Northern Europe. Economic and social geography What we learned
These include: Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Finland, Sweden. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe region is 1.3 million square meters. km, population about 23 million people. The main direction of agriculture animals. The share of animal husbandry products in ... World shepherdie
Northern part of Western Europe; The concept is of historical geographical character. Usually in North. Europe includes Scandinavian countries (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark), as well as Finland. Sometimes to North. Europe belongs. Part ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Vi. NORTHERN EUROPE - United Kingdom and Ireland. 9000 3000 to R. H. Mesolithic. 3000 1800 to R. Kh. Culture Uindmill Hill (Neolith). 1800 1600 to R. H. Culture Peterborough and Skara Bre (neatolith). 1900 1200 to R. H. Culture of bell-shaped Cups (Bronze). 1600 1100 to R. H. ... ... The rulers of the world
Vi. Northern Europe - Full - ... The rulers of the world
Europe - (Europe) Europe is a densely populated high-tubed part of the world named in honor of the mythological goddess, forming a continent of Eurasia and having an area of \u200b\u200babout 10.5 million km² (about 2% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe Earth) and ... Encyclopedia Investor
This term also has other meanings, see Europe (values). Political map of Europe ... Wikipedia
This article contains an unfinished translation from French. You can help the project by moving it to the end ... Wikipedia
On the map of Hemisphere North America (English North America, Fr. ... Wikipedia
Europe (Greek Europe, from Assier. Ereb - West; In ancient Greece, it was called the territories lying to Z. from the Aegean Sea), part of the world, the western part of the mainland of Eurasia. I. General information on S. Europe is washed by the Northern Arctic Ocean and ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Northern Star Service ... Wikipedia
Books
- , Chernysheva O.V., Komarov A.A. (Ed.). The collection chronologically covers the period from the early Middle Ages to the present day. Of particular interest is the materials on the new and modern history: the political events of Sweden - elections in ...
- Northern Europe. Problems of history. Issue 8 ,. The collection chronologically covers the period from the early Middle Ages to the present day. Of particular interest is the materials on the new and modern history: the political events of Sweden - elections in ...
Northern Europe countries - This is, above all, Finland and Scandinavian countries. Scandinavian countries include European states, Denmark, Iceland, as well as the Faroe Islands. Below are givenlist of Western European countries:
IN countries of northern Europe The main industry industry is mechanical engineering and shipbuilding.
Area Northern Europe is ≈ 3.5 million km².Northern population Europe is about 26 million people.During the entire territory of Northern Europe, men live 52%, and women are 48%. In these parts, the population density is considered the lowest in Europe and constitutes no more than 22 people in the densely populated southern regions per 1 m2 (in Iceland - 3 people / m2). This contributes to the harsh northern climatic zone. The territory of Denmark is more evenly populated. The urban part of the North European population is mainly concentrated in the metropolitan areas. The ratio of the natural growth of this area is considered low and is approximately 4%. Most of the inhabitants profess Christianity - Catholicism or Protestantism.
Norway- The main treasure of the country is its nature. Thousands of secluded bays and fjords are looking to her coast, low mountains covered with forests and meadows, create a unique color. Thousands of clean lakes and rivers give a unique opportunity to enjoy fishing and water sports. In the fjords, the cliffs of a sheer wall rise at tens of meters up, and water is so quiet that resembles the ground surface of the emerald.
Sweden - Country of contrasts. Snow and sun, mountains and archipelagoes, cold climate and spiritual warmth, millennial traditions and modern technologies ... Fantastic schhers and wonderful shores, stretching at 2700 km among wavy expanses, deaf forests and thousands of lakes.
Finland It is famous for its lakes, northern lights, Magic Lapland Santa Claus, a clear starry sky and white snow.
Denmark - These are fjords and bays, dunes and rocks, cool shady beech forests, beautiful lakes and wide wooded plains. This is an ancient estate, picturesque villages and cities, castles and monuments of past centuries. But, most importantly, no city in the world will tell you so much fairy tales as Copenhagen, the city of Poultchists, the Snow Queen and Princess on the pea ...
Iceland - in any corner of the country you will feel the extraordinary energy energized from majestic mountains and fascinating fjords, the energy of the dazzling sun in summer and the northern lights in winter; Attracting the cold beauty of glaciers and lava, frozen in bizarre form at the bottom of deep canyons.
Geographical position
Northern Europe occupies the northwestern part of Eurasia. It covers countries located on Scandinavian Peninsula (Norway, Sweden) Adjacent to them Finland, As well as Denmark and island Iceland. When Vikings lived in these territories, who have reached fear of the peoples of Europe. Sleeping to the coarse, they suddenly attacked the settlements, leaving behind the asholes and killed, and quickly disappeared in the open sea. Like brave seeds Vikings served as, as you know, opened Iceland and Greenland.
A feature of the geographical location of the Northern Europe countries is the seaside location. The sea is greatly influenced both on the climate and the economic activities of the population. On the coasts are the capital of states and major cities, the majority of the population live there.
Nature features
ReliefNorthern Europe is mainly mountainous. OldScandinavian Mountainsstretched on the Scandinavian Peninsula along the coastNorwegian Sea. The rest of the territory occupies the plains, lie onBaltic Crystal Shieldancient platform. In its framework, the magmatic and metamorphic rocks of the foundation are coming out on the surface - granites, quartzites and gneisses. Therefore, numerous rocks and boulders are overwhelmed from under the thin layer of the soil. A peculiar relief has Iceland - "Country of Fire and Ice." The island is a young plot of earthly cortex, where numerous geysers and volcanoes operate. Especially activevolcano Gekla. Iceland is considered the active volcanic area of \u200b\u200bour planet.
In the last result of the climate of climate, Northern Europe covered the glacier. Moving, huge masses of ice flooded the rocks, smoothed the earth surface, formed glacier nanos - Moraine. At the plain, the glacier brought huge boulders. The consequence of the long-standing glaciation is both fjords - narrow, winding, deep sea bays with high steep shores, which are raised by the shores of the Scandinavian Peninsula. They were formed as a result of flooding by the sea in-depth River Valley and Vpadin glacier.
Climate of Northern Europe
Climate Northern Europe, despite its northern location in moderate and subarctic belts, is not so stern. It softens the heat of the North Atlantic current. Winter there is surprisingly warm enough, and the summer, on the contrary, is cool. Wet winds from the Atlantic Ocean determine the cloud, cloudy weather with rain and fogs.
For a large amount of precipitation (more than 1,000 mm / year) Northern Europe is rich in inland water. Rivers although not always full-flowed, but very short. There are many thresholds and waterfalls in their robberies, and the flow is very stormy. Such rivers are impossible to use for shipping. But their rapid flows are a source of cheap electricity, so hydroelectric power plants are built on rivers. Numerous are small and large lakes that occupy a plowed cloth with a cloth.
Northern Europe is the edge of the forests. Although part of it and is busy tundra, but taiga is common on large areas - pine-fir forests with an admixture of birch.
Natural features of Northern Europe imposed their imprint and the cultural traditions of the population. And now popular folk songs, dances and fairy tales, where the heroes are trolls - supernatural creatures in the form of small men. Often on various holidays you can see the folk suits of handmade.
Resource Supplence
Northern European countries have large stocks of natural mineral deposits. On the territory of the Scandinavian Peninsula, iron, copper, molybdenum ores, in the Norwegian and North seas - natural gas and oil, on the Svalbard archipelago - stone coal. Scandinavia countries have rich hydroresources. A high role is played by NPP and HPP. Iceland as a source of electricity uses thermal waters.
Agricultural complex
The agro-industrial complex of North European countries is fisheries, agriculture and animal husbandry. Mainly predominates the meat - dairy direction (in Iceland - sheep flow). Among the crops are grown grain - rye, potatoes, wheat, sugar beet, barley.
Economy
Many indicators of economic development prove that the countries of Northern Europe are leading in the entire global economy. The level of unemployment and inflation, government finances and growth dynamics differ significantly from other European regions. No wonder the North European model of economic growth is recognized as the most attractive in the global community. Many indicators have influenced the effectiveness of the use of national resources and foreign policy. The economy of this model is built on high-quality exported products. This applies to the production of products from metals and goods of the pulp and paper, timber processing industry, engineering industry, as well as ore deposits. The main trading partners of North European countries in foreign trade are Western European countries and the United States. Three quarters of the export structure of Iceland is the fishing industry.
State and national symbolism
At the state flags of all countries of Northern Europe, a typical cross shifted from the center left is depicted. The very first flag on which such a cross appeared is the flag of Denmark.
Passport and Labor Union of Northern Europe
The countries of Northern Europe (with the exception of Greenland) form a passport union created in 1954. Citizens of the Member States of the Union can freely cross the borders within the Union, without presenting and even having a passport (however, the identity documents are still necessary), as well as employed without obtaining permission to work. It is noteworthy that Norway, in contrast to Denmark, Sweden and Finland, is not a member of the European Union.
Despite its relatively small sizes in comparison with other parts of the world, Europe is one of the most densely populated and developed regions of the world. It is on its territory that the economy, politics and trade, which are very important for other states concentrates. As you know, Europe is divided into four major regions on the principle of FGP. Each of them will be told in this article.
Characteristics of Northern Europe
In the lesson of geography, each schoolboy can get a task on the topic "Northern Europe. Countries: list. " It should be done, by giving a brief description of the region as a whole and the states included in its composition.
One of the parts of the Old World is Northern Europe. The countries located in this region are influenced by the harsh climate due to the proximity of the Ice Ocean. Due to the difficult natural conditions in these states, winter sports are actively developing, as well as tourism associated with skiing and traveling to the mountains. What is Northern Europe? Countries included in its composition - Norway, Finland and Sweden. Let us dwell on them.
Finland is famous for its unique nature. So, this state is also called the "country of thousands of lakes", since there are many reservoirs formed in antiquity in connection with certain tectonic processes and soil movements on its territory. In Finland, more than five million people live, the female population prevails. Most of the inhabitants profess Lutheranism, 2% are adherents of Christian religion.
In Norway, Lutherans also dominate. Her capital is the major city of Oslo. The population of the country is approximately 4.3 million people. Norway is one of the few countries in Europe, where the head of state is not the president, but the king.
Sweden is one of the largest European powers in the area. It takes almost 450 million square kilometers of territory. This country also represents the Kingdom, the capital of which is Stockholm.
Natural Resources of Europe
Another additional question on the topic "Northern Europe. Countries: List »can be a characteristic of natural minerals and other resources in this territory. This region of old world is really famous for its wealth.
So what natural resources do Northern Europe have? Countries included in its composition are especially ruddered by non-ferrous metals, in the reserves of which are leading in the region. Also in Finland, uranium deposits were found. But the main wealth of these states lies not in minerals, but in forests and fresh water. In this regard, countries export wood, and also engage in the development of peat swamps. This industry in the state industry is still poorly developed.
In Finland, as already noted above, there are three huge systems of lakes, which are a total of equal to almost 10 thousand square kilometers.
Here are such natural resources rich in Northern Europe. The countries in its territory, thanks to the wealth of their subsoil and climatic conditions, occupy an important place in trade and economics along with the world's largest powers.
Western European states
The western part of the old world is one of the main centers of capitalism. Northern Western European countries presented the world of talented marigors, poets and artists, writers and athletes. Thanks to them, many discoveries were made and a large number of records were established.
The population of this region is 370 million people. States within it are united by close economic, political and religious views, they develop in parallel with each other.
A feature of this region is a very high degree of urbanization of the population - more than 70%. The excessive concentration of urban residents in the space of megacities led to the fact that in the 70s of the last century the return process began - the settlement of the villages.
Southern Europe
Northern and Southern Europe countries are of particular interest for tourists. Absolutely opposite by climatic conditions, they attract travelers to stunning mountain, lake and sea landscapes. Among the largest states of Southern Europe, it is necessary to celebrate Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece. This region also includes islands that are particularly popular with tourists: Cyprus and Malta.
The population growth in these countries is very small, so the region takes one of the leading places in the world to aging the nation. The urbanization level on average ranges from 45 to 90%, as a result of which the population density is very high.
Eastern Europe
Northern and Eastern European countries form the basis of the population of this part of the world. The latter and in general leads not only by the number of inhabitants, but also in the area, much exceeding the rest of the regions. Eastern Europe inhabited mainly Slavic peoples, so the Christian worldview prevails on its territory. It includes Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Poland, Hungary and other states.
The climatic conditions of the region are ambulance due to lack of large reservoirs in many countries. Winter in the territory of Eastern European countries are not very cold. In general, conditions are favorable for life and agriculture.
European currency
In various European countries there are money marks. At the same time, throughout its territory, as well as in most states of the world community, euro takes. This currency has made it possible to strengthen trade relations between the states of the old world and simplify payment for goods thanks to the universal monetary system.
However, many countries did not want to part with their national currencies. Thus, on the territory of Ukraine they pay hryvnias, in the Czech Republic and Sweden - Krone, in the UK - pounds sterling. At the same time, prices are indicated in large shopping centers, both in the national monetary equivalent and in euros.
Section two
Regions and countries of the world
Topic 10. Europe
4. Northern Europe
Northern Europe includes Scandinavian countries, Finland, Baltic countries. Scandinavian countries are called Sweden and Norway. Given the general historical and cultural features of the development of Northern Europe countries are also referring to Denmark and Iceland.
Under the Baltic countries understand Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia. Often in popular science literature you can meet the concept of "fenoscandіya", which has a more physical and geographical origin. It is convenient for them to use the economic characteristics of the Group of Northern Europe, which includes Finland, Sweden, Norway.
Northern Europe occupies a territory of 1433 thousand km 2, which is 16.8% of the European Square - the third place among Economic and Geographic Macroregions of Europe, after Eastern and Southern Europe. Large in Square - Sweden (449.9 thousand km 2), Finland (338.1 km 2) and Norway (323, 9 thousand km 2), which occupy more than three-quarters of the Macro Region. Small countries include Denmark (43.1 thousand km 2), as well as the Baltic countries: Estonia - 45.2, Latvia - 64.6 and Lithuania - 65.3 thousand km 2. Iceland in Square is the smallest among the countries of the first group and almost twice the area of \u200b\u200bany single small country.
Northern Europe countries, 1999
| Country | Square, thousand km 2 | Population million people | Population density (person / km 2) |
| Denmark | 43,09 | 122,9 |
|
| Estonia | 45,22 | 30,9 |
|
| Iceland | 103,00 | ||
| Latvia | 64,60 | 37,1 |
|
| Lithuania | 65,20 | 56,7 |
|
| Norway | 323,87 | 13,6 |
|
| Finland | 338,14 | 15,4 |
|
| Sweden | 449,96 | 19,7 |
|
| Total | 1433,08 | 31,6 | 22,0 |
The territory of Northern Europe consists of two subregions: Fenoskandії and Baltic. Before the first subregion, states such as Finland, the Scandinavian Group, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, along with the islands of the northern part of the Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean are entered. In particular, the Faroe Islands and Island of Greenland, which enjoys internal autonomy, and Norway belongs to Spitsbergen Archipelago. Most of the northern countries are approximate by the similarity of languages \u200b\u200band crops, are characterized by historical features of development and natural geographical integrity.
The second subregion (Baltic countries) includes Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, which, due to its geographical position, have always been the northern. However, they could really be attributed to the Northern Macroregion only in the new geopolitical situation in the early 90s of the XX century, that is, after the collapse of the USSR.
Economy - the geographical position of Northern Europe is characterized by the following features: first, a favorable position regarding the intersection of important air and sea routes from Europe to North America, as well as the convenience of the exit of countries in the region to the international waters of the World Ocean; secondly, the closeness of the location to the level of highly developed countries of Western Europe (Germany, Holland, Belgium, United Kingdom, France); Third, the neighborhood in the southern borders with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, in particular Poland, in which market relations are successfully developing; Fourth, the land neighborhood with the Russian Federation, economic contacts with which will contribute to the formation of promising sales markets; Fifth, the presence of territories outside the polar circle (35% of Norway Square, 38% - Sweden, 47% - Finland). Among other geographical features - the presence of a warm current of golfustrim, which has a direct impact on the climate and economic activity of all Macro Region countries; The considerable length of the coastline, which passes along the Baltic, Northern, Norwegian and Barents Seas, as well as predominantly the platform structure of the earth's surface, the most expressive territory of which is the Baltic Shield. In its crystalline rocks there are useful fossils of predominantly magmatic origin.
Natural conditions and resources. In the relief of Northern Europe, the Scandinavian mountains are distinguished. They are formed as a result of raising Caledonic structures, which in subsequent geological epochs as a result of weathering and the newest tectonic movements have become a relatively aligned surface, which in Norway is called Feldami.
Scandinavian mountains are characterized by significant modern icing, which covers an area of \u200b\u200balmost 5 thousand km 2. The snow border in the southern part of the mountains is located at an altitude of 1200 m., And in the north can go up to 400 m.
In the eastern direction of the mountain gradually decrease, turning into a crystal plateau Norland with a height of 400-600 m.
In the Scandinavian mountains, high-rise zonality is manifested. The upper limit of the forest (taiga) in the south passes at an altitude of 800-900 m. Above the sea level, falling in the north to 400 and even 300 m. Above the border of the forest is a transitional belt width of 200-300 m., Which is higher (700-900 m .) It turns into a mountain tundra zone.
In the southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, the crystalline breeds of the Baltic Shield gradually disappear under the thickness of marine sediments, forming a slednoshver a hilly lowland, which, with a raising of the crystal base, develops into a low plateau spoast.
The Baltic Crystal Shield decreases in the eastern direction. In Finland, it rises somewhat, forming a hilly plain (lake plateau), which is north of 64 ° C. sh. Gradually rises in the extreme northwest, where the spies of the Scandinavian mountains come, reaches the greatest heights (Mount Hamty, 1328 m.).
The formation of the relief of Finland influenced quaternary glacial sediments, which blocked the ancient crystalline rocks. They form moraine ridges, boulders of different types and shapes, which alternate with a large number of lakes, swampy deculations.
On climatic conditions, northern lands are the most severe part of Europe. Most of its territories are exposed to ocean masses of moderate latitudes. The climate of remote territories (islands) is arctic, subarctic, marine. At the Spitsbergen Archipelago (Norway), there is practically no summer, and the average temperatures of July correspond to the indicators ... + 3 ° ...- 5 °. Iceland's most remote from mainland Europe has a slightly better temperature regime. Thanks to one of the branches of the North Atlantic current, which takes place from the southern banks of the island, here in July, temperatures are ... + 7 ° ... + 12 °, and in January - from ... -3 ° ... + 2 °. In the center and in the north island much colder. Precipitation in Iceland a lot. On average, over the year, their number exceeds 1000 mm. The most of them falls in the fall.
In Iceland, there are practically no forests, but the tundra vegetation prevails, in particular, moss and aspen agents. Near warm geysers, meadow vegetation sprouts. In general, the natural conditions of Iceland are little suitable for the development of agriculture, in particular agriculture. Only 1% of its territory, mainly Luke, is used for agricultural purposes.
All other countries of Fenoskandії and the Baltic States are characterized by the best climatic conditions, the western outskirts and the southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula under the direct influence of the Atlantic air masses are particularly distinguished. In the eastern direction, the warm ocean air is gradually transformed. Therefore, the climate is significantly severe here. For example, the average temperature of January northern part of the west coast varies from ...- 4 ° to 0 °, and in the south of 0 ... + 2 °. In the inner areas of Fenoskandi winter are very protracted and can last up to seven months, accompanied by polar nights, low temperatures. The average temperatures of January here are ...- 16 °. During the penetration of the Arctic air masses, the temperature may decrease to ...- 50 °.
For Fenoskandі, the cool, and in the north also a short summer. In the northern regions, the average temperature of July does not exceed + 10 -... + 12 0, and in the south (Stockholm, Helsinki) - ... + 16 -... + 17 0. Frosts can be brought to June and appear in August. Despite such a cool summer, the majority of agricultural crops of medium breadth ripen. This is achieved through the continuation of the vegetation of plants during a long polar summer. Therefore, the southern regions of Fenoskand region countries are suitable for the development of agriculture.
The sediments are distributed very unevenly. The most of them falls in the form of rain on the west coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula - on the territory addressed to the moistureness of the Atlantic air masses. Central and eastern areas of Fenoskandії receive significantly less moisture - about 1000 mm., And northeastern - just 500 mm. By seasons of the year, the amount of precipitation is also distributed unevenly. The southern part of the west coast is most moistened in the winter months in the form of rain. Maximum precipitation in the eastern regions falls at the beginning of the summer. In winter, precipitation predominate in the form of snow. In mountainous areas and in the north-west, snow lies up to seven months, and in the high mountains it remains forever, fueling up the modern glaciation.
Denmark in natural conditions is somewhat different from its northern neighbors. Being located in the middle part of the Middle Eastern Plain, it resembles the inland of Western European countries, where the soft wet climate prevails. Maximum precipitation in the form of rains falls for the winter. There is almost no frost here. The average temperature of January is about 0 °. Only occasionally, when the Arctic air breaks through, there may be low temperatures and fall out. The average temperature of July is about + 16 °.
In the Baltic subregion countries, maritime climate with a transitional to moderately continental prevails. Summer is cool (the average temperature of July- ... + 16 ... + 17 °), winter is soft and relatively warm. The mid-January temperatures vary from 0 ° ...- 5 °. The most continental is the climate of Lithuania. The amount of precipitation per year varies within 700-800 mm. Most of them falls in the second half of summer, when the harvest and the harvesting of feed are completed. Under the conditions of the flat surface and relatively weak evaporation, lands are roaming. In general, the climate and the plain terrain of Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia contribute to the economic activity of man. Northern Europe countries are unenocomated with mineral resources. Most of them in the eastern part of Fenoskandії, the foundation of which is composed of crystalline rocks of magmatic origin, the bright manifestation of which is the Baltic Shield. Here are focused by the deposits of iron, titanomagnієvich and copper-cole-roll ores. Confirmation of the above are the deposits of ferrous ores of North Sweden - Kirunavar, Loussavar, Gellevar. The rocks of these deposits range from the surface to a depth of 2000 m. The iron content is very high. It is 62-65%. The valuable associated component of these iron ore deposits are Apatity.
Titanoagnetite ore occupy extensive territories in Finland, Sweden, Norway, although such deposits are not allocated by considerable stocks of raw materials.
The field of copper-cried ores are widespread in Fenoskandії. The largest of them are stationed in Finland - Outokunu (southeast of the country). On the west coast of Finland, there is also a large deposit of copper - Vіkhanti. In addition to copper (1.7-3.7%), ore of magmatic origin also contain iron - 2.7%, zinc - 0.8, nickel - 0.1, cobalt - 0.2, sulfur - 2.7%, as well as gold - 0.8 g / t, silver 9-12 g / t. Among other territories rich in copper ore, Central Sweden stands out.
In the north of Finland, one of the world's largest deposits in the world of chromium ores are developed - Olіyarvi. Until recently, it was believed that the northern lands were poor stocks of fuel and energy resources. Only in the early 60s of the XX century, when oil and natural gas were opened in the bottom sediments of the North Sea, the specialists started significant deposits. It was found that oil and gas volumes in the basin of this water area significantly exceed all the well-known reserves of this raw material in Europe.
International agreements in the North Sea basin was divided between states located along its shores. Among the northern countries, the Norwegian sector of the sea was the most promising oil. It accounted for more than one fifth oil reserves. Denmark entered the number of oil producing countries enjoyed by Naftogonian Denmark.
Among other types of fuel in the countries of Northern Europe, the combustible shale of Estonia, stone coal, Shpіzzbergen, Peat Finland have industrial importance.
Northern territories are well provided with water resources. Scandinavian mountains are highlighted in the greatest concentration, in particular the western part. For the resources of full river runoff ahead is Norway (376 km 3) and Sweden (194 km 3), occupying the first two places in Europe. Based on one inhabitant, weakly-shaped Iceland, respectively, 255 and 93 thousand m 3, is allocated for the full and underground water drains of water. Next goes Norway, Sweden, Finland.
Hydropower resources are important for northern countries. Best is provided with hydropoweroresours Norway and Sweden, where significant precipitation and mountain relief ensure the formation of a strong and uniform water drain, and this creates good prerequisites for the construction of hydroelectric power plants. The energy potential of Norway is the largest, it is 152 billion kW / h. / Year.
Land resources, especially in the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula, minor. In Sweden and Finland, they constitute up to 10% of agricultural land. In Norway - only 3%. The proportion of unproductive and uncomfortableto master the lands in Norway - 70% of the total area, in Sweden - 42% and even in Southern Finland - almost one third of the country's territory.
A completely different situation in Denmark and in the Baltic countries. Pashnya in the first occupies 60% of the total territory. In Estonia - 40%, in Latvia - 60 and in Lithuania - 70%. Soils in the Northern Macroregion of Europe, especially in the countries of Fenoskandії, podzolic, moistened and unproductive. Require significant amelioration.
Some lands, especially the tundra landscapes of Norway and Iceland, which prevails Mokhovo-Lishnikova vegetation, are used for extensive grazing of deer.
One of the greatest riches of the Northern Europe countries are forest resources, that is, "green gold". On the area of \u200b\u200bforests and gross stocks of wood, Sweden is allocated, Finland, occupying according to these indicators, respectively, the first and second place in Europe. Forestability in these countries is high. In Finland, it is almost 66%, in Sweden - more than 59% (1995). Among other countries of the Northern Macroregion, Latvia is highlighted with high forestry (46.8%). According to some calculations, the mentioned countries occupy almost a third of European lisopocritic areas and gross stocks of wood (without Eastern Europe). Thick coniferous forests occupy the hills and plains of Central and Northern Sweden, the entire territory of Finland and the lower slopes of the mountainous massifs of Southeast Norway and the wetlands of the Baltic countries.
Northern Europe has a variety of recreational resources: medieval mountains, glaciers, fjords of Norway, Schhers Finland, picturesque lakes, waterfalls, full-flowed rivers, acting volcanoes and geasers of Iceland, architectural ensembles of many cities and other historical and cultural pams "Apitviki. Their high attractiveness contributes to development tourism and other forms of rest.
Population. Northern Europe is different from other macroregions in both the number of population and by major demographic indicators.
Northern land belong to the least populated territories. More than 31.6 million people live here, which is 4.8% of the total population of Europe (1999). Population density is low (22.0 persons per 1 km 2). The smallest number of inhabitants per unit area falls in Iceland (2.9 people per 1 km 2) and Norway (13.6 people per 1 km 2). Finland and Sweden are also weakly populated (with the exception of the southern coastal regions of Sweden, Norway, Finland). Among the Northern Europe countries, Denmark (123 people are 1 km 2) are most thickly populated. The Baltic countries are characterized by the average density of the settlement - from 31 to 57 people per 1 km 2). The growth rate of the population of northern Europe is very low. If in the 70s of the XX century. The population grew by 0.4% per year, mainly due to natural growth, in the early 90s its increase was reduced to zero. The second half of the last decade of the XX century. Characterized by a negative increase in population (-0.3%). The defining influence on such a situation is the Baltic countries. In fact, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania entered the stage of depopulation. As a result, the population in the Northern Macroregion of Europe, according to forecasts, in the coming decades almost will not grow. For example, in 2025, only 32.6 million inhabitants will be accommodated here.
The countries of Fenoskandії, besides Sweden, are characterized by a positive, but low natural population increase, with the exception of Iceland, where the natural increase has been preserved in an indicator of 9 people per 1000 inhabitants. Such a tense demographic situation is explained, first of all, low birth rate. The trend towards a decline in fertility in European countries was manifested back in the 60s and in early 1990s made up only 13 people in Europe per 1000 inhabitants, which is two times lower than the average operator. In the second half of the 90s, this trend was preserved, and the gap even increased somewhat. If equating the birth rate of Northern Europe with the Middle Economic Indicator, which is 10 ‰, then for North European countries, in most cases, it is greater than or equal to the pan-European, with the exception of Estonia and Latvia, where the birth rate is 9%.
The reasons for such a decrease in the fertility of the population for different countries are different. If natural demographic processes turned out to be the main reason for the Fenoskandі Ukraine (an increase in the average life expectancy, gradual aging of the population), then for the Baltic countries - the difficulties of the transition to a market economy affected some decline in living standards, and this could not not affect the level of dearness. On average, in the countries of Northern Europe, one woman accounts for 1.7 children, in Lithuania - 1.4, in Estonia - 1.2, and in Latvia - only 1.1 children. Accordingly, the level of child mortality here is the largest: in Latvia - 15%, Estonia - 10 and in Lithuania - 9%, whereas in the macroregion, this indicator is 6%, and on average in Europe - 8 deaths per thousand born (1999). The mortality rate of the entire population in Northeurway countries is also quite differentiated. For the Baltic countries, he was 14%, being three points above the Middle Equipment, for the Phenoskandi subregion - less than 1‰, Composing 10 people per thousand inhabitants. In the world, at that time, mortality was 9% s, i.e. 2 ‰ below the Middle Eastern and 2.5 ° below the semidnomachergіonal. The reasons for such a phenomenon should be noticed not in the life level or in the existing social protection that has developed in the countries of Northern Europe, but in the growth of the loss of the population associated with professional diseases, production injuries, various types of accidents, as well as aging of the population. The average life expectancy in Northern Europe is high - for men, it is almost 74 years old, and for women more than 79 years. Sweden, Norway, Iceland - 77-76 years old for men and 82-81 years have been highlighted in the greatest lifetime. In Latvia, the life expectancy of men and women is the lowest - respectively, 64 and 79 years.
The level of urbanization in the macroregion is quite high - more than 76%. Among the individual countries of the entire urban population in Iceland - 92%, Denmark - 85 and Sweden - 84%. The largest city of Macroregion is the capital of Denmark - Copenhagen (1.5 million people). The group of large cities also includes Stockholm, Oslo, Gothenburg, Malmio, Riga, Vilnius, where at least one third of the population of Northern Europe is concentrated.
Most of the Macroregion countries are single-mounted: 91% of the Swedes in Finland live in Sweden - 90% of Finns, in Norway - almost 97% of Norwegians, in Denmark - more than 96% of Danes and in Iceland - almost 99% of Icelanders. The exceptions should be considered the Baltic countries. Imperial policy on the national issue of the former USSR brought their fruits. In Estonia, for example, Estonians have a little longer than half of the total population, which lives there. A somewhat better situation in Latvia, where Latvians are almost 58%. Only in Lithuania significantly prevails the autochthonous population - more than 80%. Among national minorities are dominated by Russians (in Estonia 25% live, in Latvia - 30 and in Lithuania - 9%), Ukrainians, Poles, Belarusians also live.
Most peoples of Northern Europe belong to the Indo-European language family, where the most common languages \u200b\u200bare the languages \u200b\u200bof the German and Baltic Language groups. The Scandinavian branch of the German group of languages \u200b\u200bincludes Swedish, Danіysk, Norwegian, Icelandic. The Swedish speaks part of the Finnish population, which lives in the south and west of the country.
The overwhelming majority of Finland's citizens speak Finnish (including a small nomadic people of Sámi (Laplanders), which belongs to the Ural language family of the peoples of the world.
Basically, Sámi live in Norway (30 thousand) and only 5 thousand - at the Finnish plateau. In summer, grazing the herd of reindeer, they descend into coastal areas covered with tundra vegetation. Sámi - Natility with dark hair and low buildings were the first settlers of remote areas of Fenoskandії. They moved about 10 thousand years ago from Central Asia.
Europe is a unique continent - it is not surrounded by water from all sides, and has a conditional land border with neighboring Asia. From a scientific point of view, Europe is part of the large continent of Eurasia, that is, a separate continent of Europe does not exist.
But from a geopolitical point of view, Europe stands out as a territory surrounded by the Arctic Ocean in the North, the Atlantic Ocean in the West, the Mediterranean Sea in the south, and the Black Sea in the south-east.
States of Europe
The territory of Europe spread out from the east to the west by more than 3,000 kilometers, and from the south to the north by 5,000 kilometers (from the island of Crete to the island of Svalbard). Most of the European powers are mostly small. With such small sizes of territories, they have good transport infrastructure and close economic ties.
The European continent for most classifications is integrated into parts: Western; Eastern; north; South. All powers located on the European Continent belong to one of these territories.
- In Western Europe, there are 11 countries.
- Eastern - 10 (including Russia).
- In North - 8.
- In South - 15.
We list all the countries of Europe and their capital. The list of countries and the capitals of Europe is divided into four parts, respectively, by the territorial and geographical position of the powers on the world map.
The most visited countries in Europe -, United Kingdom, and Germany.
We first give a list of all countries in alphabetical order, and then in parts of Europe. Who is more convenient - there and see.
(Function (W, D, N, S, T) (w [n] \u003d w [n] ||; w [n] .push (function () (ya.context.advmanager.render ((Blockid: "RA -256054-1 ", Renderto:" yandex_rtb_r-a-256054-1 ", async: true));)); t \u003d d.getelementsbytagname (" script "); s \u003d d.createElement (" script "); s .type \u003d "text / javascript"; s.src \u003d "//an.yandex.ru/system/context.js"; s.async \u003d true; t.parentnode.insertBefore (s, t);)) (this , this.document, "yandexcontextasynccallbacks");
| List of countries in Europe | Capital | Flag | Which part |
| Austria | Vein | Western | |
| Akrotiri. | Episcopes | South | |
| Albania | Tirana | South | |
| Andorra La Vella | South | ||
| Belorussia | Minsk | Eastern | |
| Belgium | Brussels | Western | |
| Bulgaria | Sofia | Eastern | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Sarajevo | South | |
| Vatican | South | ||
| Great Britain | London | Western | |
| Hungary | Budapest | Eastern | |
| Germany | Berlin | Western | |
| Saint Peter Port | Western | ||
| Gibraltar | South | ||
| Athens | South | ||
| Denmark | Copenhagen | North | |
| Decoleia | Episcopes | South | |
| Jersey | Saint Heler | Western | |
| Ireland | Dublin | Western | |
| Iceland | Reykjavik | North | |
| Spain | Madrid | South | |
| Italy | Rome | South | |
| Cyprus | Nicosia | South | |
| Kosovo | Pristina | South | |
| Latvia | Riga | North | |
| Lithuania | Vilnius | North | |
| Liechtenstein | Vaduz | Western | |
| Luxembourg | Western | ||
| Macedonia | Skopje | South | |
| Malta | Valletta. | South | |
| Moldova | Kishinev | Eastern | |
| Monaco | Monaco | Western | |
| Amsterdam | Western | ||
| Norway | Oslo | North | |
| Isle Of Man | Douglas | Western | |
| Poland | Warsaw | Eastern | |
| Portugal | Lisbon | South | |
| Romania | Bucharest | Eastern | |
| Moscow | Eastern | ||
| San Marino. | San Marino. | South | |
| Serbia | Belgrade | South | |
| Slovakia | Bratislava | Eastern | |
| Slovenia | Ljubljana | South | |
| Ukraine | Kiev | Eastern | |
| Faroe islands | Torshavn | North | |
| Helsinki | North | ||
| Paris | Western | ||
| Croatia | Zagreb. | South | |
| Montenegro | Podgorica and Cetina | South | |
| Czech Republic | Prague | Eastern | |
| Switzerland | Berne | Western | |
| Sweden | Stockholm | North | |
| Spitsbergen | Longyir | North | |
| Estonia | Tallinn | North |
Unrecognized
Western Europe
| Countries and territories | Area (km²) | Population of the country | Population density (at km²) | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 83 871 | 8 507 786 | 101,4 | Vein |
| Belgium | 32 545 | 11 203 992 | 344,3 | Brussels |
| Great Britain | 244 820 | 64 308 261 | 262,7 | London |
| Germany | 357 022 | 80 780 000 | 226,3 | Berlin |
| Ireland | 70 273 | 4 604 029 | 65,5 | Dublin |
| Liechtenstein | 160,4 | 37 129 | 231,5 | Vaduz |
| Luxembourg | 2586,4 | 549 680 | 212,5 | Luxembourg |
| Monaco | 1,95 | 38 066 | 19 521,0 | Monaco |
| Netherlands | 41 526 | 16 887 700 | 406,7 | Amsterdam |
| France | 547 030 | 63 928 608 | 116,9 | Paris |
| Switzerland | 41 290 | 8 136 689 | 197,1 | Berne |
Austria and Germany on individual classifications refers to.
The states of Western Europe are washed mainly by the flows of the Atlantic Ocean and only in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula borders with the waters of the ocean of the Northern Iceit.
In general, these are highly developed and prosperous powers. But they are allocated to an unfavorable demographic situation. Birth rate and low level of natural growth in residents. In Germany, there is even a decline in the population. All this led to the fact that the developed Western Europe began to play the role of the subregion in the global population migration system, it turned into a chief focus of labor immigration.
Eastern Europe
| Countries and territories | Area (km²) | Population of the country | Population density (at km²) | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belorus | 207 600 | 9 481 000 | 46 | Minsk |
| Bulgaria | 110 910 | 7 245 677 | 65,3 | Sofia |
| Hungary | 93 030 | 9 879 000 | 106,2 | Budapest |
| Moldova | 33 843 | 3 555 200 | 119,8 | Kishinev |
| Poland | 312 685 | 38 495 659 | 123,1 | Warsaw |
| Russia (from 22% to 23% of the territory) |
3 938 794 (European part). 17 125 200 (general) |
Approximately 68% - 100 000 000 (in the European part). 146 544 710 (total number) |
27 (in the European part) 8.6 (Total density) |
Moscow |
| Romania | 237 500 | 19 942 642 | 84 | Bucharest |
| Slovakia | 48 845 | 5 412 008 | 110,8 | Bratislava |
| Ukraine | 576 604 | 42 590 900 | 74,1 | Kiev |
| Czech Republic | 78 866 | 10 512 419 | 133,3 | Prague |
Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic also belong to individual classifications.
Eastern European States have a lower level of economic development than Western neighbors. However, they preserved cultural and ethnicity.
Eastern Europe is rather a cultural and historical region than geographical. Just to the eastern territory of Europe, Russian expanses can be attributed. And the Geographical Center for Eastern Europe is about within Ukraine.
Northern Europe
The territories of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Yutcilia, the Baltic States, the islands of Spitsberena and Iceland are included in the northern part of Europe. The population of these edges is only 4% of the total European. The largest country of the eight is Sweden, and the smallest - Iceland itself. The population density in these lands is less in Europe - 22 people / m2, and in Iceland - only 3 people / m2. This is due to the harsh conditions of the climatic zone. But economic indicators of development allocate northern Europe as the leader of the entire global economy.
Southern Europe
| Countries and territories | Area (km²) | Population of the country | Population density (at km²) | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | 28 748 | 2 831 741 | 98,5 | Tirana |
| Andorra | 468 | 76 246 | 162,9 | Andorra La Vella |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 51 197 | 3 836 377 | 74,9 | Sarajevo |
| Vatican | 0,44 | 821 | 1780 | Vatican |
| Greece | 131 990 | 10 992 589 | 83,3 | Athens |
| Spain | 504 030 | 46 507 760 | 92,3 | Madrid |
| Italy | 301 318 | 60 782 668 | 201,7 | Rome |
| Macedonia | 25 713 | 2 065 769 | 80,3 | Skopje |
| Malta | 316 | 425 384 | 1346,2 | Valletta. |
| Portugal | 92 391 | 10 427 301 | 112,9 | Lisbon |
| San Marino. | 61 | 31 637 | 518,6 | San Marino. |
| Serbia | 88 361 | 9 468 378 | 107,2 | Belgrade |
| Slovenia | 20 273 | 2 072 870 | 102,2 | Ljubljana |
| Croatia | 56 542 | 4 246 700 | 75,1 | Zagreb. |
| Montenegro | 13 812 | 624 335 | 45,2 | Podgorica and Cetina |
Slovenia also refers to individual classifications.
The Balkan and the Pyrenean Peninsula are occupied by these South European powers. Industry is developed here, especially black and non-ferrous metallurgy. Countries are rich in mineral resources. In agriculture, the main efforts are aimed at growing food, such as: grapes; Olives; Garnet; Date. It is known that Spain is a leading global country to collect olives. It is here that 45% of the total olive oil in the world is produced. Spain is famous for both the most famous artists - Salvador Dali, Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro.
European Union
European countries have another division in modern history. In 1992, there was an official association of countries to the European Union (EU). The idea of \u200b\u200bsuch a union was kept from the mid-20th century, but the legally consent of the parties was signed in 1992. Over time, the number of participants of the European Union has expanded, now it includes 28 allies. There are still states who have a desire to join the relatively prosperous EU countries, but to prove their compliance with the European storage and high EU principles is not easy and not quickly.
The main princes that are declared the most important for the EU are to protect the rights of citizens; democracy; freedom of trade in the context of the developed economy; Unified customs space.
- Austria
- Germany
- Bulgaria
- Hungary
- Romania
- Czech Republic
- Poland
- Belgium
- British kingdom
- Greece
- Italy
- Spanish kingdom
- Ireland
- France
- Denmark
- Sweden
- Finland
- Lithuania
- Latvia
- Estonia
- Republic of Cyprus
- Malta
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Great Duchy Luxembourg
- Slovenia
- Slovakia
- Portugal
- Croatia
These countries of Europe as Albania, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Turkey are claiming to enter into this union. The Association Agreement with the EU has signed three countries: Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. 
The members of the European Union are subordinate to a single customs policy and trade with each other without duties and without restrictions. And in relation to the rest of the powers, the adopted customs tariff is valid. EU countries have a single monetary currency - the euro. Many EU participating countries are included in the so-called Schengen zone, it makes it possible to move their citizens freely around all allies.
The Board of the European Union - the European Parliament, the European Commission, the European Court, the Audit Community, the EU Control Budget.
Despite the unity, the countries of Europe, entering the community, have complete independence and state sovereignty. Each country enjoys its national language and has its own governments. But for all participants there are certain criteria, and they must comply with them. For example, the coordination of all important political decisions with the European Parliament.
