble management.
At the specified stage, the chief accent Libido is drawn to the control process by the bladder and, of course, the feces. It is quite clear that at this stage, the development of children is required to learn how to control these processes, which, as a result, will make it even more independent and independent.
Freud read that at this stage the success of the child depends entirely on how parents help the child in overcoming this task. Parents should at this stage in every way to use praise for progress, and help their children feel not only capable, but along with that productive. The positive results obtained at this stage are solid to ensure that the personality develops harmoniously and becomes the above mentioned, workable and creative.

Unfortunately, few of the adults have a child support, which is so necessary for the child. Some believe that it will correct to punish a child, or even ridicule. Freud believed. What is not necessary to spend much earlier toilet training, because then the person will form a strict, solid, while clean and oxidized. Also, if training happened excessively condescendingly, it could lead to the fact that the personality began to develop so that it would be a place for dirty and wasteful individuality.

Phallic stage

This stage is observed aged 3 to 6 years.
Erogenic zone: genitals.
At this stage, the chief accent is concentrated on the genitals of the child. It is the data for years that the child begins to understand that there are some differences between the sexes. What is interesting, on Freud's theory, the boy considers the Father as a competitor with a relationship with his mother. These feelings are described in the Oedipal complex. The child also has a fear that is called the concern of castration, namely the boy is afraid to be a punished father.
The term known as the electra complex, described a set of sensations that girls were tested, but Sigmund also believed that the girls at this stage could experience the lack of a member during their lives.

Latent period

This stage is observed aged from 6 years and ends during puberty.
Erogenic zone: lull in libido.
At the stage of implicit development of libido inactive. This stage is considered to be started when the child goes to school. It is at this stage that they acquire interest in relation to peers, they have an interest in various kinds of hobbies and other classes.
This period can be described as a time when a study occurs, in this period, the libido is still there, but it is drawn to other areas, among which it is worth noting sexual persecution, i.e. Some social interactive. This stage of psychosexual development incredibly dominates in promoting not only public abilities and abilities to communicate, but also in the formation of self-confidence.

Genital Stage

This stage is observed from the period of puberty and until the end of life.
Erogenic zone: awakening active libido.
At the final stage, the person gains an increased libido to another floor. These feelings begin to develop at the stage of puberty and increase according to human cultivation.
As described above, the emphasis of previously prescribed stages was made on the needs of the person, the interest in the state of others is developing at this stage. In the event that the above stages were successfully completed and were fully completed, the personality grows by Nordic, sincere and caring. The main goal of this stage is to establish the balance between all manifestations of life.