The fastest object on Earth. The fastest stars in the universe can dial the speed of light. Large explosion echoes penetrate the old TV
Our sun revolves around the center of the Milky Way at a speed of 724,000 kilometers per hour. Recently, scientists have discovered stars that rushing from our galaxy at a speed of more than 1,500,000 km / h. Can a star move even faster?
After conducting some calculations, Astrophysics of Harvard University Avi Loeb and James Gilshon realized that yes, the stars could move faster. Much faster. According to their analysis, the stars can reach the speed of light. The results are purely theoretical, so no one knows whether it can occur, so far astronomers fix these ultra-speed stars - that, according to Loeub, it will become possible with the next generation telescopes.
But speed is not all that will receive astronomers after detection. If such super-fast stars are still found, they will help to understand the evolution of the universe. In particular, give scientists another tool for measuring the speed of expansion of space. In addition, Loeb says, under certain conditions, planets traveling through galaxies can be on the orbit. And if there is life on such planets, they could carry it from one galaxy to another. Agree, interesting reasoning.
It all started in 2005, when a star was discovered, which sought away from our galaxy so quickly, which could leave the gravitational field of the Milky Way. Over the next years, astronomers were able to detect a few stars that became known as super-speed stars (Hypervelocity Stars). These stars were pushed into supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way. When a couple of such stars, rotating each other, comes close to the central black hole, which weighs in millions of times more than the sun, three objects enter into a short gravitational dance, as a result of which one star turns out to be thrown out. Another remains in orbit around a black hole.
Loeb and Gilshon understood that if instead you had two supermassive black holes on the verge of a collision and a star, which rotates around one black hole, gravitational interactions could catapult the star into the intergalactic space at speeds, hundreds of times higher than the speed of ultra-speed stars. The analysis was published in the magazine Physical Review Letters.
According to Loub, this is the most likely scenario, during which the fastest stars in the universe may appear. In the end, supermassive black holes face more often than you think. Almost all galaxies have supermassive black holes in centers, and almost all galaxies have become the result of the merge of two smaller galaxies. When galaxies are combined, central black holes are combined.
Loeb and Gilshon calculated that the merger of supermassive black holes would have to throw away the stars with a wide range of speeds. Few of them would have achieved a near-light speed, but the rest would discern quite seriously. For example, Loeb says, in the observed universe there may be more trillion stars, which move at a speed of 1/10 from the light, that is, about 107,000,000 kilometers per hour.
Since the movement of a single isolated star through the intergalactic space will be sufficiently dim, only powerful telescopes of the future like, scheduled for launch in 2018, will be able to detect them. And then, most likely, such telescopes will be able to see only stars who reached our galactic surroundings. Most of the thrown stars were most likely formed next to the Galaxik centers and were thrown shortly after their birth. This means that they travel already most of their life time. In this case, the age of the star will be approximately equal to the star traveling. By combining the time with the measured speed, astronomers will be able to determine the distance from the home galaxy of the stars to our galactic surroundings.
If astronomers are able to find stars that were thrown out of one galaxy at different times, they will be able to use them to measure the distance to this galaxy in different points in the past. Looking at how this distance changed over time, it will be possible to determine how quickly the universe is expanding.
Two merging galaxies
Ultrafast wandering stars may have another application. When supermassive black holes face one on the other, they create ripples in space and time that displays intimate details of the merge of black holes. The ELISA Space Telescope, scheduled for launch in 2028, will identify gravitational waves. Since heavy stars are formed when black holes are about to themselves, they will perform a kind of signal that will indicate ELISA on possible sources of gravitational waves.
The existence of such stars will be one of the brightest signals that two supermassive black holes are on the threshold of the merger, says Astrophysicist Enrico Ramires-Ruiz from the University of California to Santa Cruz. Although they can be difficult to detect, they will represent a fundamentally new tool for studying the universe.
After 4 billion years, our galaxy will face the Galaxy of Andromeda. Two supermassive black holes in their centers are somewhat, and the stars can also be thrown out. Our sun is too far from the center of the Galaxik to be thrown, but another star may be held inhabited by planets. And if people by that time will still exist, they will potentially be able to sit on this planet and go to another galaxy. Although, of course, this prospect is far away, as no other.
Humanity has learned to build very powerful and high-speed objects that are collected by decades to then reach the most remote goals. "Shuttle" in orbit moves at a speed of more than 27 thousand km per hour. A number of NASA cosmic probes, such as "Helios 1", "Helios 2" or "Jewel 1" are quite powerful to reach the moon in a few hours.
☛ This article was translated from the English-speaking resource ThemysteriousWorld.com and, of course, does not quite correspond to reality. Many Russian and Soviet rocket carriers and spacecraft overcomed the barrier at 11,000 km / h, but in the West, apparently, they were accustomed to this not to notice. Yes, and information about our space objects in free access is quite a bit, in any case, we could not know about the speed of many Russian devices.
Here is a list of the ten fastest objects produced by mankind:
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10Rocket trolley
Speed: 10 385 km / h
Rocket trolleys are actually used to test the platforms used to accelerate the experimental objects. During testing, the cart has a record speed of 10385 km / h. On these devices, sliding pads are used instead of wheels so that such a lightning speed can be developed. Rocket trolleys are driven by rockets.
This external force gives the initial acceleration by experimental objects. The carts also have long, more than 3 km, direct portions of the path. Tanks of rocket carts are filled with lubricants, such as helium gaseous, so it helps the experimental object to develop the necessary speed. These devices are commonly used to accelerate missiles, aviation parts and rescue sections of aircraft.
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9NASA X-43 A
Speed: 11 200 km / h
ASA X-43 A is an unmanned supersonic aircraft that runs from a larger aircraft. In 2005, the Guinness Book of Records recognized NASA X-43 and the fastest aircraft from ever made. It develops the maximum speed of 11 265 km / h, it is about 8.4 times faster than the speed of sound.
NASA X-13 A uses the launch technology when dropping. At first, this supersonic aircraft falls on a large height on a larger plane, and then falls. The required speed is achieved using a carrier rocket. At the final stage, after reaching the specified NASA X-13 speed, it works on its own engine.
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8Shuttle "Colombia"
Speed: 27 350 km / h
Shattle "Columbia" was the first successful reusable spacecraft in the entire history of space development. Since 1981, he has successfully completed 37 missions. Record speed of the Shattla "Colombia" - 27,350 km / h. The ship exceeded his normal speed when he fell on February 1, 2003.
Usually, the shuttle is moving at a speed of 27 350 km / h to stay at the lower orbit of the Earth. With such a speed, the crew of the spacecraft can see the sunrise and sunset several times within one day.
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7Shuttle "Discovery"
Speed: 28,000 km / h
Shuttle "Discovery" has a record number of successful missions, more than any other spacecraft. Since 1984, Discovery has implemented 30 successful flights, and its speed record - 28,000 km / h. It is five times faster than bullet speed. Sometimes spacecraft must move faster than their usual speed of 27 350 km / h. It all depends on the chosen orbit and the height of the spacecraft.
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6The descent apparatus "Apollo 10"
Speed: 39 897 km / h
The launch of Apollo 10 was a rehearsal of the NASA mission before attachment. During the road, on May 26, 1969, the Apollo 10 apparatus acquired a lightning speed of 39,897 km / h. The Guinness Book of Records recorded the speed record of the descent apparatus "Apollo 10" as the maximum record of the speed of the pilot vehicle.
In fact, the "Apollo 10" module needs such a speed to achieve the Earth's atmosphere from the lunar orbit. His mission "Apollo 10" also completed the mission for 56 hours.
Who and what is able to move on our planet and beyond all the fastest? Journalists HowstuffWorks gathered the top 10 fastest things known to the person today.
In modern physics it is believed that light speed In vacuum is the maximum speed of motion of particles of matter. The light is studied by scientists as electromagnetic waves or as a stream of photons - elementary particles, the mass of the rest of which is zero. These particles can only move at the speed of light and cannot be at rest.
To date, it is customary that the speed of light in vacuum is a constant physical value equal to 299 792 458 m / s, or 1,079 252 848.8 km / h. Solar light is needed about 8 minutes 19 seconds to overcome the distance of 150 million kilometers and reach the Earth.
In this material, we suggest you familiarize yourself with all the "most quickst", which is known to mankind today.
The fastest person on the planet
The title of the fastest person on the planet belongs to the legendary Jamaica athlete Usayna Boltu. . He established the current world records in running 100 meters (9.58 s; Berlin, 2009), 200 meters (19.19 s; Berlin, 2009) and 4x100 meters (36.84 s, London, 2012). Athlete accelerated to maximum speed 37,578 km / h.Former President of Mok Jacques Rogge called the then bolt phenomenon in sports. " Bolt shows such results because it is a phenomenon in terms of genetics and body structure"," said the official.
The recorded race of the Yamaic Athlete Usayna Bolt on Staterketovka did not give peace by scientists from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. They decided to create a mathematical model of the runner and find out what allowed the athlete to run a rigging for 9.58.
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The high growth of the bolt (195 cm) allows you to consider it a high athlete. On the one hand, it gives an advantage when running, allowing you to make big steps. On the other hand, the athlete is experiencing greater air resistance. Using the data of the International Association of athletics Federations, whose experts were measured by the athlete's position every 0.1 seconds, scientists calculated that throughout their record rage more 92% of energy spent Bolt spent on overcoming the strength of the resistance of the air. Mathematics compared the result of the bolt shown in the Beijing Olympiad (9.69), with the 2009 record. According to their calculations, without a passing wind in Berlin, which was 0.9 meters per second, the bolt would come running later, but would still establish a new world record - 9.68 seconds.
The fastest animals
On the groundThe fastest land animal is cheetah . In scientific literature, there is evidence that these representatives of the feline family can develop maximum speed 105 km / h.
To track the movement of Chepads in Botswana Savannah, scientists have developed a special collar equipped with a GPS module, gyroscopes and an accelerometer. The device was equipped with solar panels that charged the battery in the daytime. Biologists watched the life of five cheetahs for 17 months.
The highest speed recorded during the operation of zoologists turned out to be less than previously measured in zoos (93 versus 105 kilometers per hour).
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In water
In the water, it is capable of moving faster sailboat. This predatory fish dwells in the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It can develop speed up to 100 km / h. During a series of tests held at the Long-Ki fishing camp (Florida, USA), the sailboat sailed 91 meters in 3 seconds ( 109 km / h).
Sailboat fish during movement practically does not create friction with water. This is achieved thanks to a special coating in the form of a furrow from small outgrows, where water is delayed. In fact, it is this water that comes with a sea water, and not the body of the fish. In addition, the body is perfectly streamlined. All this allows fish to achieve such a high speed of movement.
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In the air
The fastest planet
As you know, the earthly year lasts 365 days - during this period of time our planet makes a complete turn around the Sun. For comparison, Mercury for this requires 88 days, and Neptune is 6000 days.In 2013, with the help of a space telescope "Kepler", astronomers managed to detect an exoplanet KEPLER-78B.. It moves in orbit 40 times less than the orbit of Mercury, the radius of this orbit is only three times the radius of the star itself. Kepler-78B makes full turn around his star just for 8.5 hours And he is the main applicant for the title of the fastest of famous planets.
Scientists consider KEPLER-78B a real mystery. " We do not know how it was formed and how she got to where he was now. All we know is that it will not last long"," says astronomer David Lames. Exoplanet researchers believe that KEPLER-78B " will soon fall on the star".
It is worth noting the existence of another candidate for the title of the "fast planet". This planet KOI 1843.03, also detected using the Kepler telescope. Scientists suggest that the year on this planet lasts 4.5 hours.
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The fastest toilet
Perhaps the most strange participant of this rating is the "fastest" toilet. On the official website of the Guinness Book of Records, it is said that the record belongs to the toilet Bog Standard.presented on March 10, 2011 in Milan. It is a motorcycle with a carriage, equipped with a bath, sink and a basket for dirty linen. The design is capable of moving at speeds 68 km / h. |
However, in May 2013, the British self-tailed inventor Colin Ferz demonstrated a toilet toilet constructed to them, which is capable of developing speeds 88 km / h. The creation of "miracle technicians" the Ferz went about a month. An unusual vehicle is equipped with a 140 cubic centimeters engine.
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The fastest wind
Within a long time, a small mountain in New Hampshire (1917 meters above sea level) was considered a place where the highest wind speed on Earth was recorded. In April 1934, on Mount Washington, winds of wind reached speed 372 km / h. |
In 2010, an automatic meteorological station on the island of Barrow off the coast of Australia recorded a record speed of the wind - 407 km / h. This is if it comes to our planet.
Researchers from the University of Michigan with the help of the X-ray Space Observatory "Chandra" found the fastest "wind" in the universe blowing from a disc that surrounds the black hole of the star mass IGR J17091-3624. Black holes of the star mass are born as a result of a collapse of very massive stars. As a rule, they weigh 5-10 times more than the sun.
"Wind" is moving at speeds about 32 000 000 km / h (about 3% of the speed of light). Exploring the black hole IGR J17091-3624, scientists also came to an unexpected conclusion: the wind can carry more material than the black hole has time to capture. " Contrary to popular belief that black holes absorb all the material, which approaches them, according to our estimates, up to 95% of the substance in the disk around IGR J17091 is thrown into the wind"," said the lead researcher Ashley King.
The fastest birth
Of course, today we can not know exactly when the fastest birth really happened, because from time immemorial, people did not consider such things. Nevertheless, the story knows a few cases when childbirth happened incredibly quickly. |
The first such case occurred in 2007. British Palac Weiss for 2 minutes gave birth to a completely healthy girl weighing three and a half kilograms. Doctors did not even have time to give a thirty-year-old woman in labor anesthetizing, because after 120 seconds after the waste of water, the baby appeared, called the Vedica. Interestingly, while happy parents tried to register this achievement, their record for a few seconds broke another woman from the UK.
When, in 2009, British Catherine Allen began regular contractions, they and her husband began to hastily gather in the hospital. But, while Catherine descended the stairs, her water was moved away - and a 3.8-kilogram girl appeared on the world, who was in his mother's sports pants. Then it was reported that the birth happened so quickly that the woman did not feel any pain.
The fastest serial car
American supercar Hennessey Venom GT February 14, 2014 on the runway NASA at Cape Canaveral acted to 435.31 km / h. |
Speed \u200b\u200brecord among serial vehicles recorded an authoritative telemetry system. However, the Guinness Book of Records This achievement does not recognize. For the official record, it was necessary to drive in two directions, after which the average speed is calculated. But the management of the Space Center did not allow Hennessey Venom GT to drive along the runway in the opposite direction. In addition, 30 cars should be released according to the rules of the Guinness Book of Records, 30 cars should be released, and only 29 units were collected by the Hennessey Venom GT.
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Speaking of the fastest cars, you can not remember the jet car Thrust SSCEquipped with two Rolls-Royce Spey Turbofore Engines with a capacity of 110 thousand horsepower. On October 15, 1997, at the bottom of the dried lake in Nevada, Andy Green acted on Thrust SSC to 1227.985 km / h. For the first time, the ground vehicle has overcome the sound barrier.
Later, the fighter pilot Andy Green told the story of his record so: " In front of me was the largest tachometer with a scale from 0 to 1000 miles per hour (0-1600 kilometers per hour). When the motor earned, I realized that it was not so simple on a straight tenththon monster on a straight line. My back was ten centimeters from the ground, and it was a nightmare. The car went with a crazy acceleration, increasing the speed from 320 to 960 kilometers per hour in less than twenty seconds. At a mark of 900 kilometers per hour, it became even worse, the car was done almost uncontrollable. I remember the terrible coarse of air waves, formed over the cockpit, I remember the land from under me with an incredible speed. I drove a kilometer in three seconds. It was the most beautiful adventure in my life.".
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A real landmark speed record belongs to the uncoated apparatus - rail salads. This is a platform, moving along a special railway path with a rocket engine. She has no wheels, instead of them used special salazzo, which repeat the contour rails and do not go to the platform.
On April 30, 2003, on the airbase Holloan in the US, rail sleeves acted to incredible 10 430 km / h(!).
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The fastest object in the universe
One of the fastest facilities in our universe accidentally discovered astronomers from Harvard Smithsonian Astrophysic Center. Scientists studied Jet - jets of matter, which "spits" a black hole in the center of the Galaxy M87.  |
Active giant elliptical galaxy M87. The relativistic jet is broken from the center of the Galaxy. The second jet may exist, but not observed from the Earth. Image: wikipedia.org. |
Scientists believe that the flow of plasma, escaping from the center of the Galaxy moving along a spiral at a speed of 1024 km / s ( 3 686 400 km / h), forming a cone expanding from a black hole. This nature of the movement serves as proof that the plasma moves along the twisted lines of the magnetic field.
M87 Galaxy is located in the constellation of the Virgin in the center of the cluster of about two thousand galaxies located in 50 million light years from us. Black hole in the center of M87 by weight of several billion times more than our sun.
Previously, scientists were made up of pictures made by the Hubble telescope for 13 years of observations, a video, which shows how the black hole in the center of the M87 galaxy ejects a stream of 5 thousand light years.
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The fastest Internet
As reported on the official website of the Guinness Records with reference to Cisco, the fastest Internet is available to residents of South Korea. Cisco specialists recorded the average download speed in this country in 33.5 Mbps.Last year, a 75-year-old resident of the Swedish city of Karlstad named Sigritt Lotberg became known to the world as the owner of the fastest Internet connection in the world - speed reaches 40 Gbit / s. Such a gift for an elderly woman made her son Peter, who thus tried to convince Internet providers to invest in the development of high-speed communication channels.
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Peter Lotberg works at Cisco. He developed the technology, due to which the signal transmission was possible between routers up to 2000 km without the participation of the intermediary equipment. Having invested relatively small funds, Peter secured his mother's access to the World Wide Web on the Speed \u200b\u200bSpeed. Thus, he showed that cheap and at the same time ultrafast Internet is quite possible.
The fastest superhero
Most things presented in this ranking are called the fastest, because there are official recorded records or reasonable assumptions. Determine the fastest superhero most difficult.Comic lovers may assume that Flash Must be an obvious winner. The DC Comics publisher positions its superhero as the fastest person. It is able to develop the speed of light. More precisely, speed, 13 trillion times greater than the speed of light. This means that it can move not only anywhere on Earth in a split second, but also anywhere in the universe.
But do not forget about the popular hero of the MARVEL Comics edition - silver surfer. It can move in hyperspace, that is, faster light.
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Silver Surfer. Image: Marvel Comics |
Disputes about who is the fastest superhero, continue so far.
Our universe is so huge that it is extremely difficult to realize its essence. We can try to mentally arouse her immense expanses, but every time our consciousness flounders only on the surface. Today we decided to bring some intriguing facts that are likely to cause bewilderment.
When we look at the night sky, we see the past
The first thing presented is capable of hitting the imagination. When we look at the stars in the night sky, we see the light of stars from the past, the glow traveling in space is many dozens and even hundreds of light years before reaching the human eye. In other words, whenever a person glances at the starry sky, he sees how the luminaire looked once before. So, the most bright star of Vega is located from the Earth at a distance of 25 light years. And the light that we saw tonight, this star left 25 years ago.
In the constellation Orion, there is a remarkable star Bethelgeuse. It is at a distance of 640 light years from our planet. Therefore, if we take a look at her today at night, we will see the light left during the century of war between England and France. However, other stars are even further, therefore, looking at them, we are in contact with even more deep past.
Telescope "Hubble" allows you to look back by billions of years ago
Science is constantly developing, and now humanity has a unique opportunity to consider very remote objects in the universe. And all thanks to the wonderful engineering development of NASA telescope "Hubble" with an ultra-deep field. It is thanks to this NASA laboratories managed to create some incredible images. Thus, with the help of images from this telescope between 2003 to 2004, a tiny segment of the sky was displayed containing 10,000 objects.
It is incredible, but most of the displayed objects are young galaxies, acting as a portal in the past. Looking at the resulting image, people are transferred to 13 billion years ago, which is just 400-800 million years later, later a large explosion. It is he from a scientific point of view who laid the beginning of our universe.
Large explosion echoes penetrate the old TV
In order to catch the cosmic echo, existing in the universe, we need to include an old tube TV. At that moment, until we configure the channels, we will see black and white interference and characteristic noise, clicks or cracklers. Know that by 1% this interference consists of cosmic background radiation, the consequences of the afterglow of a large explosion. 
Sagittarius B2 is a giant alcohol cloud
Not far from the center of the Milky Way, at a distance of 20,000 light years from the ground, there is a molecular cloud consisting of gas and dust. The giant cloud contains 10 at 9 degrees of billions of vinyl alcohol liters. Finding these important organic molecules, scientists received some prompts of the first building blocks of life, as well as their derivatives.
There is a planet diamond
Astronomers discovered the largest diamond planet in our galaxy. This massive block of crystal diamond Lucy is named, in honor of the name of the song Bittles about heaven with diamonds. Planet Lucy was detected at a distance of 50 light years from the Earth in the constellation Centaurs. The diameter of the giant diamond is 25,000 miles, which is much greater than the Earth. The weight of the planet is estimated at 10 billion trillion carats.
Sun path around the Milky Way
Earth, as well as other objects of the solar system rotate around the Sun, while our luminaries, in turn, makes turn around the Milky Way. In order to close one turnover, the Sun requires 225 million years. Do you know that the last time our shine was in its current situation in the Galaxy, when the decay of the Super Continent of Panghai began on Earth, and the dinosaurs began their development.
The biggest mountain of the solar system
On Mars there is a mountain called Olympus, which is a giant shield volcano (analogue of volcanoes found in the Hawaiian Islands). The height of the object is 26 kilometers, and its diameter ranges 600 kilometers. For comparison: Everest, the biggest top of the Earth, three times less than its analogue from Mars. 
Rotation of uranium
Do you know that Uranus rotates relative to the sun almost "lying on her side", unlike most other planets that have a smaller deviation of the axis? Such a giant deviation leads to very long seasons, where each pole receives about 42 years of continuous sunlight in summer and the same time of permanent darkness in winter. The last time the summer solstice was observed in uranium in 1944, the winter is expected only in 2028.
Features Venus
Venus is the slowest rotating planet in the solar system. She rotates so slowly that the full turn takes longer than the passage in orbit. This means that the day on Venus actually lasts longer than her year. This planet is also a refuge for constant electronic storms with high CO2 indicators. Also Venus is shrouded in sulfuric acid clouds.
The fastest objects in the universe
It is believed that neutron stars are rotated faster in the universe. Pulsar is a special type of neutron star, emitting the pulse of light, the speed of which allows the astronomers to measure the speed of rotation. The fastest rotation is recorded at the pulsar, which makes the rotation of more than 70,000 kilometers per second.
How much weighs a spoon of neutron star?
Along with an incredibly high speed of rotation, neutron stars have an increased density of their particles. So, according to experts, if we could collect one tablespoon of substances concentrated in the center of the neutron star, and then weighed it, the resulting mass would be approximately one billion tons. 
Is there any life outside of our planet?
Scientists leave no attempt to reveal reasonable civilization in any other, except the Earth, the place in the universe. For these purposes, a special project called "Search for an extraterrestrial reason". The project includes a study of the most promising planets and satellites, such as IO (Jupiter satellite). There are prerequisites that proofs of primitive life can be found there.
Also, scientists consider the theory of the fact that life on Earth could have happened more than once. If this is proven, then the prospects regarding other objects in the universe will be more than intriguing.
In our galaxy 400 billion stars
Undoubtedly the Sun is of great importance for us. This is the source of life, the source of heat and light, the source of energy. But this is just one of the many stars inhabiting our galaxy, the center of which is the Milky Way. According to the latest estimates in our galaxy there are more than 400 billion shone.
Also, scientists are looking for a reasonable life among 500 million planets rotating around other stars, with similarity with the land of remoteness from the Sun. The basis of the research takes not only the remoteness from the shining, but also the temperature regime indicators, the presence of water, ice or gas, the correct combination of chemical compounds and other forms capable of building life, as on Earth.
Conclusion
So, in the whole galaxy there are 500 million planets, where life can potentially exist. So far this hypothesis has no specific evidence and is based only on assumptions, however, it is also impossible to disprove it.
Although mankind, of course, has reached impressive heights, we still remain fodels compared to the scales of the universe. Space objects can easily bypass the "most-premium things" in any category.
The general theory of Einstein's relativity hides behind several statements. Among these hidden conclusions there are the fact that the light does not always go in a straight line. The space itself in which the light is spread, is beaten around any object with a mass. The more massive object, the stronger the space is twisted. This means that when the light passes by, for example, the stars, it will be angry towards the star and change the direction. The result is the effect known as Einstein rings. If the cosmic body emits the light in all directions, while behind the massive object, the entire light bends in the direction of the massive object and the illusion of the ring will be formed for the observer on the other side of the body.
The largest space lenses for the observation history has a memorable name Macs J0717.5 + 3745. This is the largest accumulation of galaxies, described as "Space Deadly Fight", located 5.4 billion light years from the Earth. This lens effect is useful in the study of the objects of the universe, which has a mass, but not emitting energy. We just need to find the effect of lenses in those areas where there is no ordinary matter that would explain the appearance of the effect. Scientists were able to apply Einstein rings in J0717.5 + 3745 in order to determine the clusters of dark matter, and created an image where the extra mass is indicated by an additional color.
9. The most powerful outbreak of X-ray radiation
The most powerful outbreak of X-ray radiation was seen by the NASA SWIFT telescope in June 2010. A flash that occurred in five billion light years from us was powerful enough for satellite to get so much data that his software simply refused. One of the scientists who worked on the project described what happened: "It is like trying to measure the power of the tsunami using a bucket and rainer."
The flash was 14 times more powerful than the strongest post
a dyed X-ray source in the sky, but this source is a neutron star, located 500,000 closer to Earth. The cause of a powerful outbreak was the drop in a black hole, although scientists did not expect that with such a scenario there may be so strong emission of radiation. Interestingly, although X-ray radiation has broken, the level of other types of radiation was held within the normal range.
8. The most powerful magnet
The title of the strongest magnet in space belongs to the neutron star SGR 0418 + 5729, open by the European Space Agency (European Space Agency) in 2009. Scientists applied a new approach to the processing of X-ray radiation, which allowed them to explore the magnetic field under the surface of the star. ESA themselves described their discovery "Magnetic Monster".
Magnetra is small enough - only 20 kilometers in diameter. In size, one of them could even be placed on the moon. But it would be better not to do - even from such a distance, the magnetic field would be so powerful that the trains would stop on Earth. Fortunately, this magnetar is located in 6500 light years from us.
7. Megamasers
The laser brought a lot of benefits over the past few decades, so it's not to be surprised that he received the whole excellent reputation. His cousin, which is a little further on the spectrum, is called Maser, but, in fact, is almost the same, except that the light is replaced by microwaves. The most powerful laser made by man's hand, for comparison reached the power of 500 trillion watts. The universe considers it some kind of dull candle, because in space there are Maseners with power in Nonnilion Watt. In numbers whose names you heard is a million trillion trillion - power 10,000 times greater than the possibilities of our sun.
Maser appears due to quasas that are large wheels of matter, facing massive central black holes of distant galaxies. Oddly enough, the source of the most powerful maseries is water. Water molecules in the quasar face each other, radiating microwaves and forcing the neighbors to do the same. This chain reaction enhances the signal, helping it to achieve the state of the Maser, which we can see. MAZER MG J0414 + 0534 was registered in 2008 and served as evidence of the existence of water at 11.1 billion light years from us.
6. The oldest objects in the entire history of observation
The age of the universe is 6,000 years, plus-minus 13.7 billion years. The oldest object, whose age we can appreciate directly, is he 1523-0901 - a star in our galaxy. Measuring the age of the star is performed using radioisotope analysis, about the same way that the age of human artifacts is used to measure. Only elements with a long half-life, such as uranium or thorium, can exist throughout such a long period of time. In the course of the study conducted by the European Southern Observatory, six methods of assessing the age of the stars confirmed that the star was 13.2 billion years.
There are other objects whose age we cannot measure accurately, but only to assume. Some of them for assumptions are even older. HD 140283, also known as the unofficial name "Malfusale star" (Methuselah Star), is a star that has long been puzzling scientists. The initial assessment of its age showed that the star is the oldest of the most universe. More accurate measurements that allowed the Hubble telescope, reduced the number from 16 billion years to about 14.5 billion - age who roughly coincides with the age of the Universe.
5. The most quick-drawing items
Scientists have recently created the most quick-repairing object rotating at a speed of 600 million revolutions per second. It is impressive, but the width of the object was only 4 million meters, so that its surface was moving at a speed of 7500 meters per second. At first glance, this is quickly (not at first glance too), but this is nothing compared to what is ready to show us space.
VFTS 102 is the most quick-growing star among open by man, and its surface moves at a speed of 440,000 meters per second. It is located in 160,000 light years from us in nebulae with the cool title "Tarantul", in one of the neighboring galaxies. Astronomers believe that the star had a part of a double star, but her "partner" turned into a supernova, giving the surviving VFTS 102 a strong rotational moment.
4. Galaxies-record holders 
If you have not learned your knowledge of physics from films with Will Smith, you know that all the galaxies are large enough. Our Milky Way, for example, is 100,000 light years in width. In IC 1101, the largest detected galaxy, one could accommodate 50 Milky Ways. For the first time, William Herschel, William Herschel, was noticed in 1790, and at the moment we know that it is located in a billion light years from us. This is a huge distance, but also in the rims are not suitable for the record holder at the most distance from us.
The most distant detected galaxy is Z8_GND_5296, located 30 billion light years from the ground. The galaxy was formed after 700 million years after the formation of the most universe (in fact, the galaxy, which we see at the moment it is its distant past). This galaxy is also notable for a high level of education in it, which is 100 times more than the Milky Way Indicator. The next generation of cosmic telescopes will allow us to look even further into the past - and take a look at one of the very first stars formed in the universe.
3. The coldest star
There are many words that can be described in the star - hot, big, bright, very hot, very big and so on. Nevertheless, the stars do not always correspond to our expectations. The coldest class of stars, brown dwarfs, are actually quite cold. Wise 1828 + 2650 - Brown Dwarf in the constellation LIRA, the surface temperature of which is 25 degrees Celsius, which is 10 degrees lower than a person with hypothermia. Often it is called the "failed star" - she did not have enough masses for the "ignition" when it was formed.
Such dull stars can not be found in visible radiation. Part Wise Star name comes from Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (wide-angle infrared surveyor). NASA uses Wise to detect brown dwarfs and studying the moment of their education, which can be seen only in infrared radiation. Since the launch of Wise in December 2009, the device has discovered more than 100 brown dwarfs.
2. The fastest meteorite
If you were accidentally in California on April 22, 2012, you could observe the fall of an amazing meteorite, who ended with the journey in the area of \u200b\u200bthe former Satter sawmill (Sutter's Mill). To see the fall of the meteorite is always cool, but the fireball flying over the Sierra Nevada Ridge on that day, it was special - this is the fastest meteorite in the history. He moved at a speed of 103 thousand kilometers per hour, exceeding the speed of the fastest rocket itself twice.
Scientists have collected information from several sources, including meteorological radar, video and photos on which a meteorite is captured. This allowed them to produce the triangulation of his trajectory and learn not only its speed, but also its starting point. They were even able to calculate him orbit. Before he crashed into the ground, the meteorite flew to Jupiter. Gas planet, most likely, "shot" to them in us.
The meteorite was also interesting for other reasons. It consisted of a coal chondrite - a rare substance. Meteorites with chondritic structure are called "time capsules", as they have almost changed from the moment of their education in the early solar system, 4.5 billion years ago. Scientists usually can follow the objects in the sky without knowing what they are made, or to study a meteorite in the laboratory, not knowing where he flew from. A geologist from the Australian University of Curtina (Curtin University) argues that such complete information "is very helpful in learning a meteorite."
1. The fastest orbits
Double stars - when two stars rotate around the common center of mass - pretty common. Some of them even have planets, and there is also a system in which six stars are moving in general orbit. However, some of them move very very quickly.
The fastest movement of two ordinary stars around a friend is observed in the system called HM Cancri. These two white dwarfs are the dead remains of stars, similar to our sun - are at a distance of three lands from each other. They move in space at a speed of 1.8 million kilometers per hour, splashing on each other with hot matter and exciting a large amount of energy. For the passage of the whole orbit, they only need six minutes.
More unusual couples moving even faster were discovered. Scientists have discovered a black hole called Maxi J1659-152, which forms a pair system with red dwarf, sizes in just 20% of the sun. A black hole moves in orbit relatively slowly, just 150,000 kilometers per hour. His partner, however, flies at a speed of 2 million kilometers per hour. Red Dwarf is located on the general center of gravity (otherwise they would have already encountered), but constantly loses its matter and will completely disappear over time.
The current record speed record among double stars belongs to the dying star, rotating along with the super blind neutron star. The neutron star, of course, is slower, but has the fantastic name "Pulsar - Black Widow" (less interesting name sounds like PSR J1311-3430). Its speed of 13 thousand kilometers per hour is quite low - the earth moves around the sun eight times faster. The partner of the Pulsar, however, moves for two, disperse up to 2.8 million kilometers per hour.
The name "Black Widow" was given to the pulsar because of the behavior of the black widow females, which are liquefied by the male after mating. Pulsar produces so much radiation into the dying star, which literally evaporates it. Over time, the neutron star will completely destroy its partner. So, although the system of double stars from HM Cancri takes the third line in the speed of his movement, we are forced to admit that they have the most "healthy" relationship.
