Origins of revisionism

In the blogosphere and social networks often there are discussions about the number of victims of the Holocaust. At the same time, part of the arguments considers a generally accepted figure of 6 million clearly overestimated, and their opponents claim that this figure is underestimated. There are people generally denying the Holocaust. They argue that the number of victims of this process was exaggerated that the extermination of the Jews was not the result of targeted policies, and also questioned the existence of gas chambers and death camps. In a number of European countries, as well as in Israel, denial, or the consequences of the effects of the Holocaust is prohibited by law. At the same time, the Holocaust's heders refer to the British journalist and the historian Vivian Burda, who claims that 400 thousand killed in the concentration camps, 73 thousand, including 38 thousand Jews died in Auschwitz. Berd himself, in turn, refers to a certain E. Maximova, allegedly studied the registration camp of the third Reich in the Archives of the KGB. So is it possible to call the exact figures of the victims of the Holocaust today?

Expert IA REX, political analyst and historian, candidate of historical sciences Lev Vershinincommented on the agency the situation with the number of victims of the Holocaust.

The truth is easy and pleasant not only to say, but also listen. Moreover, that with the submission of the Agency IA Rex and on the numerous requests of readers who knocked in the personal of my blog, there was a reason to talk about the fact that I had long outlined ...

In fact, the fact is a fact: phrase "" And those killed in Auschwitz, according to the testimony of Journalist E. Maximova, which was allowed to archives", - exactly, " E. Maximova", And in no way, - just tracing from the English text of the British journalist brochure (also called" historian ", but he has never been a historian) Vivian Burda, - one of the most radical revisionists, - called" Auschwitz: final counting " where it is proved that all people in the concentration camps of Reich died 400 thousand, of which 73 thousand were in Auschwitz, including 38 thousand Jews, and the main links go just on "E. Maksimov. "

Nothing amazing is that the most stupid "negatives" and the adorable of the Fuhrer are worn with this brochure, as with a written tube. And in vain. Everything is not exactly the way they want.

The fact is that Ella Maxna Maksimova (real - Merkel ... yes, yes, a remote relative!) - Not just some kind of " E with a point", And the person is very famous. She was one of the newest stars of" news "for many decades, was famous for exceptional professionalism, and it was her in the 1990s, when Gorbachev wanted to make a pleasant friend Helmut, allowed for several days to the Holy Holy Archives of the USSR for several days, The result of which has become a huge, about five volumetric articles cycle " Five days in a special archive", which includes a lot of interesting, including data on the victims of the Holocaust, later used by Vivien Berdom, and now it fans.

Yes, the trouble: Appearing in print back in January 1991, these articles were not translated into the network. They were looking for them, asking for full texts everywhere, where they only intersect with Ella Max, - for example, here (taken from here), but unsuccessfully. Links to the cycle " Five days in a "special archive"- the sea, but not to find the articles themselves. If, of course, do not be able to search. But if you can seek and not lazy, then who is looking for, will always find. And found! Here they are, these cherished articles, almost fully included. In the memoirs of the "Valetin" Anatoly Prokopenko, from which we learn that:

(a) in the passage " But we lived, thank God, to publicity. Last summer were extracted from the depths of the archive, the truth with great difficulty, the Auschwitim books of death with the names of seventy thousands of prisoners from twenty-four countries who died in the camp of destruction"It's not about the complete" books of death", but only about those four volumes (Taki-yes, 74 thousand names, including 38 thousand Jews), which, on the instructions of the CPSU Central Committee, were" restantly declassified"Back in 1964, when in Frankfurt am Main, there was a process over the rules of Auschwitz;

(b) However, he then writes Ella Maxna, - the answer to the requirements of the International Committee of the Red Cross and other organizations to declassify not only these four volumes of "Death Books", and all of the few dozen that is in the Soviet archives, there was silence. For all questions more than a quarter of a century - only silence. Finally, in the morning of November 10, 1989 " local and federal newspapers reported that« Tips transfer the ICRC lists from 400.000 names of the victims of fascism"" Friend Mikhail made a friend with Helmut a pleasant surprise - another 20 volumes of "Auschwitz Death Books". However, Maksna complains Ella, " still much more is still unavailable".

That's the same, sorry, sadness. Four volumes (70 thousand names) were declassified in 1964, and published in the 1990s. Another 20 volumes (a total number of 400 thousand names) were declassified and "open" in 1989. And many dozens of volumes to this day are not declassified and not "open."
In early 1991, Ella Maxna, and two months later, March 3, 1991, retelling her material appeared in " NEW YORK TIMES."," Where did Vivian Burdi come from and then, but in his presentation they turned into final: 400 thousand died in all Reich camps, of them in Auschwitz - a little more than 70 thousand, and from this number - 38 thousand Jews.

I, right, I do not know if this author was confused translated, did not understand what it was about or deliberately julistic, but I suppose the right one. Radical "revisionists" are far from always stupid, but with conscience they have problems, and hatred cleans the complexes. But their fans, stupidly reprinting falsifications, are those, it is quite likely to whisper not so much by evil intent as the lack of brains. For there would be brains, it would be too easy.

And Ella Maxusna makes a considerable clarity in the damned question about "gas chambers".

"Archives of the Central Construction Department of the MRS troops are taken when the release of Auschwitz- she reports. - A few hundred "storage units" is intelligible and delusito, the language of drawings, calculations, financial estimates set out the typical technology for the construction of a death factory with special units, including camps - Gypsy, Jewish and Soviet prisoners of war. Total value in 51.797.218.5 Reichsmark. Engineering improvements of crematoriums with muffle furnaces additive to "baths for special events" have made it possible to bring their capacity up to 4.756 people per day, including in the Russian camp to 1.440. Nevertheless, the head of the Department with anxious reports in a service note that "due to continuous and extensive use of the overheating, the smoke pipe gave such cracks that there was a danger of its fall." Military translator, it can be seen, was a man sensible and decent. Host to translate only a small part of the documents, he writes: a further study of all materials by specialists in technology and medicine will help to more fully highlight the true purpose of installations and fixtures hidden in correspondence under the symbols. Active study was not. "Sheet of Use" of the Foundation is empty...".

These are my friends, pies with kittens. But there is no slow down in this sense, the topic was too well unlocked. So, let's talk about revisionism at all. If you think about, the phenomenon is very ambiguous. We will not talk about the "negatives" (they will not speak about them (they are slightly lower), but we indicate that the Stall of "Radiavers" is not monolithic. In its ranks, two camps were originally clearly traced. For some, - let's call them "fanatics," the fact of the mass extermination of people on the national sign was important, and then the numbers are no longer important than the better. The second, - let's call them "professionals", "recognized the fact of mass destruction, but required to consider facts only when they were verified. That is, the documents are properly confirmed.

The problem, however, was that there are few documents. Very many orders were spent orally, a bunch of acts and instructions was written by the "Ezopov language", with all clear, but not to the case not under the case, and very many papers of Natsi managed to destroy. In fact, the only reliable source is so-called. "Memorandum of Corgerra" (a report to the name of Himmler, prepared on the orders of the Reichsführera of the SS by one of the leading German statisticians by Richard Korherrom), where it was stated that " since 1937. by December 1942. number of Jews B. Europe reduced by 4 million due to emigration, as well as by exceeding the mortality of the Jews in Central, Western and Eastern Europe, partly due to evacuation", moreover, out of 4 million in the territory of the Reich and the occupied countries, including the USSR, as of January 1, 1943 (the report was served in March)" died"2 841 500 Jews. This figure does not question no one. But it is not enough for itself, for it includes the time to leave, but does not concern the events of 1943-1944 (that is, the most" pernicious ") years.

Where did the number come from six millions"(I.e., twice as much as" in Corgerru ")? And from Nuremberg, where no one strive for objectivity. And it is based only on the "testimony" of two witnesses from many hundreds. And both, both Dr. Wilhelm Hettle, Deputy Head of the AMT-6 Department (Foreign Section) of the RSHA, and Hauptsturmführer Dieter Vourine Slave Eichman on the Department of IV-A-4 ("Jewish Division") of the RSH, - refer to Eichmana, allegedly Reported by him in secret about " approximately five to six millions of killed Jews" Moreover, " approximately 4 million were exterminated in concentration camps, and an additional two million was killed by other ways.».

This figure has become "canon". But only in a political and ideological context, and nothing more. There were, however, attempts to raise it even higher, say, the French Office for the Study of War Crimes in 1945 offered " accept as a minimum»Figure 8 million victims, and in documentary (also French) film" Foggy night"(1955) It was generally about 9 million," but this rebel was not picked up. In the end, experts of the American Jewish Congress stopped on a modest "six", and it became generally accepted.

However, they immediately went puncture. The figure needed substantiations, and justify, did not work in any way. Even such a housing and generally accepted expert, as Raul Hilberg folded hands 5.1 million, and his British colleague Gerald Richlynger issued 4.3 million on-mountain. Even during the trial of Rudolph Hess (1947), no matter how they tried, it turned out more than five million victims, of which 90% of Jews", But not six, but in general the figure is to decline.

In this situation, "revisionism" could not do not arise - and first of all, it is quite clear, again, as not a scientific, but a political and ideological reaction to "obligatory". Instead of revision (clarification), a tendency to "denial" started. Type, nobody by the Jews did not specifically kill at all, and all this "only Jewish fiction to pump out money." In this position, they were mainly convinced by the sodophobes and surviving natives, in general, the moral twins of the Adepts "Six Millions". True, it was just the Germans who did not want to believe in the crime of their fathers and senior brothers. They, as a rule, challenged not so much a fact as quantity, methods, and sometimes the motives of destruction (the main "for" and "against" collected).

But in the end suffered truth. Any attempt to be charged and impartial examination became impossible, for it, on the one hand, immediately took into service and filled the fanatics like the Vivien Burda, and on the other hand, they sought to reset the "six millioners". Even if an uncomfortable fact explored a serious historian, nor from any side of the EDDOB, or simply an expert invited to assess some technical nuances, it cost him just to voice doubts about the truth of the Canon, as his theses in the extremely distorted form distributed fanatics, Instantly compromising them, and one or another professional-Jewish organization, for their part, filed to the court and, as a rule, won.

A little bit more cassed with a swamp of 25 years ago, when Bradley Smith, - Certainly, seeking the truth of the historian, founded the well-known committee of open discussions about the Holocaust, on the site of which all the materials of the "revisionists" are published and everyone can ask questions, argue, offer versions and In general, to check the strength of the design of a particular author. There, the foolishness of many became visible, and the values \u200b\u200bof the claims of "professionals" too. But still, ideological and politicization of steering is still, and so it was up to 1991, when the so-called happened. " auschwitz breakthrough».

The essence is as follows. Auschwitz was considered one of the "sacred cows" of the canonical version. According to the accepted opinion, over four million shower died there. Approximately half of which (i.e., 1/3 of the Canon) were Jews, and the Poles, Roma and Soviet prisoners of war were among others. The problem, however, was that this figure was based on one oral source: the testimony of Rudolf Hess in Nuremberg, where he, in response to numerous questions and, apparently, being under pressure, in the end, said that " the calculations did not do, but let it be about three" But in 1947, at the Krakow process, where he was already allowed to refer to the documents, Hess called the other number: 1 135 000 a person, convincingly substantiates her, and she was also fixed as official, along with "canonical." It was simply not necessary to pay attention to it.

And only in 1989, when the archives of Auschwitz were declassified, appeared, - for the first time! - The possibility of an objective study of the problem of historians, recovering the truths, and not by dulling ideologues and politicians. Peter Francis, Polish historian with a good "dissident" reputation, attracted to cooperation of very serious people: Zionist Miles Lerman, a reputable expert on Holocaust history from the USA, Aaron Breitbart, Director for the study of the Holocaust of the Vental Center in Los Angeles (Naturally, Zionist ) And Israeli Israel Gutman - Professor of the Jewish University in Israel with the Auschwitz number on the shoulder. That is, the composition of the researchers group itself excluded possible attacks.

Yes, doomed to death were not only Jews (and Roma), they went to the ax primarily, but the same fate, in the second place, expected the Slavs, first of all, Russians (including Belarusians), with which not at all Ceremonies, except that in the ground did not have time to take seriously.

Yes, they were rejected not all in a row. In any case, the German Jews who have conscious of themselves have been (albeit from minority) some chances of getting on the "Rosenberg scale" in the category "Misling", - that is, to leave the danger zone in the category of "very pitched" or even " very, very pitched ", but still the Germans (or" a little bit of Germans "), that is, the subjects of Reich, with several limited, but still rights, and a complete set of duties, including and serve in the army ( Only digits differ, but critics are not denying the fact itself).

Yes, Nazi was killed not all in a row, but "just" most, and even then with the choice, and the "west" was a Jew, the more chances of avoiding the gas chamber or the execution of him remained. Yes, finally, there are many of those killed, especially in the late 1944 - first of 1945, died from hunger, diseases and other "household" adversity, and not in gas chambers and shot Rips (for example, only one of her died from Gaza A neighbor, the rest of the rest was caused by hunger, typhoid, etc.). It is true, and you need to know. At a minimum, in order to go on. To understand the real reasons why the idea of \u200b\u200b"export" the Jews wounded by the mass murders, which is particularly mercilessly, even mercilessly, than the Polish, they were killed by Soviet citizens who, why closed them from the departure of the ever-hazardous Europe, and by and large, So and who at all conceived everything, and he encouraged him, almost 20 years old, covered and pushed himself Hitler.

But, however, the fact that, with all the pitfalls, the Jews, - precisely as Jews, strictly on the national basis - was carried out (or literally squeezing and depressing the "allies", if those like Mannerheim, Tsar Boris and Horti did not agree ). And then exported and (in the vast majority) killed. If not gas and non-bullets, then hunger and disease. What, too, between us, clean water killing, since almost all the dead were civilians who were affected only because Jews. Including, "Soviet Jews" often "extremified" right in place, not even exporting. Without providing any opportunity to adapt or survive.

In other words, if the dwelling (one way or another) of millions, and at least hundreds of thousands, and at least hundreds of thousands, are absolutely innocent, mainly civilians are absolutely innocent, mainly civilians, in absolutely innocent, mainly civilians (and then pseudobiological) indicators, You can call the Holocaust, the Holocaust, no matter how cool, was. And the numbers - when people are destroyed on a national basis, with an irrational-mystical justification, are not very important.

The fact is important. Deciminate which can only people with shifted brains. Or, on the contrary, very well knowing what to distract the attention of the masses, in order not to think about truly serious issues. Which certainly needed and voice, and study. In accordance with " breitbart formula"- And no matter how squealed" ideologists "and" politicians "that from the left, that from the right flank. Moreover, these flanks are easily closed.

Adolf Hitler stands for the most cruel genocide in the latest history. At his order, millions of Jews killed in gas chambers. Others died in concentration camps from hunger, hard work and diseases.

This incomprehensible chapter in the history of Germany forced our reader Line Kruger (Line Krüger) to ask the question, for which Hitler hated the Jews.

Hitler created Nazism

According to historians, to find the origins of Hitler's hatred to Jews, it is necessary to understand his ideology. Adolf Hitler was a Nazi.

Context

Growth of anti-Semitism in Europe

Israel Hayom 29.07.2015

Europe's Jews threatens danger

Polosa 04/16/2015

Anti-Semitism: exacerbation of the disease

Israel Hayom 26.03.2015 "Nazism is built on the theory of racial hygiene. The fundamental principle is that races should not be mixed, "Rikke Peters explains Rikka (Rikke Peters), a researcher of the right radicalism at the Institute of Communication and History of the University of Aarhus.

Nazism - National Socialist ideology developed and described by Adolf Hitler in the Main Campf Manifesto, published in the mid-20s.

In Manifest, Hitler wrote:

- The world consists of people of various races that lead a constant struggle with each other. It is the racial struggle that is an engine of history;

- There are higher and lower races;

- The highest race will be threatened if it is mixed with the lower.

White race above all

"The white Aryan race Hitler considered the most pure, strong and intellectual. He was sure that the Aryans is above all, "explains Rickka Peters. And adds: - "He hated not only the Jews. It concerned and the gypsies and blacks. But his hatred for the Jews was especially strong, because in them he saw the root of all angry. Jews were the main enemies. "

Karl Christian Lammers historian (Karl Christian Lammers), who studied the history of Nazism at the University of Copenhagen Institute, adds:

Hitler has no mental illness

After World War II, many reasoned that a person who, like Hitler, is responsible for the terrible genocide, apparently mentally ill.

Rickka Peters argues that there is no evidence that Hitler was crazy or suffered from a certain mental illness, forced him to hate Jews.

"Nothing indicates that Hitler was mentally ill, although it is often depicted as a madman in constant nonsense. We can say that he had a manic and paranoid-narcissical type of personality, but this does not mean that he was crazy or mentally ill. "

But, although Adolf Hitler and did not suffer from mental illnesses, there is no doubt that he was a deviation from the norm. Psychiatrist could diagnose his personality disorder.

"Hitler was evil. He masterfully manipulated people and at the same time had bad social skills. But it does not make it mentally ill. In the life of Hitler, there was no all that in the norm gives existence meaning and weight - love, friendship, study, marriage, family. He did not have an interesting personal life outside political affairs. "

Anti-Semitism flourished before the Second World War

In other words, the identity of Hitler can be described as a deviant and dissocial, but this is not the only reason for the emergence of hate to Jews, which led to genocide.

The German dictator was only a part of a multi-year general trend. At that time, he was far from the only anti-Semit. When Hitler wrote his manifesto, hatred for Jews, or anti-Semitism, was already very common.

In the XIX and XX centuries, Jewish minorities in Russia and Europe were subjected to discrimination and persecution, tells the historian Klaus Bundgård Christensen, a teacher of the University of Roskill.

"Hitler was part of the anti-Semitic culture of Germany and other European countries. Many believed that the Jews had a secret global network, and they seek to seize power over the world. "

Rickka Peters adds:

"It's not Hitler invented anti-Semitism. Many historians point out that his hatred for the Jews received a response from the population, because the Jews were so pursued in many countries. "

Nationalism led to anti-Semitism

The growth of anti-Semitism correlated with the spread of nationalism in Europe after the French revolution of 1830.

Nationalism is a political ideology when the nation is perceived as a community of people with the same cultural and historical background.

"When the spread of nationalism began in the 1830s, the Jews were like Sorinka, because they lived around the world and did not belong to one nation. They spoke in their own language and differed from the Christian majority in Europe, "Rickka explains Peters.

Among the Christian nationalists in many European countries, the theory of conspiracy was thrilled on the secret desire of the Jews to the world domination.

Fake protocols spurred

The theory is based, including on certain vintage texts called "Protocols of the Zion Wise men."

These protocols at the end of the XIX century created the intelligence of the Russian king Nicholas II, in shape they were similar to this Jewish document.

According to these protocols, there really exists a global conspiracy of the Jews in order to capture power. The Russian king used the protocols of the Zion wise men to justify the persecution of the Jews, and many years later, Adolf Hitler did the same.

"Hitler believed that Jews really have a global network where they are sitting and jerked for string in the desire to capture world domination. He used fake protocols as a means of legitimizing the genocide, "says Klaus Bundcore Kristensen.

German Jews were integrated into society

However, the Jews were part of the German society, when Hitler wrote his manifest in the 20s.

"German Jews were perfectly integrated into society and considered themselves the Germans. They fought on the side of Germany to the First World War, some were generals or held high public posts, "says Rikka Peters.

But Germany lost to war, and this defeat pulled oil into the fire of anti-Semitism Adolf Hitler and his supporters.

"In the First World War, Hitler was a soldier of the Bavarian regime. After the war, he accused of defeat and follow the riots in Germany. He stated that the Jews looked through the knife in the back of the German army, "Karl-Christian Lammers explains.

The economic crisis was on the hand of the Nazis

In the 30s, Germany, as well as the whole world, plunged into the Great Depression. This economic crisis caused enormous unemployment and social troubles.

In this crisis time, the Anti-Democratic Nazi Party of Germany was formed - the National Socialist German Workers Party, which, from 1921 he headed Adolf Hitler.

"Many Germans supported Nazism because they hoped that the new political system would create the best living conditions. Then the racial theory of Hitler was represented only in the "Main Campf", and until 1933, the members of the party knew little about racial hygiene. Only after grabbing Hitler power in 1933, anti-Semitism and racial theory began to play a prominent role in public life, "says Karl-Christian Lammers.

In the 1932 elections, the National Socialist Party and German Communists together received most votes. Adolf Hitler demanded that he was made by Chancellor, and took this post.

The population was tuned against the Jews

With the arrival of the Nazi party to power, Adolf Hitler and his like-minded people began to distribute anti-Semitic ideas among the population. Campaigns, represented by Jews with lower people and the threat of the Aryan race.

It was proclaimed that Germany - for the Germans, and it is necessary to maintain the purity of the Aryan race. Other races, especially Jews, must be separated from the Germans.

"Hitler managed to set up most of the German population against the Jews. But there were people who protested against his cruel attacks on a Jewish minority. For example, many believed that crystal night the Nazis went too far, "Krystensen Klaus says.

Hate to the Jews remained unchanged

During the evening and the night, many Jewish cemeteries were destroyed, 7.5 thousand shops owned by Jews, about 200 synagogues.

Many Germans decided that the Nazi Party moved all the borders, but the spread of hate to the Jews continued. In subsequent years, Adolf Hitler and his supporters systematically sent millions of Jews to concentration camps and destroyed them.

"During the Second World War, the policy of the National Socialist Party in some directions changed, but the hatred for the Jews remained unchanged. The destruction of the Jews and the creation of the Bezordy Europe was for Hitler and other members of the party top Meril Success, "says Klaus Bundcore Kristensen. "Even at the end of the war, when it became obvious that it was necessary to save resources, the Nazis continued to spend money on concentration camps and sending Jews there."

Myth O 6 000 000

To say exactly how exactly the Jews died from the hands of the Nazis, it is impossible today, and most likely to establish even the approximate number will never succeed. But some idea of \u200b\u200bhow the number of victims of the Jews who died during the war years have been manipulated by unscrupulous historians and politicians for their own purposes, you can get ...

President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, Vice-President of the US Dick Cheney and other high-ranking faces from many countries will come to the celebrations. They will undoubtedly remember the people who have fed here, but it is hardly anyone to say that the word is not so unequivocal, as it may seem at first glance, and the main thing - is inextricably linked with one of the most odious myths Second World War.

The years go, and the question of the number of those who died during World War II, the Jews do not lose their relevance and never ceases to occupy specialists from various directions - from historians to unsuccessfully trying to understand the device of gas chambers of chemists. The interest in this topic is maintained primarily by the Jews themselves, for whom the imaginable imagination of any normal person, the number of their victims has become one of the main justification of both the establishment of the state of Israel and the policies held by it, and to this day it is used to present a wide variety of financial and political Claims to states, one way or another, mixed in the "final decision" of the Jewish question. It is enough to remind that Germany is still paying compensation to the victims of the Holocaust; that Switzerland was forced to pay billions of dollars for the European Jews' account saved in her banks; that many companies become victims of blackmail, boycott and economic sanctions only on the slightest suspicion that they somehow collaborated with the Nazis. About how this is what is happening, as well as what colossal material and moral capital, Jewish organizations have learned and continue to extract their tribesmen in the years of World War II, it is very detailed in the excellent book of Israel, we note, researcher Norman Finkelstein "Industry Holocaust "(Norman G. Finkelstein. The Holocaust Industry. A lot for the restoration of truth did both scientists like David Irving, Kevin McDonald, Jean-Claude Presssak, Roger Garody, Robert Forisson, Michael Hoffman, Ernst Zundel and others. Many of them Got freedoms for their activities. Zundel, for example, afterceiving for several years in the United States, is sitting today in a Canadian prison, and in Europe there are laws in general, according to which even a simple doubt in the official history of "Holocaust" is a criminal offense. Soon the same articles will be Included in the Criminal Code of America, Canada and other countries.

Considering which money is brings the "Holocaust Industry" to Jewish organizations, as well as how favorably the role of the victims, allowing to use German concentration camp kilns as the main argument, after which any discussion of the Jewish question or Israeli politics will have to be surprised that the Zionists do Everything possible to prevent the revision of the official statistics of Nazism victims. On the other hand, it is for this reason that it is important to figure out how much it was actually. Is it really how it is written in all textbooks of history and how it would seem known to everyone, the Third Reich is leading in the death of 6 million Jews?

According to the materials of the Banzean Conference, on which the decision was made about the "final decision of the Jewish question", the total number of Jews in the territories controlled by the Nazis were at the end of 1941 4.5 million people. There were no reason to deceive themselves by the famous Germans at that time. But this figure is of great interest not only in comparison with the magical six million, but also in the light of the fact that, according to the government of the Federal Republic of Germany, for 1988 it was satisfied About 4.3 million compensation requirements for the surviving victims of the Holocaust, which means that all these people were able to document that during the Second World War were in the territory occupied by the Germans and were persecuted for their Jewish origins, but nevertheless survived. It would seem, having these numbers, it would be easy to determine the number of Jews killed by the Germans, but not everything, it turns out to be so simple. So, where a large policy is involved, the laws of arithmetic, it turns out to lose its strength.

To say exactly how exactly the Jews died from the hands of the Nazis, it is impossible today, and most likely to establish even the approximate number will never succeed. The figure of 6,000,000 was initially obtained, relying on two sources. First, the former SS officer Wilhegelm Hottl showed at the Nuremberg process, which, according to Adolf Eichman, who had told him about this, 4 million Jews died in concentration camps and another 2 million died "in other places." The second source is the testimony of the former commandant Auschwitz Rudolf Heuss, who said that only 4 million Jews died in the camp subordinate to him. We will return to the testimony of Heuss below below, and only we note that even officially recognized Jewish researchers put these figures in doubt. For example, one of the leading Holocaust history specialists, a professor of the Political Station of the Vermont University and the author of the considered a textbook monograph "Destruction of European Jewry" Raul Hilberg in an article for Encyclopedia "Encart" cites a list of all concentration camps in which, according to his statement, were Gas cameras. In this list, by the way, such sadly famous camps, like Bergen-Belsen and Dachau, who for many years were considered "death factories" - allegedly made photos of the corpses depicted on them, went around the whole world. So, according to Professor Hilberg, published, we emphasize once again in the official "Microsoft" Encyclopedia "Encart", it turns out that 2.8 million Jews died in the gas furnaces of Treklinki, Maidanec, Svychwitz and three more camps, from them a million people - in Auschwitz. If this figure corresponds to reality, a number of six million, obtained on the basis of the Hesus testimony of four million, one must at least be reduced. Hilberg himself, by the way, repeatedly called different figures of the total number of Jewish victims of the "Holocaust", without giving any explanations of their inconsistency.

The truth, as mentioned above, we will probably not know. But some idea of \u200b\u200bhow the number of victims of the Jews who died during the war years have been manipulating unfair historians and politicians for their own purposes, can be obtained by following how it changed over the years "burned in the furnaces" itself, perhaps the famous German concentration camp - Auschwitz. A detailed table of this data with sources indicating in 2001 was published in the prestigious journal Barnes Review, and on the Internet it can be found only a few examples from there.

The number of supposedly dead in Auschwitz

9,000,000 French documentary "Night and fog", which was widely demonstrated worldwide.

8,000,000 French Ministry of Investigation of War Crimes, December 1945

7,000,000 the data of the same ministry a year later

From 5,000,000 to 5,500,000, these figures sounded on the process over the former commandant of Auschwitz Rudolph Hess and were based on his written testimony. These readings, by the way, were written in English, which he managed to install, did not own.

4 000 000 The number of those who died in Auschwitz, officially established in the Nuremberg process.

3 500,000 "Dictionary of French" 1991 edition. The same figure is given by the famous documentary, the author of the Multi-Sewberry film "Shoa" by Claude Lanzman in 1980 in his preface to Philip Muller's book "For three years in the Auschwitz Gas Chamber".

2 500 000 Digit, given on the process over Adolf Eichman, the main witness of the accusation Rudolf vrov.

2,000,000 digit, given by three famous Holocaust researchers: Leon Polyakov in his book "Hate Vintage" (1951); George Weller in the book "Yellow star in the era of Vichy" (1973) and Lucy Davidovich in the book "War against Jews" (1975).

From 2,000,000 to 4,000,000, the leading Israeli specialist on this issue of Yekhude Bauer in the book "History History" published in 1982. However, in the 1989 publishing house, Bauer already calls another figure: 1,600,000. At the same time, the Bauer admitted to the "Jerusalem post" acknowledged that "higher figures of victims have been refuted for many years, but these data have not yet been brought to the attention of the public ".

1 500,000 In 1995, the then figure called the then President of Poland Lech Valens, citing research conducted by the Auschwitz Museum. She "changed" considered earlier than the official number of 4,000,000, which in 1990 was erased from the monument installed in Auschwitz. At the same time, information about one and a half million victims of Auschwitz were published in the newspapers "Washington Times" and "London Daily Telegraph".

1,250,000 historian Raul Hilberg in its 1985 Book "Destruction of European Jewry". According to Hilberg, of this number of all those who died in the Auschwitz, about a million were Jews.

1 000 000 Jean-Claude Presssak in 1989 Book "Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of Gas Cameras". It is interesting to note that this book he wrote as a controversy with the "Holocaust" of the revisionist historians, who just called in doubt the number of people died in Auschwitz.

From 775,000 to 800,000 the data revised by the Presssak, which entered his book released in 1993 "Auschwitz Krematorium: mechanisms of mass murder." According to the press, from this number of the dead 630,000 was the Jews.

From 135,000 to 140,000, the data of the "international search service" of the Red Cross, based on the prisoners of the prisoners held twice a day.

73 137 (Of these, 331 Jews) This figure was first given by the newspaper New York Times on March 3, 1991 on the basis of archives known as the "Book of Dead Auschwitz". These components of 46 volumes "Books" at the end of the war were captured by the soldiers of the Red Army and kept in Soviet archives until 1989, when they were handed over to the Red Cross. In the "books" these collected all the evidence of the death of all prisoners of the camps with an indication of the full name, the profession and religious affiliation of the deceased, as well as the date and place of birth, the previous place of residence, the names of the parents, the time and causes of death, which was established by the camp physician. In general, according to German archives, the number of those killed in all German concentration camps in the period from 1935 to 1945. It is 403,713 people, and this number includes representatives of all races and peoples, as well as those who died from typhoid and other infectious diseases or who died with their death from old age.

This is such a "scatter" of numbers and opinions, but in any case, the figure of 4 million today does not allow himself to call any respectful historian. Why then, asks, in this simple arithmetic problem, the total number of those who died during the war, the Jews have not yet been revised and still remains at 6 million?

As mentioned above, almost all Jewish organizations are vital in preserving and maintaining this myth - from public to government in Israel. Interested in this and banks pumping billion compensation under millions of victims.

For these reasons, the exact number of victims is unlikely to be able to install, and not in them, strictly speaking, the matter. No one is going to justify the atrocities of the Nazis or discount with the accounts of suffering and horrors, experienced by those who fell into their hands. But the falsification of the history of the Second World War and manipulation in their mercenary interests of people who died in fascist concentration camps is essentially an abuse of those who really fell victim to the "brown plague". Including, naturally, the memory of the Jews killed by Germans.

Y. Mukhin

A couple of years ago, about the creation of the electronic version of my book "Katynsky Detective", a Swedish independent journalist met with me. I first heard from him that there are people who call themselves "revisionists" who are trying to prove that Hitler's Germany did not destroy the Jews. I do not hide, then it seemed to me such nonsense that I just translated the conversation to another topic. And subsequently, the proposals of some readers to engage in revisions of the Holocaust - the destruction of the Jews in World War II - did not cause me enthusiasm. Why?

For the summer of eight, I was sent for the summer to uncle in the village under Krivoy Rog. Uncle was a disabled and worked in the collective farm of the mail wagon (betors). Every day he lealed on her to the district center for mail. From boredom and I once again suggested a trip for the last day. One day he showed me a whip on the field and said that in that place the Germans shot so many Jews, that when the peasants came to see and fell to the land of fresh graves, the traces were filled with blood. Of course, it was a hyperbole, but I think that it was she forced me to remember this fact for life. I did not know who Jews were, but when we started a horse in the pond in the middle of the way, then her hoofs pledged or the trails were filled with water, and I clearly imagined how they could fill in blood. If the Jews were shooting, then why would the uncle talk to me - the juvenile boys?

After all, we are the inhabitants of the USSR, we even need books on the destruction of Jews by Germans. We have so many eyewitnesses that even if you do not want to know about it, you still know, and not even from the Jews. Actually, even in the mail of our newspaper, the newspapers are clearly not for fanatics, interest 30 letters from people looked for some kind of idea and among them percentage is clearly mentally abnormal. And among the politicians of such bulk. Let's say, Gaidar tightly ruined the economy of Russia, and see, with what kind he gives an interview. As if the real economist is a friend of Napoleon. And what is Novodvorskaya?

Therefore, I was not surprised by the appearance of the fact of revisionism: What else did the world be waiting after the complete victory of Zionism almost all over the world?
But not so long ago, I still bought a thin book (I bought precisely because thin) Yurgen Count "Myth About Holocaust" and realized that in this matter I was too self-confident. The question turns out to be much more difficult.

What they want

The revisionists are not trying to prove to the world that in fascist Germany, the Jews were not pursued or that among them there was no loss during the war. They are trying to attract the attention of the world to the fact that the Nazis of the Jews as a nation did not destroy specially, did not conduct the policy of the Genocide of Jews as such.

The evidence for this has revisionists more than enough. I will not even mention them, especially since, depending on the personal experience of readers, those or other facts may seem more or less convincing. It turned out to me sufficient when Yu.Graf pledged me to the fact that the furnaces in the Kremitories of German camps were muffle, and the notorious gas "Cyclone-B" is an insecticide (insect poison) and is distinguished from the granules for 2 hours. To those readers who, with chemistry and heat engineering acquaintance, it may not speak anything, but I know what the muftel and working on gas hazardous production is nothing more. I even's a shame - how did I not pay attention to the fatty of this "cyclone-b"?!
There was no killing of Jews in gas chambers of Nazi camps, since there were no gas chambers themselves. And those readers who want to get acquainted with the evidence of this, I send me to the book of Yu.Graf.

How much the Jews died

Since the genocide of the Jews was not (there was a genocide of Soviet citizens), the Holocaust from the legend quickly grew into the usual Jewish scaper. The Zionists stated that the Germans were meaningfully killed in Europe many millions of Jews. Now they finally sat down in a figure of 6 million, but Y.Graf, on the example of the number of "killed" in Auschwitz, showed how the Zionists were sucking these millions from the finger, how these numbers changed in the creative cuisine of chambers. So, according to the Zionists, in Auschwitz was "destroyed in gas chambers":

"- 9 million people, according to the film" Nuit de Brouillard "(night and fog);
- 8 million, according to published in 1945, the report of the French Office for the Study of War Crimes;
- 7 million, according to the testimony of the prisoner Rafail Faieldelson;
- 6 million, according to the Jewish publisher Tiberius Kreverta;
- 5 million, of which 4.5 million Jews, according to Le Monde dated April 20, 1978;
- 4 million, according to the Nuremberg Tribunal;
- 3.5 million gas poisoned, of which 95% of the Jews ("Many" others died for other reasons), according to film director Claude Lantzman;
- 3.5 million, of which 2.5 million were poisoned by gas only until December 1, 1943, according to the recognition of the first commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Hes;
- 2.5 million, according to the evidence of the Rudolph VRBA concluded;
- 2-3 million killed Jews and thousands of non-Jews, according to the recognition of the Esvestment Perry Brude;
- 1.5-3.5 million Jews were poisoned only between April 1942 and April 1944, according to the statement by the Israeli "expert on Holocaust" Yehudi Bauer, made in 1982;
- 2 million poisoned Jews gas, according to the testimony of Lucy Davidovich;
- 1.6 million, of which 1352980 Jews, according to the application of Yehuda Bowera, made in 1989;
- 1.5 million, according to the statement by the Polish government made in 1995;
- about 1.25 million, of which 1 million Jews, according to Raul Hilberg's statement;
- 1-1.5 million, according to the statement of J.-K. Pressaka, made in 1989;
- 800-900 thousand, according to the Jewish historian Herald Raitling;
- 775-800 thousand, of which 630 thousand people poisoned by the Jews, according to the statement of Zh.-K. Pressaka, made in 1993;
- 670-710 thousand, of which 470-550 thousand. Poisoned by gas of Jews, according to the statement of J.-k. Press made in 1994

As you can see, the number of victims over the years is reduced. And yet the total number of victims of "Holocaust" in 5-6 million from this does not fluctuate. From it you can subtract hundreds of thousands, even millions - it will remain all the same. Such is the mathematics "Holocaust"!

What documents, what kind of excavations of mass graves are restored by the Holocaust, reducing the number of victims? Neither! All the above numbers are pure fiction, without the slightest attitude to the documentary reality of the Auschwitz camp. According to the calculations of revisionists, about 150 thousand Jews (Forisson) or 160-170 thousand (Matoniao) died there; Of these, the poisoned gas - zero. Epidemics, primarily a rapid tit, were the main reason for such terrible high mortality.

And finishes its work, Y.Graf so:

"What would happen if the arguments of the revisionists were accepted?
Imagine that one day the official version of the Holocaust will also be officially recognized as false, it will be recognized that in the third Reich the persecution of the Jews was, and extermination - no, that gas cameras, gas cars, as well as cut off by German soldiers during the First World War War children's hands, soap and lamps of fat and skin of the Jews - all this is a propaganda terrible nonsense that in the sphere of German domination not 6 million, and about 500 thousand Jews, and in the overwhelming majority due to rapid typhoid and deprivation in camps and ghetto caused by the disasters of war. What would be the consequences of recognizing all this? ..

... not only in Germany, but also in other European countries, the preventive authorities would be completely discredited. People would like to ask the question: and in the name of whose interests of the automores of censorship and terror were supported by a unheard of a scam? Trust to the authorities would have finally collapsed.
Thus, we see that the exposure of the Lie "Holocaust" would have devastating consequences not only for Zionism, but also for the political and intellectual ruling caste of the whole world. There would be a revaluation of all values. The former will go to non-existence. The cards would be shuffled. " Readers forum http://www.forum-orion.com can say: how do we do it before? We buried our killed, there is nothing to regret the Germans, they didn't give God, so what is the difference because we are because Germans "sewed" another crime? One more, one less - things do not change. At 50 million killed in that war, 5.5 million there or here - the weather will not do. Moreover, all this is already history.

There are a lot of reasons, but the overwhelming number is important for us, as for the state. And the job in the newspaper made me by Cynic. I firmly know that most citizens named Russian women wanted to spit on the state Russia. And show them some bad voucher or the MMM share, they will sell my mother. Therefore, I will talk about the things prosaic, material. When the war was nearing at an end, Stalin set the issue of reparations with Germany in compensation for at least a small proportion of damage to the war in compensation to the Allies (England and USA). He offered to take only $ 20 billion from Germany. Allies began to assure that with Germany, it is impossible to take such money, although with the share of the USSR in 10 billion. Pre-agreed. Stalin offered to take not money, but the equipment of disarmaled Germany and the goods that it will produce in the future. Allies did not agree to this and suggested not to determine the amount, but to agree on the percentage of the exhausted. But when Stalin began to ask 30% from the golden stock of Germany, which had been allied, and the shares in her foreign enterprises, then the allies were denied. Moreover, the area of \u200b\u200bthe Occupation of the USSR from his troops, they dragged everything they could, hijacked, for example, all wagons. In short, instead of reparations, the USSR went to Eastern Germany, which our ruined country began to restore, bringing it to the state in which it, according to Germany, on the gross public product per capita ahead of the population was ahead of such countries as United Kingdom or Belgium. (In 1986, dollars: GDR - 11400; Belgium - 11360; United Kingdom - 10430).

So, we asked only $ 10 billion from allies. Reparations, but we were not given, since in Germany, it was allegedly not under power.
At the same time, the Zionists have formed troops for the founding of Israel, but did not send a platoon to the war with the Germans. Moreover, apparently, on the side of the Germans only against the USSR (participating in the genocide of our population and the Jews including) fought a total of about two divisions of Jews. Since on 2.09.1945 in our captivity, 10173 prisoners of the Jew was listed (for example: Finns - 2377; Spaniards - 452).

And so, without paying us not only for 11 million. Killed our citizens in German camps, but also for destruction, Germany paid to Israel nearly 90 billion brands, or about 60 billion dollars. How to understand it?

Of course, Germany was all the time and is now under the occupation of the United States, and they forced her to pay. But now everything is revised. The USSR is no longer a liberator, but the Okkupant, we return to France the royal debts, Yeltsin is ready to give Germany to Trophia. Obviously, according to these precedents, we have the right to revise not only the question of reparations with Germany, but also about paying compensation for our 11 million killed citizens.

But this requires officially find out the question of the Holocaust. If the Germans really killed the Jews, then we have the right to demand, according to the already established practice, with Germany for their killed, at least in the same tariff, as well as for the Jews, that is, 15,000 marks for each of 11 million killed. If it turns out that this is a scam, then we are entitled to demand from Israel and the world community to return this money to us with interest, as our reparations with Germany acquired as a result.

What can and need to do

If we had a state Duma, and not what we have today, it would have to create a commission of 10-12 deputies to consider the case of the Holocaust. No Yeltsin or International Law here is not a hindrance. From the point of view of law, by the way, the Duma may well create this commission, since this usually concerns us and, in addition, it can create it on the basis of the precedent. For example, in September 1951, the Special Commission of the Chamber of Representatives of the US Congress reviewed all available documents and conducted an interrogation of 81 witnesses in the Katyn case, which the United States completely did not concern. And we consider the Holocaust myself God ordered.

On this commission, you must invite all revisionists and hear them. At the same time hear and the opposite direction - to invite Zionists with their evidence of the Holocaust. The Commission will report its results to the Duma, and the Duma will make an official conclusion about this. And any conclusion of Russia will arrange.
Based on this conclusion, the future of the Russian government will be able to take any appropriate steps in any direction. I want to warn skeptics that, they say, money from Germany, nor Israel will be able to take. They do not have to take them, as they are already among Russia. We just at the expense of reparations we can pay off our loans and provide the West to understand yourself, how to collect someone else.

According to the materials of the publications Yu.I. Mukhina

~~~

Source: Forum-orion.com.

· The propaganda of the Holocaust helps the Communists to hide their own huge crimes against humanity.
· Vental is indirectly acting in the interests of Israel, as it constantly sends the imaginary "Nazi war criminals" in order to reanimate memories of the so-called. "Holocaust." If the media did not fall asleep us regularly with stories about the "Holocaust", the Jews would have lost their status of the victims, which they know how to turn into a ringing coin, and we are talking about billiona amounts.
Ahmed Rami. . From the book "What is Israel?"

· Holocaust is a secular variety of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe chosen people.
Religious Jewish Worker Ismar Shorsh

· Holocaust is essentially a Jewish fiction.

Polish Bishop Tadeusss Peronk

· Holocaust is not studied, - it is sold.
Rabbi Arnold Wolf

· Zionists use the Holocaust to justify their crimes.

This decision is the completion of the sepically known Spanish law in defense of the Holocaust No. 607.2, which was adopted in 1996 under pressure from the conservative government José Mary Aznar. This law created a system in which those who wrote historical articles with justifying the actions of Nazi Germany were subjected to further pressure. Aznar himself was at one time an activist of the right "phalanxian" league for liberation and participated in the activities of the right-hand student organizations in the 1970s.

The decision of the Supreme Court is recognized that this law has violated the right of people to the free expression of its point of view, which is guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution. They rejected the arguments of the Holocaust defenders that the Holocaust caused harm to Jews and threatened their existence. The judges counted that no person or a group of persons had the right to be offended by how others would express their point of view. In other words, the Spanish court recognized the rule of law to freedom of speech and the rospace of information and the rights and interests of individual individuals and particular groups. The main judge Adolfo Prego de Olivero Tolivar, summing up the process and the decision, said:

"We cannot punish those who simply spread the ideology, independently to what this ideology can lead."

In order to emphasize that no propaganda samples, even those who may sound too defiantly, are not crimes, Spanish judges as an example led the following phrases, for which now in Spain is not supposed to be punished: "The Germans have had every reason to burn Jews." "The Germans never burned the Jews," "Black are located at the very bottom of the cultural and social staircase of humanity."

All these statements, stated Prel, are "unpleasant." But in the modern constitutional state, it is impossible to punish anyone, because doors should always be opened in our society for any points of view. At the same time, there, however, noticed that they would continue to be considered crimes and prose all calls for violence.

In April 1943, the Bermuda Conference took place, the participants of which were limited to the exchange of views on the problem of Jewish refugees and decided that the issue of assistance to surviving Jews should be postponed until the end of the war!

During the Second World War and at its end, the Government of England did everything to prevent the remaining Jews in Palestine and other parts of the empire. Moreover, it did not agree to recognize them or political immigrants. Shameful pages in the history of England of those years have become events that unfolded around three ships with refugee jews.

In November 1940, a steamer "Atlantic with 1,800 passengers on board arrived at the port of Haifa after a multi-day swimming. The British authorities were inhibited and everyone was deported to Mauritania to Mauritania.

Another ship is "Salvador" (several hundred refugees, including children) - sank in December 1940 at the shores of Palestine, and without waiting for help.

And finally, "Struma". This Romanian ship, calculated by only 100 passengers and is also in emergency condition (samples, malfunction of cars), took on board in the Romanian port of Constanta 769 refugees and on December 16, 1941 sailed in Haifa. He suffered an accident near Istanbul, but the Turks stated that they would not allow refugees to go ashore if those had no permission of the English authorities to enter Palestine. The British of such permission did not give. Ten days the ship stood at anchor, and on February 24, 1942, despite the convinction of the captain that the ship is unsuitable for swimming, the Turks took it into the open sea.

"Struma" sank in six miles from the shore. Only two people were saved. Before entering the vessel in the open sea, officials received permission from the English authorities to enter Palestine only for 70 children.

At this time, terrible events took place in Romania. Back in January 1941, the American ambassador in this country, Hanter reported on the massacre, arranged by the "Iron Guard", as a result of which more than 700 Jews died.

Three weeks later, the tragedy of ships became the subject of the request of the Lipron deputy. He accused the government that if the "Struma" was a enemy ship, then the Germans, Italians or the Japanese would certainly be interquered and contained until the end of the war, while in relation to the Jews refugees it refused to do so.

G. Macmillan, Assistant Secretary in the Department of Affairs of the Colonies, said: "We should not take actions that contradict our policy in the question of illegal immigration." Secretary of State Lord Kranbourne cynically noticed: "The situation in which the current world is located, it is necessary to somehow get used to such atrocities."

Everything seemed to be consumed against the Jews. Even the Chief of the Swiss Police of Rothmund, who ordered on August 13, 1942, to provide asylum to political immigrants, warned that "refugees on racial motives would not be considered to be considered."

Churchill with difficulty recognized: "The Jews were the first victims of Hitler and from the very beginning were on the front line of combating national socialism." Further, these words did not go. On March 23, 1943, a debate on the issue of rescue of Jews took place in the House of Lords, but the Gate of Palestine and then remained closed for them. Nevertheless, in the period from 1939 to 1945, about 90,000 Jews were illegally reached to Palestine.

The pain and anger sounds the words of Ben-Gurion, spoken by him in 1943: "You, peoples preaching the ideals of freedom and justice, who consider themselves defenders of democracy and social progress advocates, why do not rush to the rescue, seeing how indifferent and ruthlessly sheds our blood? Why are you kidding over our grief, uttering cheap and meaningless condolences? "

8. Vatican Fiya XII and the destruction of Jews

In order to avoid presentation of their own, perhaps, subjective views on the role of Actikan in the tragedy of the Jews, will present the court of reader a few reliable evidence on this issue.

We present the content of the former Secretary General of the Seven Jewish Congress of Dr. Rigaer (Geneva), pronounced in the Church of St. Anna in Dresden and entitled "Caution heard only, - the actions of the Seven Jewish Congress in Hitler's Times" (We quote on the "Signs of Light" - a collection of joint works of the Catholic Church and the synagogues of March 5, 1986): "First of all, he said, What is very excited that 52 years later, it may turn to the German people again. He left his hometown of Berlin and Germany in 1933, when, together with his family was expelled on the basis of the "Aryan paragraph" of the Nuremberg law. Characteristic for that time was underestimated by people of what was happening. Many thought that National Socialism was only an episode, and only a few understood that Nazism did not know any borders or moral nor ethical.

As the Vice-Chairman of the Congress, Dr. Riger spoke primarily about the attitude towards the Actuary. The first contacts between the Congress and the Actuary were established only in 1942, in front of the impending tragedy. As a result, the Vatican intervened in the events occurring in Slovakia, and there was a short calm. However, this did not happen in other countries, primarily in Germany.

The second stage began after the appeal of the US government in the fall of 1942 to the Actuan asking for confirmation of information about the destruction of Jews. The secretary of Atikana Cardinal Maglione replied that he did not believe in the existence of data confirming these serious concerns.

In the following months, numerous reports confirming the suspicions of the "destruction of Jews through mass killings took place in the Vatican. December 1942 published a statement of allied countries with the public condemnation of "Extermination" of Jews. A similar statement was received from the Polish government in emigration. The US governments and many Latin American countries demanded a pope of public condemnation (declaration). Pry XII in his speech about the celebration of the Nativity of Christ, spoken in 1942 on the Vatican Radio, described the current situation, but at the same time did not emphasize the special position of the Jews. According to the referent, the conviction was "very brave"; From the point of view of today's day, it can be called "extremely weak."

Extremely convincing was the reaction of the Anglican Church in England to destroy the Jews. In 1944, this church was provided with effective assistance to Hungarian Jews during their deportation. Thanks to the intervention of the Atikan and the EGGE church, many Jews were saved in Hungary. However, according to Dr. Rigaer, Vatican diplomacy did not manage to understand the entire tragic situation. Completely different was the position of the temporary seven council of churches, while two personalities deserve special mention: afterwards the Secretary General of the Council of the Council of Hooft and its predecessor in this post, German diplomat, pastor of the confessional church Adolf Freudenberg, who assisting refugees. The difference from the Actikan, the seven council of churches constantly supported the exchange of information with the semi-art Jewish Congress. "

9. Poles in the save of the Jews

The historical truth about the help that Poles provided the Jews, sometimes for various reasons are distorted. A classic example of manipulation of documents is the essay of Stephen Krakow "Polish society and hiding Jewish fugitives, 1942-1944". November 1984 at the Institute of Polish-Jewish Studies in Oxford was the first international conference dedicated to the Polish-Jewish relations in the light of the new history. And how this relationship sees S. Krakowsky.

The original sources, for which he relied, are diaries, stories, memories of the remaining Jews and Poles, which were contacted with hiding Jews or were witnessed assistance provided to him. Additional material is underground literature. Studies did not take into account the Arshavsky district and the territories belonged to the Germans, but the situation was analyzed on the lands of the second speech by compulcilable in the borders before 1938, which causes the statistics shown by the author. After all, S. Krakowsky was well known that the Bendera battered there thousands of Poles, and tens of thousands were fleeing. There are too few Poles in these territories so that they can be reproached in a bad relation to the Jews.

Despite this, the death hazard themselves, the Poles, to the best of their capabilities, helped the persecuted Jews. From, for example, the testimony of Adam Landesberg: "Especially in the eastern territories, Ukrainian gangs were digging, giving out people to the Germans, killing and robbing. In this area, near Zholkiyev, the Polish village of Kosyaev constantly helped the Jews. People from this village were hungry gave food, and naked clothes. "

Another example: in Lviv in his house on Strynskaya Joseph Sokh hid several dozen man, and after the end of the war did not want to hear about any remuneration, considering it made by his Christian duty. Similar cases, most likely, the author of the abstract did not take into account.

The abstract was investigated 2000 documents, described 1000 cases that occurred in 767 settlements. Based on this, not an indicative material, Krakow came to the following conclusions: thanks to the assistance provided by the Poles, 2652 people of Jewish nationality were resigned. The number of identified Poles, which hid or helped in concealing Jews, - 965. For the help provided by the Jews, 80 Poles were shot.

The number of identified Jews killed or issued by the German Poles is 3037 people. 120 settlements are registered by the murders of the Jews underground (national armed forces and, partly, Army Kraiova), including those committed by "AK people" after the formal elimination of AK in January 1945

On the basis of such arbitrarily analyzed data, the author of the abstract summarizes: "Therefore, we consider themselves to emphasize themselves to emphasize that while most crimes against hiding Jewish fugitives were committed by underground organizations, the acts of assistance to the Jews were carried out, in most individuals, based on good The will of benefactors and were not associated with the actions of the underground. Based on the total number of crimes and violence, the role of the Polish underground cannot be as defined as definitely negative. "

It is difficult to find a suitable definition for this "scientific work", despite the fact that this kind of public speeches are unfinite.

Describing the martyrdom of the Jewish people in Polish lands, it is impossible not to affect the question of the assistance provided by the Poles to the persecuted Jews. How to explain that assistance to the Jews in the territories occupied by the Germans, including in Poland, was so small?

This problem in different countries was resolved unequal. It depended on many circumstances, including whether the country has been "subjects" an occupier, which was the standard of living of its inhabitants, who led the state.

Poland was not the best. After 123 years of dependence on other powers, it was necessary to rally people, restore the very foundations of state, economic and other systems. The country was destroyed by war, remained deep downward, poor, they were inhabited by citizens of various nationalities, including representatives of the numerous Jewish community. The Polish government for the twenty-year period made a lot for the country, but also made a lot of mistakes in national and confessional policies. The army was managed by the army with the support of the bourgeoisie and the Catholic Church.

Pastoral Message of Cardinal Hlenda - Heads of the Church in 1936 - gives us the opportunity to get acquainted with the position of the Polish Church in relation to the Jews: "The Jewish problem exists and will exist until the Jews are Jews ... the fact that the Jews are configured against the Catholic Church are free-ones, avant-garde of the worn, Bolshevik movement and subversive work. The fact that the Jewish influence on the morality is detrimental, and their institutions and publishers promote pornography. True, the fact that the Jews are engaged in deception, usury, trading in a living product. It is also true that in schools the impact of Jewish youth on Catholic, in a religious and moral plan, in most cases is negative. But we will be fair. Not all the Jews are. Very many Jews are people believers, decent, fair, merciful, creating good. About many Jewish families reign warm, a healthy atmosphere. We know that in the Jewish environment there are people in morally outstanding, noble, respectable. "

Here is an example of the traditional Roman Catholic antiyudaism, condemning the use of violence against Jews, which differs from ethnic anti-Semitism and racism. It can be said that the pre-war church was folk and national with a nationalist and anti-Jewish bias.

Professor Raul Hilberg, who performs in the film Shoahthe main witness-specialist, tells: "From the very beginning, Christians spoke to the Jews:" You cannot live among us as Jews. " The secular power in the end of the Middle Ages decided: "You cannot live among us." Finally, the Nazis proclaimed: "You can't live". "

The society of pre-war Poland, in a huge most Catholic, was under the anti-Semitic influence, an exhausted clearing, the bishopat and its press bodies. Polish authorities saw partial resolution of the problem of unemployment and control from the Jews over various economic life spheres in their mass emigration to Palestine.

A few decades, Israel turned out to be in a similar situation with the Arab population. At the time of war with Arabs in 1967-1968. About 500,000 Palestinians were rapidly evicted. Israeli media reported that 22 % israelis considers "best way out" to "get rid" from Palestinians who are citizens of Israel. This percentage is much higher when it comes to evicting the Palestinians from the Gaza Sector and from the West Bank of the Jordan River.

This kind of practice, regardless of who carries it, cannot be justified. But, looking back after decades later, it can be argued that various kinds of pressure rendered before the Second World War in Eastern European Jews, including the Polish, forcing them to emigrate, was an attempt by God to save them from inevitable destruction. You can only regret that this chance used only a small number of Jews.

The Red Army, joining the eastern territory of the second speech by compulcient on the basis of the Ribentrop Covenant - Molotov, met the enthusiastic welcome from the local Jewish poor poor, which is natural, since it was for her temporary salvation. But it is also necessary to understand the Poles, who seen the treacherous behavior of Jews, former citizens of the Polish state. This situation was not possible to refute a lot of fudges and exaggerations regarding the Jews, as well as to lead evidence that the Jews traitors constituted an insignificant percentage compared to other nationalities.

The active position on the side of the Stalinist authorities, engaged in Jews-apostates from the religion of Moses, threw a shadow on all representatives of this people, configuring the local population against them. Some extent explain that when on June 22, 1941, the Germans were included in the Polish territories mentioned, a part of the local population took them with joy as eligible from the Bolshevik regime. Brest over the Bug released from Soviet prisons Prisoners arranged pogroms of local Jews.

This case transmits the atmosphere of those days. Rumors about engaged in the Jews of the position during the Soviet occupation were exaggerated, the Jews were attributed to all the crimes committed by the Stalinist regime. This is partly and explains the indifference and even hostility of the population towards the Jews.

On September 25, 1941, the commander-in-chief of AK General Grota-Rovel-Kiy in the telegram to the government in London reported: "It is a real fact that the vast majority of the country's population is configured by anti-Semitic ... anti-Semitism in the country is widespread."

In August 1942, the writer Sophia Coscak wrote on behalf of the Small Catholic Group "Front Renaissance of Poland" in a brochure called "Protest": "Who is silent, seeing how murder is committed, becomes an accomplice of the murder. Who does not condemn, he allows ... We, Polish Catholics, want to speak. Our feelings in relation to the Jews have not changed. We do not cease to consider them by the political, economic and ideological enemies of Poland. Moreover, we are aware that they hate us more than the Germans that they shift responsibility for their misfortune. Why, on what basis - the secret Jewish soul remains, although this is a confirmed fact. However, the awareness of these feelings does not relieve us from condemning crimes. "

Such a position of the famous representatives of Polish society simplifies the problem. The fact that most Poles turned out to be indifferent to the misfortune of the Jews. But indifference is not a deliberation of crime and not the manifestation of anti-Semitism. However, many Jews, exploring this issue today, do not notice this.

In Poland, unlike other countries engaged in the German troops, from the very beginning of the occupation the government seized the German administration, which with methodical accuracy performed all orders of Ermacht. Only the surviving occupation bake could understand those terrible and complex conditions in which the majority of the population of the occupied countries were. We emphasize - a significant part of it did not help his persecuted Jews, which was not explained not so much anti-Semitism, how many disorientation of a simple resident, his small consciousness and enlightened, but most often - fear of revenge of the invader. Therefore, today it is impossible to do too hasty and surface conclusions about people who lived both by one and on the other side of the hetto walls; It was the time of grave tests.

Only individual Jews could avoid death, nobody was able to save; Only those who left the country could change the course of events. No one has the right to demand that to save the near people gave his own life. Namely, alas, there was the price of the rescue of the Jews. It was necessary to prepare in advance not only to their own death, but also to the death of their family. But many Poles elected exactly such a way.

Our reflections on this problem by finishing the words of an outstanding Polish writer Angehevsky: "For all honest Poles, the fate of dying Jews was especially painful, since people died, who our people did not have the right to look into the eyes directly and with a clean conscience. Poles and Poles, perishing freedom, the Polish people could safely look into the eyes. Jews dying in a burning ghetto - no! "

However, in line with this statement, let's try to look at the truth and in scraps of the history of those years to find a reason for optimism. About all occupied countries, individual citizens hurried to the residues to help. But only in Poland, this help has become centralized, which covered the territory of the whole country. Someone asks: Why did it happen so late? Most likely, because then no one could foresee that genocide will acquire invisible in history.

Above already told about the creation of a Jewish issue and a temporary committee of assistance to Jews in the name of Conrad to Zhegegen. On December 4, 1942, with the cooperation of political parties, the government of the government established the Council of Assistance to the Jews "Zhelt". The Delegate of Representative Office at the Council was elected head of the Jewish Department Witold Benkovsky.

What is the meaning of the representation of Poland in emigration attached to the Jewish question, testify the records made by Benkovsky in 1948: "As the head of the" Logta "department, I received direct connection with the management of civil wrestling, the Finance Department, the main headquarters of the Army Core, and also With all information channels (radio, field mail, emissary). This fact (the only case in the structure of our secret state administration) indicates a very serious attitude to the problem of Jews. While the leaders of the parties and the highest officials were waiting for communication on the radio with London, I could during the Warsaw uprising in the ghetto seven times a day to transfer news from the scene of events in London. As for the maternityist death sentences, I was endowed with special powers. I personally signed 117 mortal sentences, of which 89 was pursuing ... The "Faith" department occupied an important position in politically ... The organization of the department covered all the structures involved in the "Jewish question": policies (internal and foreign), exploration, social assistance .

The Council of Assistance to the Jews "Zherta" had a financial, housing, ideological, children's departments, the department of clothing, as well as the provincial deed department, documentation and to combat blackmail. In the spring of 1943, the activities of the Council were organized in Krakow and Lvov, as well as in Radom, Jenza, Czestochowa, Skarzhsk-Kamen, Petrkov, Trybunalski, Tarnov, Mix, Sanok, Lublin, and other cities.

Based on the story of the head of finance "Zhegegen", F. Archinsky outlines for an example the scope of the action of some of its departments. The department of ideology through the network of correspondents received data on the extermination of the Jews, about the fled and hiding Jews, their needs and well-being. Bulletins were published, which received power, political parties and underground press. 1943 published three brochures with a circulation of 25,000, and another in German, under the guise of the publication of the German resistance movement; Brochures were distributed among the Germans and in their institutions. Brochures described the scales of crimes of the Nazis and held calls for the public to help dying Jews. The "Year in Trevilki" brochure was published with a circulation of 2000 copies, and the collection of poetry "from the abyss" - 3000 in circulation. Both brochures were distributed not only in the country, but were transferred to the west.

The reports sent abroad were to inform the public in the West and cause special repression towards Germany by the Allies. But all the efforts were in vain. So, for example, in one of the deposit sent during the elimination of the ghetto, was called to revenge for the killing of Jews. The resulting explanation was as follows: "The latest forces of the N-Military part are not called upon to fulfill the acts of revenge, but are designed to perform exclusively combat assignments."

Children's department "Zhegegen" took care of a thousand and more Jewish children and adolescents.

It is believed that "Zhert" patronized more than 20,000 Jews. Warsaw and its surroundings department of the documentation issued fake documents to all ward Jews, including the certificate of birth, death, church wedding, registration, etc. The average per day was issued about 100 registered documents. Moreover, this department served in Warsaw local branches of the Council of the whole country, issuing "blind" documents, i.e., forms without names and surnames who fit on the ground. Before the start of the Warsaw uprising, in 1944, 50,000 documents were manufactured, 80% of them are for hiding Jews.

The Financial Department received subsidies from representation from the funds sent by the Government from London. We give only a few common data.

For two years of the activity of "Zhegegen", 90% of the costs suffered the Polish authorities, and 10% - Jewish organizations abroad. Polish parachutists ("quietly") were delivered for the needs of Bund from October 1942 to August 1944. $ 420,000 equivalent to 30,000,000 occupation zlotys. The available data suggest that the financial assistance of Western Jews began to arrive in more, when the living Polish Jews have already left a little. The treasure of representation was very significant. At the same time, the representative office had tremendous costs for various purposes (including military), the financial subsidies from the Polish government in London were limited, since it was the war itself with the Germans for money obtained, mainly from the allies on credit . Such is the truth about some forms of assistance to herself. However, whole areas remain, which are still not and, it seems, will never be investigated, since the darkness of oblivion covered many events, and living witnesses are less and less.

Who today can set the exact number of Jews saved by the Poles, or say how many Poles died, giving them asylum or food? Witnesses confirm that there was no day in Warsaw's ghetto and the day, when at least a few "smugglers", transmitting food to the ghetto, were not shot. It must be remembered that since March 1941, the Nazis excluded the Jews from the urban system of Kovaining Arshava. Nevertheless, the Poles delivered to the ghetto more than 250 tons of products per day, and this is at a time when in most Polish cities (including in Lviv and Warsaw) hunger reigned.

It is also necessary to emphasize that before the share of the Lublin Gestapo, under the leadership of Hoffle, i.e. until September 13, 1942, mainly due to the Poles, the workshops who worked in the ghetto had raw materials and could implement their products, i.e., the Jews had Work. What to say about helping weapons, thanks to which the handful of ghetto defenders was able to hold out for a long time in the fight against well-armed and having a great experience of the Nazis!

Is it possible to calculate how many Polish families were hiding with the Jews, having no help from the outside, because few people had the opportunity to contact with regular resistance organizations or "rude". Can the one who did not survive the occupation, imagine, as a family, hiding the Jews, provided themselves with food, fearing the increased volume of purchases to attract the attention of others?

In addition, it happened that hiding something altogether, without the knowledge of the guardian, temporarily left his asylum, as it was, for example, in the Osovo under Warsaw with the "ward" Zelenkiewicz Jew Jepiro, who, being caught, led the Gestapovians to their refuge. We miraculously avoided the death of the wife and son Shapiro: they managed to escape, but Zelenkiewicz was executed. Under similar circumstances, the priests of the Order of Poulinov in Lviv died.

Rumors about these events aggravated the feeling of anxiety and danger. Today it is very difficult to put ourselves to the place of those whom the Yad-Wahem Institute in Jerusalem calls the "righteous of the peoples of the world." And no wonder so honorable title is given only to a little.

In 1941, only in one of the occupied countries - in Poland - the death penalty was threatened for providing not only asylum, but also food Jew. For this, a "crime" in the West did not die any Belgian or Frenchman. To imagine a picture of the terror dominated in Poland, we describe some of the tragedies that occurred then.

As reports of the main commission of the study of Hitler's crimes in Poland in Poland 1968, 343 Poles died for helping Jews, of which 243 victims were identified, among them - 64 women and 42 children. These figures are strongly understated, on the basis of the results of new studies, we can talk about more than 900 Poles who died for providing assistance to Jews, which confirms the Jewish Historical Institute.

In three parts of the book Those WHO HELP ("Thosewho saved "), published in 1993, 1996, 1997, not only listed the names of awarded in Jerusalem. There is a lost list of 704 Poles executed by Nazis for helping Jews during World War II. This list is not yet completed, research continues.

Pope Roman ranked to the face of the saints of Maximilyan Kolbe for the salvation of Jews in Auschwitz. For such actions, many Poles are executed, which showed no less heroism. But few of the Poles (and from Jews) remembers them, especially since their orphaned families.

Here are some examples of such a heroism: December 6, 1942 in the village of Chepelovo-Star (Kelets Voivodeship) for concealing the Jews, the SS department burned three Polish families in their homes (only 23 people, of which 15 children). Warsaw died in a similar way two families from the streets of Yelecom - Markoki and Olsk. They were members of the "zegotoms" and gave asylum more than thirty Jews, including the Historian Ghetto E. Ringerblublubu from the concentration camp Ringelblyum (1900-1944). On March 7, 1944, everyone who was in the apartment - both Poles and Jews were shot. The village of Yersechysk under the Lublin group of local Jews hid in his farm Joseph Ardzinsky. Checking the buildings, the Nazis found the Jews and shot them. On the time of the shootout (the Jews defended, until the ammunition was enough) the owner managed to escape. He was hiding in the forest together with the remaining Jews and fled from the Russian captivity. On the time of the cliffs in the Minkowytsky Forest killed everything except two people. Ardzinsky died on July 9, 1943, he was shot on a tree where he was hidden. The village of Karchmiska (Lublin Voivodeship) for the help of Jews died S. Ishnevskaya and her 12-year-old sister Sofia, as well as the family of S. Marchinak, whose farm was burned. Naphthalene (area of \u200b\u200bYastkov), together with hiding Jew, Naftalym Bruuter was shot by S. Casior, and in Tomashovitsa for helping the Jews were executed by the Families of Petrakov and Ismulsky. On December 10, 1942, Ladislav Abramek, Joseph Aftyk (54 years old), Anelon (52 years old), Marianne (14 years old), Sofia (17 years old) were killed in Oli-Pshibyslavsky (Lublin Voivodship). These examples clearly illustrate the degree of dedication of those unrecognized heroes.

The medal "The Righteous Peoples of the World", which the Institute of People's Memory ("Poison Vashe", Jerusalem) awards those who saved Jews - an indirect evidence of the relationship of occupied peoples to the persecuted Jews. These medals are not awarded posthumously, they are not awarded to them and those who do not pretend to them. Many of the still living remain nameless heroes without looking for any awards. And how many of them have already died? The greatest reward for them is a pure conscience and consciousness to the end of the executed debt.

From the documents, as well as from the comparison of the number of award-awarded from different countries, it follows that the Poles make up the largest group (but to relate the number of people awarded with the population, then the Dutch is in the first place).

But it's not in numbers. The meaning of this data, unfortunately, underestimate those who should remember them and about many other facts of more than 800-year-old history of the Jews in Poland.

A separate topic is gratitude to your benefactors, and here everything is done. The famous Jewish poet Haim Hefer in the poem "Righteous People" invites us to think about it.

... with the sounds of these words - the Savior
I remembered, and brought in doubt harsh:
When it was roaring that hate whirlwind, -
Would I have stolen strangers under step off?

For risk, for the death fear - I would construct a family
And the soul - on the break, on the darkness of the nights of the sleepless?
Would be able to curb and thought and speech
Before everyone who is around, - in greetings, in bows?

That's how - in an hour an hour, like this - after year,
I am afraid of the afraid, I would manage to extend I -
For a grateful look that only in the end flashes,
For the words warmth, for a moment a handshake?

No fee for good. For loyalty there are no awards.
And a little honor - to give a stranger surplus.
Only in the most terrible day will see who your brother,
On sincere love, having learned not at all.

And I'm looking for - and I find the answer:
Would you like to become so not in words, in practice!
After all, to survive, so that the sun has seen the sun, -
They despised death and her eyes looked.

For courage in a black hour, for the highest talent -
For the heat of the soul - bow to you, sincere brothers.
Oh you that you do not give the mouth of the sky, like Atlant, -
About the righteous! I want praise to pay me!

10. Jews in Poland after 1944

The nightmare, experienced during the occupation, instilled in the consciousness of peoples, and including the Poles, the desire of peace, safety and stability. However, the situation established in the country pushed these perspectives for several years. This happened as a result of changes in the public strict. Extremely left forces, which by the will of Moscow took power in the country, eliminated the existing structures of the underground state. They filled out prisons with tens of thousands of former soldiers of the army Craiova, still dozens of thousands of repressive bodies of the USSR deported to Siberia. This time was made a lot of irreparable mistakes in national politics, including changing the Jews.

In the struggle for power, opposing forces tried to play anti-Semitism, especially since the Hitler's policy and propaganda left traces in the consciousness of part of the citizens.

In such circumstances, it was not difficult to firm the crowd on anti-Indian speeches and even on pogroms. Such pogroms were held in Krakow (August 11, 1945), Rheryshov (July 4, 1946), in Kielce (on the same day). They killed 40 Jews. The reason for the last pogrom, according to one of the versions, was an intentional shelter in the basement of the eight-year-old Henrik Blashik, according to another, his father would see him as choon. The boy was told to say that the Jews kept him in the cellar of the house on the street. Plates, 7, in Kielce. As the state press agent reported, the instigators, moved to the army uniforms of General Anders (Polish Army in the West), as if shouting: "Bay Jews! Long live the government in emigration! Long live the leader! "

Rabbi D. Kagan determines the number of 2,000 people who participated in this pogder and describes this event: "Jews closed in the house and were ready to defend their life with their weapons. 12 hours arrived a group of armed police officers under the command of Sergeant. Blakhutu ... who ordered to give him a weapon ... and go to the courtyard. When the Jews refused to obey, Blahut began to beat them the head of the pistol on the heads, shouted ... The investigation found that Blahut was the only policeman sent from the police station, and his assistants were "killers from the crowd."

A familiar will ask this business with surprise, what did the local and central authorities, who were about this event, of course, were reported? Is it possible that in the Voivodsk city with a large garrison of troops, militia, security services, during the riots acted, and even so, alone, only the policeman Blahut? "The case", which begun against the imaginary perpetrators of events, was more like a farce (like other similar trials of those gloomy times).

The Catholic Church in the Krakow newspaper "Sekuchny Weekly" condemned the Keltsi pogrom, and anti-Semitism at all. A week after these events, July 11, 1946, Archbishop Primas Hlend, condemning the pogrom, completed his statement with such words: "Poles, their own, supported the Jews, shelted them and saved with danger to their own life. Many Jews in Poland are obliged to life Poles, Polish priests. Responsibility for the fact that this is a good attitude to the Jews changing, largely falls on those Jews who today occupy governing state posts in Poland and seek Poland to impose a public system that the overwhelming majority of people do not want. This is a dangerous game leading to tension. In these clashes in political struggle, unfortunately, Jews are killed, but many Poles also die. "

Historian Kristina Kersten in the weekly "Solidarity" (1981, No. 36) in the article "Kielce, July 4, 1946" It claims that this provocation was the work of the intelligence agencies and remains still untapped by the secret of the current Poland. This opinion also shares Mikhal Henzinsky in his book. Professor I. Gutman from Jerusalem commented on this hypothesis as follows: "The author who is familiar with the activities of secret services from the inside sees in most political events in Poland after the war the consequence of the intervention of these services. Kelets pogrom is also associated with secret services ... ".

At the same time, rumors were spread that Zionists organized this provocation (Brich Agents) in order to hurry the Polish Jews in Israel as part of the Aliya Beth campaign to the Emigration in Israel. No need to justify the absurdity of this opinion.

Other events spoken by pain in the heart are the murders of Jews by Poles after 1944. I. Gutman in his book, referring to the "Nutrine Circular of the Polish Government," says that by the end of 1945, 341 Jews were killed in Poland. The number of Jews killed by the summer of 1947, he estimates about 1000 people. According to him only a reasonable reason, it uses the "approximate" method of calculation, although at that time already clearly acted to take into account the movement of the population and the authorities registered all cases that could use in the fight against political opponents. Gutman leads one more doubtful argument.

In a conversation with journalists who came with Goover (former US President), Poland President Boleslav told said that "there is no possibility to establish an accurate figure, but during the year several hundreds of Jews were killed by the remnants of anti-Semitic organizations that are illegal in Poland." Normal conditions, even such an approximate figure, reported by the state-owned high rank, would mean, but not in the then Poland, and also expressed with a political goal of such an ambiguous personality, as Boleslav taking, called Polish Stalin. The PORP at the congress in 1989 stated that "Boleslav take ... Inspired numerous legal proceedings and making harsh sentences. According to his initiative, unreasonable arrests and falsified accusations of groups of leading teachers of the PRP were held.

A scientist of such a scale, as Professor Gutman, should know how often Jewish blood used for political purposes. Therefore, it is not necessary to make final conclusions, relying on such "evidence".

There are objective difficulties in determining the actual number of Polish Jews who avoid the destruction of the Nazis. Many thousands of them for various reasons, mainly personal, were still in the USSR. A significant part at the end of the war was in concentration camps in Germany and no longer returned to the country. Many of those who survived the occupation with the help of "Aryan papers" (passports), broke with Judaism and either left to the West, or assimilated within the country. Both those and others did not come into contact with the Jewish communities. Not registered in communities and Jewish collaborators, who sought to leave to the West as soon as possible. The data obtained from the branches of Jewish organizations in Poland is approximate and not responding to the question of who, when and how to save. The results of studies conducted by Poles are incomplete and contradictory.

The Sector for Assistance to the Jewish population under the National Liberation Committee on October 10, 1944 had only 8,000 Jews in Lublin and other settlements of the part of the Voivodes, which was liberated by the Red Army. On November 4, 1944, the Central Committee of Jews in Poland (CCEP) was established. July 1946, 244964 Jew had already lived in Poland, including from February to June 1946, on the basis of a repatriation agreement between Poland and the USSR, 13,6550 people were repatriated. Another 108,000 is the Jews or survived the occupation, or by February 1946, which was found in Poland as a result of illegal repatriation from Ukraine, from Belarus and Lithuania. According to the Presidium Ckep, in 1945, in this way about 40,000 Jews managed to get into Poland.

In the 20s, when England limited the entry of Jews to Palestine, to support illegal immigration was proclaimed "Aliya Beth" ("Second Aliya", that is illegal). Alia Giamel was also also (from the following letters of the Jewish alphabet) - emigration on counterfeit certificates or by repeatedly using them with various persons. The 30s Aliya Beth transported smuggling of emigrants mainly from Germany and other countries of central and non-sucking Europe. To do this, she created underground groups called Brich (Heb. "Flight", "unexpected care" in Eretz Israel - "Earth of Israel").

Already in November 1945, Brich Agents organized illegal emigration of Jews from Poland. From February 1946, they took more than 10,000 Jews on trucks. Large Aliya also began with repatriation from the USSR, especially after the arrival of the last echelons of repatriated (June - July 1946) and after the Keletsky pogo held at the time. From a quarter of a million Jews by spring 1947, only 100,000 remained in Poland.

During the repatriation of Germans from Szczecin to the English zone "Brich" joined the cars with Jews (about 700 people), which had fake documents, of whom were that they were citizens of the former Third Reich. Refugee camps in Germany were over 200,000 Jews (most of Poland), who were waiting for the "opening of the Palestine gate" there.

The difficulties that the mandate authorities created the Jews, after the terrifying experiences of the military years attempted to get to Palestine, should be described separately. A vivid example is the fate of the Saint Louis ship passengers, which the British returned to Hamburg.

After the UN Decision on the section of Palestine, Zionists began the campaign "Foundation for the struggling of fighting Palestine". All Jewish organizations operating in Poland, including the Communist Jewish Fraction of the Polish Workers Party, by September 1948 gathered almost 113,000,000 zlotys for this fund. In addition, volunteers were recruited in Hagan, which, after retraining with legal passports, sent to Palestine. For this purpose, a training military camp was created in the Hospital under the green guroy. The resulting campaign on recruitment and preparation of volunteers for Hagani was about 3200 Jews.

In November 1945, the management of the "Pioneer" with the center in Warsaw resumed its activities. 1948 Kibbutz in Lower Silesia, in which over 2000 Halutsians were concentrated, received benefits from the government in the amount of about 40,000,000 zł. They prepared the Jewish youth for the upcoming work and the struggle in Palestine.

In 1944-1956 In People's Poland, Jews had free access to the highest political, administrative and economic posts. Jewish Minister, General, Governor, Judge, Prosecutor, Head of the Police, Head of the Security Committee, director were not uncommon. Legally operated more than a dozen Jewish organizations, including Zionist. These years have been published more than 12 Jewish newspapers.

In January 1949, the US government recognized the state of Israel de Jura and provided him with 1,000,000,000 dollars loan. There were hopes for the education of the Jewish Soviet Republic in Palestine, Israel did not become a "socialist island in the capitalist world." Israel's Communist Party in 1949 elections to Knesset, consisting of 120 deputies, received 4 mandates. But this did not prevent Polish authorities to issue 40,000 passports for emigration to Israel. Until 1950, several tens of thousands of Jews emigrated from Poland.

On the fracture of 1949/50. CKEP and its local committees were recognized as nationalist and turned into the "Social and Cultural Society of Jews" (Okay). At the same time, the disposal of the Minister of Public Administration dated December 13, 1949 was determined the timing of the elimination of all Zionist parties and organizations.

The last tragedy of the Jews in the post-war Poland happened in 1968, after the Martov student speeches of protest. The occasion was the six-day Israeli-Arab war and the rupture of diplomatic relations with Israel with Israel (with the exception of Romania) and the growth of anti-Semitism in these countries that took the form of control against "Zionism and Cosmopolitanism".

To justify the anti-Semitic campaign, the authorities referred to the fact that many Jews in the country took the critical position in relation to the policy of the Polish government that they demonstratively expressed support for the "Israeli aggression against Arab countries" that emigrants from Poland were even in the Israeli army , including officers.

As already mentioned, mass student protests became a reason for massionism with Zionism. On March 8, 1968, the peaceful rally of students of Warsaw University was overclocked by the detachments of militia and support services. It became the beginning of rallies and strikes in almost all universities, which were also suppressed by force. Propaganda stressed pointed to students-organizers of these events that took place from families of individual influential persons, especially Jewish origin, which by that time lost their socio-political posts.

This is how 20 years later lightens the office of these events of the Central Committee of the Tribune Ludue Party of March 2, 1986: "The late 40s - early 50s a lot of leadership posts in the party and in the army, in the institutions of the ideological front, in the state Administrations, including in punitive organs, occupied citizens of Jewish origin. The memory of the lawlessness of those years, about violations of the law and the perpetrators of the actions remained in the consciousness of the Polish public. At this soil it was easy to perceive in 1968. The statement that "alien to the Polish people the group was the source of all angry." Speech dated June 19, 1967 Secretary of the Central Committee of the Gomalka party even used the expression "5th column". But on its own initiative, on June 24, 1968, it was forbidden to emphasize the topic of Zionism and the Jewish origin of the participants of the March events. As a result, there was a mixing of personal accounts, the separation of people by their origin. Many even deserved Jews were removed from different areas of life, regardless of their political position. "

In this wave in 1968-1971. About 13,000 Jews left Poland. Today, the Jewish public has several thousand people.

11. Jews in the Soviet Union

In reflections on a Jewish question, the situation of Soviet Jews cannot be bytended. Today we can talk about the circumstances that until recently were surrounded by a wall of silence. However, in this book there is no possibility with sufficient fullness to highlight the problem of Jews in the USSR. Therefore, we will focus on a few questions. One of them is the position of the Jews in the system of a system for which some of them have developed a theoretical justification, while others actively contributed to its incarnation. 1920, from 22 People's Commissars 17 were Jews. The National Commissariat of 43 members of 33 - Jews. The rest of the Commissarities they ranged from 80 to 100% of the members.

Paul Johnson in the "History of Jews" this comments on this situation: "Directly before the First World War, during and after it," non-Jewish "Jews were significant figures in every revolutionary party and in each European country. They played a major role in the uprisings that occurred after the defeat of Germany and Austria. Bal Kun (1886-1939) was a dictator of the communist regime that came to power in Hungary from March to August 1919. Kurt Eisner (1867-1919) was headed by a revolutionary uprising in Bavaria in November 1918 and led the republic for 4 months until he was killed. The murder of the Rosa Luxembourg, the former "brain" of the revolutionary Berlin group "Spartak", occurred a few weeks before the murder of Eisner.

But Russia was the most bright and indicative example of identifying some Jews with revolutionary violence. The strategist of the coup, which gave the power to the Bolsheviks in October 1917, was non-Jew, Lenin. But the performer was Leo Davidovich Trotsky (Bronstein). His father was a Ukrainian peasant or, as later he began to call the wealthy peasants, "Kulak", Trotsky himself was the "fruit" of the cosmopolitan atmosphere of Odessa (went to Lutheran School). Trotsky argued that neither Judaism nor anti-Semitism influenced the development of his personality. But this is not true. His attacks on the Jewish Bundovtsy at the II Congress of the RSDLP in London in 1903 there was something unnatural, close to hatred. These attacks caused the departure from the collection of the Bundovans, as a result of which the Bolsheviks won. Trotsky called the Herzl "unscrupulous scandalist", "doubtful type." Like Rosa Luxembourg, he did not want to notice the suffering of Jews. At the time when Trotsky was in power, he constantly refused to take Jewish delegations. Like other "non-Jewish" Jews, he suppressed his feelings for his own family, as his political position required. He was not interested in the misfortune of his own father, who lost everything during the revolution and later died of typhus.

The unrealized sense of involvement in its own nation was reborn in Trotsky in the ruthless, volcanic energy of the revolutionary. It is unlikely that without him the Bolshevik revolution could beat and stand out. It was Troatsky who pointed out Lenin to the value of the workers' tips and taught them to use. It was Trotsky that organized and headed the armed uprising, the overthrown belt government and the Bolsheviks provided power. It was Troatsky formed the Red Army and supervised it until 1925, he helped physically sense the communist regime during the civil war. Trotsky more than anyone embodied the violence and demonic strength of Bolshevism in his intention "to ignite the whole world." And more than anyone is responsible for the common identification of the revolution with Jews.

For Jews the consequences of this - direct and remote, local and on a global scale are tragic. The troops of the White Army in the desire to deal with the Bolshevik regime of all the Jews considered the enemies. In Ukraine, civil war was reborn into the largest pogrom in Jewish history. More than a thousand individual killings of Jews were registered, persecution, during which were killed from 60 to 70 thousand Jews, more than 700 Jewish communities in Ukraine and several hundreds in Russia were touched.

In the countries of Ossetting Europe, the identification of Jews with the Bolsheviks led to criminal attacks on Jewish communities. Especially bloody were the persecution of Jews in Poland after the Bolshevik invasion and in Hungary after the fall of the Bail Kun regime. The persecution of the Jews lasted 10 years (1920-1930). About all these countries, communist parties most often created and headed the "non-Jewish" Jews, and they were paid for this non-politics traditional believers from ghetto and towns.

The tragic irony is that ordinary Jews have not received any benefit from the revolution, on the contrary, their situation has deteriorated much. Kerensky's belt government recognized all civil rights for Jews, including the right to organize their own political parties and cultural institutions. In Ukraine, the Jews entered the structure of the belt; The Jew has led the Special Ministry of Jewish Affairs. Lithuania, which the Bolsheviks failed to take until 1940, the guarantees for national minorities were effective, and the position of the Jewish community between the first and second world wars was the best in all overrosted Europe. For the Jews, the Bolshevik coup turned back the hours of history, and the Bolshevik regime became misfortune. At first, Lenin and his supporters equated anti-Semitism to counterrevolution. The Council of People's Commissars on the decree of July 27, 1918 ordered "all the advice of workers, peasant and soldier deputies to take steps that led to the destruction of the anti-Semitic movement and its roots." The government published Lenin's speech, condemning anti-Semitism. These sluggish efforts were crossed by the fierce attack of Lenin on the "exploiters" and "Democrats", which related to the Jews and precisely in this sense was understood as an attack on the Jews. The mode based on the ideas of Marxism, who, in turn, relied on the anti-Semitic theory of conspiracies, the regime that its activities began with the fact that entire public groups declared the "enemies of the people", and then subjected to persecution, - such a regime had to create around the Jews The atmosphere of hostility. Jews-merchants were among the first victims of the Leninist Policy of Terror, aimed at the "Antisocial Group"; Many were "eliminated", some (about 300,000) fled to Poland, in the Baltic countries, to Turkey and the Balkans.

True, however, the fact that the Jews constituted a significant percentage of the top of the Communist Party (as well as the ordinary members). At the congresses of the party 15-20% of delegates were Jewish origin. But these were "non-Jewish" Jews. The Bolsheviks party was the only party of the monthly period, which was hostile to the Jews. The ordinary Jews only suffered because of Jewish activity on the political scene. Jews-Bolsheviks constituted a significant number of CC commissioners, tax inspectors, bureaucrats. They played the main roles in organized by Lenin and Trotsky expeditions, who beat the grain from the peasants. For all this, Jews hated. And, as it has repeatedly happened in the history of the Jewish people, they were persecuted on completely opposite reasons. On the one hand, the Jews were "antisocial elements", on the other - the Bolsheviks. The only Soviet archive, the content of which was known in the West concerning the situation in Smolensk in 1917-1938, shows that the peasants were often identified by the Bolshevik dictatorship with Jewish intermediaries. 1922, the peasants threatened: if the commissars are taken from the church gold jewelry, "no Jew will survive, kill everyone for one night." Crowds shouted on the streets: "Bay Jews, save Russia!" 1926 accusations of ritual killings again appeared. However, the archive testifies that the Jews were afraid of the regime: "They are afraid of the police, as was once afraid of the tsarist gendarme."

Concerns of the Jews had good reasons. August 1919. All Jewish religious communities were eliminated, their property was confiscated and most of the synagogue were closed. Heading learning was prohibited and publishing non-religious works on it. It was possible to print to Yiddish, but only in phonetic transcription (idiisse culture was permitted, although it was under non-primary observation). The functions of the supervision were performed by special Jewish departments (EVEECTION), organized in the cells of the Communist Party from the "non-Jewish" Jews, the important function of which was the registration of the signs of "Jewish cultural particulism". Bund was destroyed, the persecution of Russian Zionists began. 1917 This was the most powerful political course among Russian Jews, with 300,000 members and 1,200 branches. Numerically, this movement was much stronger than Bolshevism. From 1919, Esecration began an offensive on the Zionists, using the CC cell, headed by "non-Jewish" Jews. St. Petersburg was busy the main headquarters of the Zionists, the staff was arrested and the newspaper is closed. The same happened in Moscow. April 1920. The Senoshi Zionist Congress was interrupted by the invasion of the Chief Department headed by a young Jewish. Seventy-five delegates were arrested. Since 1920, thousands of Zionists referred to the camps, from where few came back. On August 26, 1922, it was stated that the Zionist party "under the cover of democracy seeks to corrupt the Jewish youth and push it into the arms of the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie in the interests of the Anglo-French capital. Representatives of the Jewish bourgeoisie, seeking to restore the Palestinian state, are supported by the reaction forces, including such fierce imperialists as Poincare, Lloyd George and Pope. "

The pressure on the Jews increased with the arrival of Stalin. The late 20s, all the "Jewish" forms of activity were destroyed or deprived of authenticity. Stalin eliminated this situation, leaving the supervision of secret services. Jews were dismissed almost from all internal positions. Anti-Semitism has become a significant party force. "Pravda," wrote Trotsky Bukharina on March 4, 1926, is it possible that anti-Semist propaganda is carried out in Moscow in Moscow? " Alas, this campaign not only was carried out unpunished, but also encouraged. Jews, especially party members, amounted to the disproportionately most of the victims of Stalin.

Isaac Babel (1894-1940) became one of them (1894-1940), probably the only big Jewish writer, whom the Russian revolution gave the world. His tragedy is a kind of parable about Jews under the authority of the Soviets. Like Trotsky, his Odessa brought him up, where the father of Babel kept the bench. He, like Trotsky, wanted to become a "non-Jewish" Jew. He fought in the royal army, and when the revolution began, served in the CC and, as the Bolshevik activist, robbed peasant farms. He fought a place with the Cossacks in the first equestrian under the leadership see Budy. The experienced events formed the basis of the Babel's masterpiece - a collection of Novel "Konarmy" (1926), in which he managed to transfer the breath of the Terrible Time, the steps of the revolution, steps on the way of achievement, as he expressed, "The most simple form of high art, the ability to kill the near " The idea of \u200b\u200bbecoming an "non-Jewish" Jew turned out to be unrealized. For Stalin, Babel was the same Jew as the rest. Stalinsky Russia from the honorary heights of Babel slipped into hell. At the congress of writers in 1934 he uttered a mysterious, complete irony speech. He said that the party in his limitless kindness deprives writers of only one freedom: Freedom to write badly. The writer noted that he himself writes in a new literary genre, becoming a "sample sample". "I respect the reader so much," he added, "I can't squeeze out a word out of myself." Everhead Babel was arrested and disappeared (probably he was shot).

The world did not know that in Soviet Russia, anti-Semitism was revived in a new form, which destroyed all the Jewish organizations that the life of the Jews was under threat. It was implied: since the Jews were the leaders of the revolution, they won the most. There was no difference between Jews - traditionalists, reformers or zionists and the group of "non-Jewish" Jews, which really participated in the establishment of a "revolutionary order". This is not surprising, because one of the theses of the anti-Semitic theory of conspiracy such: the apparent conflict of interests between Jews is only a cover to achieve common goals. The most common anti-Semitic slander says that behind the scenes of events can always be found signs of Jewish cooperation. Arvaria Bolsheviks strengthened anti-Semitic sentiment in different countries.

12. Jews in France and USA

French anti-Semitism, focused earlier on the Jewish financial authorities, now switched to the Jews - public "saboteurs". Jewish socialists (for example, their leader and theoretics Leon Blum) were proud of the Messianic role of the revolutionary Jews. "A collective impetus of the Jews," L. Blum wrote, "leads to the revolution; Their criticism (I use this word in the most elevated value) inclues them to negate any idea, any traditional form, which are not consistent with the facts or not subject to intellect. Jews throughout their long and unfortunate history have strengthened hope for "inevitable justice," they were convinced that one day the world would be managed according to the mind; One law is established for all, so that everyone will receive what deserves. Is it not in the spirit of socialism? From the French Spirit of this race. " Blum wrote this in 1901. After the end of World War I, these words became even more dangerous. However, Blum persistently repeated that the goal of the Jews is to go in the avant-garde of the movement of socialism. He, apparently, was convinced that the rich Jews would take part in this march. And although the right French wing believed Blum's incarnation of Jewish radicalism, many representatives of the left groupings attacked him as a secret agent of the Jewish bourgeoisie. A third of French bankers amounted to Jews, and the left gladly repeated that Jews control government finances regardless of who stands in power. Jean Zhores argued that "their long-term connection with banking and trade developed great abilities to capitalist crime." Post-war years, when the left party became the "Communist Mrs. France", anti-Semitism - although implicit - was part of the repertoire of insults to the blush. But Blum and other leaders of the French Jews persistently underestimated French anti-Semitism both right and left wings.

The most important consequences of the arrival of the Bolsheviks and the active participation of radical Jews in establishing a new order were manifested in the United States. About France, although the Jews were attacked and on the right, and on the left, Jewish refugees in the 20s and even in the 1930s were still accepted. America the same fear of the Bolsheviks entailed the end of immigration policy without restrictions, saving for European Jews from 1881 to 1914. Even before the war, attempts to limit immigration, but the US Jewish Committee, organized in 1906 to combat such threats, Confonal with success. However, together with the war, the ultralibral phase of the expansion of democracy in America and began the decadenet period of xenophobia. 1906, the activities of Ku-Klux Clans resumed, the purpose of which was to keep under the control of the minority group (including the Jews), which, as stated, was a threat to American moral and public standards. In the same year, the Book of Madison Grant THA PASSING OF GRAAT RACA.it argued that the racial superiority of America disappears due to mass immigration, in which the Jews play a considerable role. Later, "Spyware Decree" (1917) and "Decree on the Threat of betrayal" (1918) were published, which led to the identification of strangers with traitors.

The atmosphere to the limit was punished after the victory of the Bolsheviks in Russia. Its result was "Red Anxiety" in 1919-1920, - the action headed by the Attorney General, the action against how he called them, "came from abroad for the borders of saboteurs and agitators." He argued that the USA was "60,000 of these organized agitators of Trotsky's doctrine". And Trotsky himself was "decent contempt by immigrant ... the worst of all types known in New York." Many materials published by Palmer and his adherents wore an anti-Semitic character. One of the leaflets was said that from the 31st Soviet leader everything except Lenin was Jews. Another analyzed the composition of the Petrograd Council, indicating that only 16 of the 380 members of the Council were Russians, and the rest were Jews, of which 265 came from New York East Side. The third document argued that the decision to overthrow the tsarism actually adopted on February 14, 1916. A group of New York Jews, which included a millionaire Yakov Schiff.

The charter was adopted about immigration sums (1921), according to which the annual number of immigrants cannot exceed 3 % the number of this ethnic group in the United States in 1910, the Johnson Reed 1924 amendment reduced this number up to 2%, and the year of basic data was 1890. The result was a decrease in the total number of immigrants to 154,000 per year and a decrease in the amounts intended for immigration. Polish, Russian, Romanian. The most clearly affected by the Jews, stopping their mass immigration in the United States. From this point on, Jewish organizations hardly preserved the amounts allocated (then they were canceled at all). It is considered good luck that for nine difficult years (1933-1941) managed to help with an entry into the country of German Jews (there were almost as much as he immigrated to the Jews in 1906).

Realizing the Stalin National Policy, in 1928 in the Khabarovsk Territory on the Bira River formed the Jewish Autonomous Region with the capital of Birobidzhan. 1959 there lived only 41,000 people of different nationalities. 1989, about 10,000 Jews lived on this territory, most of whom did not know the language, history and culture of their fathers, not to mention the law of Moiseev. Until recently, there was only one synagogue there. All this testifies to the failure of the Stalinist experiment (in Moscow alone in the late 80s. There were about 100,000 Jews, and in all the USSR - about 2,000,000). This project to create a national habitat for Jews, as well as former - in Argentina, in Madagascar, etc. - turned out to be an illusion. The only place, the magnet attracting the ideological part of the Jewish people, is Palestine, and now - Israel, the best direction to their emigration and the best place of stay.

The second problem is anti-Semitism, which in socialist states could not be eradicated. Here he manifested itself in the form of the struggle with "zionists and cosmopolitans." As we have seen on the example of Poland in March 1968, these campaigns are manageable "from above" and muffled on the orders. Stalin's period, this was clearly manifested in the sampled trials of Raiha in Hungary in 1949 or Slansky in Czechoslovakia in 1952, the Jews, devoted to Stalinist ideology, were increasingly accused of treason. 1952. The color of Jewish culture in the USSR was eliminated. In addition, a reference process is known for the Jewish elite of the medical world. Only the death of Stalin interrupted the preparation of the largest anti-Jewish act in the whole Eastern block.

The changes that occurred in the country after 1985 led to the improvement of the status of Jews in the states of the former USSR. 1989 The Academy of Sciences of the USSR invited Rabbi A. Steaksalz from Jerusalem to Moscow for the foundation in the USSR Center for the Study of Judaism. He read a number of lectures in Moscow and Leningrad. Since 1990, an educational institution has been operating to prepare future rabbis. Judaist archives, the Israeli cultural center, and S. Vestazav, was given the opportunity to arrange an anti-fascist exhibition in Moscow. These amazing, incredible changes are undoubtedly intoxicate of Soviet Jews. But will they be so attractive to make them forget about the birthplace of their foreheads - Israeli land?

More than one hundred years have passed since the first pogroms in Russia. But now there are forces, ready to pursue the Jews. Ladimir Soloohin wrote in 1973: "Believe that their day (Jews. - Yu. G.)eviction from our country is close. And neither Sakharov ... Neither to you, Mr. Solzhenitsyn, will not succeed in it to prevent any tricks! They drank our blood and enough! We will not leave voluntarily - we will help, we have on this moral right. "

These sinister voices are not alone. For personal contacts with individual Moscow dissidents, their negative attitude towards the Jews could be noted. Each time they told that the Jew Lazar Kaganovich, which means all the Jews in his face, twenty-two explosions destroyed the wonderful monument of architecture - the Church of Christ the Savior, erected by the Russian people in honor of the victory over Napoleon ("and over Masons") ...

We have already noticed: with the worsening of the situation of the Jews in the "Nordic countries", the boundaries of Western countries were opened in front of them, but in the end, the eternal Wanderer, got into its original place of residence - to Israel. This pattern is relevant today.