Mark Chagal Oh, God of writing. Mark Chagal - the wealth of world creativity from Belarus. Gallery of paintings Mark Stegal

Chagall is one of the few artists who formed a whole era in art. It is difficult to call a person who at least the edge of the ear did not hear about this great man with an incredible imagination and a unique vision of his place in painting. Until now, Chagall is a unique phenomenon, at least approaching the level of which has failed to anyone else.

The future recognized leader of avant-garde on the outskirts of Vitebsk, who was one of the small places of the Russian province, in 1887. It was the time of mass persecution of foreigners and the scary Jewish pogroms, which caused mass emigration of the Jewish population to other countries, with a more loyal attitude to representatives of the Jewish religion. But for the little Movsel, it was all ahead. He received traditional education for Jewish children, having studied Torah, Talmud and having mastered the Hebrew language. After graduating from four grades, Chagall was trained in the art of painting in Vitebsk at the School of Apudel Pan.

Realizing that his Taalent could not be developed on the periphery, the artist decides to move to St. Petersburg - the then center of artistic thought. The father reluctantly releases him, highlighting a very scarcious amount and refusing to continually help her son. In the city, Chagall is studying at the School of Roerich, and then at Baksta. At this time, Mark meets Bella Rosenfeld, who, until the end of his life, remains a muse and beloved woman, whose face learns literally in every image created by the master.

In 1911, the artist's life strip begins, during which he constantly threw it from one city and the country to another. Changes his Jewish name Movesch Hatskelevich to more European on the sound of Mark Zakharovich, he leaves for scholarships to study in, returning to 1914 to Vitebsk and just hitting the beginning of the First World War. Next year, he marries Belle, and in a year they are born daughter Ida. Subsequently, she becomes a biographer and researcher of his father's work. At the end of the revolution, Chagall becomes a commissar for arts in the Vitebsk province and opens his own art school.

In 1920, he moves B begins to work on the design of theatrical ideas, and in 1922 it goes to Lithuania to his own exhibition with his family. Then the journey of Stegal to the West begins. He moves into, and then where in 1937 he received citizenship. However, in 1941, the family has to escape from the impending fascism in the United States, where Bella dies in 1944. She was not the last woman in the life of the artist, but until his death remained his love and eternal muse.

From the 1960s, Mark Chagal became interested in large forms and monumental art. The scope of his interests included paintings, including ceiling, choplaresters and stained glass windows. Over the years, a lot of significant things have been created by the master, including the painting of the opera Garnier in France and Panel for the Metropolitan Opera, Mosaics for the National Bank in the United States.

Mark Zakharovich Shagal lived a big life and left a significant mark in the art of avant-garde. He died on 98 years of life, until the end of his life, remembering his origin and intertwined in his works of the life of his native Vitebsk.

Mark Zakharovich Chagall (1887-1985) - painter, schedule, theater artist, illustrator, master of monumental and applied art types.

Creativity and Biography Mark Shagal

One of the leaders of the world avant-garde of the 20th century, Chagall managed to organically combine the ancient traditions of Jewish culture with plenty of modern innovation. Born in Vitebsk June 24 (July 6) 1887. Received traditional religious education at home (Hebrew, reading Torah and Talmud). In 1906 he came to St. Petersburg, where in 1906-1909 visited a drawing school with the society of encouraging arts, the studio S.M. Zaidenberg and the school E.N. Zvantseva. He lived in St. Petersburg-Petrograd, Vitebsk and Moscow, and in 1910-1914 - in Paris. All the work of Stegal is initially autobiographical and lyrically confessional.

Already in his early pictures, the topics of childhood, family, death, deeply personal and at the same time "Eternal" (Saturday, 1910, Vallraf Richarz Museum, Cologne) are dominated by the topics of childhood. Over time, the topic of passionate love of the artist comes to the fore, Bella Rosenfeld ("Above the City", 1914-1918, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow). The motives of the "place of the town" landscape and the life associate with the symbols of Judaism ("Gate of the Jewish Cemetery", 1917, a private assembly, Paris).

However, peering into the archaic, including the Russian icon and the lubkov (who had a great influence on him), Shagall adjoins Futurism and predicts future avant-garde flows. Grotesque-alogichic plots, sharp deformations and irred-fabulous color contrasts of his canvases ("I and the village", 1911, Museum of Contemporary Art, New York; "Self-portrait with Forests", 1911-1912, City Museum, Amsterdam) are rendered Impact on the development of surrealism.

Saturday Gate of Jewish cemetery I and the village Self-portrait with seven fingers

After the October Revolution in 1918-1919, Chagall served by the KVP (Bolshevik) Commissioner (Bolsheviks) of the provincial department of public education in Vitebsk, issued the city to revolutionary holidays. In Moscow, Chagall wrote a number of large wall panels for the Jewish chamber theater, thereby making the first significant step towards monumental art. Leaving in 1922 to Berlin, in the future since 1923 lived in France, in Paris or in the south of the country, temporarily leaving it in 1941-1947 (spent these years in New York). He drove into different countries of Europe and the Mediterranean, more than once visited Israel. Having mastered the various enhance techniques, by order of Ambruz Vollar Chagall created in 1923-1930 Islerying illustrations for the "dead souls" of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol and "Basnia" J.Da Lafontena.

As the peak achieves the glory of his manner - in general, the surreal - expressionist - is becoming easier and relaxed. Not only the main characters, but all the elements of the image hover, laying in the constellation of color visions. Through the repetitive themes of the Vitebsk Childhood, Love, the circus play is blocked by gloomy extensions of the former and future world catastrophes ("at the time there is no shores", 1930-1939, Museum of Contemporary Art, New York). Since 1955, work on the "Bible Shagal" began - so refer to the huge cycle of picturesque canvases, revealing the world of the progenitors of the Jewish people in an amazingly emotional and bright, naive-wise form.

In the course of this cycle, the Master created a large number of monumental sketches, the compositions on which the sacred buildings of different religions were decorated - both Judaism and Christianity in his Catholic and Protestant varieties: ceramic panels and stained glass challenges in Assi (Savoy) and Cathedral in Metz, 1957 -1958; Stained glass: Synagogues of the Medical Faculty of the Jewish University near Jerusalem, 1961; Cathedral (Churches Fraumyunster) in Zurich, 1969-1970; Cathedral in Reims, 1974; Church of St. Stefan in Mainz, 1976-1981; and etc.). These works Mark Stegal radically updated the language of modern monumental art, enriching it with powerful colorful lyrism.

In 1973, Shagal visited Moscow and St. Petersburg in connection with the exhibition of their works in the Tretyakov Gallery.

Opening in the morning, I dream to see a more perfect world in which friendly friendship and love rule. Just alone this enough so that my day was beautiful and worthy of being

Mark Chagall is the only artist in the world, whose stained-glass windows are decorated with cathedrals of almost all denominations. Among the fifteen temples there are vintage synagogues, Lutheran temples, Catholic churches and other public buildings located in America, Europe and Israel.
Specially commissioned by Charles de Gaulle, the existing French president, the artist performed the design of the Grand Opera Plafon in Paris. Two years later, he wrote two panels of the New York Metropolitan Opera.
In July 1973, a museum was opened in French Nice, called the "Biblical Message", which was decorated with the artist's work and was located in the building he himself decided. Some time later, the museum was awarded the Government of the National Status.
Chagall is considered one of the instigators of the picturesque sexual revolution. The fact is that already in 1909, a naked woman was depicted on his canvase. The simulator was Tai Brahman, who agreed to such a role only for considerations of pity for the artist, who in financial could not afford to afford professional simulators. Later, these sessions led to a romantic relationship, and Tay became the first love of the painter.
Staying in a bad mood, the artist drew only biblical scenes or flowers. At the same time, the latter were selling much better, which was very disappointed by Stegal.
The most important thing in the universe and life painter considered only love.
Mark Chagall died on March 28, 1985 during raising the second floor in the elevator, therefore, his death came in flight, albeit not very high.

Bibliography and filmography of the artist

Apchinskaya N. Mark Shagal. Portrait of an artist. - M.: 1995.
Mac Nile, David. In the footsteps of Angel: the memories of the son of Mark Shagal. M.
Maltsev, Vladimir. Mark Chagal - Theater Artist: Vitebsk-Moscow: 1918-1922 // Shagalov Collection. Vol. 2. Materials VI-IX Shagalov readings in Vitebsk (1996-1999). Vitebsk, 2004. P. 37-45.
Museum Marka Stegal in Nice - Le McEee National Message Biblique Marc Chagall ("Biblical Message Mark Chagal")
Haggard V. My life with Chagall. Seven years of abundance. M., Text, 2007.
Khmelnitsky, Lyudmila. Museum Mark Stegal in Vitebsk.
Khmelnitsky, Lyudmila. Mark Chagal in the artistic culture of Belarus of the 1920s - 1990s.
Chagall, Bella. Burning lights. M., Text, 2001; 2006.
Shatski A. S. Gogol world through the eyes of Mark Stegal. - Vitebsk: Museum Mark Shagal, 1999. - 27 p.
Shatski A. S. "Be blessed, my Vitebsk": Jerusalem as a prototype of Shagalovsky city // Poetry and Painting: Memory Labor CollectionN. I. Khardzhiev / Ed.M. B. Meilaha andD. V. Sarabenova. - M.: Languages \u200b\u200bof Russian Culture, 2000. - P. 260-268. - ISBN 5-7859-0074-2.
Schishanov V.A. "If you're a minister ..." // Museum Bulletin Mark Stegal. 2003. № 2 (10). P. 9-11.
Kruglov Vladimir, Petrova Evgenia. Mark Shagal. - St. Petersburg: State Russian Museum, Palace Editions, 2005. - P. 168. - ISBN 5-93332-175-3.
Schishanov V. "These young people were Yary Socialists ...": Participants of the revolutionary movement surrounded by Mark Chagal and Bella Rosenfeld // Museum Bulletin Marka Stegal. 2005. No. 13. P. 64-74.
Schishanov V. About the lost portrait Mark Stegal Work Yuri Pan // Bulletin Museum Mark Shagal. 2006. No. 14. P. 110-111.
Schishanov, Valery. Mark Chagall: Etudes to the biography of the artist by archival affairs
Shiszhanov V. A. Vitebsk Museum of Contemporary Art: the history of creation and collection. 1918-1941. Minsk: Medisont, 2007. - 144 p.

Mark Zakharovich (Moses Hatskelevich) Chagall (Fr. Marc Chagall, Yiddish מאַרק שאַגאַל). Born on July 7, 1887 in Vitebsk, Vitebsk province (now Vitebsk region, Belarus) - died on March 28, 1985 in St. Paul-de-Vans, Provence, France. Russian, Belarusian and French artist of Jewish origin. In addition to the graphics and painting, they also were also scenography, wrote poems on Yiddish. One of the most famous representatives of the artistic avant-garde of the XX century.

Movysha Hatskelevich (later Moses Hatskelevich and Mark Zakharovich) Shagali was born on June 24 (July 6) of 1887 in the Vitebsk area in the area of \u200b\u200bVitebsk, was the older child in the family of Clauser Hatskel Mordukhovich (Davidovich) Chagal (1863-1921) and his wife Feigi Chernidna Mendelevna (1871-1915). He had one brother and five sisters.

Parents got married in 1886 and accounted for each other with cousins \u200b\u200band sisters.

Grandfather of the artist, Dovid Yeselevich Shagal (in the documents also Dovid-Mordhi Iosalevich Sagal, 1824 -?), It was from the town of Babinovichi of the Mogilev province, and in 1883 it settled with sons in the town of Dobromysli of the Orsha district of the Mogilev province, so in the "Lists of immovable owners Property of the city of Vitebsk »Father of the artist Hatskel Mordowovich Chagall recorded as" Dobromyssland Motor "; The mother of the artist came from Liozino.

Chagalov's family since 1890 belonged to a wooden house on a large Pokrovskaya Street in the 3rd part of Vitebsk (significantly expanded and rebuilt in 1902 with eight apartments for delivery). A significant part of Childhood, Mark Chagall, also held in the house of his grandfather on the mother line Mendel Chernina and his wife Bashevi (1844 -?), Grandmothers of the artist from the Father), who by that time lived in the town of Liozino 40 km from Vitebsk.

Received traditional Jewish education at home, having studied the Hebrew, Torah and Talmud.

From 1898 to 1905, Chagall studied in the 1st Vitebsk four-class school.

In 1906 he studied the visual arts in the art school of the Vitebsky painter, Judel Pan, then moved to St. Petersburg.

In St. Petersburg, for two seasons, Shagall was engaged in the drawing school of the Society for the promotion of art, which was headed by N. K. Rerich (he was taken to school without an exam on the third course).

In 1909-1911, it continues to occupies from L. S. Baksta in the private art school E. N. Zvantseva. Thanks to his Vitebsk friend, Viktor Meclera and Tee Brahman, the daughter of the Vitebsk doctor, who also studied in St. Petersburg, Mark Chagall entered the circle of young intelligentsia, enthusiastic art and poetry.

Thia Brahman She was educated and a modern girl, several times she posed Chagall nude.

In the autumn of 1909, during his stay in Vitebsk, the Marka Shagal became acquainted with his girlfriend Berth (Bellah) RosenfeldWhich at that time studied in one of the best educational institutions for girls - Gerier school in Moscow. This meeting was decisive in the fate of the artist. Love theme in the work of Stegal is invariably connected with the image of Bella. With the webs of all periods of his work, including the later (after the death of Bella), they are watching her "convex black eyes." Her features recognizable in the faces of almost all women depicted.

In 1911, walked on the received scholarship went to Paris, where he continued to learn and met with those who lived in the French capital by artists and avant-garde poets. Here he first began using the personal name Mark. In the summer of 1914, the artist arrived in Vitebsk to meet his relatives and see Bella. But the war began and the return to Europe was postponed indefinitely.

On July 25, 1915, a wedding of Stegal with Bella took place. In 1916, they had a daughter of Ida, subsequently became a biographer and researcher creativity of his father.

In September 1915, Shagal went to Petrograd, he entered the service to the Military Industrial Committee. In 1916, Shagall joined the Jewish society for the promotion of art, in 1917 with his family returned to Vitebsk. After the revolution, he was appointed by the Authorized Commissioner for the Arts of the Vitebsk Province. On January 28, 1919, the Vitebsk Art School was opened by Chagall.

In 1920, Shagal went to Moscow, settled in the "House with Lions" at the corner of Likhov Luga and Sadovaya. On the recommendation of A. M. Efrosa settled to work in the Moscow Jewish Chamber Theater under the leadership of Alexey Granovsky. He took part in the art decoration: first painted wall paintings for the audience and lobby, and then costumes and scenery, including "Love on stage" with a portrait of a "ballet pair".

In 1921, the Granovsky Theater opened with the play "Evening Shole Aleichema" in the design of Stegal. In 1921, Mark Shagal worked as a teacher in the Moscow region of the Jewish Labor School-Colony "III International" for streets in Malakhovka.

In 1922, together with his family, he left first to Lithuania (his exhibition was held in Kaunas), and then to Germany. In the fall of 1923, at the invitation of Ambruz Vollar, the Shagal family went to Paris.

In 1937, Shagal received French citizenship.

In 1941, the leadership of the Museum of Contemporary Art in New York invited Shagal to move from France controlled by the Nazis in the United States, and in the summer of 1941, the Shagal family came to New York. After the end of the war, Shagali decided to return to France. However, on September 2, 1944, Bella died from Sepsis in a local hospital. Nine months later, the artist wrote two paintings in memory of his beloved wife: "Wedding lights" and "next to her."

Relationship with Virginia McNill Huggard, the daughter of the former British consul in the United States, began when Chagall was 58 years old, Virginia - 30 with a little. They had a son David (in honor of one of the Schagal brothers) McNill. In 1947, Chagall arrived with his family to France. Three years later, Virginia, taking a son, unexpectedly ran away from him with his lover.

On July 12, 1952, Chagall married "Wave" - \u200b\u200bValentina Brodsk, the owner of the London Salon of the Fashion and the daughter of the famous manufacturer and the Sakhala Zaver Lazarus Brodsky. But the muse of the whole life remained only Bella, he refused to talk about her before death, as the dead.

In 1960, Mark Shagal became the winner of the Erasmus Prize.

Since the 1960s, Chagalls became mostly moved to monumental arts - mosaic, stained glass windows, choplaresters, and was also carried away by sculpture and ceramics. In the early 1960s, at the request of the government of Israel, a mosaic and choplares for the Parliament building in Jerusalem had created. After that success, he received many orders for the design of Catholic, Lutheran temples and synagogue throughout Europe, America and Israel.

In 1964, Chagall painted the plander of the Paris Grand Opera commissioned by the President of France Charles de Gaulle, in 1966 he created two panels for the Metropolitan Opera in New York, and Chicago decorated the building of the National Bank with a mosaic "four time of the year" (1972).

In 1966, Shagall moved to the house built specifically for him, which served simultaneously and the workshop located in the province of Nice - Saint-Paul-de-Vance.

In 1973, at the invitation of the Ministry of Culture of the Soviet Union, Leningrad and Moscow visited Shagharad. He was organized by an exhibition in the Tretyakov Gallery. The artist presented the Tretyakovka and the museum of the arts. A.S. Pushkin's work.

In 1977, Mark Chagall was awarded the highest award of France - the Big Cross of the Honorary Legion, and in 1977-1978 an exhibition of works by the artist in Louvre was arranged, timed to the 90th anniversary of the artist. Contrary to all the rules, the works of another living author were put up in the Louvre.

Chagall died on March 28, 1985 at the 98th year of life in Saint-Paul de Vanas. Buried on the local cemetery. Until the end of the life, the "Vitebsk" motifs were traced in his work. There is a "Chagal Committee", which includes four of its heir. There is no full catalog of the artist.

"My sad and cheerful city! I misunderstand the child, I looked at you from our threshold. And you all opened me. If I interfered the fence, I got up for a blindfold. If it was not visible, climbed onto the roof. And looked at you, how much I wanted. "
So with warmth and trepidation, the world famous artist Mark Chagal, the 130th anniversary of whose birth was noted yesterday, described his beloved and hometown of Vitebsk. However, he could take these words without doubt to Liosno ... The painter is directly related to this small urban village - there lived a numerous relatives. Some researchers of his creativity argue with each other, arguing that he was supposed to be in the country in the village of Zalol Lioznensky district, he wrote his most famous picture "Above the City". Again, by the way, not only because of this fact. The perception of the moster of postmodernism was contradictory. Unusual, incomprehensible, strange, legendary, unique - such a variety of epithets fly to the artist's creativity. Well, they all have the right to exist.

In Liozino in high school number 1, the Museum of People's Glory works. Leads them Nina Tikhomirov. Almost two decades Nina Konstantinovna devoted the collection of biographical information about Shagale. Interested in an artist for no accident. During the arrival in Liozo art historians from Moscow in 1972, Nina Konstantinovna heard an amazing version that the artist famous for the whole world from these places:

Mark Chagall was undoubtedly born in Liosno. And when he was coming a year, the parents moved to Vitebsk. This fact confirmed the poet Andrei Voznesensky, when he spoke at the conference in the Lenin Library in Moscow in 1992. I then asked him the only question: where was the painter born? He convincingly answered - in Liozyno. Since then, literally on the gangs collected information in archives, at local long-livers, among which the cousins \u200b\u200bof Chagal Samuel Efros.

Well, this is one of the versions. On another, more convincing (Chagall confirmed the fact in his autobiography), his homeland in Vitebsk. But no one disputes his love and to the small provincial village in forty kilometers from the regional center. According to the memoirs of Old-timers, Chagall visited Liosno several times. Came and with the first wife Bella. In the village at the beginning of the XX century, his relatives lived hardly through the house. Self-cousin Samuel told Nina Tikhomirova that he was always a friendly, sociable person. It looks very impressive, dressed with a needle, a white shirt and a black jacket - an integral element of the wardrobe. He recalled how Chagall walked around the town with an easel, did something, and people who were accustomed to hard physical work to earn every penny, looked at him with surprise and asked: I wonder how this person is going to live further? What will he contain a family, really on these pictures?

However, most of the time the artist spent at the cottage in the village of Salch, where he had a house. Nature itself has facilitated to work. Here's what we read about his first acquaintance with the village, which happened shortly after the wedding in 1915: "Finally we are alone in the village. Sosnovy Bor, silence, over the trees - month. Fucks a pig in a shower, a horse wanders. Lilac sky. We had not only honey, but also dairy month. A army herd graced nearby, and in the mornings we bought with boots with a soldier. The wife, fed on the pogs, forced everything to drink me one. So, by the fall, the clothes struggled to me with difficulty. At noon, our room was similar to the magnificent panel - at least now exhibit in Parisian salons. "

Nina Konstantinovna claims that it was in the country that he worked on the canvas "House in the town of Liozino", "Pharmacy in Liozno", "Smolenskaya Gazeta", "Rural Street". Even the picture "Above the City", allegedly, was born in a longer.

"House in the town of Liozino"

Around her just go disputes. All the famous fact: on it panoramic view of Vitebsk. However, Shagal's cousin said that it was nothing more than Liozo. Recognized the sidelock on the church, which is visible in the picture. The same was also in Liozno until 1962. However, the fact is not possible not possible, because the settlement after the war has changed.

Only by archival documents, Nina Konstantinov, managed to find out where a two-story wooden house-manor of the Shagal family (grandfather and father of the future artist) was located - between the current streets of Lenin and Gagarin at the district house of culture, the store "Gastronomer", whose owner was Elisha Chagall - between Modern cinema "Svitanak" and a district executive committee. Here were the ranks on which the large relatives of Mark Zakharovich were bolko. Another point of Shagalovsky route is a place where the hairdresser depicted on the famous Painting "House in the town of Liozino", just on the territory of the Garden of the District Executive Committee, closer to the road. Now, however, only a memorial plaque installed on the district house of culture, and Bust near the military-patriotic museum reminds that the Goselok is associated with the name of Shagal.

What did their relatives talk about the hobbies of the young brand? Did not approve. Once the grandfather stumbled upon his drawing of a naked woman, and turned away, as if it was not concerned. "Then I realized that grandfather, just like my wrinkled granny, and in general, all his home, simply did not take serious art (what artistic, if it doesn't look like!) And much higher than appreciated good meat," writes Artist in autobiography.

The work of Stegal is contradictory and for contemporaries. However, we cannot indisputate the fact that there is your own, individual handwriting. Deputy Director of the Art Center in Vitebsk (a rich collections of artist graphics) Irina Logunova features Chagalov's cloth sees in master of possession of color:

He is one of the best colorists. There is a commodity expression: the best paints that he used is the paints of love. Yes, he loved his heroes, the places that I depicted. This is all walked. Not so easy to perceive his painting, because we do not find the usual image of a person and nature in it. Closer to us realism in its pure form - Isaac Levitan with his landscapes, Ivan Shishkin. And here it seems to be familiar plots, but they are put on an unreal, fictional canvas. Therefore, it may not everyone understands his style, his vision of the world.

The workshop of the artist's color confirms Gennady Isakov, Candidate of Art History, Associate Professor of the Department of Fine Art of Vitebsk State University named after P. M. Masherov. However, the academic began, according to Gennady Petrovich, Shagul still lacked. Not wonder, because he studied with uzzhons - for several months. Maybe there was not enough perpetuity. And this is read in his paintings. But not only therefore the artist is incomprehensible to many. Yes, despite all the attempts to drive it into the framework of one artistic style - impressionism, postmodernism, he had his own style:

"Above the city".

- On the one hand - realism, (we recognize people, animals), but some strange in terms of organization of the composition. Flying people, cabols that begged, violinists are sitting on the roof, the husband, which is about to break the spouse ... It's all difficult to understand. But you can try. Yes, there are many artists in the world, and everyone chooses himself, what kind of art is closer. It is not necessary, as in the work, cut and not recognize that the king is naked, and blindly, taking advantage of the tribute to fashion, handiculate Shagulu. But this is the thing - art and created to raise a person. Therefore, you can at least try to raise.

What is the significance of Stegal? In his irrepressible thirst for art. He became the only artist in the world, and it should flatter countrymen, whose stained-glass windows are decorated with cult facilities at once several denominations: synagogues, Lutheran temples, Catholic chosets - only 15 buildings in the United States, Europe and Israel. Is it not global recognition? But not only in this his merit. In 1919, in Vitebsk, Shagall opens an art school, which even later comes from Moscow painters. Then the art museum. His base, by the way, used even Malevich in working with students. He answered Chagall and for the decoration of the city: on his sketches they made decorations to many holidays. These are three directions, Gennady Petrovich notes, became the most bright in the life of Stegal Vitebsky period.

Vitebsk and Liozyno saw in Berlin, Paris, Moscow. In the pictures of Shagal. Is it not the significance of the artist? For himself identified Shagalov uniqueness - he managed to present and show the beauty of the native land to foreigners. A simple artist from a small world standards of Vitebsk.

Or is it Liozo? ..

TO THIS TOPIC

The National Art Museum opened an exhibition "Mark Chagall: the color of love", which will last until September 12. The lithographs presented on it were executed in 1950-1960 as an illustration for various editions, but the editions dedicated to Chagall himself. From here, the whole richest line of plot topics that distinguishes the work of Shagal: Landscapes of Vitebsk, Paris, Saint-Paul-de-Vance, couples in love and mother and child, fantastic creatures and symbolic animals, musicians and, of course, the image of the wizard itself. The exhibition presents eleven color and one black and white ("village") of lithography from among those who entered the monograph "Chagall" of the famous French artistic criticism and the historian of the art of Jacques Lassenia, with whom the artist tied a long-term friendship.

Help "SG"

The celebration of the anniversary of the artist began from January. At first, an exhibition dedicated to the German artist Hermann Straku, who in 1922 Chagall learned the art of engraving. Then the presentation of IV Shagalovsky Collection was held. On the eve of the May holidays in the art center earned the exhibition "130 years - 130 masterpieces. Retrospective of creativity Mark Stegal from the Museum Meeting. " The other day, Vitebskaya Street Pokrovskaya was transformed, on which there is a house-museum of Chagal. At the fears and facades, poetic and prosaic quotes of the artist appeared, which, on the one hand, serve as an art object, and on the other hand, it is forced to look at Vitebsk in a new way in an attempt to understand the origins of incredible love and long-term artist in a small homeland.

Birthday.

Childhood

July 6, 1887 (June 24 at the old style) in Vitebsk, Moisha Segal was born in a simple Jewish family. His father Zakhar was a portrait from the herring merchant, Fagiga-Itta's mother held a small shop, the grandfather served as a teacher and the carter in the synagogue. As a child, Moisha visited the initial Jewish religious school, then - the gymnasium, despite the fact that in Tsarist Russia, the children of Jews were forbidden in secular schools. At the age of nineteen, despite the categorical protests of the Father, but thanks to the influence of the mother, Moisha entered training in the private "school of painting and drawing of the artist Pan." He studied at this school only two months, but it was the beginning. Bold start. Peng was so struck by his bold work with color, which allowed us to attend his school for free.

Here is a little about Judel Moiseevich Pen . Russian and Belarusian painter, teacher, prominent leader of the Jewish Renaissance in the art of the early XX century. This is his self portrait.

In his paintings, Southell Peng showed the life of the Jewish poor ("Watchmaker", the "old tailor", the "old soldier", "after strike"). After 1905, religious motives appear in the work of Pan - "Jewish Rabbi"," Last Saturday" In the 1920s, creates paintings "Komsomolets Supozhnik" (1925), Swat (1926), "Seam" (1927), "Baker" (1928).

The artist was killed at home in Vitebsk on the night of February 28 to March 1, 1937. The circumstances of the murder are not found out so far. According to the official version: killed relatives who wished to take possession of inheritance. Buried on the Old Semenov Cemetery in Vitebsk.

This portrait of Mark Stegal, under which there is a signature "Yu. M. Peng "1914

Moisa was elder of nine children and all homemade, as well as neighbors and merchants and, and ordinary men were then his models. Wooden houses, lows of churches, a grocery shop of mothers, Jewish commandments, customs and holidays - this simple and difficult, but such a "solid" life joined the heart of the boy and the images of his beloved Vitebsk will constantly repeat in the artist's work.

St. Petersburg

In 1907, with 27 rubles in his pocket, Moisha Segal went to the Russian capital. Since the Russian discriminatory policy towards the Jews in St. Petersburg was much tougher, the young man was often forced to resort to help from influential Jews. In addition, it was very limited in the means and lived poorly, sometimes on the verge of poverty. But all these burrs, of course, had little importance for a young artist who had fallen into the whirlpool of the artistic life of the capital at the junction of two revolutions.

Public revolutionary sentiments are always embodied in cultural life - avant-garde journals who then served as peculiar unifying centers for new ideas, innovative exhibitions are organized, doors open to acquaintance with modern Western art: French Futurism, German expressionism, Italian futurism and many other currents. All this has a huge impression on the formation of a young artist.

But, learning and absorbing everything new, Moisha is holding away from a variety of associations and groups, starting to form its own unique style.

In his early works, it is already obvious to search for their own fine language. Already begins to appear fabulousness and metaphoricity of images in life-owned plots: "Birth", "Death", "Holy Family".

Birth (1910 g) Death (1908)

Holy Family (1909)

For several years of life in St. Petersburg, he studied at the Zaidenberg private school, he worked as the editorial board of the Jewish magazine "Sunrise", two years studied at the Lion Baksta at the School of School. According to the memories of Stegal, Bakst gave him to "feel the breath of Europe" and prompted to go to study to Paris. Moisha also visited the class of artist Novator Mstislav Dobuzhinsky. In the spring of 1910, the first exhibition took place in the editorial office of the avant-garde magazine Apolon.

Leon Nikolaevich Bakst (Real Name - Leib Haim Israelich, or Lev Samoilovich Rosenberg; 1866 - 1924) - Russian Artist, Scenic, Book Illustrator, Master of easel painting and theatrical graphics, one of the most prominent figures of the Union of Art and theatrical and artistic projects S.P. Dyagileva.

Lion Rosenberg was born on February 8 (January 27) of 1866 in Grodno in a poor Jewish family of the Talmudist. After graduating from the gymnasium, he studied by the Volo pilot inAcademy of Arts , growing illustrations of books.

At the first exhibition in 1889 he accepted the pseudonymBakst - The shortened surname of Grandma (Baxter). From the mid-90s adjacent to the circle of writers and artists who formed around Dyagilev and Alexander Benoitwhich later turned into the union "World of Art ". In 1898 Together with Dyagilev, participates at the base of the eponymous edition. Graphics published in this magazine brought Bastca fame.

The two most famous paintings of Baksta.

Dinner Portrait of Zinaida Hippius

In the summer of 1909, in Vitebsk, Marc Chagall met Bella Rosenfeld, Vitebsk Jeweler's daughter.
"... she silent, I, too. She looks - Oh, her eyes! - I, too. As if we have long been familiar and she knows everything: my childhood, my present life and what will happen to me; As if he always watched me, I was somewhere near, although I saw her for the first time. And I understood: this is my wife. Eyes shine on a pale face. Large, convex, black! These are my eyes, my soul ... " . Mark Chagall, "My Life".
They will marry on July 25, 1915 and Bella will forever remain his first beloved, wife and muse.

Paris

In August 1910, Maxim Vinaver, deputy of the State Duma of 1905 and the patron, invites the artist a scholarship, giving the opportunity to go to study in Paris. Upon arrival, Moisha Segal takes himself a creative pseudonym. Now he is Marc Chagall, to the French manner.
The first year he removes the studio at the Ehrenburg artist on Montparnasse. Shagal visits various classes in the Free Art Academy, writes at night, and in the afternoon disappears at exhibitions, in the salons and galleries, absorbing the art of great masters: Delacroix, Kursbe, Cesanna, Gaugugen, Van Gogh and many others. Perfectly feeling color, it quickly masters and uses fusism techniques. "Now your paints sing", - says His Petersburg mentor Bakst.

In 1911, Chagall moves to the "hive", the building redeemed by Alfred Bush after the sale of the World Exhibition of 1889 and became a peculiar squat art center and a shelter for a variety of poor foreign artists. Here Chagall met many representatives of Paris Bohemia - poets, artists; Here, he masters the techniques of new trends - cubism, futurism, orfism, as always, overbabing them on their own way; Here makes the first valid successes: "violinist", "Dedication to my bride", "Calvary", "View of Paris from the window."

Violinist. 1911 - 1914

"Dedication to my bride (my narrowed)" 1911

"Calvary" 1912

"View of Paris from the window" 1913

Despite the complete, with a head of immersion in the Paris Art Wednesday, he did not forget his native Vitebsk. "Soon tobacco", "Seller of Cattle", "I and the Village" are permeated with nostalgia and love.

"Soon tobacco" 1912

"Seller livestock" 1912

"I and the village" 1911

In the spring of 1914, he climbs his works, several dozen canvases and about a hundred fifty watercolors at the exhibition in Berlin. Several personal and joint exhibitions with other artists take place with great success among the public. Then he leaves for the first time in Vitebsk to meet his relatives and see Bella. But the First World War begins and the return to Europe is postponed indefinitely.

Russia

Brother Bella Yakov Rosenfeld promotes the release of Stegal from the call to the front and helps with work: the artist receives a place in the military-industrial committee in Petrograd. The work of Stegal in these rapid years is very multifaceted: visiting the native Vitebsk, it is immersed in nostalgia and with new energy and new experience takes for household casual motifs ("window in the village").

Window in the village. 1915

But there is a war, he sees the wounded, sees human sorrows and deprivation and also pours his feelings for the canvas "War" in 1915

He also sees how in the war years they aggravated the persecution of Jews and a number of very religious works are born.

"Red Jew" 1915

"Holiday (Sukkot)" 1916

Lyrical canvases created during these years are filled with Love to Belle. Also at this time, Chagall begins to write the autobiographical book "My Life".

"Birthday" 1915

"Pink lovers" 1916

"Walk" 1917 - 1918

"Bella in a white collar" 1917

On August 9, 1918 in Petrograd, at a meeting dedicated to the Institution of the Ministry of Arts, Marc Chagalu propose a post of head of fine art, but he refuses. However, with the assistance of Lunacharsky, agrees to another proposal: authorized on arts in the Vitebsk province. The anniversary of the October Revolution, as it turned out, an excellent organizer, walked with a huge enthusiasm deacted Vitebsk, "withdrawing art in the masses." Also at this time, his article "Revolution in Art" is published. In full force under his leadership in Vitebsk there is a free academy, which has become a major creative center. It teaches many famous artists, local and visiting. But, once, by returning from Moscow, Chagall discovers that the Free Academy was turned into the Academy of Suprematism. This was the first result of the increasing discontent from the new government.

In the 1920s, Mark with Bella and his daughter, who was born in 1916, moved to Moscow, where he takes an active part in the theatrical life of the capital - prepares sketches of decorations for performances. A convinced opponent of Suprematic Art, Chagall, At the same time, being in the center of new cultural trends, significantly revises his own letter of writing, in many ways to converge with a new, "revolutionary" style. However, the party criticism, which also contributes to the frankness and the uncompromising artist, increases, although it does not accept open forms, after all, Chagall is a world-famous artist and has to be considered.

On January 1, 1921, the premiere of the play "Miniatures" under the recent plays of the recently died famous Jewish writer Sholom Aleichem. Chagalu on this occasion is entrusted by the design of a small hall, in which it is planned to submit. He performs the painting of the walls, the ceiling, the curtain of nine monumental paintings, which, according to the artist's plan, a call to the cultural revival of the Jewish theater. " ... Finally, I can turn around and express what I consider it necessary for the revival of the National Theater". But his step remained incomprehensible, attacks and criticism of the" genuine revolutionary "artists and the party increased and after a year the People's Committee of Enlightenment sends Stegal to teach drawing to a colony for streets. Misunderstanding and rejection by the regime forcing the artist to leave the country.

France

After the departure, Chagall, Bella and Ida live in Berlin during the year, which became a refuge for emigrants from Russia and other countries. First, the artist is trying to get the money due to him for the exhibition of 1914, but unsuccessfully inflation did his job. All he managed to return is three paintings and a dozen watercolors.
In the spring of 1923, Paul Castirer, Berlin Publisher and Galerist, invites the artist to publish the book "My Life" with copyright illustrations. Chagall accepts a proposal and with his head plunges into the development of art engravings. And at the end of the summer of the same year, a letter comes from his old Paris friend: "Come back, you know. Vollar is waiting for you."
Returning to Paris, Chagall discovers another loss: Most paintings, thanks to which he is now known, left in the "ulle" eight years ago, lost. He is going with the forces and carefully, restoring the memory, drawings and reproductions, writes a second of the works of the first Paris period: "Birthday", "I and the Village", "Over Vitebsk" and others.

Ambruz Vollar, passionate book, collector, publisher, after the war, thinks the release of a series of books illustrated by famous modern artists and offers Shaghau cooperation. Chagall chooses the "dead souls" of Gogol and perfectly copes with the task. The metaphoric fiction schedule of the wizard, as it can not better reflects the acute Gogol Satire.

In Paris, Chagall again converges with old friends and makes new ones. Being a very sociable and cheerful person, it easily finds a common language with everyone, but this does not prevent him from being able to stay away from a variety of trends and associations. At the proposal of surrealists to join them, he responds with refusal: "I intentionally fantastic painting to me alone." Charters, manifestos and slogans he bypasses the side, preferring the pure freedom of creativity.
Fame brought him and freedom material - now he travels with family in France and European countries, gaining a sense of peace and peace after all over. New paintings are joyful, light and easy: "Rustic life", "double portrait", "Ida by the window."

"Rustic Life" 1925

Double portrait with a wine glass

It must be said that during this period he creates not so many paintings, since most of the time and strength gives the illustration of the "dead souls", "Bass" Lafontaine and the Bible.

In 1931, the artist with his family visits Palestine, discovering the land of ancestors and feeling near the center of his faith. These few months spent on the Holy Land, according to the artist, made a strongest impression on him for life. Returning to Paris, he proceeds to a new project, illustrating the Bible, in which, who already consisted as an artist and as a person, he thinks and aware of the biblical symbols and plots on the etchings.

Outside the window - the end of the 30s. From Germany, the speeches of Hitler and the rumble of Nazi boots already clearly. New anti-Semitic laws are accepted, the exhibition "Degenerative Art" is held in Munich, on which the work of Stegal is presented. Europe is again immersed in the darkness of war. Thanks to the help of the Emergency Committee for the Rescue and the American Consul in Marseille, Chagall and Family sails on a ship in the USA.

USA

In America, who accepted many emigrants from Europe, the interest in European culture sharply increases. In New York, a peculiar port for refugees, exhibitions are organized, united by the common theme "Art in Exile." Pierre Matisse, the Son of the famous artist, provides Chagola his gallery for work and exhibitions. Chagall works at this time mainly over unfinished paintings brought from old light.
In the spring of 1942, Leonid Myasin, the choreographer and the former dancer of the Russian ballet, invites Stegal to participate in the design of the ballet "Aleko". The artist performed the hind decorations and four huge colorful backgrounds, recreate the fabulous atmosphere of the Pushkin Poem. Chagalu also ordered the design of the play "Fire-Bird" George Balanchine, but did not like his scenery, Igor Stravinsky and preference was given to Picasso. But suits on sketches of Chagal, the manufacture of which was done by Ida, were adopted.

In August 1944, Chagalov's family will gladly find out about the liberation of Paris. The war is nearing an end and they will not wait quickly back to France. But literally a few days later, on September 2, Bella dies from Sepsis in a local hospital. "All covered with darkness." The artist is completely stunned by the overtaken grief and only nine months later he takes his brush to write two paintings in memory of her beloved: "Wedding lights" and "next to her."

"Wedding lights" 1945

He moves into a small house in the town of High Falls, where after a while it starts working on the illustrations for "thousands and one night". As a result, thirteen wonderful sparkling engravings are obtained, their colorful wealth of perfectly harmonious with Arab fairy tales.

France

In 1945, Ida, invited to help the translator from the French and daughter of the former British Consul Virginia McNill-Haggard. Virginia was almost twice as the artist, but she looked something like Bella. Chagall did not endure loneliness. And between them the novel broke out. In 1946 they had a son David (David) McNill. Virginia lived with Chagall for about 7 years, moved to Paris with him, but then he left the artist with her son. Thanks to success in the United States, including financial, in 1948, Shagulu finally managed to finally move to such a native and expensive heart France. Unfortunately, the friend and permanent customer of the artist Vollar dies at the beginning of the war. However, the Paris Publisher Tryyad redeems the heritage of Vollar and finally publishes the perennial works of Stegal in the field of books. Due to this, in 1948, "dead souls" of Gogol, in 1952 - "Basni" Lafontien, and in 1956 the Bible in French. The biblical theme will constantly accompany the artist's work and Chagall will return to it during the late period of his life. In addition to 105 etchings (1935-1939 and 1952-1956), to the publication of the French Bible, it will create many more paintings, engravings, drawings, ceramic images, stained glass windows, chopper on biblical topics. All this will be the "Biblical Message" of the artist of the world, especially for which in 1973 in Nice Chagall will be opened a kind of museum, and the French government recognizes this "temple" of the official national museum.

In 1952, the artist gets acquainted with Valentina Brodskaya, which becomes simply "willow" and the official wife of the artist. Their marriage turns out to be happy, although Bella still remains the artist's muse. In the 1950s, Chagalls with his family travels a lot, including Mediterranean - Greece and Italy. He admires the Mediterranean culture: frescoes, works of icon painters, all this inspires the artist for the creation of color lithographs for the work of the ancient Greek writer Long "Dafins and Chloe" (1960-1962), as well as to passionate the monumental techniques of frescoes and stained glass windows. Since the 1960s, Chagalls mainly goes to monumental arts - mosaic, stained glass windows, tag, and also enjoys sculpture and ceramics. In the early 1960s, by order of the Government of Israel, the mosaic and trellis for the Parliament building in Jerusalem. After that success, he becomes peculiar "Andrei Rublem" of his time and receives many orders for the design of Catholic, Lutheran temples and synagogue throughout Europe, America and Israel.

In 1964, Chagall paints the plastic of the Paris Grand Opera commissioned by the president of France Charles de Gaulle itself, in 1966 it creates two panels for the Metro in New York, and Chicago is decorated with the building of the National Bank with a mosaic "four time of the year" (1972).

"Painting of the Plafon for Paris Opera" 1963 - 1964

In 1966, Chagall moved to the house built specifically for him, which served simultaneously and the workshop located in the province of Nice - in St. Paul-de-Vance. In 1973, at the invitation of the Ministry of Culture of the Soviet Union, Leningrad and Moscow visits. He organizes an exhibition in the Tretyakov Gallery. The artist gives the USSR several of his work. In 1977, Mark Chagall was awarded the highest award of France - the Big Cross of the Honorary Legion, and in 1977-1978 an exhibition of works by the artist in Louvre, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the artist, was arranged. Contrary to all the rules, the works of an even health author were put up in the Louvre!

Until recent days, Shagal continued to write paintings, make mosaic, stained glass windows, sculptures, ceramics, work on scenery to productions in theaters. On March 28, 1985, on the 98th year of life, Mark Shagall died in the elevator, climbing after a whole day of work in the workshop. He died "in flight", as Gypsy once predicted him, and as he portrayed himself flying in his paintings.