Natural cataclysm message. Cataclysm is what? Concept and examples. Not so long ago there was a sea

Classification of natural disasters. Natural catastrophes are divided into two types of origins:

1. Endogenous - associated with the internal energy and the forces of the Earth (eruption of volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunami);

2. Exogenous - due to solar energy and activity, atmospheric, hydrodynamic and gravitational processes (hurricanes, cyclones, floods, storms).

Causes of natural disasters. One of the reasons for the emergence of natural disasters is a natural disaster, the phenomenon of nature, leading to the destruction of material values, the death of people and other consequences.

Main types of natural disasters:

1. Geological

· Earthquake

Earthquake - underground shocks and oscillations of the earth's surface, resulting from sudden displacements and breaks in the earth's crust and upper mantle and transmitted over long distances.

· Eruption

The eruption of the volcano is volcanic activity at which volcanic lava and hot gases are pulled out to the surface. In addition to the direct eruption of the volcano, the high damage is applied by the release of volcanic ash and pyroclastic flows (a mixture of volcanic gases, stones, ashes).

Avalanche - the mass of snow or ice, falling or scaling from steep slopes of the mountains. Particularly destructive avalanches can completely destroy settlements.

The collapse is the separation of mass breeds from the slope and fast movement down. They arise on the shores of the rivers, seas, in the mountains under the action of precipitation, seismic jolts, human activity

· Deolzin

The landslide is the separation of earth masses from the slope and moving them along the slope under the influence of gravity.

Sel is a powerful mud, a muddy or waterflow, which is formed in the river river rivers due to a sharp flood caused by strong rains, snowing and other reasons.

2. Meteorological

Grad is the type of atmospheric precipitation of dense particles of ice (gradins) of the incorrect form of different sizes.

Drought - long dry weather, often at elevated air temperature, with a lack of or very small amounts of precipitation, leading to exhaustion of moisture reserves in the soil and a sharp decrease in relative humidity.

The blizzard is the transfer of snow by the wind above the ground surface.

Tornado - an extremely strong atmospheric vortex with air circulation, closed around a more or less vertical axis.

Cyclone is a low pressure atmospheric vortex in the middle and circulation of air on the helix.

3. Hydrological

· Flood

Flooding - flooding with water.

Tsunami - sea waves of very large lengths that occur with strong underwater and coastal earthquakes, as well as with volcanic eruptions or large rocking collaps from the coastal cliff.

· Limnological catastrophe

Limnological catastrophe is a rare natural phenomenon in which carbon dioxide dissolved in deep lakes is released to the surface, causing wild and domestic animals and people.

4. Fires

· Forest fires

Forest fires - spontaneous or man-provoked fire in forest ecosystems

· Peat fires

Peat fires - burning of the peat layer and the roots of trees.

In a separate group, the causes of natural disasters are distinguished by the impact of space objects on Earth: a collision with asteroids, a drop in meteorites. They represent a greater threat to the planet, since even a small in size of the heavenly body when a collision with the Earth can cause devastating harm.

Destructive tsunami in Asia in 2004 and 2011, Hurricane "Katrina" in the southeastern part of the United States of America in 2005, landslides in the Philippines in 2006, earthquake on Haiti in 2010, flooding in Thailand in 2011 ... You can continue this list for a long time ...

Most natural disasters are a consequence of the laws of nature. Hurricanes, Typhins and Soloz - the result of various weather phenomena. Earthquakes occur as a result of changes in the earth's crust. Tsunami is caused by submarine earthquakes.

Typhoon -tropical cyclone type, Koiya typical for the northwestern part of the soft ocean. Word happens from Chinese. The area of \u200b\u200bactivity of typhoons, which accounts for the third part of the cumulative number of tropical cyclones on Earth, was concluded between East Asia coast in the West, the equator in the south and the date of change of date in the east. Although the considerable part of typhoons is developing from May to November, other months from them are also not free.

The 1991 Typhoon Season was particularly destructive, as soon as the coast of Japan, a certain number of typhoons with pressure of 870-878 Bar was on the banks of the Typhoon of the Typhoon, in most cases, later, as their main blows are taken by Korea, Japan and Islands Ryuku. The Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Primorsky Territory are more susceptible to Typhnese. Many managed to fix Typhoon in Novorossiysk to personal photos and camcorders, mobile phones.

Tsunami. Long high waves generated by a powerful impact on the entire water in the ocean or other reservoir. The cause of most tsunami is underwater earthquakes, during which there is a sharp offset (raising or lowering) of the seabed section. The tsunami is formed during an earthquake of any strength, but the high force reach those that arise due to severe earthquakes (with magnitude more than 7). As a result of the earthquake, several waves apply. More than 80% of the tsunami arise on the periphery of the Pacific Ocean.

Note that quite recently, the Japanese company Hitachi Zosen Corp has developed a system of tsunami barriers that automatically reacts to a wave blow. In this time, it is known that the booms will be installed on the entrances to underground parts of buildings. In the usual state, the metal walls lie on the surface of the Earth, however, during the arrival of the waves, they are raised under the pressure of the upcoming water and take a vertical position. The height of the barrier is only one meter, "ITAR-TASS" reports. The system is fully mechanical and does not require any external energy source. Currently, in a number of coastal cities of Japan, similar booms are already operating, but they work from electricity.

Tornado (Tornado).Hurricane is extremely fast and strong, often a great destructive strength and a significant duration of air movement. Tornado (Tornado) - a vortex horizontal air movement, occurs in a thunderstorm cloud and falls on the surface of the Earth in the form of a tipped funnel, the diameter of which to hundreds of meters. Typically, the transverse diameter of the tumor funnel in the lower section is 300-400 m, although if the tornado touches the surface of the water, this value can be only 20-30 m, and when the funnel passing over the land can reach 1.5-3 km. The development of a tornger from the cloud distinguishes it from some externally similar and also distinguished by nature phenomena, such as death-vortex and dusty (sandy) vortices.

Very often, the tornadoes are in the United States. More recently, on May 19, 2013, about 325 people were injured from the devastating tornado in Oklahoma. Audites speak in one voice: "We thought we would perish because it was in the basement. The wind pulled out the door and pieces of glass and wreckage began to fly in us . Honestly, we thought I would die. " The wind speed reached 300 kilometers per hour, more than 1.1 thousand houses were destroyed.

Earthquake - Underground shocks and fluctuations in the surface of the Earth caused by natural causes (as a rule, tectonic processes), or artificial processes (explosions, filling the reservoirs, collapse of underground mining cavities). Small shocks can also be called the lava's lifting at volcanic eruptions. About a million earthquakes occurs on all Earth, but most of them are so insignificant that they remain unnoticed. Strong destructive earthquakes occur on the planet for about once every two weeks. Most of them occur at the bottom of the oceans and is not accompanied by catastrophic consequences (if tsunami does not occur).

In our country, a particular seismically active zone is Kamchatka. The other day, May 21, 2013, she again found itself in the epicenter of seismic events. In the southeastern coast of the Peninsula, the seismologists recorded a series of earthquakes of magnitude from 4.0 to 6.4. The foci of earthquakes climbed at a depth of 40-60 kilometers under the seabed. At the same time, underground shocks in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky were the most tangible. In total, according to specialists, more than 20 underground perturbations were registered. Threats of tsunami, fortunately, was not.

Almost all the ancient peoples believed that terrible cataclysms were collapsed on our planet, who destroyed everything alive on the planet. Nowadays, with the onset of the twenty-first century, every day natural cataclysms carry millions of lives. Maybe this is the harbingers of a global scales, which is coming on us with all the power and power?

Whatever it was, our nature has four elements, which every year still larger and stronger.

Throughout the Earth, there are more than five hundred volcanoes. The largest fiery belt covers the coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is worth noting that 328 of them were already erupted with terrible force in those days that our ancestors can remember.

Everyone knows from the small years that it is fires that can cause the economy of our country and the land as a whole, the greatest destruction and sad consequences. At the same time, it doesn't matter in which the fire will flash, because he can carry people life. According to the World Health Organization, every year thousands of people die if not in the fires themselves, then from caustic smoke, which stands out for fires on peat swamps. Cooking smoke, which can also lead to fatal automotive accidents.

Land

Each year throughout the planet, tactical slabs occur. These fluctuations and shocks may in turn be very strong earthquakes that can completely destroy any city in seconds. Every two weeks on the planet, one very strong earthquake occurs. And well, if it does not affect the lives of people.

Despite the mind of a person, he simply will not be able to compete with the power and huge force of nature. Every year throughout the land, various landslides and satiest avalante occur. This terrible phenomenon can fully demolish everything that he is met. Even concrete structure will not be an obstacle. But the worst thing is that all this power with debris will be eliminated by people.

This is the most terrible nightmare of all people who live on the ocean coast. Earthquakes can provoke the formation of huge waves that will rapidly demolish everything in their path. Their speed can reach fifteen thousand kilometers, and the devastating force is able to destroy any structure.

Flood

Running the flow of arriving water, can leave even the largest city under its thickness. This most often happens after the protracted rains.

Each person loves warm sunny rays that awaken the world from hibernation. But its excessive interaction with nature can completely destroy the harvest, or cause a strong drought, which will subsequently provoke fires.

Typhoon or hurricane

Earth's air flows, constantly meet with each other. And in those strict moments when a warm and cold cyclone is found, a strong stream of wind may form. Its speed can reach several thousand kilometers. He is able to pull out trees with the root, and carry at home. The air moves along a certain trajectory, which begins at the corners of the spiral, and rapidly goes to its center. It is at this point that the worst destruction and irreparable consequences occur.

Tornado or Smerd

This is a kind of air funnel, which literally delays everything that can break away from the ground. His power is so great that he is able to circle in itself the most huge items. Machines and houses can get into it, and literally burst into sins.

Due to the constant changes in the climate, the whole cycle may change. Thus, in countries where winter never occurred, snow can go.

Often in the news you can hear that the natural cataclysm somewhere happened. This means that a strong storm or hurricane swept, an earthquake or a raporous mud stream came down from the mountains. Tsunami, floods, tuning, volcanic eruptions, collapsions, drought - all these natural phenomena have a devastating nature, carry people's lives, demolish the houses of the house, quarters, and sometimes whole cities, cause serious economic damage.

Definition of cataclysm

What does the word "cataclysm" mean? This, by definition of an intelligent dictionary of Ushakov, a sharp change in organic life, which is observed on a significant surface of the earth (planet) and is due to the influence of atmospheric, volcanic and geological processes.

The explained dictionary edited by Efremova and Swedov defines a cataclysm as a destructive fracture in nature, a catastrophe.

Also in each dictionary, it is indicated that in the portable value of the cataclysm - it is global and destructive changes in the life of society, a fancy social coup.

Of course, you can see common features in all definitions. As we see, the main point that carries the concept of "cataclysm" is the destruction, disaster.

Types of natural and social catastrophes

Depending on the source of the occurrence, such types of cataclysms are distinguished:

• geological - earthquake or volcanic eruption, agricultural, landslide, avalanche or collave;
• hydrological - tsunami, flooding, breakthrough to the surface of the depths of the water reservoir (CO 2);
• thermal - forest or peat fire;
• meteorological - hurricane, storm, tornado, cyclone, blizzard, drought, hail, long shower.

These natural cataclysms differ in nature and duration (from a few minutes to several months), but they all bear the threat to the life and health of people.

In a separate category, man-made disasters - accidents on nuclear installations, chemical facilities, sewage treatment plants, damage to dams and other cataclysms. Their emergence provokes symbiosis of natural forces and anthropogenic factor.

The most famous social cataclysm is a war, revolution. Also, social situations of social nature may be associated with overpopulation, migration, epidemic, global unemployment, terrorism, genocide, separatism.

The most terrible cataclysms in the history of the Earth

In 1138, a powerful earthquake occurred in Aleppo (modern Syria), which completely erased the city from the face of the Earth and took 230 thousand human lives.

In December 2004, an underwater earthquake of 9.3 points occurred in the Indian Ocean. It provoked tsunami. Huge 15-meter waves reached the shores of Thailand, India and Indonesia. The number of victims reached 300 thousand people.

In August 1931, in China, due to monsoon rains, the strongest flood has happened, which passed the lives of 4 million (!) Man. And in August 1975, because of a powerful Typhoon in China, Balciao dam was destroyed. This provoked the largest flood over the past 2000 years, the water left 50 kilometers deep into the mainland, created artificial water bodies with a total area of \u200b\u200b12 thousand km 2. As a result, the number of dead reached 200 thousand people.

What can expect a blue planet in the future

Scientists predict that in the future our planet is awaiting strong catastrophes and cataclysms.

Global warming, which has been concerned about the progressive minds for more than 50 years, may in the future provoke an unprecedented flood force, drought, strongest torrential rains, which will lead not only to millions of victims, but also to the global economic and social crisis.

Also, do not forget that the asteroid 99 942 weighing 46 million tons and a diameter of 500 meters inexorably approaching our planet. Astronomers predict a likely clash in 2029, which will destroy the Earth. NASA has created a special working group to solve this very serious

Disaster - Catastrophic natural phenomenon (or process), which can cause numerous human sacrifices, considerable material damage and other severe consequences.

Natural disasters - These are hazardous natural processes or phenomena that cannot be influenced by a person who are the result of the action of the Forces of Nature. Natural disasters are catastrophic situations that arise as a rule, suddenly leading to a violation of the everyday lifestyle of significant groups of people, often accompanied by human victims and the destruction of material values.

Natural disasters include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, villages, landslides, ribs, floods, droughts, cyclones, hurricanes, tornads, snow drifts and avalanches, long-term heavy rains, strong stable frosts, extensive forest and peat fires. Epidemics, epizooty, epiphyotsis, mass spread of forest and agriculture pests are also related to natural disasters.

The causes of natural disasters can serve:

rapid movement of the substance (earthquake, landslides);

release of inside ground energy (volcanic activity, earthquake);

raising the water level of rivers, lakes and seas (floods, tsunami);

impact of unusually strong wind (hurricanes, tornadoes, cyclones);

Some natural disasters (fires, ribs, landslides) may arise as a result of human activity, but more often the nature of natural disasters serve the forces of nature.

The effects of natural disasters are very heavy. The greatest harm to flood (40% of the total damage), hurricanes (20%), earthquakes and droughts (15%), 10% of the total damage are accounted for other natural disasters.

Regardless of the source of occurrence, natural disasters are characterized by a significant scale and different duration-from a few seconds and minutes (earthquake, snowy avalanches) to several hours (villages), days (landslides) and months (flood).

Earthquake - The most dangerous and destructive natural disasters. The area of \u200b\u200bthe occurrence of an underground strike is an earthquake focus, within which the process of release of accumulating energy occurs. In the center of the hearth conditionally, the point, called the Gipo Center, is distinguished. The projection of this point on the surface of the Earth is called the epicenter. During the earthquake from the hypocenter, the elastic seismic waves, longitudinal and transverse are applied to all directions. On the surface of the Earth in all directions from the epicenter, surface seismic waves are diverged. As a rule, they cover extensive territories. The integrity of the soil is often disturbed, buildings and structures are destroyed, water supply, sewage, communication lines, electrical and gas supply fails, there are human sacrifices. This is one of the most destructive natural disasters. According to UNESCO, earthquakes belongs to the first place for the caused economic damage and the number of human victims. They arise unexpectedly, and, although the duration of the main shock does not exceed a few seconds, their consequences are tragic.

Some earthquakes were accompanied by destructive waves, which devastated the coast - tsunami. Now this is a generally accepted international scientific term, it happens from the Japanese word, which means "a big wave, filling the bay." The exact definition of the tsunami sounds so - these are long waves of a catastrophic nature arising mainly as a result of tectonic movements at the bottom of the ocean. Tsunami waves are so long that as waves are not perceived: they are from 150 to 300 km. In the open sea, the tsunami is not too noticeable: their height is several tens of centimeters or a few more meters. Up to the shallow shelf, the wave becomes higher, takes up and turns into a driving wall. Entering shallow bays or funnel-shaped mouths of rivers, the wave becomes even higher. At the same time, it slows down the move and, like a giant shaft, rolling into land. The speed of the tsunami is higher than the greater the depth of the ocean. The speed of most waves tsunami ranges between 400 and 500 km / h, but there were cases when they reached 1000 km / h. Tsunami occurs most often as a result of submarine earthquakes. Another source can serve volcanic eruptions.

Flood- Temporary flooding of a significant part of sushi by water as a result of the actions of the forces of nature. Floods can be caused:

losing abundant precipitation or intense melting of snow (glaciers), joint action of flood waters and ice congestion; hugging wind; underwater earthquakes. Floods can be predicted: set the time, the nature expected of its size and timely organize warning measures that significantly reduce the damage, to create favorable conditions for rescue and urgent emergency restoration work. Sushha can flood with rivers or by the sea - the floods of river and marine are different. Floods threaten almost 3/4 of the earth's surface. According to UNESCO statistics from river floods in 1947 - 1967, about 200,000 people died. According to some hydrolyts, this figure is even underestimated. The secondary damage under flooding is even more significant than in connection with other natural disasters. These are destroyed settlements, drowned by the cattle, brought by mud. As a result of the rainstone rains in Transbaikalia in early July 1990, the flood was unprecedented in these places. More than 400 bridges were demolished. According to the regional emergency flood commission, the national economy of the Chita region caused damage to 400 million rubles. Thousands of people were left without bed. Not without human victims. Floods may be accompanied by fires due to cliffs and short circuit of electrical cabbages and wires, as well as the breaks of water and sewer pipes, electrical, television and telegraph cables located in the ground, due to the subsequent uneven sediment of the soil.

Male streams and landslides. Sale - Suddenly forming in the channels of mountain rivers Temporary stream, characterized by a sharp rise in the water level and a high content of solid material in it. It arises as a result of intense and long-lasting shower, stormy melting of glaciers or snow cover and collapse in the row of a large number of loose-grade material. Having a larger mass and speed of movement, the villages destroy the buildings, structures, roads and everything else on the path of movement. Within the pool, the village streams can be local, general, and structural. The first arises in the rivers of the tributaries of rivers and large beams, the second pass along the main channel of the river. The danger of the villages is not only in their destructive strength, but in the sudden of their appearance. Silmes are approximately 10% of the territory of our country. In total, about 6,000 villains are registered, of which more than half fall on Central Asia and Kazakhstan. According to the composition of the portable solid material, the village streams may be mud (a mixture of water with angleless with a small concentration of stones), mudigan (a mixture of water, pebbles, gravel, small stones) and water-changing (a mixture of water with predominantly large stones). The flow rate of the sealer stream is usually 2.5-4.0 m / s, but when the congestion is breaking, it can reach 8-10 m / s or more.

Hurricanes - These are winds by force of 12 points on the Bafort scale, i.e. winds whose speed exceeds 32.6 m / s (117.3 km / h). Hurricanes also call tropical cyclones arising in the Pacific Ocean near the shores of Central America; in the Far East and in the areas of the Indian Ocean of Hurricanes ( cyclones) Wear a title typhoon. During tropical cyclones, wind speed often exceeds 50 m / s. Cyclones and typhoons are usually accompanied by intense rain rains.

Hurricane on land destroys build structures, lines and power lines, damages transport communications and bridges, breaks and pulls out the trees with the root; When spreading over the sea causes huge waves with a height of 10-12 m and more, damages or even leads to the death of the court.

Tornado - These are catastrophic atmospheric vortices having a funnel form with a diameter from 10 to 1 km. In this whirlwind, the wind speed can achieve an implausible value of 300 m / s (which is more than 1000 km / h). Such speed cannot be measured by any devices, it is estimated experimentally and according to the degree of influence of the tornado. For example, it was noted that, with a tornado, the siner looked into the pine barrel. This corresponds to wind speeds above 200 m / s. The process of the occurrence of the tornado is not completely clear. Obviously, they are formed at the moments of unstable air bundle when the heating of the earth's surface leads to heating and lower air layer. Above this layer is a cooler air layer, such a position is unstable. Warm air rushes up, the air is cold in the whirlwind, like a trunk, descends down to the earth's surface. Often it happens over small elevated areas within the flat relief.

Dust storm - These are atmospheric perturbations, in which a huge amount of dust and sand moved to considerable distances takes into the air. In comparison with earthquakes or tropical cyclones, dust storms are not essentially so catastrophic phenomena, but their impact may be very unpleasant, and sometimes fatal.

Fires - The spontaneous spread of burning, manifested in the destroying action of fire, out of control. Fires arise, as a rule, in violation of fire safety measures, as a result of lightning discharges, self-burning and other reasons.

Forest fires -unmanaged burning of vegetation, propagating on the forest area. Depending on which the elements of the forest spreads fire, fires are divided into lower, riding and underground (soil), and on the speed of promoting the edge of the fire and the height of the flame flame can be weak, medium strength and strong. Most often fires are low.

Peat fires Most often there are in places of peat mining, usually arise due to improper handling of fire, from lightning discharges or self-burning. Peat burns slowly to the entire depth of its location. Peat fires encompass large areas and are difficult to be extinguished.

Fires in cities and settlements There is a violation of the fire safety regulations, due to the fault of the electrical wiring, the spread of fire during forest, peat and steppe fires, when electrical wiring during earthquakes.

Landslides- These are sliding displacements of the masses of rocks down the slope arising from the violation of the equilibrium caused by various reasons (reasanced by water rocks, the weakening of their strength due to weathering or overlooking with precipitation and groundwater, systematic jokes, unreasonable economic activities, etc.). The landslides differ not only by the speed of breed displacement (slow, medium and fast), but also their scale. The speed of slow displacements of rocks is several dozen centimeters per year, medium - a few meters per hour or a day and fast - tens of kilometers per hour or more. Fast displacements include landslide-streams when the solid material is mixed with water, as well as snow and snow-stone avalanches. It should be emphasized that only fast landslides can cause a catastrophe with human victims. The landslides can destroy settlements, destroy agricultural land, create a danger during the operation of quarries and mining, damage communication, tunnels, pipelines, telephone and electric networks, water treatment plants, mainly dams. In addition, they can overwrite the valley, form a filling lake and promote floods.

Avalanches Also relate to landslides. Large snowy avalanches are catastrophes, carrying tens of lives. The speed of snow avalante fluctuates in a wide range of 25 to 360 km / h. The magnitude of the avalanche is divided into large, medium and small. Large destroy all - dwellings and trees on their path, medium are dangerous only for people, small practically is not dangerous.

Volcanic eruptions Threaten about 1/10 of the number of residents of the Earth, which threatens earthquakes. Lava is the melt of rocks heated to a temperature of 900 - 1100 "with. Lava flows straight from the cracks in the ground or the slope of the volcano either overflowing through the edge of the crater and flows to the foot. Lava streams may be dangerous for one person or group of people who, The underestimation of their speeds will be between several lavva languages. The danger occurs when the lava flow reaches the settlements. Liquid lava may in a short period of time to pour significant territories.