On May 17, Rothschild & Co investment bank will be headed by a seventh generation representative of the famous Rothschild dynasty - 37-year-old Alexander de Rothschild. For two hundred years, the family has strictly observes the Patriarch covers and the founder of the genus, who punished the descendants to always act deteriorate, trust the management of a family-owned enterprise only to relatives on the male line and observe secrecy in matters. The famous banking house over the centuries engaged in historical scale transactions. The image of omnipotent backstage dolls was formed under the impression of their activities. Conspirologists are confident that the famous family, whose branches widely spread in Europe and the United States, controls world finances with help. The origins and change of generations in the famous banking clan - in the material.

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The end of the eighteenth century is the era of giant change for Western Europe: the revolution and overthrow of the monarchy in France, the birth of industrial production, a series of large-scale wars, gradually loss of landowners-aristocrats of political influence and emancipation of oppressive groups. It is at this time that the basis of the financial power of the Rothschilds is laid. The people of the dynasty is Meer Ambel, the son of Amshel Moses, modest changed from the Jewish quarter in Frankfurt am Main.

Father wanted a cleaned boy to rabbi, but Meyer showed a tendency to worldly affairs. For some time he was practiced in the banking house of Oppenheimer in Hannover. Then he worked in a diverse bench of his father under the red sign (in German sounds like Rot Schild, subsequently, this phrase has become the last name). "Trends' catching, Meyer Ambower took up the buying of ancient coins and medals. The German to know the time was keen on collecting various antiquities, so a conscious and neat young man quickly began useful acquaintances with the strong world of this, and the changeable shop was transformed into the bank.

The career takeoff of the son of the change of ghetto occurred after his acquaintance with Landgraf Hesse-Kassel Wilhelm. Traditionally, bankers' Jews were engaged in various financial transactions for German princes. For example, by the court bankers of the Habsburgs in Vienna were representatives of the house of Oppenheimer, the King of Prussia Friedrich II Great used the services of the Berlin Firm "Efraim and Sons". Bygoing competitors with the help of protection and gifts to patrons, Mayer Amshel became the main court financade of Wilhelm.

All in House

The well-being of the family has sharply gone into the mountain, the younger kids actively included in a family business. As if fabulous characters, swinging arrows in search of happiness, the sons of Mayer were drove through the largest cities of Europe: Solomon - to Vienna, Nathan - to Manchester (later he moved to London), Kalman - in Naples, Yakov - to Paris. The eldest son stayed in Frankfurt am Main. In memory of this on the coat of arms of Rothschilds, five arrows and motto on Latin are depicted: Concordia, Integritas, Industria - consent, honesty, hard work.

This was founded by an international financial network that covered the most developed European countries. Formally competing, the brothers in every way supported each other and exchanged news with the help of correspondence coded for yidish. Subsequently, the most viable branches of the family tree turned out to be English (from Nathan) and French (from Yakov) - they still flourish.

For the marriages of children, the court financier approached very seriously: the sons were brought into the family of a bride with solid dodged, the spouses of the daughters were also included in the clan, but worked on the lower positions. Stand at the steering wheel of the family-owned innovation did not shine anyway. The wealth of the clan could only control the descendant of Mayer Ambel on the male line. The money acquired was to stay in the family, so the descendants of Mayer were married with cousins \u200b\u200band speaking relatives.

However, all the elite did this. For example, by the end of the XIX century, the Austrian imperial family turned out to be so branched that marriages were becoming increasingly married between relatives who belonged to various branches of the genus Habsburgs, they write Andrei Shary and Yaroslav Shimov in his book "Austria-Hungary: the fate of the empire". ERCGERSOG AUSTRU-HUNGARIA FRENTER FERDINAND, who became the heir to the throne in 1895, was indignant about this: "If someone from our family falls on the side, there will be some kind of nonsense in the pedigree that impede such a marriage. So it turns out that we have a husband and wife, all twenty-time relatives. As a result, half of children - fools or full idiots. "

Rothschilds concluded marriages exclusively with adherents of Judaism and won the glory of the "Jewish royal surname". The rules established by Meyer Ashlem remained unchanged for 200 years, only in the 1970s David Rene, a representative of the French branch of the Rothschilds, married Catholicke, the Italian aristocrat of Olympia of Aldobrandini. They brought up their daughters in the Catholic faith, but Alexander's only son is the future heir of a family case - in Judaism. Also in 2010, Rothschilds were first appointed by the Executive Director of the NM Rothschild Investment Bank not from Rodney - Briton Niphel Higgins. True, quite someone, Chief Higgins was still not - by this time he worked for a family already a quarter of a century.

To whom the war

Rothschilds could remain at the level of the town of Bogatius, if it were not for the war. In 1806, the emperor of the French Napoleon I invaded Germany. Landgraf Wilhelm fled from the country, leaving affairs on the care of his court banker. Something came in handy Mayer his arrow, flew toward a foggy albion. The son of Nathan instantly threw a textile trafficking in Manchester and retrained in the Exchange Rogue in London.

The French confiscated part of the gold of Wilhelm, but the main capital of his chief Rothschild-Sr. Thanks to Nathan securities operations managed to translate to England. On joys, Landgraf has unsubscribed by the court bankers for the symbolic commissions of all rights to managing their papers, and Nathan engaged in buying and selling British government bonds. So Rothschilds became the first European millionaires and financed Wars of Great Britain against Napoleon. One of their bright operations is a gold crossing for the Wellington Army in Spain.

On September 19, 1812, the Russian Army, Under the Command of Feldmarshal General, Prince Glenchev-Kutuzov, retired to Podolsk. On the same day, the founder of the Rothschilds, Meyer Ambel, was died in the house on the Jewish street of Life, Frankfurt am Main, but his business lived and grew - the wealth and influence of the Rothschild brothers increased along with the amounts of loans provided by them.

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There is a legend that Nathan learned about the victory over Napoleo at Waterloo a day before everyone in London, but he came to the stock exchange with a sad face and began selling governmentobaliations. Seeing this, stockbreaks decided that the British and their allies were broken, and rushed to get rid of papers for a snot. Having waited for the collapse, the agents of Crystochny Nathan bought fallen state bonds. As a result, the London Rothschild earned 40 million pounds of sterling on this operation. However, some researchers denied this story in reliability - Nathan missed securities against the background of affected moods before the battle of Waterloo, they say.

The world established in Europe after Napoleonic wars, also contributed to the growth of the well-being of the family - the ruined war countries needed loans for recovery. Grateful winners monarchs gave banker brothers nobility, and the Austrian emperor Franz II complained Rothschilds Baron title. Napoleon tried to conquer Europe with guns and guns, but lost. The old light will be prompted by bills and banking loans.

World backstage

The nineteenth century was the golden age of the Rothschilds. Europe, and with it and the whole world rapidly changed, the Rothschild banking network financed the construction of industrial enterprises, railways, the purchase of Great Britain of the Suez Canal, the development of oil fields in the Russian Empire (on the territory of the current Azerbaijan).

Rothschilds were partners de Beers in search of diamonds and gold in South Africa. They are accused of assisting in the unleashing of military conflicts, such as the devastating war of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay with Paraguay. Numerous descendants of Maer Amblue were fond of luxury and art, the construction of palaces and charity. But by the end of the century, the fame of the family began to mess. Perhaps they themselves wanted it, because the money, as you know, love silence, and the left and right publicists accused bankers in all the troubles of humanity.

In the twentieth century, Rothschild structures began to specialize in large-scale merger and acquisition transactions. Adherents of conspiracy theory consider Rothschilds ideological inspirers of the first bank of the United States - the prototype of the Federal Reserve System (Fed). The dynasty is ranked among the real owners of the system. Officially, Fed belongs to 12 federal reserve banks approved, but organized as private companies.

Rothschilda

Coat of arms of Baronov Rothschild

(Prussia)

Rothschild (Rothschild), family of bankers, financial magnates and philanthropists. The surname of Rothschild has been for more than a century and a half, both for Jews and non-Jews, including anti-Semites, a numerous name - a symbol of Jewish wealth and power. Surname Rothschild produced from the German words `mouth shield` -` red shield`. Such a shield decorated the house of a small trader with old coins and medals of Itzhak Elkhanan (died in 1585) in the Jewish quarter of Frankfurt am Main. Although his grandson left this house, but he and other descendants continued to wear the name Rothschild.

Meyer Anchel Rothschild -

founder rothschild dynasty.

Founder of the Bancake House Meyer Ansel Rothschild (1744, Frankfurt am Main, - 1812, Ibid) Initially, neither according to the status, nor by the nature of the classes did not differ from his ancestor; Acquaintance with the German aristocrat, a passionate collector of ancient coins by General Von Estorph opened Mayer Anselu Rothschild, access to the palace of one of the richest European monarchs of the time of Landgraf Hesse-Kassels Wilhelm IX.

Meyer Ansel Rothschild so ordered a multimillion state trusted to him at the time of hasty flight Landgrav Prague from Napoleonic troops (mainly by providing large loans to the Danish and other European monarchum), which not only retained it, but also significantly privileged, having laid the foundations of his own state at the same time.

Sons of Mayer Anchela

The family of the Rothschilds was turned into a powerful financial clan five sons of Mayer Anchel: Ansel Meier Rothschild (1773, Frankfurt am Main, - 1855, ibid); Shlomo Meier Rothschild (1774, Frankfurt am Main, - 1855, Vienna); Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777, Frankfurt am Main, - 1836, ibid); Karl Mayer Rothschild (1778, Frankfurt am Main, - 1855, Naples) and James Jacob Meier Rothschild (1792, Frankfurt am Main, - 1868, Paris). They created and headed in the five largest European countries - Germany, Austria, England, Italy and France - bankers' houses that were still the main lenders of monarchs and governments during their lives.

The brothers are completely uneducated in the European sense, at first, even with difficulty expressing in the languages \u200b\u200bof those countries where they settled, quickly achieved a multiple increase in their condition, won key positions on the main European capital markets and, as a result, were able to indirectly influence political events on European Continent. Representatives of the Rothschild family boldly mastered the new sectors of the economy created by the industrial revolution (in particular, railway construction and non-ferrous metals in many European countries, including in Russia, in Asia and even in Latin America).

Generic house Rothschild

on the Jewish street in Frankfurt

The Austrian emperor granted five brothers noble title, and then the baron title (and even later was recognized as the rest of European monarchs). The sons of Mayer Anzhela gave their children and grandchildren an excellent education, which allowed them to be rooted in the highest layers of society of their countries. The major events of the Rothschild family were the election in 1847 Son Nathan Mayer, Baron Lionel Neytan Rothschild (1808-1879), in the House of Communities, and in 1885 the grandson of the founder of the English House of Rothschilds, Nathaniel Rothschild (1840-1915), in the ward Lords.

It is characteristic that from the end of 19 century. - early 20 century. Some members of the Rothschild family began to prefer financial and commercial interests, literature, art, state and social activities and were often achieved in these areas of success (including election to the London Royal Society). Family members who traditionally continued to engage in finance and other types of business, increasingly combined them with passion for collecting painting, sculptures, works of applied art, porcelain, rare books, etc.

Currently, there are only the English and French branches of the Rothschild family. The Italian branch of the Rothschild family lost financial and commercial importance after the death of its founder, Karl Maer Rothschild; German ceased existence with the death of the heir to Anslane Mayer - Wilhelm Charles Rothschild (1828-1901); Austrian - under Louis Nathaniele Rothschild (1882-1955) in 1938 after the Austria Austria Nazi Germany. The preserved two branches though lost in the first decades of the 20th century. His leadership in the financial world, still remain very influential power in it.

Family treefamily Rothschilds

Family members of the Rothschild have never forgotten that they are Jews and, albeit differently, always attached to this. For the first generations of the Rothschilds, a typical combination of loyalty to its Jewishness and free from all sorts of pragmatic attitude towards their uninterests remained. They strictly observed the punishment of Mayer Anchel Rothschild - under no circumstances to renounce the faith of their ancestors, "although they had to overcome numerous additional obstacles to success because of this.

None of them accepted Christianity, did not marry with a non-Jew (there were marriages between cousins \u200b\u200band cousins, uncles and nieces, etc.); Women are members of the Rothschild family, if married with Christians (as a rule, with representatives of the most aristocratic surnames), usually preserved their religion (for example, Hannah Rothschild / 1851-90 /, the granddaughter of the founder of the London family branch, which joined in 1878 in Marriage with Lord A. F. Rybery, the future British Prime Minister). Rothschilds have come together with representatives of the largest banks of Europe, in particular, Eduard Rothschild (1868-1949) was married to Matilda Fuld's daughter, Barona E. Ginzburg's granddaughter.

The descendants of Mayer Ansel Rothschild were invariably guided by another covenant from him - in all their relations with people (except for the family), there is a higher benefit and financial success. Although the interests of the Jews were not indifferent to them, preference, as a rule, was given to the possibilities of further enrichment. Thus, the family of the family and five of his sons in the period of Napoleonic wars accurately predicted great benefits in maintaining loyalty to European monarchs - enemies of Napoleon I, who did not hide their intention to cancel Jewish equality announced by the French emperor.

On the coat of arms Rothschilds depicted five arrows,

symbolizing five sons of Maer Rothschild,

referring to Psalm 127:"As arrows in the hands of a warrior."

Below on the coat of arms written a family motto, in Latin:

Concordia, Integritas, Industria (consent, honesty, hard work).

However, Meyer Anchel Rothschild at the end of life, when it did not harm the financial interests of the family, achieved the consent of Archbishop K.-T. Dalberg, Prince-Primas and President of the Rhine Union, created under Napoleon's protectorate, to the provision of civil equality with Jews. The same position was the position of the members of the Rothschild family after Napoleonic Wars, when the anti-Jewish legislation was fully or partially restored in most European countries, and in many of them a wave of mass anti-tech speeches rolled.

Rothschild's business connections with European monarchs and governments depended on the attitude of those to their Jewish citizens, but where it could not damage the financial interests of the family, Rothschilds were ready to demonstrate interest in the fate of their units. So, in 1815, they promoted a trip to the Vienna Congress of the Jewish delegation, in vainly hoping to convince his participants to adopt a declaration of civil equality of the Jews in their countries. In 1819, the brothers (especially James Jacob Rothschild) themselves and through business partners so unsuccessfully convinced the ministers of the newly created Germanic Union, which in their own interests stop and continue to prevent violence towards the Jews (see Hep-Hep; also Israel - People in the diaspora. New time: until the end of Emancipation; from 18th century until 1880).

Karl Mayer Rothschild

At about the same time, Karl Mayer Rothschild tried to cause a major loan to Pope to his assistance in the abolition of the Jewish ghetto in the Italian capital. Actions of this kind were not alien to representatives of the third and the next generations of the Rothschild family (for example, in 1878, Rothschilds contributed to the inclusion of the Jewish question on the agenda of the Berlin Congress, who adopted the decision remaining mainly on paper on the civil equality of the Jewish minorities in Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Croatia), but they were usually not active for the rights of Jews.

For himself, as a rule, they managed to achieve a special status: in 1842 he received the right to hold real estate in Vienna Head of the Austrian Banker's House Shlomo Meier Rothschild, who before (despite the huge services provided to members of the imperial family of Habsburgs, close relations with the omniscular chancellor K. Metternal, the noble rank and the title of Baron) for more than 20 years lived with his family in the hotel "Roman Emperor".

Rothschilds showed perseverance in the struggle for Jewish equality mainly when only this way could achieve their own goals. So, in 1847, when Lyonel Neanin Rothschild (see above) could not take his place in the community chamber due to the need to bring the oath for the Gospel, the Rothschild family launched a stubborn campaign for the abolition of this rule and in 1858 achieved cancellation, What allowed Lionel Neutan Rothschild, once again won the elections, bring the oath on the Jewish Bible.

Over time, the family of Rothschild less managed to combine its own Jewishness with reluctance to be even small at risk to protect the interests of his pursued people. This contradiction was aggravated by the fact that the wealth, connection and influence of the descendants of Nathana Maer Rothschild in England and James Jacob Maeer Rothschild in France did their actual leaders of the Jewish community, sometimes they were part of its governing bodies: for example, Lyonel Rothschild and his brother Nathaniel Rothschild in 1812-70. - in Bord of the Deputy, Nathaniel also in the Jewish Community Foreign Affairs Committee; Alfons Rothschild (1827-1905) was the president of the Central Consistory of France from 1869

English and, especially, French Rothschilds who have not publicly responded to Dreyfus's case, although they had enough to support Dreyfusami, no longer able to express their attitude towards the events of the end of the 19th century. - early 20 century. In Russia - the inspired authorities of bloody Jewish pogroms and government policies aimed at the deterioration of the already dysfunction of the Jews.

So, Baron Alfons Rothschild (see above), head of the Paris Bank "Rothschild Freer", which had close business connections with the government (Ministry of Finance) of Russia, in response to the wave of Jewish pogroms of the 1880s. announced the termination of all financial relations with this country. In May 1891, his bank announced a refusal to fulfill the agreement signed by a month earlier agreement on the provision of a loan of 320 million francs.

This is an unprecedented solution in the financial world caused numerous sense in the European capitals - not everyone treated confidence in the official statement of the Bank, in which this step was presented as a reaction to the Decree of Emperor Alexander III on the eviction of Jews from Moscow, since information about this decree appeared in newspapers At the end of March of the same year, when the loan agreement has not yet been signed.

Also reacted into pogroms in Russia in Russia 1905. French and English Rothschilds (Baron Gustav de Rothschild, 1829-1911, and Lord Nataniel Rothschild, 1840-1915): They took part in the organization of monetary help victims of pogroms (each of them donated for this Ten goals of ten thousand pounds sterling) and even took care that the funds collected are delivered to Russia through their London Bank. This was motivated by the desire to prevent the use of donations for radical purposes, which would give additional food for charges of Jewish bankers in financing the Russian revolution.

At the same time, they strongly prevented the attempts of Jewish leaders in their countries to organize massive protest campaigns against officially inflamed anti-Semitism in Russia, arguing that it provokes even greater hate to the Jews in the Russian ruling circles. Members of the Rothschild family did not remain indifferent to the suffering of German Jews after establishing the Nazi regime there.

In the fall of 1933 in London Ivonna Rothschild (1899-1977), Anthony Rothschild's wife (1887-1961), founded the Society for Jewish women and children in Germany; In Paris, Robert Rothschild (1880-1946) and his wife Nally Rothschild (1886-1945) actively participated in the creation of a fund of assistance to Jewish refugees from Germany; In the same years, Mialyam Rothschild (1908-2005) took a guardianship over the Jewish children who arrived in England from Germany, and James Rothschild (1896-1984) transported the Jewish orphan subit (more than 20 boys aged 5-15 years and the director of the shelter with his family ) From Frankfurt am Main to England and provided them with their own home.

Lord Viktor Rothschild (1910-1990) in the Times newspaper (November 19, 1938) appealed to the British public to seriously appreciate the threat of Western democracy emanating from Nazi Germany and all its values \u200b\u200b(during World War II, Viktor Rothschild, a famous scientist -Biologist, contributed to the victory over Nazi Germany, in particular, he served in military intelligence).

Cohesion, wealth and influence of the Rothschild family has long been unsuccessful to use international anti-Semitism to proof the thesis on the desire of Jews to the world domination and challenge the peoples giving them a shelter. Already in the 1820s. The newspapers of a number of European countries appear anti-Semitic caricatures depicting Rothschilds by spiders that suck blood from Europe, or robbers holding for the throat of European monarchs. In the anti-Semitic pamphletes of that time, the Rothschilds are tutulants not otherwise as "kings of bankers and banks of kings", "the kings of Jews and the Jews of the kings" or "Jewish kings and royal Jews."

From the end of the first half of the 19th century. The reference to the Jewish origin of the Rothschilds becomes a favorite admission of French anti-Semites. So, in 1846, when only three weeks after the start of operation of the Rothschild of the Railway, a catastrophe took out 37 human lives, the anti-Semitic pamphlet "The History of Rothschild I, King Jews", used considerable success, was consumed with considerable success. Not so much Rothschilds themselves, how many congenital Jewish arrogance and cynicism towards the French.

For anti-Semites of the right, conservative sense (for example, E. Drumonon, see Anti-Semitism) Rothschilds is a symbol and the embodiment of the Jewish Division in France, the secret squat of its radicals and revolutionaries. Anarchism theorist Anti-Semite P. Prudon saw in Rothschildes the personification of the capitalist entity of the entire Jewish nation, the creator and the support of the most inhuman bourgeois system of exploitation of workers.

With the name of Rothschild, a wave of anti-Semitism is connected, swelling France in the early 1880s. Due to the bankruptcy of the competitor of the Rothschilds, the Catholic Bank "Universal Union" created by E. Bontu "To combat the Jewish capital of the Jewish capital", and the losses of his depositors of their savings (not only Rothschilds were accused, but in general, the Jews as "Strangers, Mascifers against Christianity and all of France "). Later, the name Rothschild was turned into the most sinister character in the Rovo-Anti-Semitic mythology of national socialism.

Not unequivocal was the attitude towards Rothschilds in the Jewish people. In the resulting in the Jewish folklore, the image of the Rothschilds admired by the wealth, the power and luxurious life of the united people was combined with a considerable share of the Plebea irony in relation to the Chvania and the arrogance of the rich and their own missed dreams to be in their place. This folklore image appears in the creativity of Shal Aleichema, numerous jokes, parables, promsters, folk songs, etc.

A more complex attitude towards the Rothschilds of Socially and Politically Active Layers of Jewry was particularly explicitly at the twentieth anniversary between 1881 and 1901, when a wave of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe gave to Western Europe. Sincerely wanting or considering itself obliged to help the crowds of these disadvantaged and needy Jews (Lord Nataniel Rothschild, for example, as a member of the royal commission created in 1909, intended to limit the further influx of immigrants to the UK, selflessly fought for the input restrictions as little as possible Jews), Rothschilds came across sharply critical as a whole attitude towards themselves from Jewish immigrants.

For most of them, the installation of Rothschilds was inadmissible to promote the speedy naturalization, social and cultural acclimatization of newly arriving Jews in Western society. This installation is unanimously, although in different reasons, rejected three main groups of immigrant Jews: immigrants from urban and town ghetto, which were freely expressing only in the Language of Yiddish, strictly performed religious commandments and sought to preserve such a lifestyle and in new conditions; fierce persecution and humiliations in countries where they lived, radical elements that replenished the ranks of the left-extremist parties and organizations and advocated a revolutionary non-verification of Western state and public institutions; Zionists who have seen in such an installation direct path to assimilation.

Sharp and passionate accusations of activists of all these groups of immigrants add to the Rothschilds and other "self-satisfying and selfish Jews", which only their own baryrs are often distinguished from attacks from anti-Semites. Rothschilds were painfully reacted by this criticism, but at the same time, according to many, they gave good reasons for her. In particular, the national-oriented circles of Jewry did not forgiven Rothschilds sharply negative attitudes towards Zionism.

Like other rich Jews, Rothschilds did not refuse to maintain the presence of their orthodox units in Jerusalem, where in the 1850s. James Jacob Rothschild and his wife Betty founded the hospital for the poor, and in the 1860s. For the money of London Rothschilds, there was also a certain existing school for girls named after Evelina de Rothschild (in memory of Lyonel Rothschild daughter, untimely died soon after the wedding).

Otherwise, it was dealing with political zionism, in which Rothschilds from the very beginning saw the threat of all their living stands and landmarks. Based on our own experience, they believed that the Jews could and should be successfully integrated into countries where their fate cast, and that the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a sovereign Jewish state in Eretz Israel and a mass relocation of Jews will not be able to take advantage of anti-Semites and racists as evidence of the justice of their allegations About the inexperienced separatism and alien to the Jews with European peoples.

Rothschilds accused the Zionists even that they give anti-Semitis the foundation to demand complete exile or at least all kinds of promoting the emigration of Jews from Europe. For a long rejection of Zionism, the Rothschild family had a purely pragmatic basis - without seeing nothing in it, except for biased work, they did not want to associate their name with the "adventure", which will certainly end with financial bankruptcy and political scandal. In this regard, all other Rothschilds strongly disturbed the position and activities of Edmon de Rothschild, who, remaining a long time in opposition to political Zionism, still refused to publicly condemn it.

More benevolently, individual representatives of the Rothschild family began to refer to Zionism only after the First World War and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, when his political goals stopped looking in their eyes completely fantastic. Even the second Lord Rothschild, Nathaniel, in recent months of life changed his adamant assimilation position on almost a randomist.

For some time, his son Lyonel Walter Lord Rothschild (1868-1937), which, as the most prominent Jew in the country, was addressed to the creation of a Jewish national focus in Palestine, to promote the creation of a Jewish national focus in Palestine, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the British Government addressed A. Balfour.

Even the creation of Israel's state in 1948 and numerous wars, in which he had to defend his existence, causing a great interest in the majority of family members of the Rothschild and sympathy, did not turn them into supporters of Zionism. Baron Guy De Rothschild (1909-2007), author who became the bestseller of the autobiographical book "Narrow luck" (1983), expressed, apparently, the general feelings of members of this family, when he recognized that Israel is not their country, his banner is not their Banner, but that the courage and military valor of the Israelis filled their hearts pride, made them less vulnerable for hostile attacks, brought the release of some important part of their "I". These feelings stimulate in some family members Rothschild desire to participate in the construction of the Jewish state.

Thus, Viktor Rothschild (see above), who did not consider himself a Zionist, actively supported Israel in the field of science (was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Research Institute named after H. Weitman and the Jewish University in Jerusalem), attracted the public opinion of the United Kingdom to the side of Israel and According to rumors, contributed to the formation of Israeli intelligence (attacks on it for it in English printing contained hints on its insufficient loyalty to the British Fatherland).

Rothschild Park in Israel

In the field of economics and finance, the greatly distinguished the greatly distinguished the greatness of the Father of the Jewish Ishuva, Baron Edmond de Rothschild (1926-97), which financed the construction of the first oil pipeline in the country from Red to the Mediterranean Sea and one of the first chemical plants, provided an important assistance in the ground State Bank of Israel (Bank Israel) and in the implementation of some other projects.

The well-known and widely advertised philanthropic activity of the Rothschild family is not closed by the framework of Israel - they, like in the past, donate large amounts not only for Jewish, but also non-Jewish hospitals, schools, kindergartens, orphanages, cultural and scientific funds, etc. ., Wanting to show that they are good Jews, and good French and the British.

Eprussi Rothschild Museum on French Riviera

The contribution to many areas of the Israeli life of the Rothschild Foundation, established in 1957 Dorothrich Rothschild (1895-1988), James Arman Rothschild (1878-1957) is noticeable: training television has been created in the country, an open university and a number of departments in Other universities (for example, the Institute of Prospective Studies and the Education Center for Adults at the Jewish University in Jerusalem, the Faculty of Medical Sisters in Tel Aviv University), built a music center in the Jerusalem district of Miskeenot-Shahananov, exhibitions and expositions in the Israeli Museum are organized, equipped with modern equipment. New hospitals, nursing homes and people with disabilities, student scholarships are paid, the Rothschild Awards are awarded for achievements in the field of accurate sciences and much more. Higher popular in the country and abroad, created in 1964 on the means of Baroneles Bat Shev Rothschild (1914-99), ballet ensemble, carrying her name.

In subsequent years, a certain cooling of the Rothschild family was noted to the state of Israel as due to the larger departure of some of its members from Jewry (for example, the current Lord Rothschild Nathaniel Charles / was born in 1936 / adopted Christianity and married to non-Jew) and as a result of frequent Disagreement of government circles of the country with their advice and recommendations. However, a number of facts indicate that the members of the Rothschild family did not refuse to participate in the life of the Jewish state. Thus, a new building of the Supreme Court of Israel (1992) was built at the Rothschild Foundation (1992).

Rothschilda

Few on the globe of people who did not hear about Rothschilds. Today, this surname has turned into a symbol of wealth. Where did these Rothschilds come from?

Descendants of Jewish change

The Dynasty of the famous Jewish bankers of Rothschilds is considered to be Mayer Ambrel Rothschild, which appeared in 1744 in Frankfurt am Main (Germany). His father, changed Jeweler Amshel Moses Bauer, was a trade partner of the Hessian house. On the emblem of his jewelry workshop, the Golden Roman Eagle was depicted on the Red Shield, so the workshop began to call the "Red Shield" (in German - Rothschield). Meyer Ambrel took this name as a surname.

The first Rothschild took up the banking business and succeeded in this. Paul Johnson in the book The History of The Jews writes that he managed to create an international company of a new type, which surrendered in a series of Jewish pogroms, wars and revolutions.

Five Sons Mayer Ambel - Ambel Mayer, Solomon Mayer, Nathan Mayer, Kalman Meyer and James Mayer - founded banks in the five largest cities in Europe: Paris, London, Vienna, Naples and Frankfurt am Main.

During Napoleonic wars, Nathan Mayer Rothschild financed the transportation of gold ingots for the army of the Duke Wellington, as well as subsidized by the continental allies of Britain. In 1816, the Austrian Emperor Franz II complained Rothschildam Baron title. The family had his coat of arms, which showed five arrows, symbolizing the five siblings of Ambrella Mayer, by analogy with the text of the 126th Biblical Psalm: "That the arrows in the hand of strong, then the sons are young." Below is the family motto on Latin: Concordia, Integritas, Industria ("Consent, honesty, hard work"). British Rothschilds were accepted at the courtyard of Queen Victoria.

Rothschilds tried to continue the state inside the family. In marriages, they only entered the calculation and until the end of the XIX century were married unions between long-range relatives. Subsequently, they began to marry with representatives of influential financial families in Europe, mainly Jewish origin: Wambigs, Goldsmiths, Coen, Rafaelam, Sassunami, Salomon.

Rothschilds walk around the world

The Rothschild family made a significant contribution to the Industrialization of Europe. It contributed to the construction of the railway network in France, Belgium and Austria and the Suez Canal, financed the foundation of the concern De Beers, the mining enterprise Rio Tinto. During the Russian-Japanese war, the London Consortium issued Japanese military bonds in the amount of 11.5 million (at the prices of 1907).

By the beginning of the twentieth century, the name Rothschild turned into a synonym for wealth. Outside Rothschilds were more than 40 family palaces, the luxury of superior royal castles of Europe, extensive collections of works of art. Among other things, Rothschilds were actively engaged in charity.

At the beginning of World War II, Rothschilds were forced to emigrate to the United States, as the persecution of Jews began. All their property was confiscated and looted by the Nazis. In 1999, the Austrian government returned the family a number of palaces, as well as 250 items of art, found by the State Museum.

Secret rulers of the world?

Since 2003, Rothschild investment banks are under the control of Rothschild Continuation Holdings registered in Switzerland, headed by Baron David Rene de Rothschild. The family owns numerous vineyards, she has property not only in Europe, but also in North and South America, South Africa and Australia.

At the end of 2010, Baron Benjamin Rothschild made a statement that the Rothschild clan did not suffer from

the global financial crisis through conservative business methods. "We passed through it, since our investment leaders did not want to invest in crazy things. The client knows that we will not speculate it with money, "said banker.

It is believed that Rothschilds are the richest people in the world. In 2012, their general condition was estimated at 1.7 trillion US dollars (according to other estimates, more than 3.2 trillion).

Conspirologists periodically show the Rothschilds. For example, supporters of the theories of the conspiracy argue that representatives of this clan belong to the secret society of the Illuminati and control all finance of the world, and are also organizers of military conflicts between different powers.

Gradually, in the medium of "privileged Jews", Germany marked his leader - Meyer Ambrel Rothschild. The head of the family took such a name and handed over to his five sons, as his relatives lived in the house with a red roof ("Roten Schield" - "Red Shield"), which has developed as characterizing the sign of the entire family.

Under the new name, the first major international transaction of the Rothschilds will be made in 1804, when the Thaw of Denmark will be completely empty. The secret commercial adviser to this country was Solomon Rothschild, he will take the same high position in Prussia and as the founder of "S M Von Rothschild" in Austria. Nathan in England, Kalman's bank "CM De Rothschild & Figli" in Italy, and Jacob and his "De Rothschild Frères" in France, and Acel-son will be the Minister of Finance of the German Confederation, the Austrian Baron, the Royal Consul Bavaria, the Prussian Secret Commercial Advisor and Court banker and secret adviser Great Duke Hesse.

The main business of Hessian Kurfyust, the "privileged Jews" of which both Sons of Acel-Father were, were, as it were, private military companies were told now, which brought him a very and very significant income. $ 40 million paid the United Kingdom for the use of 16,800 Hesse soldiers during the American revolution.

By the way, so in the US, the ancestor of Rockefellers, as a Hessennik Roggenfelder, that in German means "rye field". A similar business was engaged in the Duke of Braunschweigsky, Landgraphs Waldeks, Ghanau, Anshpach and other small German monarchs. In a large number of German soldiers, the English East India Company was purchased, using them when conquering India, therefore, the Rothschilds treated earnings in the wars is pragmatic as a very profitable business.

One day, a terrified number of military victims, Major Martins Nathan Rothschild remarked: "If they were not all died, Major, you would still go to lieutenants." The Rothschilds themselves would remain bank clerks of Oppenheimer, because the royal bark was devastated and filled the bank reserves of "courtesy factors". The family became treasurers of one of the main lenders of Europe, and started with a loan for Prussia, and by the mid-1830s their position one American has already described as follows: "Rothschilds rule the Christian world ... No Cabinet of Ministers can move without their advice. .. Baron Rothschild keeps the keys to the world and war in his hands. "

The prince of metternals noticed that "Rothschilds house plays in the life of France a much larger role than any foreign government." The state of James Rothschild for 150 million francs exceeded the state of all other financiers of France combined, he and Brother Louis XVIII, "was the right hand of the regime controlling all financial transactions" Charles X. His debtor in the amount of 25 million francs was the King of Portugal, he Managed the finances of the King Belgium. Similar success managed to achieve the secret commercial adviser to the Kingdom of Sicily and the Duchy of Palma and Sardinia "Italian Rothschild"

Using war only as a means of speculation, "factors" with interethnic conflicts or civilians did not sympathize with any particular parties and were not interested in any political ideas.

The noteworthy fact is that the Paris Commune destroyed all the archives containing the details of the early Rothschild transactions.

The key point in the history of their formation was the decision of the fate of the military debt of France in size of 270 million francs, as well as 1.5 billion francs of the Contribution, which was submitted at the Congress of Winner Countries in Aachen in 1818. Rejected as creditors Rothschilds organized sharp The course of falling the French government bonds of the Libe of 1817, which began to threaten the collapse of the Paris and other major stock exchanges. So dressed France also became a debtor of the Rothschilds.

"I am a person simple ... I do business, not moving away from the box office," said "English Rothschild." One of these cases was an unsuccessful attempt to cash the name bill, in which the bank referred to what the securities expires only the national bank itself. Then Nathan Rothschild began "nightmare business" of the National Bank of England daily redemption of his gold reserve, the director of which, urgently consistent, gave way, deciding to save the bank from ruin. Now the rothschild bills acquired an equal status of bills of the National Bank of England.

Nathan marked the beginning of the methodology for the release of international loans. His London Banking House for the ninety years since the opening placed foreign loans in the amount of $ 6500 million, from 1776 to 1814, English subsidies amounted to 19 million 56 thousand 778 talers in Hesse, in 1815. The Bavarian subsidies of Arnold von Achtale amounted to 608 thousand . 695 pounds sterling, from 1811 to 1816. Almost half of the English subsidies, the countries of the continent passed through their rothschilds.

In the period from 1818 to 1832, loans were issued in the amount of 21 million pounds, which gave the foundation of the Edrichine-Vandam to call the British "Rothschild-People". Only interest on eighteen loans to foreign governments amounted to 700 million dollars. In fact, the history of the Central Bank of England began in 1694, when the next war did almost all silver from England, and bankers, including Rothschilds convinced Wilhelm to take a loan of 1.2 million pounds and establish a new financial structure for the war with France.

The climbing to dominance in the financial sphere is replete with the stories of the most severe competitive struggle, which does not correspond to the theory of "Unified Jewish conspiracy", "observers" as Anna Harentt "did a very wrong conclusion that the Jewish people are a remnant of the Middle Ages, and did not see that this New caste of very recent origin. Its education was completed only in the XIX century, and it included in quantitative terms, probably no more than hundreds of families. But since they were in sight, then the whole Jewish people began to consider Castah. "

It is possible that this conclusions pushed them to ensure that this new caste was used to realize their goals, which is logical and does not carry the elements of the "conspiracy theory", but gave rise to such as the French writer Louis Ferdinand Celin to argue that " The Jews prevented the evolution of Europe to political unity, served as the cause of all European wars since 843 and plunged to destroy France and Germany, exciting their mutual hostility. "

But it should not be noted that the path to the financial monopoly led to ruin primarily the competing financial structures of the tribesmen of the English abrajam Goldsmith, French Achille Fold, David Parisha, and other Roshovists of Austria. The description of these economic battles is not included in the framework of this chapter, but their essence was as follows: to work with Rothschilds it was necessary to become under the "red roof".

The opposition in the competitive struggle of factors spoiled not just a "single custa inside the uninterests", but a much more cohesive "international caste system" of relatives, between which half of 59 marriages concluded by Rothschilds in the XIX century.

The daughter of the Royal Court Banker Bavaria and Prussia of the Sicilian and Austrian Consul General of Charles Rothschild married a leaving from the Frankfurt banking family Maximilian Goldsmita, who became Baron Goldsmitomit-Rothschild.

The representative of the oldest English clan, the "color of the Jewish aristocracy" by Abraham Monteofiori, was proposed to change the surname to Rothschild to be admitted to financial affairs. Later, Australia became almost the Monopoly Dettle of Montefiri. Salman's marriage with Adelheide Hertz, the future favorite of the Neapolitan King, provided Rothschild, not only a business, but also an indirect relationship with Openemeimers, while each of the marriages increased their aristocratic status, which was a targeted policy.

Once again, they raised their status in 1814 when they had merged with Wambigs, family, whose interests are closely related to the creation of the US federal reserve system, the first chapter was Paul Warburg. Representatives of the Italian Jewish dynasty in the XVI century began to arrive in the Westphalian town of Warburg from Bologna.

In 1798, the brothers Moses-Mark and Gerson Warburg founded in Hamburg "M. M. Warburg & Co., to this day the largest private Financial Institute of Germany. After the sons Mayer Amshel settled in various countries to create a future empire, the eldest son with his father moved to the five-storey Frankfurt mansion, which divided the other banker - Shiff, who was one of the Rothschild brokers.

In 1873, Rothschilds accompanied the transaction for the acquisition of Schiff Share of Kun in "Kuhn, Loeb & Co.", which was made possible by the fact that the new owner married the older daughter co-owner "Kuhn, Loeb & Co." Solomon Labe, Teresa. On his daughter, Frida Schiff, in turn, married Felix Warburg. And his brother, Paul Warburg married Nina, the youngest daughter Solomon Labe, whose dad was a supplier of wheat and wines from the Worms mentioned by the Hessian city and entered the US only in 1849.

On this "American" interests of the Rothschilds will not end: Ogast Schonberg, another long-range relative of the Rothschilds through the grandmother, since 18 years old served as a personal secretary of Acelde von Rothschild, and in 1837 he opened his bank of his bank in Cuba. As a result of the crisis, his own company "August Belmont & Co." On Wall Street bought the divorced businesses of Americans. Swam Schonberg for the sake of prestigiousness became "Belmont", which included the history of the US National Committee of the Democratic Party of the United States, his own efforts during the Civil War were funded by Northerners.

According to the frank recognition of Bismarck "The division of the United States to equal in the power of the federation was decided long before the civil war. Bankers feared that the United States ... to turn their financial domination over the world and the voice of Rothschilds prevail in this. "

In this war, Rothschilds were earned on both sides: the London bank financed the northerners, and the Parisian - Yuzhan, as a result of which the public debt increased from $ 64,844,000. In 1860 to $ 2,755,764,000. In 1866, pay debts without loss Sovereignty was not as simple as the English publicist of the XIX century Denning about Capital: "... at 300 percent there is no such a crime to which he would not risk, at least under the fear of the gallows":

According to the biographer Ferguson, the rivals of the Civil War in the United States also did not forget to carefully destroy the correspondence of the Rothschilds from 1854-1860 ... only the oral statement of Baron Jacob Rothschild was preserved in Belgium, Henry Senford, about those who died in the Civil War: "When the patient is desperately sick, you Take any measures, right up to bloodletting. "

The new round of "rehabilitation of the American economy" gave a loan in the amount of $ 150 million. The issuance of most of which was suspended demanding to Lincoln to reduce the cost of government securities by 25%. On 3 February 3, 1862, the House of Representatives adopted a law on a state loan of 150 million dollars in the form of state-owned paper creditors, mandatory for reception as a means of payment. By March 1863, the bibin of such papers began to reduce the turnover of calculations by gold, controlled by Rothschilds. The refusal of gold faced demand that the treasury commitments were issued in the form of interest bonds, which were produced at 35 cents per dollar and converted at the rate of 100 cents after the end of the war.

Future graph Biscosfield Benjamin Dizraeli In the eyes of which the described events were unfolded, was a close friend of Lionel Rothschild, "whom he visited the tradition at the end of the week," and apparently he had heard over the dinner table such that he had written two novels, in one "Jewish money Determine the rise and fall in the courtyards and empires and it is clarified in the field of diplomacy ", and in the other he" developed the plan of the Jewish Empire, in which the Jews will rule as a strictly separate class ", just to separate it in the period of widespread assimilation will be for the Rothschilds a separate task .

Heraldic Shield

Young Montefiori (who preferred to stay Montefiori would be surprised by this proposal not so much, if at one time he looked into the archives of the Heraldic College of the Austrian Imperial House. This institution was engaged in the design of patents to the nobility and noble titles.

The board was the first imperial institution, which had to face the almost caller and the naive arrogance of the Rothschild brothers, with whom they imposed their favorite two-letter surname around the world.

In early 1817, the patience of the team of the College's officials was subjected to a serious test, since they had to communicate closely and long enough with the family. Rothschild boys held another brilliant finance transference operation from England to Vienna, leaving far behind other bankers. After that, they felt ready to accept one or more differences from the Imperial House, for example, the noble title.

The secret chancellor von Lederier, from which not least depended on the solution of this issue, understood that the Golden Tabacaker, decorated with a diamond monogram named His Majesty, would have to be likewise.

Finance Minister, Prince Stadion, like any other finance minister in the world, reacted to the claims of Rothschilds with greater scrupulousness. In his opinion, the transaction that was offered to Chancellor was clearly unfair. In the end, the compromise between doubts of the minister and sober calculation of the chancellor was found. The basis of his recognition was the recognition of the fact that, although the Rothschild brothers are the sons of the people of Israel, they can be provided with the nobility title of the lowest dignity and the right to add a part of the background to their surname. Now they were supposed to have the coat of arms, laid by the Austrian nobleman, which should be designed.

It is curious to familiarize yourself with the letter of boys in the heraldic board, in which the project of the future coat of arms is pathetically set out:

"... In the upper left square on a purple background there is a black eagle (which caused obvious associations with the Austrian imperial coat of arms) ... there is a leopard leopard at the next field, looking at the right, with the right front paw (and this, in turn, reminded you of the coat of arms of the English Kings) ... The bottom field takes the lion, standing on the hind legs (it is directly copied from the coat of arms of Hesse) ... Completes the composition hand, compressing five arrows, on a blue background ... "

Heraldic brethren from the board was outraged and dwell in confusion. Pilot, just joined the prefix "background" to their surname, believed that they could get royal and duke symbols for their emblem. But even this did not satisfy the attractions of the Rothschilds. In the center of the coat of arms, they wanted to place a purple shield, which on the right supported the hound, symbolizing loyalty and dedication, and on the left stork, symbolizing piousness and humility (pretty humility!). At the crosshairs, the crown was located, crowned the head of a newly mounted baron. And such an coat of arms wanted to get people who did not belong to labor novels and only recently were counted to the small nobility. What audacity! Sighing deeply, the college officials began to compose a report for the imperial yard.

"... they ask to place a crown on the coat of arms, shield in the center, images of animals, leopard, symbolizing England, Hessian Leo ... These proposals are completely unacceptable ... The small nobility has the right only to the image of the helmet ... If you do not comply with this rule, there will be no difference between different degrees Noble dignity ... Crown, animal images and shields in the center of the coat of arms - this is allowed only on the coat of arms of the highest nobility ... and more. No government can allow the placement on the coat of arms of the symbols of another state, since noble dignity and titles are given to the service of their ruler and their country, and not any other country or its government. The lion is solely a symbol of courage, which is not applied to the staff. "

The college began to grab the proposed coat of arms. The crown with the seven teeth and signs of Baron dignity turned into a small helmet. All the noble fauna was destroyed, and storks, symbolizing piety, and hounds, symbolizing loyalty, and lions, and all others. I managed to escape only one bird, and it is not entirely. Half of the Austrian Eagle was left on the coat of arms. The hand was also preserved, compressing the arrows, but this image was subjected to cruel correction - instead of five arrows, the hand squeezed only four. And in fact, only four brothers took part in a successful transfer. (Officially, Nathan did not participate in the organization of the transaction.) In such a truncated form of the emblem and was approved on March 25, 1817. But not for long. A well-known Congress was held in EXS, and then the duke of mettern, Almighty Chancellor of His Majesty, received a personal loan from the house of 900,000 guilders from the House of Rothschilds. On the one hand, it was an absolutely honest deal, and the loan granted was completely paid over seven years before the expiration date. And on the other hand, it was concluded on September 23, 1822, and after six days he saw the light of the Imperial Decree, which erected all five brothers and their legal descendants of any sex in Baron.

Officials of the Heraldic College cut off the teeth, they did not dare to bite. On the coat of arms of the Rothschilds, the crown of the seven teeth, which is the one that the brothers offered in the first version. Only now it was surrounded by three helmets decorated with plumes. The shield was restored in the center of the coat of arms, and noble animals were returned, but now in a new form, even more majestic. At the place of the faithful hound is located Hessian Lion; The galloping unicorn changed the pious stork, the semi-resistant recovered to his natural sizes, and next to him, among helmets, the wings were placed another royal bird. The greatness of the image complemented the inscription at the base of the coat of arms: "Consent Unity Action".

The most desirable changes were made in the lower left and the upper right segments of the coat of arms. In each of them, a family symbol was placed - a hand compressing five arrows. Five, not four!

And today, the same coat of arms of the Rothschilds can see the same coat of arms of the Rothschilds on the branded booklinks of the English home of the Rothschilds. And five arrows still sparkle on it, reminding about five boys, about five obsessed with their ideas brothers who embody their bold dreams and reigned in the five capitals of Europe.

This text is a familiarization fragment.