Who are the red and white in the Civil War. Red against white: Peoples of Russia in the Civil War. Features of the Civil War in Russia

Pumping "White" and "Red" in our history is very difficult. Each position is its truth. After all, just 100 years ago they fought for her. The struggle was fierce, Brother walked on his brother, father on his son. For some heroes there will be Budyonnovtsy first Karmia, for others - volunteers of kincpel. Only those who, hiding behind their position on the civil war, are trying to strike out a whole piece of Russian history from the past. Who makes too far-reaching conclusions about the "antislel character" of the Bolshevik authorities, denies the entire Soviet era, all of its accomplishment, - and rolls in the end to the frank Russophobia.

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Civil War in Russia - Armed confrontation in 1917-1922. Between various political, ethnic, social groups and state formations on the territory of the former Russian Empire, followed by the arrival of the Bolsheviks as a result of the October 1917 revolution. The civil war was the result of the revolutionary crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, which began with the revolution of 1905-1907, aggravated during the World War, economic ruining, deep social, national, political and ideological split of Russian society. The apogee of this split and became a fierce war across the country between the Soviet and anti-Bolshevik armed forces. The civil war ended in the victory of the Bolsheviks.

The main struggle for power during the period of the Civil War was carried out between the armed formations of the Bolsheviks and their supporters (the Red Guard and the Red Army) on the one hand and the armed formations of the White Movement (the White Army) - on the other, which was reflected in the sustainable naming of the main parties to the conflict "Red "And" white ".

For the Bolsheviks, based primarily on the organized industrial proletariat, the suppression of the resistance of their opponents was the only opportunity to keep power in the peasant country. For many participants in the White Movement - officers, Cossacks, intelligentsia, landowners, bourgeoisie, bureaucracy and clergy - Armed Resistance to the Bolsheviks was aimed at the return of the lost power and the restoration of their socio-economic rights and privileges. All these groups were the top of the counter-revolution, its organizers and inspirers. Officers and rustic bourgeoisie created the first frames of the White Troops.

The position of the peasantry, which was more than 80% of the population, which fluctuated from passive exit to the active armed struggle was the decisive factor in the civil war. The fluctuations in the peasantry that responded in this way to the policy of the Bolshevik power and dictators of white generals was fundamentally changed the balance of power and, ultimately, predetermined the outcome of the war. First of all, we certainly goes about the middle peasantry. In some areas (Volga, Siberia), these oscillations raised the ECEROV and Mensheviks to power, and sometimes contributed to the promotion of White Guards in the depths of Soviet territory. However, with the course of the Civil War, the Seednyatsky peasantry bent towards Soviet power. The middle peasants at the experience were seen that the transition of power to Esramen and Mensheviks inevitably leads to an uncompressed general dictatorship, which, in turn, inevitably leads to the return of landlords and the restoration of pre-revolutionary relations. The strength of the oscillations of the middle peasants towards Soviet power was especially manifested by the combat capability of the White and Red Army. White armies were essentially combed only until they were more or less homogeneous in classes. When, as the front expands and advance, the White Guards resorted to the mobilizations of the peasantry, they inevitably lost their combat capability and collapsed. Conversely, the Red Army constantly strengthened, and the mobilizable middle-leaved masses of the village persistently defended the Soviet power from counter-revolution.

The base of counterrevolution in the village was foul, especially after the organization of the Combed and the beginning of the decisive struggle for bread. The foulness was interested in the elimination of large landlords of farms only as competitors in the operation of the poor mannotsky peasantry, whose care opened wide prospects for its foul. The fight of fists with the proletarian revolution took place in the form of participation in the White Guard armies, and in the form of organizing its own detachments, and in the form of a wide rebel movement in the rear of revolution under various national, class, religious, up to anarchic, slogans. A characteristic feature of the civil war was the willingness of all its participants to use violence to achieve their political goals (see "Red Terror" and "White Terror")

A component of the Civil War was an armed struggle of the national outskirts of the former Russian Empire for its independence and the rebel movement of the wide layers of the population against the troops of the main opposing parties - "red" and "white". Attempts to proclaim independence aroused refractors from both the "White" who fought for the "United and Industry Russia" and from the "Red", who had seen in the growth of nationalism, the threat to the conquests of the revolution.

The civil war unfolded in the context of a foreign military intervention and was accompanied by combat actions on the territory of the former Russian Empire as the troops of the countries of the Four Union and the troops of the countries of the Entente. The motives of the active intervention of the leading Western powers were the realization of their own economic and political interests in Russia and the assistance of white in order to eliminate the Bolshevik authorities. Although the possibilities of the interventory were limited to the socio-economic crisis and political struggle in the Western countries themselves, intervention and material assistance to white armies significantly influenced the course of war.

The civil war was carried out not only in the territory of the former Russian Empire, but also on the territory of neighboring states - Iran (Enzest Operation), Mongolia and China.

The arrest of the emperor and his family. Nicholas II with his wife in the Alexandrovsky Park. Tsarist village. May 1917.

The arrest of the emperor and his family. Daughters Nicholas II and his son Alexey. May 1917.

Lunch of Red Army by the fire. 1919

Armornet of the Red Army. 1918

Bulla Viktor Karlovich

Refugees of the Civil War
1919

Issue bread for 38 wounded redarmeys. 1918

Red squad. 1919

Ukrainian front.

Exhibition of Civil War trophies at the Kremlin, dedicated to the II Congress of Communist International

Civil War. Eastern front. Armored train of the 6th regiment of the Czechoslovak Corps. An offensive on Maryanovka. June 1918.

Steinberg Yakov Vladimirovich

Red rustic shelf commanders. 1918

Fighters of the first equestrian army budenna at a rally
January 1920.

Otsup Peter Adolfovich

Funeral victims of the February Revolution
March 1917.

July events in Petrograd. Soldiers of a scooter shelf, arriving from the front to suppress the inside. July 1917.

Work on the place of the train crash after anarchist attack. January 1920.

Red commander in the new office. January 1920.

Commander-in-Chief of the Lavr Kornilov. 1917

Chairman of the Provisional Government Alexander Kerensky. 1917

Commander of the 25th rifle division of the RKKKA Vasily Chapaev (right) and commander Sergey Zakharov. 1918

Sound recording of speech Vladimir Lenin in the Kremlin. 1919

Vladimir Lenin in Smolny at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissar. January 1918.

February Revolution. Check documents on Nevsky Prospect
February 1917.

The brother of the soldier of General Laurel Cornilov with the troops of the temporary government. August 1 - 30, 1917

Steinberg Yakov Vladimirovich

Military intervention in Soviet Russia. Command Composition of the White Army with representatives of foreign troops

Station in Yekaterinburg after taking the city by parts of the Siberian Army and the Czechoslovak Corps. 1918

Demolition of the monument to Alexander III at the Church of Christ the Savior

Polymatot workers at the boat car. Western Front. Voronezh direction

Portrait of military

Shot Date: 1917 - 1919

In the hospital laundry. 1919

Ukrainian front.

Sisters of mercy of the partisan squad of Kashirina. Evdokia Aleksandrovna Davydova and Taisiya Petrovna Kuznetsova. 1919

The detachments of the Red Cossacks Nikolai and Ivan Kashirina in the summer of 1918 became part of the consolidated South Ural partisan squad of Vasily Blucher, which made a raid in the mountains of the Southern Urals. Connecting under Kungur in September 1918 with the parts of the Red Army, the partisans fought as part of the troops of the 3rd army of the Eastern Front. After reorganization in January 1920, these troops began to be called the army of labor, the purpose of which was the restoration of the national economy of the Chelyabinsk province.

Red Commander Anton Bolusnyuk, wounded thirteen times

Mikhail Tukhachevsky

Gregory Kotovsky
1919

At the entrance to the building of the Smolny Institute - the headquarters of the Bolsheviks during the October coup. 1917

Medical examination workers mobilized to the Red Army. 1918

On the boat "Voronezh"

Red Army women in liberated from the white city. 1919

Sineles of the 1918 sample, which included in the expense of the Civil War initially in the budenal army, were preserved with minor changes to the 1939 military reform. The machine gun "Maxim" is installed on Tachanka.

July events in Petrograd. The funeral of the Cossacks who died during the suppression of the rebellion. 1917.

Pavel Dybenko and Nestor Makhno. November - December 1918

Red Army Supply Employees

Coba / Joseph Stalin. 1918

On May 29, 1918, the Soviet University of the RSFSR appointed Joseph Stalin in the south of Russia and sent it as an emergency authorized WTCIK on bread harvesting from the North Caucasus to industrial centers.

The defense of Tsaritsyn - the Military Campaign of the "Red" troops against the "White" troops for control over the city of Tsaritsyn during the civil war in Russia.

People's Commissar on Military and Maritime Affairs of the RSFSR Lion Trotsky welcomes soldiers under Petrograd
1919

Commander of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia General Anton Denikin and Ataman of the Severe Troops of Donskoy African Brojevsky at the solemn prayer on the occasion of the release of Don from the troops of the Red Army
June - August 1919

General Radola Hyda and Admiral Alexander Kolchak (from left to right) with officers of the White Army
1919

Alexander Ilyich Dutov - Ataman Orenburg Cossack troops

In 1918, Alexander Dutov (1864-1921) announced a new power of criminal and illegal, organized armed Cossack squads, which were the base of the Orenburg (south-western) army. Most of the bellazaks consisted in this army. For the first time, the name of Dutov became known in August 1917, when he was an active participant in Cornilovsky rebellion. After that, the Dutov was sent by the temporary government to the Orenburg province, where in the fall she was strengthened in Troitsk and Verkhneuralsk. His power lasted until April 1918.

Struffes
1920-E.

Soshalsky Georgy Nikolaevich

Stovers transport the urban archive. 1920-E.

By the beginning of the civil war, white exceeded the red almost in everything - it seemed that the Bolsheviks were doomed. Nevertheless, it was red that was destined to get out of this opposition to the winners. Among the entire huge set of reasons that have led to this, three key are distinguished.

Under the rule of chaos

"... I will immediately point to the three reasons for the failure of a white movement:
1) insufficient and untimely,
led by narrow-minded considerations assistance to allies,
2) a gradual increase in the reaction elements in the composition of movement and
3) as a result of the second, disappointment of the masses in white movement ...

P. Milyukov. Report on white movement.
Newspaper "Latest News" (Paris), August 6, 1924

To begin with, it is necessary to specify that the definitions of "red" and "white" are largely conditional, as it always happens when describing the civil university. War is chaos, and civil war - chaos, built into an infinite degree. Even now, after a short century, the question "So who was right?" It remains open and difficult to develop.

At the same time, everything that happened was perceived as a real end of the world, the time of complete unpredictability and uncertainty. The color is banned, declared beliefs - all this existed only "here and now" and in any case did not guarantee anything. The parties and beliefs changed with amazing ease, and this was not considered something abnormal and unnatural. Revolutionaries with many years of experience in the struggle - for example, the esters - became ministers of new governments and branded opponents as counter-revolutionaries. And the Bolsheviks helped create the army and counterintelligence, proven centers of the royal regime - including nobles, Guards officers, graduates of the Academy of the General Staff. People in attempts at least somehow survive threw out of one extreme to another. Or "extremes" themselves came to them - in the form of an immortal phrase: "White came - robbed, the red came - rob, well, how do you go to the poor peasant peasant?" Both loners and whole military units regularly changed the sides.

Captured could go under honestly in the best traditions of the XVIII century under honestly, kill the most upheld ways or put in their own system. Ordered, the slender division "these - red, these - white, there are green, and these morally unstable and undefined" developed only years later.

Therefore, it should always be remembered that when it comes to any side of the civil conflict, meaning not the strict ranks of regular formations, but rather "centers of force." The attraction points of the set of groups that were in constant motion and the incessant conflicts of all with everyone.

But why did the center of the power won, which we are generalized by referring to the "red"? Why did the "Lord" lost to "comrades"?

Question about "Red Terror"

"Red terror" is often used as ultima Ratio., Description of the main tool of the Bolsheviks, who allegedly threw an intimidated country to their feet. This is not true. Terror has always walked hand in hand with a civil barrel, because it is derived from the limit fierce of this kind of conflict, in which the opponents have nowhere to run and have nothing to lose. Moreover, opponents could in principle avoid organized terror as a means.

Earlier it was already said that initially opponents were small groups surrounded by the sea of \u200b\u200banarchic library and apolitical peasant masses. White General Mikhail Drozdovsky brought about two thousand people from Romania. Approximately the same than the volunteers were originally in Mikhail Alekseeva with Kornilov Lavra. And the bulk just did not want to fight, including a very significant part of the officers. In Kiev, officers happened to work as waiters, in shape and all awards - "is more submitted,".

Second Drozdovsky Equestrian Regiment
Rusk.ru.

In order to defeat and implement their vision of the future, the army was required to all participants (that is, recruits) and bread. Bread for the city (military production and transport), for the army and soldering valuable professionals and commander.

People and bread could only be taken on the village only, a peasant who was not going to give it no other "for so", but there was nothing to pay. From here - the requisition and mobilization, which with equal zeal had to be resorted by white, and red (and before them - also to the temporary government). As a result, the excitement of the village, opposition, the need to suppress the perturbation with the most cruel methods.

Therefore, the notorious and terrible "red terror" was not a decisive argument or something sharply distinguished on the general background of the atrocity of the Civil War. Terror did everything and the victory to the Bolsheviks did not bring him.

1. Unitimate.
2. Organization.
3. Ideology.

Consider these items sequentially.

1. Uniqueness, or "When there is no consent in the Lord ...".

It should be noted that the Bolsheviks (or, if you take wider, the "socialists-revolutionaries" at all) initially had very good experience in conditions of instability and chaos. The situation when the enemies around them, in their own rows of guards and generally " tRUST NO ONE " - there was an ordinary production process for them. With the beginning of the Civil Bolsheviks, in general, they continued what they did earlier, only in more preferential terms, because now they themselves became one of the main players. They are skill Waving in full-length varies and everyday treason. But their opponents skill "attract an ally and give it on time while he did not betray you" used much worse. Therefore, at the peak of the conflict against a comparatively single (according to the presence of one leader), many white groupings were crushed, and each led his war on his own plans and disuses.

Actually, this annoyance and vicinity of the overall strategy were deprived of white victories in 1918. Anntante notes needed the Russian front against the Germans and was ready for a lot, just to preserve at least his visibility, pulling away the German troops from the Western Front. The Bolsheviks were extremely weak and unorganized, and help could be demanded at least in the expense of partial supplies of military orders already paid by the tsarism. But ... White preferred to take the projectiles through Krasnov in Germans for the war against the red - creating the corresponding reputation in the eyes of the Entente. Germans, losing the war in the West, disappeared. The Bolsheviks have steadily created an organized army instead of the semi-cedisan detachments, tried to establish the military industry. And in 1919, the Annta has already won his war and did not want, and he could not bear big, and most importantly - who did not give the visible benefits of expenses in a distant country. Intervention forces one after another left the fronts of the civil war.

White could not agree with any distortion - as a result of their rear (almost all) heated in the air. And, as if it was not enough, each White leader was sitting in the rear of his own "Ataman", poisoning life. Kolchak - Semenov, Denikina - Kuban Rada with Kalabukhov and Mamontov, Vrangel - Orlovshchina in Crimea, Yudenich - Bermond Avalov.

Agitational white motion poster
Statehistory.ru.

So, although the externally, the Bolsheviks seemed surrounded by enemies and a doomed camp, they could concentrate on the selected areas, throwing at least some resources on the internal transport lines - despite the collapse of the transport system. Each particularly taken white general could hardly beat the enemy on the battlefield - and the Reds recognized these defeats - but these pogroms did not develop into a single boxing combination, which would knock out the fighter in the red corner of the ring. The Bolsheviks kept each separate lunge, copied strength and beat in response.

Year of 1918: Kornilov goes to Ekaterinodar, but other white detachments from there have already gone. Then the volunteer army fits in battles in the North Caucasus, and Krasnov's Cossacks at the same time go to Tsaritsyn, where they get their own from the red. In 1919, thanks to foreign help (about this below), Donbass finally took Tsaritsyn - but Kolchak in Siberia is already broken. In the autumn, Yudenich goes to Petrograd, having a great chance to take it - and Denikin in the south of Russia is divided and retreats. Wrangel, having excellent aircraft and tanks, in 1920 comes out of the Crimea, the battles at first are successful for whites, but the Poles are already concluded with the Red World. Etc. Khachaturian - "Dance with sabers", only much worse.

White fully realized the seriousness of this problem and even tried to decide it, choosing a single leader (Kolchak) and trying to coordinate actions. But by that time it was too late. And the real coordination on the fact was absent as a class.

"The white movement did not end the victory because it did not have a white dictatorship. And it was prevented by the centrifugal forces swollen by the revolution, and all the elements associated with the revolution and did not break with it ... A white "concentration of power ..." was needed against the Red Dictatorship ... "

N. Lviv. "White Movement", 1924.

2. Organization - "War won in the rear"

As again, it was mentioned above, white for a long time had an obvious superiority on the battlefield. It was so sensible that in this time is the subject of pride of supporters of white movement. Accordingly, all sorts of conspiracy explanations are invented, designed to explain - why did everything end so much and where are the victories? .. From here and legends about the monstrous and unparalleled "Red Terror".

And the unparthalter is actually simple and, alas, the white - white won tactically, in battle, but they lost the main battle - in their own rear.

"None of the governments [Anti-Bolshevik] ... failed to create a flexible and strong apparatus of power, which can rapidly and quickly overtake, forced, act and force others to act. The Bolsheviks also did not capture the People's Soul, also did not become a national phenomenon, but endlessly ahead of us at the pace of their actions, in energy, mobility and ability to force. We are with our old techniques, old psychology, old vices of the military and civilian bureaucracy, with the Petrovskaya table of ranks did not sleep behind them ... "

In the spring of 1919, the commander of the Denikin artillery had only two hundred shells a day ... on a separate tool? No, on the whole army.

England, France and other powers, despite the later curses whites on their address, provided considerable or even tremendous help. Only Denikin in the same 19th year of the British put 74 tanks, a half-hundred-and-half of aircraft, hundreds of cars and dozens of tractors, more than five hundred guns, including 6-8-inch warm men, thousands of machine guns, more than two hundred thousand rifles, hundreds of millions of cartridges and two million Shells ... This is very decent numbers, even on a scale of just the rejected Great War, they would not be ashamed to lead in context, say the battle for Ipre or Somme, describing the situation in a separate section of the front. And for the Civil War, forced to Poor and Turnured - it is fabulously a lot. Such an armada, concentrated in several "fists", in itself could break the red front, like a rotten rag.

Detachment of Tanks Shock-Fire Brigade Before Departing to Front
Velikoe-Sorokoletie.diary.ru.

However, in compact crushing groups, this wealth did not unite. Moreover, the overwhelming part at all reached the front. Because the rear supply organization was fully failed. And cargo (ammunition, food, uniforms, technique ...) or ravened, or scored remote warehouses.

New British Gaubes spoke untrained white calculations in three weeks, which repeatedly led English advisors to confusion. 1920 - Wrangel, according to the red, on the day of combat, no more than 20 shells on the instrument took place. Part of the batteries in general had to be dug into the rear.

On all the fronts, torn soldiers and no less dangling officers of the White Army, without food and cartridges, were desperately fought with Bolshevism. And in the rear ...

"Looking at these shorts of the villains, on these smashed ladies with diamonds, on these outdoor young people, I felt only one thing:" I prayed: "Lord, went here the Bolsheviks, at least for a week, so that at least among the horrors of the Eccups these animals understand that they Make. "

Ivan Nazhivin, Russian Writer and Emigrant

Incoming and inability to organize, expressing modern tongue, logistics and rear discipline, led to the fact that purely military victories of the white movement dissolved in smoke. White chronically could not "give up" the enemy, while slowly and irreversibly losing their battle qualities. White army at the beginning and end of civilian fundamentally differed only by the degree of overannance and mental donomas - and not to the best to the final side. But the red - change ...

"Yesterday a public lecture of Colonel Kotin, who fled from the Red Army; The presences did not understand the bitterness of the lecturer, indicating that in the Commissars of the army there is much more order and discipline than we have, and the grand scandal produced, with an attempt to beat the lecturer, one of the ideological workers of our National Center; Especially offended when K. noted that in the Red Army a drunken officer is impossible, for any commissioner or a communist will shoot it now. "

Baron Budberg

Budberg somewhat idealized the picture, but the essence appreciated right. And not only he. In the emerging red army, evolution was evolution, the red fell, they received painful blows, but rose and went on, making conclusions from lesions. And even in tactics more than once and no two efforts were broken about the persistent defense of the red - from Ekaterinodar to Yakut villages. On the contrary, the failure of white - and the front collapses hundreds of kilometers, often - forever.

1918, Summer is a Taman hike, on the national teams of red in 27,000 bayonets and 3500 sabers - 15 guns, at best, from 5 to 10 rounds on a fighter. No food, forage, wrap and kitchens.

Red Army in 1918.
Figure Boris Efimova
http://www.ageod-forum.com.

1920, autumn - a shock fire brigade at Kakhovka has a battery of six-inch warmts, two light batteries, two arrow-troops (still detachment of tanks, but in battles he did not have time to take part), more than 180 machine guns for 5.5 thousand people, a nursing team, The fighters are dressed with a needle and amazed by a learning even the enemy, the commanders received a leather shape.

Red Army in 1921.
Figure Boris Efimova
http://www.ageod-forum.com.

Red Cavalry Dumenko and Budennye forced her tactics even enemy. While white most often "shone" the frontal attack of infantry in full growth and bypassing the cavalry from the flank. When the white army with Wrangela thanks to the delivery of technology began to resemble modern - it was too late.

The Reds are a place and personnel officers - like Kamenev and Vacegets, and making a successful career "from the bottom" of the army - Dumenko and Budne, and nuggets - Frunze.

And in white, with all the wealth of choice, one of the army of Kvchak commands ... Former Feldsher. The decisive offensive of Denikin to Moscow is headed by May-Maevsky, standing out by acking even on a general background. Grishin-diamonds, Major General, "works" by a courier between Kolchak and Denikin, where and dies. In almost every part, contempt with respect to others.

3. Ideology - "Vote rifle!"

What was the Civil War for an ordinary citizen, a private ordinary man? Praphrazing one of the modern researchers, in essence, it turned out to be ambitious, stretched for several years democratic elections under the slogan "Vote by a rifle!". A person could not choose time and place where he had to take amazing and terrible historical events. However, could - albeit restricted - to choose your place in the present. Or, at worst, his attitude towards it.

Remember what has already mentioned above - the opponents extremely needed armed force and food. People and food could be raised by force, but not always and not everywhere, multiplying enemies and haters. Ultimately, the winner was not determined by how cruel it would be and how many individual battles he could win. So that he can offer a huge apolitical mass, insanely tired of the irresponsible and protracted end of the world. Will there be able to attract new supporters, to preserve the loyalty of the former, to make the neutral fluctuate, break moral enemies.

Bolsheviks - managed. And their opponents - no.

"What did the red wanted when they went to fight? They wanted to defeat whites and fixed on this victory, create a foundation from it for the last construction of their communist statehood.

What did you want white? They wanted to defeat the red. And then? Then - nothing, because only state babies could not understand that the forces supported by the building of the old statehood were destroyed to the ground, and that there were no opportunities to restore these forces.

The victory for the red was a means for whites - the goal, and moreover, the only one. "

Background Rupa. "Causes of white motion failure"

Ideology is a tool that is difficult to calculate mathematically, but it also has its own weight. In the country, where most of the population almost hardly read in warehouses, it was extremely important to be able to clearly explain, for which it is proposed to fight and die. Reds were able. White failed to even consolidately solve each other, for which they fight. On the contrary, they found the right posting of ideology "for later » , conscious unintention. Even among the White Union themselves between "property classes » , officers, Cossacks and "Revolutionary Democracy » called unnatural - how to convince the fluctuating?

« ... We have a huge blood jelly bank of the sick Russia ... Transfer of power from Soviet hands to our hands would not save Russia. It is necessary for something new, something still unconscious - then you can hope for slow rebirth. And no Bolsheviks, nor the power of us, and it is even better! "

A. Lamp. From the "diary". 1920 year

Tale of the losers

In essence, our forced brief note has become a story about white weaknesses and to a significantly lesser extent - about red. This is not by chance. In any civil war, all parties demonstrate a unthinkable, the shipping level of the Bardak and inorganic. Naturally, the Bolsheviks with joined fellow travelers did not compile exceptions. But the white put an absolute record for what they would now be called "deliverance."

In essence, it was not red won the war, they in general did something that they were doing before - they fought for power and solved the problems that broofed the path to their future.

These are white lost confrontation, lost at all levels - from political declarations to tactics and organization of the supply of the army.

The irony of fate - most of the whites did not defend the royal regime, and even took an active part in his overthrow. They knew perfectly and criticized all tsarism ulcers. However, at the same time, all major errors of the former power, who led it to the collapse of the oldest government, took the scrupulously. Only in a more explicit, even caricature form.

Finally, I would like to give the words that were originally written in relation to the civil war in England, but it's great and to those terrible and great events that we shake themselves without a small one hundred years ago ...

"They say that these people tweed the vortex of events, but the matter is in the other. No one was carried away by anywhere, and there were no inexplicable strength and invisible hands. Just once, when they turned out to be in front of the choice, they took the right, from their point of view, decisions, but in the end the chain of faithful intentions led to the dark forest ... It remained only to join the evil fewers, until finally, the survivors did not go to the world , With horror, looking at the road left behind his back with the corpses. Many passed through it, but blessed those who understand their enemy and then did not curse him "

A. V. Tomswinov "Blind Children of Kronos".

Literature:

1. Budberg A. Diary of the White Guard. - MN: Harvest, M.: AST, 2001
2. Gul R. B. Ice Hike (with Cornilov). http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/gul_rb/index.html.
3. Drozdovsky M. G. Diary. - Berlin: Otto Kirchner and Ko, 1923.
4. Zaysov A. A. 1918. Essays on the history of the Russian Civil War. Paris, 1934.
5. Kakurin N. E., Vacetyes I. I. Civil War. 1918-1921. - SPb.: Polygon, 2002.
6. Kakurin N. E. How the revolution fought. 1917-1918. M., "Politicize", 1990.
7. Kovtyuh E. I. "Iron Flow" in a military presentation. MOSCOW: Goslevisdat, 1935
8. Kornatovsky N. A. Fight for Red Petrograd. - M: ACT, 2004.
9. Essays E. I. Stovovalova.
10. http://feb-web.ru/feb/rosarc/ra6/ra6-637-.htm
11. Reden. Through the hell of the Russian revolution. Gardemarine memories. 1914-1919. M.: Centerpolygraph, 2007
12. Wilmson Hadlston. Farewell to Don. Civil war in Russia in the diaries of the British officer. M.: Centerpolygraph, 2007
13. LJ Eugene Dueneva http://eugend.livejournal.com - various cognitive materials are collected in it, incl. Considered some issues of red and white terror in relation to Tambovschina and Siberia.

A hundred years ago, civil war raged in Russia, the red fought with white. We talked to S. doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor MPGU About what was a white movement: who were whom were white, which they wanted why they were so called, what was their attitude to religion in general and Orthodoxy in particular.

White rarely called themselves white

- Why were white called white?

- In 1917 and even earlier, during the first Russian revolution, the white color was perceived in the political spectrum as the color of legitimism and was associated with the monarchy. This was associated partly with the history of France, where the royal coat of arms of Bourbon was a white lily, and the white color during the Great French Revolution became the color of the French royalists.

- That is, this term is from France, and they previously denoted supporters of the "old regime"?

- Mostly yes. Moreover, in Russia it was often used by the negative context of this epithet, which emanated from the left, revolutionary journalism. And the participants of the white movement did not see anything bad in this color. On the contrary, they believed that they could be proud of them. But here there is an important detail. When the civil war went to Russia, the term "white movement" was almost not used by the "white". But in Soviet journalism, he was used quite wide.

White considered themselves representatives and defenders of the legitimate Russian government

"White" determine as representatives and defenders of legal Russian government. For example, the Supreme Ruler of Russia Admiral Kolchak. He was not called the Supreme Ruler of the White Movement. Or used the name of the region in which military and political structures were located. For example, the ruler of the South of Russia General Wrangel in 1920. Denikin commanded the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. And the last White Government in Russia is the Amur Zemsky Territory in the Far East - he headed as a ruler General Dietershs. That is, a regional aspect has had a decisive role in the title.

Everything became different in abroad. White motion participants began to determine ourselves "white" more from a psychological, sociocultural position, and not with military-political and territorial. And it was very important. Because they were on someone else's land, in another country. It was necessary to preserve ourselves not just as Russian people, but as supporters of a certain system of values, for which they gave life during the civil war. And the definition of "white", this "color component" became appropriate here.

There are some more interpretations of the "white" context. White color - the color of moral, spiritual purity. Remember: White clothes, white rises, white, bright angels. In the physical sense, white color is a range of colors. And therefore, under the "white" one could generalize the diversity of political, military forces, which represented the Bolshevik opponents in a broad sense of that word.

But nevertheless, in the context of typing upstream, this combination was used mainly by opponents of white, the Bolsheviks, as an analogue of the reaction and restoration of the monarchy.

True, the word "white" was used during the Civil War in the North-West to denote the fighters of the North-West Army of the Eudenic. One of the tanks participating in the "hike to Petrograd" was called, for example, "White Soldier". The White Cross North-Westerns turned on the left sleeve of overweights or the nip. It can be explained by the fact that the army of Yudenich was considered a kind of an analogue of the "White Guard", which was in Finland and fought with the Finnish "Red Guard" in 1918. There was still interpretation: "Baltic Cross", ancooked, white color.

The phrase "White Guard" was used during the Moscow fights of 1917, but only for the designation of irregular military units. It was not a junker, officers or cadets, but gymnasists, students and ridingrs, officials. It was a "civil" youth speaking against the Bolsheviks. Looks like a militia.

But rarely, where else in the political context, the adjective "white" was used. When this term is called simply all those who opposed the Bolsheviks, there is a very large proportion of convention, schematism. It greatly simplifies the picture of the then confrontation.

- I would venture to say that in principle it is clear why white little called themselves white. After all, the red is brighter, energetic, militant. And the white color is a little wrong of this world. And to call yourself white - it is like energy to put yourself in a losing position.

- You're right. I will add that you need to still understand the following. When a civil war was on the territory of Russia, the white movement assumed himself as a real alternative to Soviet Russia, the authorities of the Bolsheviks. And this alternative must have a corresponding name. And not psychological, metaphysical, and completely concrete: legitimate Russian power.

Five signs of white movement

- What united those whom we call white? Is it still a single movement, or did it consist of completely dissimilar strength?

- When I worked on a doctoral dissertation, and even earlier, in the late 1990s, when I wrote articles in the magazine "Questions of History" and in the Great Russian Encyclopedia ("White Movement"), I tried to highlight five distinctive features.

The first is an irreconcilable confrontation with the Soviet authorities. After all, if we say, for example, about Mensheviks and Esrah, they are against the Bolsheviks, but on certain conditions. Sometimes they have entered into them with them. In particular, when the left esters were included in the Council of People's Commissars in November 1917, or when they together with the Bolsheviks opposed Kolchak and raised the uprisings in Siberia.

White were always against the Bolsheviks and never went on a compromise with them during the civil war.

- That is, the sera and the little workers do not fall into white?

- They rather fall under the definition of "Anti-Bolshevik forces" or "Anti-Bolshevik movement". The terms "counter-revolution" and "Anti-Bolshevik movement" are much wider than the concept of "white". The fact that they are all called "white", "enemies of the people," this was largely from V.I. Lenin. For him, anyone who is not with the Bolsheviks, or "Travel", or "enemies". How to call them easier? That all became "white", "counter-revolutionary", although this is a strong simplification.

The second sign is also very important, - the priority of military authorities, military dictatorship. This whites were also different from Anti-Bolshevikov at all. Because for anti-bolshevik-socialists, military dictatorship was unacceptable. Take the position of Kerensky in 1917, when he did not go to the Union with Cornilov. We see the same in 1918 in the Ufa directory, which Kolchak changed. It had democrats, anti-bolsheviki, but not supporters of military dictatorship. They were supporters of the collegial power, the broad coalition of all those against the Bolsheviks, including the military.

White recognized the superiority of sole power, a dictatorship personified in a military leader

And the White clearly recognized the superiority of sole power, dictatorship, personified in a military leader. It could be Cornilov, Wrangel, Yudenich, Denikin, Kolchak. Why is it important? Because there is a war. And once there is a war, then there must be a priority of military authorities over civilian.

But here I want to make an important explanation. Now completely incorrect conclusions are often made that since the White had a military dictatorship, it means that it was an analogue of fascist regimes. The thesis is given about the alleged "total dependence" of whites from foreign countries. And then on these absolutely contrived grounds, applications are made about the identity of Kolchak, General Vlasov, or, for example, Franco or Pinochet regimes. But in Chile there was no civil war, except for the fights in Santiago. Franco, defeating in the Civil War in Spain, remained a dictator. Vlasov never proclaimed its continuity from white movement. And the white position was like this: military dictatorship is necessary only for the period of hostilities. As soon as the war is over, the military should, relatively speaking, "move aside", to ensure elections to the National Assembly, give way to politicians.

But military dictatorship is necessary only for the period of hostilities

And here we come to another distinctive feature of the concept of "white". It can be determined as an all-Russian scale of the political program. This was expressed in the recognition of Kolchak by the Supreme Ruler of Russia. He appointed Yudenich and Miller with his subordinates. Denikin recognized him, becoming his deputy. And even then, when White turned out to be on the "last Pins of the Russian Earth" (as the Wrangel Crimea called), they still continued to proclaim the All-Russian nature of their power. Not now, so in the future.

And the proclaimed All-Russian status did inevitable the centripethey character of the combat operations of the White Armies. "Going to Moscow" and "Hike to Petrograd" were planned and held. The campaign in the "Heart of Russia" was also spoken by Wrangel, and Dietershs, and Baron Ungern, although their position was very far geographically from the central provinces.

The fourth feature is the community of proclaimed political programs. Sometimes they say that military dictatorship made unnecessary whatever political programs. Say, the military - people are limited, just can command. But, first, it is unfair to the then military. These were people with a wide range of knowledge and large volume of knowledge. Recall at least a quacker, which was a prominent polar explorer, or Denikin - a famous writer and a public figure.

Next to the generals were politicians: Cadets - "Warning Party" in those years

Next to the generals were politicians. Among them, it is necessary to especially celebrate the Cadet Party. Cadets, like the Bolsheviks, is the "warring party" in those years. Cadet intelligentsia worked almost in all white governments, in the White underground. Many died. This party was almost immediately after the arrival of the Bolsheviks to power is prohibited, declared the parties of the "enemies of the people." And in this situation they had to come close to the military. They gave them a political support and slogans. All software questions in white, if we look attentively: Agricultural, working, national - everywhere we will find a strong cadet influence.

Cadets largely created the generality of white movement. And although the white fronts had almost no territorial contact (they came from different places: from Siberia, from the north, north-west, south), but there was a community ideological, spiritual.

And the fifth sign: White almost always used the Russian national symbolism as a state. These were our white-blue-red tricolor and a double-headed eagle. True, variations of a double-headed eagle could be different: he could be without a crown, under the Orthodox cross, with a sword, with open wings, with lowered wings ... But still, this symbolism remained a common: double-headed eagle and tricolor.

The anniversary of the February Revolution was a holiday in Soviet Russia

- What other significant political factions were among whites, except for cadets? How were the monarchists presented? There is a commodity opinion that there were little monarchists in a white movement.

- This is not true. I agree that among the ministers of the White Government there were few former ministers of the Imperial Government, in the White Guide did not mean bright leaders of the Union of Russian People or the Union of Mikhail Arkhangel. For some reason, it is believed that these two organizations were 100% from monarchists. However, there are evidence and not isolated that many ordinary members of the Union of Russian people even turned out to be in the Bolshevik party. Many, alas, lived on the principle of "where the wind will fuss." Previously, the emperor's sovereign was supported, and the Bolsheviks became profitable - went to them. Attention was paid to V.I. Lenin, when he stated that many old bureaucrats and officials were penetrated into the Bolshevik Party and what should be cleaned by a party from such "members". And I think Lenin was definitely right. Such "members" will not give any party of force. This is a party "ballast", and not real power.

As for the cadets, it should be noted that they were very quickly evolved to the right. By the end of 1917, many many declared the restoration of the monarchy and renounced their republican, "postfewrald" views. Many cadets spoke again about the advantages of the constitutional monarchy or proclaimed the position of "no-judgment." It was implied that the white movement does not determine the form of government - the monarchy or the republic. This will make a new, chosen national assembly.

Dietershs proclaimed the restoration of the monarchy through the All-Russian Zemsky Cathedral, through the period of military dictatorship. The only question that could not answer is a question of a person: who will be a monarch. In the death of Nicholas II, Mikhail Alexandrovich and Alexei Nikolayevich, many did not believe. After all, their bodies were found.

In the white press, for example, February 1917 cursed not embarrassed. Only esters and Mensheviks proud of them, like the Bolsheviks. This should also be remembered. The anniversary of the February Revolution was a holiday in Soviet Russia, he was noted every year as a holiday "Loading autocracy".

Or take another bright example: the composition of the guards regiments in white. Not Markovtsy or Kornilovtsev - it was the so-called "young guard", and those regiments of the Imperial Guard, the revival of which Denikin approved in the south of Russia. If you take the Biographical Directory "White Movement" historian S.V. Volkova, we will find representatives of almost all of our noble childbirth in it. There are Obolensky, and Golitsyn, and Trubetsky, and other famous nobility names. Together with Denikin walked to Moscow. How after that say that the monarchists did not participate in white movement? And where were they? In emigration immediately left? Many and money did not have large after all "confiscations". Or "Gutalin Cooked", as Colonel Tortkin in "Kingdom of Flinks"? Of course, participated in white movement. In this sense and Lenin was again right when defined many white as monarchists. On all Soviet leaflets and white posters, they represented as bearing the restoration of the "royal regime". This was the proportion of truth.

- So, do you agree with the opinion that the monarchy would be restored during the victory of white?

- with a very large probability. The monarchy was not excluded as a final decision for the future National Assembly. Especially when considering that the elections would not have the right to participate by the Bolsheviks, anarchists and left-wing esters.

It was assumed that the National Assembly will restore the monarchy - constitutional

Other business, what monarchy? Of course, it would not be an autocracy, but the monarchy is constitutional, with parliament. But this parliament could greatly "recover."

- What do you think, what kind of white armies were the chances of winning?

- The chances of winning, purely theoretically, were those who were closer to three our, relatively speaking, the capitals. Denikin took Kiev, his army was approached by Moscow, and the officers of the army of Yudenich, as we know, saw the Dome of St. Isaac's Cathedral in Petrograd. Since they recognized Kolchak, then admiral believed that they fulfill the common cause. True, he himself could not help anything from Siberia, if only to delay the part of the Red Army's strength. But if Moscow and Petrograd were taken, he became already a complete supreme ruler. Well, and then it was assumed to convene a new National Constituent Assembly, which will take the main decisions on the political and economic structure of Russia.

But in hostilities, White had another problem. It's one thing to approach the maximum distance to the capitals, the other is to take them and keep them there. There was a risk just to die on the approaches or during street fighting. With a large probability, it could be assumed regarding the small Northwest Army. Under the direction of the head of the St. Petersburg City Council of the party G.E. Zinoviev and ld Trotsky on the streets of Petrograd was created by several borders of defense, silly houses were built, armored tower placed, the cross-mover-gun systems are arranged, etc.

By the fall of 1919, the Red Army was already well formed and strengthened, including ideologically

We must not forget that by the autumn of 1919 the Red Army was quite well mobilized and focused. The shelves had a "communist frame". In September-October 1919, mass party mobilization were conducted. Lenin was not going to "escape" from Moscow. He was sure, and he was convinced by Trotsky, Stalin and many People's War, that even if temporarily had to retreat, then everyone would not be able to defeat the final military victory.

- That is, it would be Pyrrhova victory?

- Yes. It would be a victory with big losses. It is noteworthy that the White themselves believed that they were closest to the victory were in the fall of 1919. But Lenin believed that there were more chances of opponents of Soviet power in 1918. The Red Army was then more weak, the red rear is also weak. Lenin feared the intervention more than whites, believed that the tenth parts of the Armies of the Entente in the early 1919 would be enough to destroy Soviet power. And by the end of 1919, almost 1.5 million people are listed in the Red Army, and White at best of half a million. Already from one of this we can conclude that the complete, final victory to win it was very difficult.

True, another variant of mass transfer captured by the Red Army under the blows of Denikin and Yudenich, the option in which the Red Army falls apart, despite its numerous. But the Commissioner had strengthened the Red Army at that time, the party composition was strengthened. Therefore, it was not very realistic to hope that she was so easy.

- And who was more cruel to civil - white or red? Or did the cruelty manifest themselves?

- There is an opinion that substantiated, in particular, in the work of P. Sorokina "Sociology of the Revolution", in the writings of other sociologists who compared our revolution with foreign analogues: the more agricultural nature there is a country, the more fiercely the civil war becomes. And vice versa. By the beginning of our civil war, cruelty became the norm. The value of human life fell. This happened from the First World War. The murder ceased to be considered a mortal sin. They justified the fact that for the sake of the "highest goal" you can kill, commit a mortal sin, and nothing special will. Add to this hundreds and thousands of rifles, revolvers, machine guns that have been in the hands of the population after the elemental "demobilization" of the royal army. This is also an important factor.

The center - both in red, and in white - almost did not control the local authority

Another important aspect is the degree of control of the central power over the local authorities. For example, Ya.M. Sverdlov actively supported the policy of "red terror", writing. But he was the author of the dozens of directives, where it was said about the arbitrariness of local security officers. Sverdlov appealed to Dzerzhinsky, and he also tried to fight it. And local CC, in particular Kiev or the sadly famous Kharkov, worked whatever. Ural regional councils independently decided on the execution of the royal family. Gave Sverdlov to this written indication or did not give, they were not particularly interested.

The same in white. The central authorities had few levers of influence on local atamans, for example. Kolchak published repeated orders that it is necessary to restore the legal system, introduced prosecutor's supervision. But who observed all these directives? Local Ataman, local counterintelligence, using the law on military situation, carried out repression.

The most cruel was "green" terror - messengers of rebel detachments and armies

I would also add terror on the side of the rebels, the so-called. "GREEN". He, perhaps, was the most cruel. Worse than white and red, because white and reds sought to create legality. And the rebels did not have any legality. Lawlessness, expressed by the language of the 90s of the last century. As Batka decides, and will do. At the same time, the cartridges saved, they could and alugnly burn into the ground, stuck, crucify, stick to forks.

- And the white terror, then, was also?

- The legal concept of "White Terror" was then not. I can conditionally call the "White Terror" a system of repressive measures, which were used by white governments, including in the conditions of declaring the military situation. For ordinary members of the Bolshevik Party, a long-term reference was assumed. The death penalty was allowed only to party leadership.

- Is it possible to say that white terror was less cruel than red, or not?

- We do not know the exact scales of terror. The question of who killed how much is the question of the degree of promiscuity of local bodies who were engaged in this terror. An example is the Crimea, where it is still unknown to the exact number of those who died with the sanctions R. Farmers and Bella Kuna. It is noteworthy that they were convicted of the Soviets. In the summer of 1921, the Commission of the Moscow Commission arrived in Crimea and stated that arbitrariness and impunity of the CC bodies were going on there. True, it was too late.

The weakness of the central government is one of the features of any revolution. On the one hand, the power wants to strengthen, trying to position itself as the power with which they are considered. And it lacks real opportunities to do it, because the device is discharged, "Drive belts" do not work. The center gives a general directive. And on the ground, this directive is adjusted to the absurdity or to the other oppositeness of the fact that in the center decided.

- What kind of role in the civil played national or, as sometimes they said, the foreign factor?

- For the red, he did not play the main role, because for them the concept of "foreigner" was a remnant of tsarism. They considered it important to encourage the nomination of people to senior posts not from the title nation, whether in the Caucasus, in Turkestan, Ukraine, etc.

White were considered important to rely on the local, national elite, to the local nobility: Princes, Pany, Emirs, etc. It was believed that with them you can enter into contracts, cooperate. Lenin here was also in principle right when he said that "exploiters without distinction of nationalities" united against Soviet power. But if the local elite was categorically separatist, then in whites, who spoke from the standpoint of the revival of "Unified, indivisible Russia", did not work with them.

- Is it possible to say that this war was a fratricidal? In the memoirs of Denikin there is an episode when his army storms some city, and the red fiercely fell back. And one white officer says to another officer: "Well, what do you want, the Russians are fighting there." And then they were silent, a closer theme.

- Yes of course. Any civil war is a warfather war.

- Sometimes they say that these are foreigners, the Jews seduced our people. In the red were mostly the same Russians?

- It was a fratricidal war: Brother on his brother. Jews were in red, and in the white armies and authorities.

It was a fratricide war: brother on brother

- You mentioned the green terror. Is it on the territory of Russia? Or more concerns the territory of Ukraine?

- Where did the term "green" come from? What does he mean?

- "Green" - the term conditional. Correctly say "rebels", the rebel peasant movement. In general, the partisan movement tried to put control. There were not only red, but also white partisans, in particular on Don and Kuban. They entered later in the white armies. For example, the Veshebnskie Cossack uprising on the top don. MA Sholokhov described it in the "quiet don" when the Veshensky rebels became part of the Don White Army.

Soviet leadership supported actions, in particular, Siberian and Far Eastern partisans. The latter, for example, amounted to the basis of the army of the Far Eastern Republic - DVR, and then they also became part of the Red Army. But in many ways the rebel peasant movement was independent strength, with its specificity.

- How significant was the religious factor in white movement? How many officers and soldiers were believers? Were there chaplains in the white armies, did their priests bless?

- The attitude towards the Russian Orthodox Church was one of those fundamental differences that were divorced by "different sides of the barricades" of red and white.

If in relation to, for example, the fate of the landlord land, "captured" peasants, in relation to trade unions, to the 8-hour working day it was possible to find similar features in Soviet politics and so-called. "Left politics with right hands", conducted by white governments, then in relation to the position of the church, the positions were fundamentally opposite. I note the following: The Russian government Admiral Kolchak fully recognized the legal status of decisions of the local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Orthodoxy recognized the "primary" religion, created the Offices of Confection, but they did not have the right to "indicate" the church of her position, but, on the contrary, had to provide all , including material, in ensuring the activities of parishes; In all the white armies, the positions of regimental priests, Mulle and Kapellanov were restored, the activities of church parishes were revived, and Dieterihs generally recognized them with the basis of local self-government. The principles of parish activities should have been revised, the priests were to lead an active sermon. The teaching of the Law of God in schools was restored. "Friends of the Holy Cross and the Green Banner" were created, which served Christian warriors and Muslims. Of course, it would be possible to find the facts of "sins" among whites, but we will not find here the facts of the "cropping faith".

I would like to note that: when working on materials about terror during the civil war, I met facts, especially among the so-called. "Terror of Green", about the murders of Orthodox priests. Many of them need an additional study, and perhaps we will witness new canonization.

In general, the history of white traffic is still far from completion.

Every Russian knows that in the Civil War 1917-1922 the year opposed two movements - "Red and White". But among historians, there is still no consensus, why it began. Someone believes that the cause was the Marsh Krasnov to the Russian capital (October 25); Others believe that the war began when in the near future the commander of the Volunteer Army Alekseev came to the Don (November 2); It is also believed that the war began with the fact that Milyukov proclaimed the "Declaration of the Volunteer Army, uttered at the ceremony, the name of the Don (December 27). Another popular opinion that is far from devoid of grounds is the opinion, according to which civil war was started immediately after the February Revolution, when the whole society split into adherents and opponents of the Romanov monarchy.

"White" movement in Russia

Everyone knows that "white" is adherents of monarchy and old orders.His primitives were visible in February 1917, when the monarchy was overthrown in Russia and the total restructuring of society began. The development of the "white" movement was during the arrival of the Bolsheviks, the formation of Soviet power. They represented the circle of displeased Soviet power, disagree with its policies and the principles of its management.
"White" were fans of an old monarchist building, refused to adopt new socialist orders, adhered to the principles of a traditional society. It is important to note that "white" completely and nearby were radicals, did not believed that it was possible to agree on something with the "red", on the contrary, they had the opinion that no negotiations and concessions were not allowed.
"White" chose with their banner of the tricolor Romanov. Commanded the White Movement Admiral Denikin and Kolchak, one in the south, the other in the harsh edges of Siberia.
The historical event that has become an impetus to the activation of the "White" and the transition to their side of most of the former army of the Romanov Empire, is the rebellion of General Cornilov, who, though he was suppressed, helped "White" to strengthen its ranks, especially in the southern regions, where under the command of General Alekseeva began to gather huge resources and a powerful disciplined army. Every day the army was replenished at the expense of the newcomers, rapidly grew, developed, hardened, trained.
Separately, you need to say about the commander of the White Guards (the army created by the "white" movement was called). They were unusually talented commander, calculating policies, strategists, tactics, subtle psychologists, skillful speakers. The most famous were Lavra Kornilov, Anton Denikin, Alexander Kolchak, Peter Krasnov, Peter Wrangel, Nikolay Yudenich, Mikhail Alekseev. Every of them can be told for a long time, their talent and merit for the "white" movement is difficult to overestimate.
In the war, White Guards defeated for a long time, and even summed up their troops in Moscow. But the army of Bolsheviks was stronger, moreover, they supported a significant part of the population of Russia, especially the poorest and numerous layers - workers and peasants. In the end, the forces of the White Guards were smithereens were broken. For some time they continued to act abroad, but, not exceeding, the "white" movement ceased.

"Red" movement

As with the "white", in the ranks of the "red" there were many talented commander and political figures. Among them is important to celebrate the most famous, namely: Lion Trotsky, Brusilov, Novitsky, Frunze. These commander managers showed themselves in battles against the White Guards. Trotsky was the main founders of the Red Army, Speaking decisive force in the confrontation of the "White" and "Red" in the Civil War. The ideological leader of the "Red" movement was known to every person Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.Lenin and his government actively supported the most massive sections of the population of the Russian state, namely, the proletariat, poor, small-earth and landless peasants, the working intelligentsia. It is these classes faster than all of all the tempting promises of the Bolsheviks, supported them and led the "red" to power.
The main party in the country has become Russian Social Democratic Workers Party Bolshevikswhich was later turned into the Communist Party. In fact, it was an unification of the intelligentsia, adherents of the socialist revolution, the social base of which were working classes.
To win in the civil war, the Bolsheviks were not easy - they still did not quite strengthened their power throughout the country, their fans were dispersed throughout a vast country, plus national outskirts began a national liberation struggle. Much forces went to war with the Ukrainian People's Republic, so the Red Army teams had to fight on several fronts during the civil war.
The attacks of the White Guards could come from any side of the horizon, because the four separate military formations, White Guards surrounded the Red Army from all sides. And despite all the difficulties, the "red" won in the war, mainly due to the wide social basis of the Communist Party.
Against the White Guardians, all representatives of national outflows were united, therefore they became the forced allies of the Red Army in the Civil War. To attract the inhabitants of the nationally, the Bolsheviks used loud slogans, such as the idea of \u200b\u200b"unified and indivisible Russia".
The victory in the war Bolsheviks brought support for the masses. Soviet power played on the sense of debt and patriotism of Russian citizens. Oils in the fire also poured the White Guards themselves, since their invasion was most often accompanied by massive, looting, violence in his other manifestations, which could not call people to support the "white" movement.

Results of the Civil War

As already mentioned several times, Victory in this fratricide war went to "red". The fratricidal civil war has become for the Russian people the most real tragedy. Material damage caused by the country's war on estimates was about 50 billion rubles - inconceivable money at the time, at times exceeding the amount of foreign debt of Russia. The level of industry due to this dropped by 14%, and agriculture - by 50%.Human losses according to different data were about t. 12 before 15 million.. Most of these people died from hunger, repression, diseases. In the course of hostilities gave their lives more 800 thousand soldiers on both sides. Also during the Civil War sharply fell by the balance of migration - about 2 million Russians left the country and left abroad.

Civil War in Russia had a number of distinctive features with internal confrontations that occurred in other states during this period. The civil war began in fact immediately after the establishment of the power of the Bolsheviks and lasted for five years.

Features of the Civil War in Russia

Military battles brought the peoples of Russia not only psychological suffering, but also large-scale human losses. The Theater of Military Action did not go beyond the Russian state, there was also no front line in the civil confrontation.

The cruelty of the Civil War was that the warring parties did not seek a compromise decision, but to complete physical destruction of each other. In this confrontation, there were no prisoners: the caught opponents were immediately executed.

The number of victims of the fratricide war several times the number of Russian soldiers died at the fronts of the First World War. The peoples of Russia were actually two warrant camps, one of which supported the communist ideology, the second tried to eliminate the Bolsheviks and recreate the monarchy.

Both sides did not tolerate the political neutrality of people who refuse to participate in hostilities were sent to the front forcibly, especially the principles were shot.

Composition of the Anti-Bolshevik White Army

The main driving force of the White Army was the retired officers of the imperial army, who previously gave oath to the imperial home and could not go against their own honor, recognizing the Bolshevik government. The ideology of socialist equality was alien to the prosperous segments of the population, which foresee the future robbing policies of the Bolsheviks.

Large, medium bourgeoisie and landowners have become the main source of income for the activities of the anti-Bolshevik army. Printed to the right and representatives of the clergy, who could not accept the fact of the unpunished murder of "God's Anointed", Nicholas II.

With the introduction of military communism, the white rows were replenished with displeased state politics with peasants and workers who previously speaking on the side of the Bolsheviks.

At the beginning of the revolution, the White Army had a high chance of throwing the Communists of the Bolsheviks: close ties with large industrialists, the rich experience of suppressing revolutionary uprisings and an indisputable influence on the people of the church were the impressive advantages of monarchists.

The defeat of the White Guardians is still quite explained officers and the commander-in-chiefs made the main bid on the professional army, without speeding up the mobilization of peasants and workers who ultimately "intercepted" to their side the Red Army, thus increasing its number.

The composition of Krasnogvardeyssev

Unlike White Guards, the Red Army arose not chaotic, but as a result of many years of development of the Bolsheviks. It was laid in its foundation, the class principle of the noble class in the ranks of the Red was closed, the commanders were elected among the usual workers who were the majority in the Red Army.

Initially, the army of the left forces was completed by volunteers by soldiers who took part in the First World War, the poorest representatives of the peasants and workers. In the ranks of the Red Army there were no professional commander, so the Bolsheviks created special military courses on which they were preparing future leadership personnel.

Thanks to this, the army was replenished with talented commissars and generals S. Budenny, V. Blucher, G. Zhukov, I. Konev. They moved to the side of the red and former generals of the royal army V. Egoryev, D. Parsky, P. Satent.