The first money of Russia. The first Russian money. Covers of ancient Russia Millennium ancient Russian mint chasing

Does not know how to hand (c) the coin cleaner. When you fall into the coin with a price of $ 5661, you will clean yourself, or give to professional strangers? How do you feel about coin restoration advice, rainwater and walrus bone chopsticks?

Srebrenik Vladimir Type I Subtype IV - $ 5661

Find a coin Srebrenik Vladimir. Formally, material silver. But in those days, precious metals were really precious, and it was not enough. For the chasing of these coins, Arab silver coins were used. In trying to make more coins, silver turned out to be with a noticeable amount of impurities - bismuth, lead, zinc, and even gold. Silver content fluctuated, from 35% to 95%.

The first sober appeared at the end of the 15th century. Since then, more than 1000 years have passed. With a small silver content, the chances will continue from the coin a bit. There are cases when coins crumbled after a few hours after raising. And broken (crumbling) edges, without these defects, experts will arise questions about authenticity, accept and sell as it is.

Sarebrenika was made in an unusual way. At first there were mugs, and after the circles stamp minted. Coins were so subtle that unusual defects are found. For example, you can meet an imprint on the Srebrenika another coin. And it is not discharged, just coins were together and pressed. Or are those who are known when fabric prints, a linen bag, in which coins were kept on the Srebrenics.

The rarity coin is due not only to the age of 1000 years. There are dinarias whose age is much older, but they are noticeably less. The fact is that Srebrenikov was minted little. All diggers are not enough.

In the transfer of the Gospel there is a plot where Judas betray Christ for 30 Srebrenikov. Why exactly Srebreniki? After all, it must be tetradrachma or shekels.

And in 2006 the treasure of Srebrenikov was digging in the Chernigov region. At first, a single coin was detected, right on the surface. At a depth of 20 cm, 4 more pieces ... The maximum depth of other coins was 60-70 cm. Most coins at first glance were in depressing condition. 2 coins crumbled. 15 coins in one solid sulpure (coma).

It was interesting that coins closer to the surface were preserved better than the lower. All were laundered and recovered, except one. A rare Srebrenik was present in the treasury, the owner of which (already new, to the buyer) persistently advised not to clean. At that time, the coin was the only proof of the existence of this type.

According to the result, the treasure amounted to 31 coins. Almost in the gospel. The fate of coins is the same as in Scripture - all the coins found were separated by private collections, and each cost is expensive.

In the process of corop of the Srebrenikov, the hole was discovered stuffed ash. Normal version, focus of those times. The unusual version, it was the foxes of Nora and the hunters smoked the beast. And before that, when Fox Floas Nerur - a paw one coin and thrown into the surface. What version do you think truthful?

The coin refers to the type I, and the subtype of IV. Nakhodka was sold on 05/14/2017 at the auction of the Violity. Start price $ 2038. 61 bet, and final price $ 5661.

P.S. Note ➨ ➨ ➨ Bomb theme -. Look, you will not regret.

↓↓↓ And now we will move to the comment and learn the opinion of experts. Turn the page down ↓↓↓, there are reviews of diggers, MD specialists, additional information and clarifications from blog authors ↓↓↓

1000th anniversary of the ancient Russian monetary chasing (Srebrenik Vladimir), USSR
Nominal	3 rubles
Weight	31.1 g
Diameter	39 mm mm
Thickness	3.3 mm
Gurt	ribbed
Metal	silver
Years of Chekanka	1988
Obverse
Description	Coat of arms of the USSR
Reverse
Description	Images of two silver coins
Engraver	A. V. Baklanov

1000th anniversary of the ancient Russian mint chasing (Srebrenik Vladimir) - Silver jubilee coin of the USSR worth 3 rubles, released on September 13, 1988.

Topic

Silverman is the first silver coin, which was minted in Russia at the end of the 16th century, then at the beginning of the XI century. For chasing, silver Arab coins were used. Srebreniki was minted by Vladimir Svyatoslavich (978-1015), Svyatopolk (approx. 1015) and Yaroslav Wisem in Novgorod (up to 1015). A separate group is formed by the coins of Tmutarakan Prince Oleg-Mikhail, who minted ok. 1070. According to the composition of Srebrenika are divided into several types. Srebrenika of the first editions mostly repeated the type of Byzantine coins (the front side is the image of the prince, the backward side is the image of Christ). In the XI century, the image of Christ was replaced by a large generic sign Rurikovich (replaced the coat of arms of the state). Around the prince's portrait there was a legend: "Vladimir (or Svyatopolk) on the table (throne) - and this is his Srebro" (money). Silverman Yaroslav Wise was distinguished from the appearance described. On one side instead of Christ, there was an image of St. George (Christian patron of Yaroslav), on the other - the generic sign of Rurikovich and the inscription: "Yaroslavl Silver" without the words "on the table", which gives reason to attribute their release by the period of the reign of Yaroslav in Novgorod during the lifetime of Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Silver Mannika Yaroslav is a unique phenomenon in the monetary production of Europe of the XI century.

On September 13, 1988, a series of 6 coins was issued in appeal, which is devoted to the plots associated with the ancient Russian state and the 1000th anniversary of the introduction of Christianity in Russia ("1000th anniversary of the ancient Russian coincidence, literature, architecture, baptism of Russia"). The circles of the coins of this series amounted to from 7 to 40,000 pieces. This series includes silver coins with a par value of 3 rubles "Sofia Cathedral", a silver coin in 3 rubles "Silvernik Vladimir", a gold coin in 50 rubles "Sofia Cathedral in Novgorod", Golden coin in 100 rubles "Zlatnota Vladimir", Platinum coin in 150 rubles "Word about the regiment of Igor", a palladium coin in 25 rubles "Monument to the prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich". A feature of this series of coins was the metal - palladium 999 samples, which was first used for coins chasing. The interest in palladium is explained by his belonging to the platinum group, the relative price stability in the international market and the manifestation of attention to it from the numismators and investors. The practice of using palladium for the coin chasing was distributed in the world only in the late 80s. The specified series of coins produced a real extension on the international numismatic market. In 1988, in Basel at the international numismatic exhibition, a series of precious metals, dedicated to the 1000th anniversary of the Old Russian chasenk, literature, architecture and the baptism of Russia, was recognized as the best mint of the year and received the first prize for the quality of manufacture.

Coins minted on the Leningrad Mint (LMD).

Description and Characteristics of Coins

Obverse

From above the coat of arms of the USSR with 15 tapes, under it the letters "USSR", below the left and right, below the line on the left, the chemical designation "AG" and the "900" test of the metal from which the coin is made under them the net weight of the precious metal "31.1 ", Under the line to the right, the monogram of the Monde yard" LMD ", below the designation of the nominal coin of the figure" 3 "and below the word" rubles ", below Cant the year of the production of the coin" 1988 ".

Reverse

On the left, on top and on the right along the edge of the word "1000th anniversary of the Old Russian Mint", in the middle of the image of Avers and Reverse Srebrenika Vladimir Svyatoslavich, under him the year of the baptism of Rus Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich "988", below each other, the word "Srebrennik" and "Vladimir".

Gurt

Rubbed (300 rifes).

Authors

• Artist A. V. Baklanov
• Sculptor: A.V. Baklanov

These were the first coins that minted in Kievan Rus at the end of the 16th century, then at the beginning of the XI century, they were produced in small quantities and not long, therefore did not have much influence on the monetary appeal, but are a kind of group of cultural monuments of ancient Russia.

With Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavch in 988, Christianity becomes official religion. In the cities, the oldest of which were Kiev, Novgorod, Ladoga, Smolensk, Murom, the crafts were actively developed, as well as trade - with the southern and western Slavs, the peoples of other countries. This led to the beginning of the manufacture of the first own coins of gold and silver.

The first Russian gold and silver coins were called scenic and Srebrenikov, respectively. In the diameter, the marshings reached 24 mm, and by weight were equated with the Byzantine solid - about 4.2 g. Subsequently, the scenario became a Russian unit of weight called a spool (4.266 g). Mint mugs for chasing were cast in folding forms, which explains the presence of noticeable casting defects and a significant discrepancy in weight. For the manufacture of Srebrenikov, silver of Arab coins was used.

Zlatniki and Srebreniki mintedcommon stamps.Facial side: the waist image of the prince is really, probably sitting (judging by the bent little legs under the figure); in a raincoat bonded on the chest, in a hat with pendants and a cross; In the right hand, a cross on a long river, left - pressed to the chest. At the left shoulder, the princely sign is a trident. Around the circular inscription from left to right (occasionally left to left): Vladimir on the table (or Vladimir and his Srebro). Around linear and dotted rims.

Cooperation: Grater image of Jesus Christ really, with the baptized nymb; Right hand in a blessing gesture, in the left - Gospel. Around the circular inscription from left to right (occasionally left to left): Jesus Christ (or IC hs under the titles). Around linear and dotted rims.

According to experts, the release of their own coins in Kievan Rus was caused, on the one hand, the fact that in the economy of the ancient Russian state the second half of the X century. He began to feel the lack of silver coins due to the reduction of the admission of Arab Dirhemov, with the other - political motives, since the presence of his own coin served as the task of glorifying the Kiev state and the approval of his sovereignty, as the appearance of these coins. Despite the fact that they had significant differences (there are about 11 options for registration), the image was mandatory attributes on the front side of the Sitting Great Prince of Kiev with a lug of her head, a long cross in his right hand and pressed to the chest left, and on the revolving - the image of Jesus Christ, which in the XI century. It was replaced by a peculiar state coat of arms in the form of a trident (the so-called generic sign Rurikovichi).

On the front side of the most common coins of that time, there is an inscription by the Old Slavonic letters "Vladimir on the table", that is, the throne, the ruling, and on the revolving - "and his Srebro", which meant: "And this is his money." For a long time in Russia, the word "Srebro" ("Silver") was synonymous with the word "money." There are also coins with the inscription on the front side "Vladimir and his Srebro (or Zlato)", and on the revolving - "Isus Christ".

Zlatniki Prince Vladimir produced a little more than ten years - until the end of the X century. (It is known 11 copies.), and Srebreniki - and in the XI century, both Vladimir and its short-term (from 1015 to 1019) by the successor to the grand mining throne with the senior son of Svyatopolk Okayanny (78 Ex.). The termination of the regular fifth of Eastern silver and the absence of its own raw material base requested this economic start-up on rapid completion. Until our time, no more than 350 grayscalers and silverings of ancient Russia have been preserved. Including about ten Silvernikov Yaroslav Wise, who minted in Novgorod, where he rules before mastering the Kiev throne in 1019. On the front side of Novgorod Srebrenikov, there was a sulk sv. George. On the revolving side, the inscription "Yaroslavl Srebro" around the image of the princely sign in the form of a trident with a mug on the middle teeth.

Kiev hryvnia

Novgorod hryvnia

2. hryvnia, ruble, half

Hryvnia, in without a monest period from 11 to 15 century, corresponded to a certain amount (weight) of the precious metal and was a monetary unit - "hryvnia silver". She could be equal to some number of identical coins and, in this case, was called "Grivna Kun". Kumunov called silver coins that went to the Arab Dirham in Russia, and later European denominations. In the XI century, Grivna Kun consisted of 25 Dirhemam, according to the cost of silver hryvnia. Both hryvnia became in ancient Russia by payment-money concepts. The hryvnia of silver was used for large calculations, foreign dirham and denry (kuna) for smaller.

In Kievan Rus from the XI century. Kiev hryvnias were used - silver plates of a hexagonal shape, measuring about 70-80 mm by 30-40 mm, weighing about 140-160 g, which served as a unit of payment and a means of accumulation. However, Novgorod hryvnia, known first in the North-Western Russian lands, and from the middle of the XIII century, had the greatest importance in the monetary circulation. - throughout the Old Russian state. These were silver sticks with a length of about 150 mm and weighing about 200-210. The Chernihiv hryvnia was transitional from Kiev to Novgorod, in shape close to Kiev, and by weight - to Novgorod.

The ruble is first mentioned in the Novgorod diplomas of the XIII century and, being the equivalent of the whole hryvnia or her half. By the XV century, the ruble was becoming a countless monetary unit, 200 coins "Scheek" were 1 ruble. When destroying, the Novgorod hryvnia in half a billing ingot was obtained in half, which weighed about 100 g. And had a size of approximately 70x15x15 mm. Such bars went throughout the "without a mint" from the end of the XI century. Until the middle of the XV century. In Russian principalities and the nearest lands.

3. Moscow Prince

At the beginning of the XIV century. The strengthening of the Moscow principality began, as a consequence, there was a need for their own money as for the prince of treasury (the payments of Dani Tatars, complaints of people, etc.), and for trade turnover due to the revival of internal and external economic relations. Therefore, the next Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy (1350 - 1389) began to minimize his coin.

The name of the Russian coins "Money" was taken from the Mongolian coin "Denga". It is known that 200 coins were minted from the weight hryvnia (about 200 g), which constituted the Moscow counting ruble (in those days, the ruble as a real coin did not exist). For making money, the hryvnia was pulled into a wire, fell into small pieces, each of them flattened and minted with a silver coin weighing about 1 gram.

In Dmitry, Donskoy money became the main cash unit of Russia, later, in some runers, its half part was also produced - half-one (half).

On the front side of coins, in the middle of the inner ring, the image of a warrior could be located in the profile deployed to the right or left, armed with a sword and secretion, as well as a man without weapons, or a rooster. There was a text between the inner and outer rings: "Print Prince Great" or "Print Prince Great Dmitry" by older letters. On the back of the side, the Arabic liner was placed at first. The fact that Rus during this period was still under the rule of the Tatar, forced Prince Dmitry to minted next to his name also the name of Khan Toktamysh (Takhtamysh): "Sultan Toktamysh Khan. May last ". In the future, Vych was preserved, but he has already become unreadable, and in the end it was replaced by the Russian text.

In the most common opinion, the term "ruble" comes from the verb to "chop": the hryvnia of silver was destroyed into two parts - rubles, which in turn drove into two parts - half. There is also the opinion that the ruble may be obliged to their name ancient technology, according to which silver fledged into two receptions, and at the same time a seam appeared on the edge. The root "rub", according to experts, means "edge", "Kime". Thus, the "ruble" can be understood as "ink with a seam".

The weight norm of the first coins of Dmitry Donskoy is fluctuated in the range of 0.98-1.03. However, in the mid-80s. XIV. The money "fleeing" to 0.91 -0.95, and by the end of his jurisdiction, the weight of Moscow silver coins decreased to 0.87-0.92.

The chasing of such coins continued other great princes, descendants of Dmitry Donskoy. Coins have already been produced in many large quantities. On their face, there were various scene images: rider with falcon on hand (Sokolnik); Rider in the fluttering raincoat; Rider with a spear hitting a dragon; rider with a sword; man with sabers in both hands; warrior, armed with a sword and secretion; The four animal with a hound up tail and even Samson bursting a mouth of a lion.

In addition to silver, in Russia, in Russia, minor copper coins were also minted, which was called the "Pulo". They made them in the princely cities - Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Tver, and therefore coins wore their own names - Moscow Pulo, Pulo Tver. The denomination of this coin was so insignificant that for one silver money was given from 60 to 70 copper bullets. Their weight, depending on the place and date of manufacture, could be from 0.7 to 2.5 g.

The first money Ivan III was minted by weight already only 0.37-0.40 g and just as coins of previous rulers could have a variety of images. In the future, the weight of the coin was raised to 0.75 g, and images of animals and birds disappeared from their surface. In addition, during the reign of Ivan III, Vasilyevich in circulation, coins of different principalities, differing among themselves, both by weight and designer. But the formation of the Moscow state required the introduction of a single monetary standard, and from now on the overwhelming majority of Moscow money had an image of the prince in a large hat (or crown), sitting on horseback, or rider with a sword in his hand, also symbolizing the Grand Duke Moskovsky. On the back of the side, the inscription in older science letters was most often: "Ospodar All Russia."

4. Vintage nationwide coins of the Russian kingdom

The monetary reform conducted during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, was built on the basis of the merger of the two most powerful coin systems of the end of the period of feudal fragmentation - Moscow and Novgorod, during the reform, the weight of coins and images on it were unified.

From the hryvnia of silver, 300 Novgorod was now mined (their average weight was 0.68 g of silver), which were equated to the money, or 600 Moscows (the average weight of 0.34 g of silver). It was actually half the day, although also considered the money. 100 Novgorod or 200 Moscow was the Moscow counting ruble. In addition to him, calculated monetary units were Poltina, Grivina and Altyn. In Poltina, there were 50 Novgorod or 100 Moscow, in the hryvnia - 10 Novgorod or 20 Moscows, and in Altyna - 3 Novgorod or 6 Moscow. The smallest monetary unit became the half (1/4 of the money) weighing 0.17 g of silver.

On the money of large weight Novgorodov - the rider was depicted with a spear, and in lighter Moscows - also the rider, but only with a saber. Because of this, during the reform itself, Novgorod received the name "Copery Money", or "Kopey". The last name, in the first, in the end, it turned out, in the end, more lively than Novgorod, and reached the present day. The change of the name allowed us more logically to build a line of the nominal: a penny (Novgorodka) was equal to two money (Moscow) or four hedes.

On the front side of the half, there was an image of a bird, and on the revolt - the text "Sovereign". On the back of the rest of the coins, the inscription in the oldest letters "Grand Duke Ivan All Russia" was minted, and after 1547, when Ivan IV Vasilyevich was married to the kingdom, "King and Grand Duke of All Russia." Naturally, such an inscription could not fully fit on the surface of the coin, the size of which was with the watermelon seed, and therefore many words were reduced to one letter or, according to the rules of ancient spelling, in words clear for understanding, vowels went down. As a result, the inscription on the coins looked like "Cours and to Ivan in P" (for a half-go - "GDAR").

At the same time, they refused to release a copper pooon - the new monetary system was founded only on silver. Silver wire slices were billets for money, so the type of finished cash yard products did not have the right shape and something was reminded of fish. On such "scales", a whole impression of round stamps remained extremely rarely. However, they did not strive for this. The main requirement for new coins was a weight matching. At the same time, Western Silver - the main material for coin chasing - passed additional cleaning. The cash yard took silver by weight, conducted a cleansing "coal" or "bone" crying, and only after that he minted money. As a result, according to specialists, the Moscow state is up to the middle of the XVII century. There had the highest silver coins in Europe.

During the reign of the second son of Ivan IV, Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (1557-1598), the coins of the Moscow state completely retained their weight and design for the exception, the inscription on their turnover (without abbreviations) looked as follows: "King and Grand Duke Fedor All Russia "or" King and Grand Duke Fedor Ivanovich All Russia. "

It should be added that after the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich less profitable for the cost of labor, the coin of smaller coins (money and hear) was often stopped for many years, while the release of kopecks did not stop at any rule.

A special place among coins released at the beginning of the XVII century, during the reign of Vasily Shuisky, a penny and money made from gold are occupied. Their appearance is associated with the fact that by 1610 King Vasily Shuisky exhausted all silver stocks in the treasury for the payment of Swedish hired troops. Under these conditions, the monetary order found a very peculiar way out of the situation. Golden penny was minted by the same stamps as silver, and for making gold money used stamps, preserved since the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich and his name. The gold course in relation to silver was installed in accordance with the standards of the trading book - 1:10, which almost founded a pan-European level. Thus, new Russian coins appeared in advantage of 5 and 10 kopecks (10 and 20 money), on design and weight fully corresponding to silver kopecks and money.

5. Russian money era of the first Romanov. 1613 - 1700.

During the reign of the new king, all the monetary case gradually concentrated in the Moscow Kremlin. In 1613, Yaroslavl and temporary Moscow Mint, and Novgorod and Pskov were closed in the 20s. XVII century The new Moscow government for the first time since Boris Godunov revived a tradition to focus on the entire range of money ratings (penny, money, half).

On the front side of the penny and money traditionally were the images of the rider with a spear or a saber (sword). On the back of the coin, the text was located by Older Russian letters with the name and title of the ruling person: "King and Grand Duke Mikhail" (the name of the new king could also be written as "Mikhailo" or "Mikhail") or "King and Grand Duke Mikhail Fedorovich All Russia" .

In the next king, Alexei Mikhailovich initially changed only the inscription on the circulation sides of the coins "King and Grand Prince Alexei" by older science letters. The appearance of the semist has changed more significantly. An image of a double-headed eagle appeared on her face, topped with three crowns, and "Cura" was placed on the turnover. The weight norm of the coin is preserved former: a penny - 0.48 g, money - 0.24 g and half-0.12 g.

In 1654, the Government of Alexei Mikhailovich decided to leaving the old silver kopecks in the appeal, in addition to release the ruble coin, i.e. the nominal, which was previously only a countable unit. So the large-scale started, but very unsuccessful and severe in their consequences an attempt to conduct another monetary reform.

For the manufacture of a new coin, it was planned to use tales purchased from foreign merchants, and then simply crosspoint on their surfaces and inscriptions. In this case, the coin retained the weight and size of the original, which led to the fact that the silver ruble introduced into circulation was 64 silver kopecks.

On the front side of the ruble, in the middle of the inner ring, there was an image of the rider in the royal hat and with a scepter in his right hand and with pressed to the chest left. Between the inner and outer ring passed the inscription by older letters: "God's great sovereign, the king and the Grand Duke Alexey Mikhailovich, All Gorya and the Maly of Russia." On the back side, against the background of the patterned frame, a double-headed eagle was depicted, crowned with a crown. The date of chasing the coin "Summer 7162" (i.e., the date was indicated "from the creation of the world"), and its denomination was "ruble" under it. Copany Poltina had a similar design, but, of course, the "Filternicker" was indicated on the revolving side. Silver half-defenses on the front side also had an image of the rider in the royal hat and with a scepter in his hand, it was only surrounded by an ornament in the form of large beads. There was also a text indication of the nominal coins, broken into three parts "half-half-tin". On the back of the side, several abbreviated royal titles were indicated: "King and Grand Duke Alexey Mikhailovich All Russia." Among the ornament surrounding the inscription, older scores indicated the date of the coinage of the coin - "7162".

It was soon that the Moscow Mint with his backward hand-made technology is not able to cope with the task set before him. Therefore, the release of round coins (and silver, and copper), having a great dignity, was discontinued, and small copper began to be minted in the old way - on a flattened wire. At the beginning of 1655, the Government of Alexei Mikhailovich at all refused to use the use of an infallible silver ruble and semi-trap, and the Russian monetary system was almost completely returned to the old set of silver coins - a penny, money, half. For overseas payments, instead of rubles of the Russian chasing began to use Western European Tales with the front side of the front side of a penny and the date of 1955 - such coins in the people called "Efimki".

The next step in the same 1655 was made from copper a penny and money having a weight of silver money and equated to the last price. At the same time, all tax payments were accepted only in a silver coin. Its in limited quantities continued to be minted only in the Moscow Mint, and a large-scale release of copper began on the rest.

The copper money in handling (mostly a penny) gradually fell in price, which led to speculation and negatively affected trade. It came to the point that 1 ruble silver was given 17 rubles with copper. By 1659, silver coins were almost completely disappeared from the turnover. From 1661, the Russian copper money completely stopped taking in Ukraine, and soon and at all of Russia they refused to sell bread. The population brought to despair in 1662 raised the uprising, entered the history called "Copper Riot". And although it was brutally suppressed by the government, next year with big losses for the budget (although copper money was bought at the rate from 5 to 1 silver kopeck for 1 ruble copper) was returned to the "old" silver system that existed for many more years, up to 1700.

Foreign coins raised on the earth Rusichi were perceived as souvenirs or like a blank for jewelry. Ancient Russia built her money system much later than European, and there were periods when the coins were not minted at all, and the metal ingots were served as a means of calculation. For rumor names, it is wonderful: eyewash (Vevuritsa), Kuna, Nogat. Even numismatic movement of the fur theory of money circulation on ancient Russia originated. In their opinion, there was a sable skin sobr. Kuna (Kunitsa Schurd) represented a middle group of nominal. And the venge or veversion (protein skin) was somewhere at the bottom of the calculated pyramid. "Rezana" - a cut-down skin, which was exchanged means. Supporters of this theory Even the etymology of the legs lead from the word "foot" - the foot of that very sore skins. But these coins were made from the 900 sample silver. What is the name of the first ancient Russian golden coin?

What is "Zlatnot"?

Is it possible to say that the scene is first coin Ancient Russia? It is reliably known that Zlatnikov appeared with Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Vintage money from gold could be now unknown to us names. The name "Zlatnik" is given by modern methods of manufacturing metal. The weight of gold coins did not reach four and a half grams. The cost of Zlatnik Prince Vladimir was high and at the time of his chasing. Therefore, the coin did not serve as a settlement mark, but had executive importance. The prince could show a horn in foreign guests, in whose wallets were similar to the gems of precious metal, and could be aware of the coin for excellent service. So the sickness was analog medal. How much is Vladimir's gracious thing in our time? These are not those coins that can be found at the auction and navigate the amount of care. It is known for the same eleven Zlatnikov Vladimir. During the reign of other princes, Zlatnikov did not minimize.

Srebrenik Vladimir Svyatoslavovich

Srebrenik (sometimes called "Serebrynik") in Russia was originally not a full-fledged coin, but was the younger brother of the Zlatnik. What is "Srebrenik"? No, this is not the coin, the thirty of which they paid Judas for betrayal. Like with biblical history, name "Srebrenik" It is given much later on the metal of the workpiece. On one side of the coins we will see Jesus Christ. On the back of the Srebrenik, the portrait of the prince and explanation "Vladimir on the table, and his Srebro" (where the "table" is, of course, is a "throne"). This design is present on the coins from 980 to 1015, when the first Srebreniki appeared.

Late Srebreniki

Unlike the Zlatnik, the Checking of Srebrenikov continued after Vladimir. When Yaroslav Wise, the inscription becomes shorter ("Yaroslavl Silver") and moves to the reverse, where he is dominated now generic sign Rurikovich. The portrait of the prince replaces the Holy George, but not yet on horseback and without a spear, which breaks the snake. It is believed that Srebreniki over time became a full-fledged settlement of the lands in the neighboring Kiev. Miscellaneous coins are found (from 1.7 to 4.68 grams). The last prince, in which the release of Srebrenikov was carried out, was Oleg Svyatoslavich. These coins are dating 1083-1094 years. After the Srebrenik loses the status of a payment agent and disappears from the turnover. How much is the Srebrenik? It is unknown, since the number of detected coins is small. Only seven for Yaroslav, less than fifty for Svyatopolka and two and a half hundred for Vladimir. Therefore, the ratio of "1 silver in rubles" is extremely uncertain and ephemery.

What is "Old Russian hryvnia"?

There is a "mesmer" period, and the place of Srebrenikov in circulation occupies hryvnia. The main hypothesis of the origin of the name old Russian hryvnia They adhere to either its etymology from the word "mane" (where the cost of the ancient Russian hryvnia is trying to equate to the cost of the horse), or from the eponymous cervical jewelry, which was made of precious metals. Old Russian monetary unit "Grivna" - primarily the ingot of silver of a certain weight. And to identify the ingot, as a settlement mark, it began to give it a definite form. The most famous rhombid hexagon of Kiev hryvnia (160 with small grams). Novgorod hryvnia is a silver wand. By weight, a solid Kiev - 204 grams. Chernigov united in its hryvnia the form of Kiev and the weight of Novgorod. There were so-called Lithuanian rubles (approximately 100 grams of silver), also referred to as hryvnia. Of them allocated treated bars (Approximately 170 to 190 grams of silver), referred to as the "Triphed Lithuanian ruble". The most amazing thing in the form was the Tatar hryvnia, which was attached to the form of the rook, but it is worth noting that in the Volga region, preference was given to the usual rounded form.

Weight unit

The weight of silver in the hryvnia was equal to european brand (At that time, also a measure of weight, not the name of the monetary unit). Dated 1130 "Gramist of the Grand Duke Mstislav and the Son of His Vsevolod Novgorod Yuryev Monastery" contains a mention of "hryvnun silver" in the text, as a weight unit. It should be distinguished by the "hryvnia of silver" from the "hryvnia kun". Their weight first coincided, but for the "hryvnia kun" they took silver low sample, so the "hryvnia of silver" was given the fourth "hryvnna kun". Subsequently, the "hryvnia kun" also began to make from highly denial silver, but reduced the weight to preserve the proportion. So during the time when the mass of "silver hryvnia" was 204 grams, "hryvnia kun" weighed 51 grams. During the 13th century, the concept of "ruble" was replaced by the name "Grivna", and in the 15th century, silver bars stopped participating in the calculations, although the word "ruble" remained colloquial and subsequently switched to coins, the chasing of which was based on the norm of 204 grams of silver . But in the weight system of hryvnia still held a long time, sharing on spools. And only by the 18th century it was changed by a pound. Therefore, to the question of the erudite contest "What ancient Russian coin was used as a measure of weight?" You can safely answer: "hryvnia!"

Old Russian monetary system

To the eleventh century, the formed monetary system had at the head of the hryvnia kun, which was divided into twenty-legs, or twenty-five kun, or for fifty rezan, or one and a half hundred veversives. It is impossible to call the measure of stability. For example, already in the twelfth century Kuna "lost" twice, that is, there was already fifty kun to make hryvnia.

Consider cash units of ancient Russia Read more. Nogat has become a famous scientist in Smolensk diploma dated 1150 year. In addition, the economic inventory determined it as the twentieth of the hryvnia or one and a half of the risen. Late Nogat (13-15th centuries), as a coin, is characteristic of Northern Russia close to the Novgorod lands. Researchers agree that they could call some of the foreign silver coins, but the concrete coin could not be calculated. But in the weight value of the hogat, it is calculated easily: the twentieth of the hryvnia is 3.41 grams. But here it is difficult to consistency. The southern legs and northern legs are mentioned, whose weight differed. It is known that in Livonia, Hamat was equated to six lyubek Pfenenigam. In Novgorod, the hole formed a complex system where was equal to two mortquas, or three quartens, or fifteen lozers, or a thirty eyeline. It is difficult to understand the etymology of the word. If you take Arab silver, then "Naka" - selected good copies of coins. If you look into Estonia, you will find that on the local adverb "Nahat" means "fur" that again will lead to the fur theory of money circulation.

Denarium Karl Great (from above) and Dirham (bottom) that could be referred to as "Kun"

Kuna was also also a weighing unit, and cash. It is difficult to unambiguously compare Kuan with coins penetrating with adjacent lands. For example, Dirham, weighing 2.73 grams, could well be the twenty-fifth part of the hryvnia, if its weight is taken for 68.22 grams. However, at some point Kuna was equal to two grams of silver. Kuhuno could even be European. In the late times, Kuna became synonymous with the concept of "money."

If you look at the rezan, then the direct meaning of her name is clear, because in front of us cutted coin. Most often did not take a Dirhem, which could not only be littered, but also to be divided by a quarter. It is such halves and quantity of Arab coins that are found in the treasures buried in 11-12 centuries. The weight of the cut was a little less than a half gram of silver (900th metal sample). Nevertheless, the instances of 1.7 grams are known, 1.35 grams and one gram smoothly. Later, the influx of dirhemes from southeastern land is stopped. According to Valentina Janin (an expert on the Old Russian monetary system) was resented by a prototype of Moscow Denga, whose weight was 1.02 grams, and which began to be minted at the end of the 15th century at Dmitry Donskoy.

What is "Vevey"?

Vevey or eyelid was at the very bottom of the nominal Rus. Supporters of fur theory tie it to skirt proteins. But we are more interested in the ancient Russian coin of silver. The weight of this shallow coin was about a third of gram. Documents confirming its existence is the "Russian truth" and "Tale of Bygone Years". A couple of eyelids equated to Denaria of Western Europe. The copper coin of Byzantium Nummiya was also identified with the eyeline. Vevership could be the fine trim of the Arab Dirham.

Known I. double Veviewerswho walked in Kursk lands. Their weight was approximately 0.68 grams. They were made from Arab Dirhemov. Oriental coins were also trimmed by weight, but they were attached a circular form, unlike reserved. Double Veverser was equal to half the risen in the southern lands of the ancient Russian state.

100 rubles 1988 "Zlatnota Vladimir"

Despite the fact that the mint system of ancient Russia was borrowed from neighboring lands and kept on the influx of foreign coins, which adapted to the local money circulation, it was the period of the 11th and 15 centuries that became the basis for the emergence of distinctive domestic coins who subsequently formed Moscow and Novgorod monetary systems. Recognition of merit can be considered collectible coins of the USSR 1988. The nominal "1000th anniversary of the ancient Russian minting chasing" has a reverse image of Zlatnik Vladimir. The same series includes the 900th test, where we can see both sides of one of the variants of Srebrenika Vladimir, dated 988th year.

3 rubles 1988 "Srebrenik Vladimir"

Written sources did not save information about the launch of Russian monetary chasing, but according to archaeological and numismatic research, we know the two main administrative regions where ancient Russian money was minted and treated: a huge Kievan Rus and a small Tmutarakan principality, during a very short period they joined them and Velikiy Novgorod.

The coin chasing from the very beginning was viewed as an act of manifestation and demonstration of the independence of the state and its ruler. Often, the beginning of the chasing somewhere was considered as an act of disobedience and claims to the equality of the provision of Vassal to his tinsen and led to war. The Supreme Power could award (both in the East and in the West) of a ruler of this or that territory by permission to place his name or other personal attributes on monetary signs issued there. In addition, the coins also had a kind of propaganda function as the most common government "document". They carried a name, title, honorary add-on to the name, generic (dynasty) symbolism, coat of arms and other information. When in 988, Kiev Prince Vladimir Isvyoslavovich (980-1015) accepted Christianity in Chersonese, he became equal to other Christian sovereigns of Europe. Christianity came to us from the Eastern Roman Empire - Byzantium. From there they borrowed both insignificance and attributes of power and sovereignty. Of course, one of the latter was the chasing of monetary signs with the image of the ruler, signs of the confessional accessories of the state and other necessary symbols.

In addition to the political field, the beginning of the National Russian chasing (not imitation) has both economic. Quclock x in. The influx of Samanid and other Dirhemov decreased, the Byzantine coins in circulation were even smaller. The lack of money was discovered, which should have to contact the markets of cities and villages. Therefore, the beginning of the coinage of its own coins was intended to replenish the fund of money traded in the territory.

But in the absence of its own developments of silver in Russia, it was not easy to perform this task. The raw materials for the Russian monetary chasing served as bridal metal, and, above all, the Dirham themselves. A ligature of copper and lead was added in silver, about 3/4 tested Srebrenikov had a sample below the 500th, and in some coins the amount of silver did not exceed 10%. There are also copper coins, chased by the type of Srebrenikov. Most likely, in the domestic market, the Old Russian coins were treated for a compulsory course. Srebreniki, which went beyond the limits of Russia and met in treasures with oriental and European coins, have a high sample. The treasures with ancient Russian coins are found not only on the extensive territory of the Old Russian state, but also far beyond - in Scandinavia, Baltic States, Poland and Germany.

The chasing of the first Russian state monetary signs began in the prince of Vladimir Svyatoslavich (980-015), shortly after the official adoption of Christianity in 988. The Prototype was served by Byzantine Golden Nomamma and Silver Miliarcia. On all gold and on one type of silver, Russian coins are present images of Jesus Christ, as well as the cross in the hands of the prince. Currently, more than 600 Old Russian Srebrenikov and 11 Gengtnikov are known. The names of the coins are borrowed by researchers from written sources, not correlated by dates with the period of emissions of Old Russian coins. "Zlatnota" - in the agreement of Russia with Byzantia in 945, and Srebrenik was recorded in the Ipatiev Chronicle (the beginning of the XV century). In the first case, the consumption of the term refers to the time when they have not yet minted, in the second - to the events of the beginning of the XII century, when these coins were no longer minted.

Zlatniki. The prototype of Zlatnikov served by the Byzantine solids of Emperors Vasily II and Konstantin VIII (976-1025). On the front side is a sitting prince in a hat with pendants, crowned with a cross. In the right hand of Prince - a cross on a long river, over the left shoulder - a princely sign in the form of a trident. Around the image inscription (read right to left) "Vladimir on the table" ending with the cross. On the back side - the sulfur image of Jesus Christ. Around the inscription "Isus Christ". Another text of the inscription is known: "Vladimir, and his Zlato."

Almost all the Zlatniki occur from two treasures - Pinsky 1804 and the Kinburnian 1863, which also contained golden Byzantine coins. High sample of gold samples (916˚-958˚) corresponds to the gold of the Byzantine solids of the end of the XI century. The weight of Russian coins was within 4.0-4.4 g, i.e. corresponded by the weight rate of Byzantine solids. Over time, the weight of the Zlatnik became a Russian measure of weight - a spool (4.266 g), which accurately corresponded to 1/96 later Russian pounds.

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Srebreniki. The size of Srebrenikov accurately corresponded to most varieties of Eastern Dirhemov. But, unlike the latter, the Srebreniki was minted not on carved circles, but on the blanks, cast in bilateral forms. The overwhelming majority of coins contains the name of the prince Vladimir 1 in the legend, less - the names of Scholyopolka and Yaroslav. The technique of chasing coins was very low.

Despite the imitation of the Byzantine patterns, the embossed images on coins in this era, graphic execution of images on stamps prevailed in Russia. This artistic manner is explained not so much inexperienced cutters, how much the influence of the style of Eastern cufic coins. It should be noted that for the coins of the early European Middle Ages, it is generally characterized by a peculiar graphic of the execution of images and inscriptions. Russian coins on the skill of cutters and artistic stamps are different: along with rudely accomplished drawings and illiterate inscriptions there are coins performed in an artistic and original manner.

Srebrenika Prince VladimirI.. Silver coins with the name of Prince Vladimir 1 are divided into four types.

Type I. Registration It repeats both varieties of the type of malignants. Among the tested coins of this type (about the third part), only a few copies have a sample of 875-800, the remaining coins are significantly lower. Coins of type I probably minted simultaneously with goldents. This indicates the same type. The famous Kiev treasure of Srebrenikov in 1876 consisted exclusively from the coins of this type.

Type II Srebrenikov Prince Vladimir I, in the design of the prestrol, the prince has the difference: there is a nimble around his head, which is not on type I.

For the first time, the image of the throne appears, as if illustrating the first part of the inscriptions placed on the same side: "Vladimir on the table". On the back side, the image of Jesus Christ is replaced by the image of a generic prince, the so-called trident, with a legend: "And his Srebro", which completes the inscription of the previous side of the coin.

The overwhelming majority of coins of this type are as lowline as Srebrenika type I.

Type III coins are generally repeated on both sides of the design of the Coin type P. From the latter, they differ in the absence of a halby around the prince's head, a thorough drawing of the throne (a chair with a high and wide back), tilted to the shoulder of the prince of the Cross (on all other coins is shown directly) and Finally, the completeness and correctness of the writing of the legend: "Vladimir on the table, and his Srebro." Attention and figure of the prince, just sitting on the throne, putting his hands holding a cross, knees, while the mantle was thrown on his shoulders, fixed on the chest with a large philloy. Such "household" iconography differs from the front, presentative portraits of Byzantine emperors and is the development of Russian artists.

Srebrenik Prince VladimirI (980-1015) Type III.

A typeIII. Some coins of this type have a high sample (more than 840), but at the same time are strongly cropped. The debris and trimming of oriental coins are well known for numerous archaeological finds. In the first half of the XI century. They are absolutely dominated by entire instances. Low-line cut-off sreaders with numismatites are not known, so it can be assumed that in Russia they were well understood as the coins and the functions of full-fledged money were performed only by highly sampling coins.

Coins of the type IVE whole repeat the design of the Sreavers of the types of P and W on both sides, differing from them the correctness of the drawing and the thoroughness of the execution of stamps.

Srebrenik Prince Vladimir I (980-1015). A typeIV.

This type includes a unique copy with the inscription: "Vladimir Silver + Coputago Vasila." The Christian christmas name of Vladimir - Vasily is well known. The content of the legend is similar to the form of an inscription on the coins of Yaroslav Vladimirovich wise, and it sheds the light on their mutual chronology.

On the coins of this type, two types of Prince Heap: High Russian Hat and Low Hat with a Cross on the top, repeating the Byzantine Imperial stemma On the coins of Vasily II and Constantine, which is seen by the hint of the equality of the Russian Grand Duke Kings of Constantinople.

Coins of Prince Svyatopolka. An image of the prince on the throne, close to Srebrenika IV type, Vladimir, and a circular inscription, often made with errors, but readable easily: "Svyatopolk on the table" is placed.

On the reverse, the image of the princely sign in the form of a two-way, the left prong of which is completed by the cross. At the top between the teeth, a small sign in the form of an equil-blank cross with circles at the ends and the inscription "And CE His Silver".

Srebrenik Prince Svyatopolka (1015-1018)

Since Svyatopolk was the adoptive son of Vladimir, and in fact he had to him a nephew, he used a sign derived from the Unknown to the sign of his father Yaropolk Svyatoslavich. This latter was to be ascended, like the sign of Vladimir I, to the famous sign in the form of a bubbin of their father Svyatoslav Igorevich. The absolute majority of the Svyatopolka coins are also base.

Coins with the name "Petros". On one side of the coins placed an image of a sitting figure. Around the head of the Nimbe, his left hand holds a long cross,; A dressed figure in a long hatone laid out. In a circle, Cyrillic, the name "Petros". On the other side - a two-way. Among the coins with the name "Peter" (both in the form of Petros and Peter) are not high, and most of them have only silver traces. This is likely to explain the limited area of \u200b\u200bthe coin of Svyatopolka and with the name of Peter, the finds of which are unknown outside of Kiev, Chernihiv and Pereyaslav Principities.

It can be assumed that coins with the name "Peter" Svyatopolk coins, when in 1018 the second time in a short time captured the table in Kiev. It is known that the assistance in this was provided to him by the Polish king Boleslav brave, on whose daughter Svyatopolk was married.

Srebrenik Prince Svyatopolka (1015-1018) named in the baptism of Petros.

Yaroslavl Silver ». A completely original group of ancient Russian coins make up Srebreniki with the inscription "Yaroslavl Silver". It was such a coin that was found at the end of the XVIII century. Among the depression to the icon in the Sofia Cathedral of Kiev and became the first Russian coin, famous historians and collectors. This copy was the only one found in the territory of the southern principalities, all other findings to the northwestern outskirts of the Old Russian state. This coin was still the first researchers of Russian antiquities immediately attributed to Chekan Yaroslav Wise (1019-1054).

Srebrenik Prince Yaroslav Wise (1019-1054)

On the front side there is a grace image of St. George in the FAS. On the shoulders of the Holy Cape, in the hands of a spear and shield. Parties to the Greek inscription "Saint Georgy". On the back side depicted a princely sign in the form of a trident. In the circumference inscription: "Yaroslavl Silver".

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The geography of finds "Yaroslavl Silver" and the absence in the inscriptions of the usual formula "on the table" suggest that Yaroslav Wise minted these coins in Novgorod, before the class of the Grand Dia Kiev throne in 1019, the dating of these coins 1014-1015 is most likely. All Srebreniki Yaroslav have a high sample (960). The other original group of coins represent the so-called Scandinavian imitations "Yaroslavl Silver", or "Yaroslavl Silver" of a small weight. All copies available now, the coins of this group are found in the xi clads. On the territory of Scandinavia and Baltic. On the front side of these coins there is a grace image of St. George with an explanatory inscription. On the back side - the princely sign in the form of a trident and around the circle inscription "Yaroslavl Silver". Their difference from the above "ordinary" coins of Yaroslav Vladimirovich is negligent and certain rudeness of the image smaller and twice as long as weight. The opinions of researchers about the place and time of chasing coins of this group were divided. Some of them defend their Scandinavian origin and consider earlier chasing on time, others believe that they are minted in Novgorod later than the chasing of large weight coins, maybe in 1018, when, according to the Chronicles, Novgorod, "Beach Skhodi Begins" to hire the Varangian squad In Yaroslav in the struggle for the grand resistant table. Latin "P" in the word "Yaroslav" ("Yaroslav"), a certain similarity of these coins with Scandinavian suggests that the stamped stamped was a foreigner.

The metrological study of the ancient Russian coins establishes their weight norm within 2.9-3.3 g, which exactly corresponds to the norm of the ancient Russian kun in the South Russian monetary system. As for the "Yaroslavl Silver", the weight of four well-preserved copies exceeds the norm of the hogates-3.41 g, with a very high sample (960 °) tested coins. The weight of small coins of Yaroslav is concluded within 1.18-1.57 g, which indicates another monetary system and can serve as an additional argument in favor of their Scandinavian origin. There are similarity in weight with coins of the Anglo-Saxon Chekana.

The monetary case of this southeast principality on the shores of the Black and Azov seas is still weakly studied. It is known from there five to six coin types. All of them are more or less imitate Byzantine monetary signs, because The proximity to the empire and the big percentage of the Greek population in the principality had an impact on all areas of his life and culture. At the moment, the classification of types is as follows.

The earliest coins, the turn of the X-XI centuries. They have a prayer portrait on one side and unreadable Greek inscription on a revolving. It is possible that they were issued during the reign of the first Tmutarakan Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich (988-1036).

Named so on the Arab style of the letter developed in VIIIV. In the cities of Cofa and Basra. Legends on the Dirhehams of the first centuries of chasing were written by this particular type of handwriting.