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• Introduction
• 3. Fight for power. Exile. Death
• Conclusion
• List of sources and literature

Introduction

Relevancetopics. Lev Davidovich Trotsky (Bronstein) is one of those major historical figures, the fate of which, replete with dramatic turns, is of great interest to researchers. This is the identity of a very large revolutionary and politics, and not only Russian, but also an international scale. There was a lot of mistakes, misses, recessions, but there was a lot of lifts, and he had a lot of lifts before the revolution. He was one of the most popular people of that time, but had very little supporters. Trotskyists in the country numbered a bit. When voting in the party, during the community discussions, the debate on the congresses was always noticeable. Trotsky was valued for the mind, oratory, journalism, organizational abilities, but very many in the party could not forgive him that he was having fun, constantly emphasizing his intellectual superiority, was convinced of his genius and even imposed this thought. About Trotsky today argue and say, like 70 years ago. They speak with hatred and reverence, malice and admiration. A man of unusual fate leaves no one indifferent. Portrait of a lyo Trotsky can not be unequivocally written in black, nor in white. The evolution of public assessments of the most famous revolutionary figure described a complete arc: from the enthusiastic glorification of the Great Leader of the World Revolution to the legend of His Anathema, and finally, she comes to a relaxing and objective perception of a bright, complex and ambiguous personality that took its place in the gallery of historical portraits. In this course work, we will try to give an objective historical assessment of the identity of Lev Davidovich Trotsky.

Historiography. We have already mentioned that Trotsky is an outstanding ambiguous personality and it is not surprising that the number of works about it in different languages \u200b\u200bin the aggregate is several dozen. The main part of the books about Trotsky is not simply politicized, but is written from the position of hate to it, or literature is expressed in apologetic tones.

In the Soviet historiography of the Stalin period, he was depicted as an embodiment of absolute evil, the enemy of Soviet power, the enemy of Soviet power. In the future, retaining the main Stalinist myths, the Soviet authors only moved it from the "Avangard" in the "Towing" reaction. The "Perestroika" historiography continued to endow his demonic features, but now he (with the filing of the writer-General D. Volkonov) turned into a "Demon Revolution" Volkogonov D.A. Trotsky. "Demon Revolution." - M., 2011; His own. Trotsky: political portrait. - M., 1992.t. 1-2. . TwoDomnik D.A. Volkonov is useful to researchers with new archival materials for the first time extracted from classified to this funds, however, is an attempt to create a rather portrait rather than the biographies of Trotsky.

A completely different image of Trotsky draws another historiographic tradition for which he is not a demon, and the prophet of revolution and genuine communism. It was in this vein that the largest labor of the last decades has been settled about the ideas and activities of Trotsky and his followers after the revolution - a semitomic study of V. Rogovin "Was there an alternative?" Rogovin V.Z. "Trotskyism": a look after years. - M., 1992. - T. 1.. Having collected a rich actual material, hoped predominantly from published sources, the author did not escape the idealization of his hero, presenting it to us as an impeccable policy. Isaac Doycher's work is also characterized by communist bias. In his three-volume biography, Deutscher I. Trotsky: an armed prophet. 1879 - 1921. - M., 2006; Its same. Trotsky: Unarmed Prophet. 1921 - 1929. - M., 2006; Its same. Trotsky: Exiled Prophet. 1929 - 1940. - M., 2006. Trotsky appears the only one who openly opposed Stalinism, up to its tragic end.

Readers and researchers have a mass of short essays and articles on private issues, but almost there is not a single versatile and detailed biography of Trotsky, but the article A.V. should be highlighted here. Pantsova Panzov A.V. Lev Davidovich Trotsky // Questions of history. 1990. №5. P. 65 - 87..

Another attempt to explore the life path of Lion Trotsky took Kharkov historian G.I. Chernyavsky Chernyavsky G.I. Lion Trotsky. Revolutionary. 1879-1917. - M., 2010. He set itself the goal to highlight the biography of Trotsky as objectively as possible, without hatred and enthusiasticity, black and Stalinist myths and, in my opinion, the author is undoubtedly possible. Chernyavsky also conducted a great job of publishing documents of Trotsky and Trotskyist opposition from American archives: together with Yu.G. Felshtinsky was compiled by a ninette compilation "Archive L.D. Trotsky", now placed in free access on the Internet Archive of Trotsky (in 9 tons) [Electronic resource] / under total. Red.G.I. Chernyavsky, Yu.G. Felshtinsky. - Kharkov., 1999-2001. T. 1-9. URL: http: //www.lib.ru/trockij (date of handling: 17. 04.2015). .

purpose Course work to explore the identity and political activities of L.D. Trotsky.

Taskscourse work:

1. Give the characteristics of the early biography and the beginning of political activities.

2. Consider the role of Trotsky in the 1917 Revolution and the Civil War.

3. Investigate the participation of Trotsky in the struggle for power, the final stage of life in exile and death.

Chronologicalframeworkresearch Encompass the entire period of life of Trotsky, respectively, it is 1879-1940

Geographicframeworkresearch include the territory of the former USSR, the place of the first and second emigration of Trotsky - London, Paris, New York, and places associated with the expulsion and murder - Alma-Ata, Turkey, France, Norway, Mexico.

An objectresearch: Personality and political activities L.D. Trotsky.

Thingresearch: key and controversial moments in the biography of Trotsky, characterizing him as a person and political leader.

Sourcebase Course work are the collections of the works of Trotsky in Russian, Trotsky L. My Life. Autobiography experience. - M., 1991; His own.Trotsky ld Diaries and letters / under total. ed. SOUTH. Felshtinsky. - M., 1994., published under his leadership magazines, press materials, documents of parties and organizations with which he was connected, and all sorts of personal investigations of not only Trotsky, but also his contemporaries. Of the published materials focused in foreign archives, a four-member compiled by Yu.G. Felshta Felshtinsky Yu.G. Archive Trotsky: Communist opposition in the USSR. - M., 1990.t. fourteen. . Its continuation is the nine-liter of documents "Archive L.D. Trotsky" also prepared by Felsta and Chernyavsky, as noted earlier, published on the Internet, the archive of Trotsky (at 9 t.) [Electronic resource] / under total. Red.G.I. Chernyavsky, Yu.G. Felshtinsky. - Kharkov., 1999-2001. 1-9. URL: // http: //www.lib.ru/trockij (date of handling: 19. 04.2015). .

Methodsresearch: The work is based on such principles of historical research as the principle of objectivity, which involves considering the historical reality as a whole, using the facts and studying them in the aggregate; The principle of systemism, which takes into account all parties and interconnection of the study and allows us to consider the object of the study as a set of interacting elements; The principle of historicism, which includes the consideration of all historical facts, phenomena and events in accordance with the specific historical circumstances, in their interdependence and the principle of support for historical sources, since without supporting them, our study would not be scientific and historical.

The following methods of historical study are used in the paper: a historical and genetic method (retrospective), which allows to show causal relations and patterns of development of a historical event; The problem-chronological method involving the dismemberment of the broad topics to a number of narrow problems, each of which will be considered in the chronological sequence; The historical and comparative method, with which you can reveal both general and special features in the development of phenomena, events; The historical and typological method that gives us the opportunity to consistently consider the dynamics of historical processes and classify historical phenomena, events.

Structurework. Course work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion, a list of sources and literature.

trotsky Revolution Civil War

1. Early biography and the beginning of political activities

Bronshtein Lev Davidovich (Pseudonym Trotsky) was born on October 25, 1879 - in the family of the wealthy landowner. "My childhood was not the childhood of hunger and cold. By the time of my birth, the parent family already knew wealth. But it was a harsh wealth of people rising from the need and not wanting to stop at halfway. All the muscles were tense, all thoughts are aimed at work and accumulation. "Quote. by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. - M., 1991. p. 23. Young leva saw his father welfare was seriously given; He also saw that the neighbors envied him, not wanting something to do anything. In the family constantly reigned the spirit of leaning, storage. "Attachment instincts, small-bourgeois life lifestyle and horizons - I despair from them with a sharp impetus, and despair for my whole life" there. P. 96. Why did this happen? Perhaps it was a simple child desire to do the opposite, perhaps the school affected.

In 1888, Trotsky entered the preparatory class of the Odessa Real School of St. Paul. In the School, Trotsky very soon showed its ambitious aspirations: "During the teaching showed a lot of adjudication, all the time was first." Leva has read a lot from childhood: "Nature and people not only in school, but in the future years of youth, they held a smaller place in my spiritual use than books and thoughts" there. P. 74.. Also in youth Trotsky was fond of theater: Lion was hit by the "Witchcraft of the theater." "Love for the Word accompanied me from an early age, then weakening, it is increasing, but in general, undoubtedly strengthening. Writers, journalists, artists remained for me the most attractive world, to which access is open only to the chosen" ibid. P. 101.

A considerable event was the discovery of myopia in the lion. The need to wear glasses brought him a feeling of joy, as they, in his opinion, gave the significance of Chernyavsky G.I. Lion Trotsky. Revolutionary. 1879-1917. - M., 2010. P. 27.. "Suddenly, I was revealed for me that I was nearlyruk. I was brought to the eye doctor, and he prescribed glasses to me. You can not say that it disappears me: how much-nothing glasses gave me considence. I have not been pretty glasses. I was not happy to anticipate my appearance in glasses in Yanovka. But for the father, the points turned out to be unbearable blow. He believed that all this pretense and the importance, and categorically demanded that I removed glasses. In vain I urged him that I did not see in the class of letters on the board and do not deal with signs on the street. Points I had to In the Yanovka wearing only secretly "quote. by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. P. 80.

But the years of study were not only joyful at all: "the memory of the school remained painted if not black, then in gray." In the school, conflicts with teachers happened more than once, for which Trotsky was once even excluded from the school (the next year was accepted again). Yes, and the "mode of silent and blessing formalism" himself could not not annoy the future revolutionary. "There was a deep hostility to the existing rank, to injustice, to the arbitrariness. From where? From the conditions of the Aleksandra III era, from police self-government, landlord, official bribery, national restrictions. Iso of the entire public atmosphere" ibid. P. 133. In parallel with the deaf hostility to the political regime of Russia, Trotsky developed an imperceptible way to the idealization of abnains - Western Europe and America, an idea of \u200b\u200ba high, uniform, all without withdrawing a covering culture was created. Later, his idea of \u200b\u200bperfect democracy was contacted. Trotsky very soon became, as we say today, the informal leader of the group of young people who have searched for the emergence of their overflowing desire for active activities "for the benefit of society." This largely predetermined the choice of Trotsky his future activities. In 1896 in Nikolaev, where Trotsky ended the last class of study in the real school, he and his friends were able to create a South-Russian worker union in which there were up to 200 members, mainly working cities. To be a member of a semi-legal organization and, especially one of her leaders, stolen the pride of Trotsky, gave him a special weight, maybe even not so much in his own eyes as in the opinion of others. Nature awarded Lion Bronstein beautiful appearance; Blue live eyes, a lush black hair, the correct features of the face were complemented by good manners and the ability to dress with taste. They admired them, and many were disliked - talent is rarely forgiven. Over time, the awareness of its exclusivity has formed in Trotsky pronounced egoistic and egocentric traits of Volkons D.A. Trotsky. "Demon Revolution." - M., 2011. P. 10.. It was these qualities that allocated later in Trotsky closely knew him by the years of study and communicating in Odessa and Nikolaev professor of medicine G.A. Ziv. In his opinion, the individuality of Trotsky was not expressed in knowledge and not in the feeling, but in the will, "actively show his will, it is necessary to rise by everyone, to be everywhere and always first - it has always constituted the essence of the personality of Bronstein, - wrote Ziv, - the rest of the parties His psychology was only a service superstructure and extensions "Ziv G. A. Trotsky. Characteristic (for personal memories). - New York, 1921. P. 12..

In the activities of the "Union", which existed for a long time, an active part was accepted by a young technician Ivan Andreevich Muhin, brothers and sisters Sokolovsky, workers short, Babenko, Pole and others. Basically, the work was reduced to rewriting and reproduction of social democratic texts on a hectograph, the dissemination of them among the workers of the shipyard and other enterprises.

The leadership of the "Union" was smartly serious. Conspiration - at a primitive level. It is quite natural that provocateurs were introduced into the organization. One of them was wary, recalled later Trotsky, surname Schrenzel. January 28, 1898 Bronstein, Schwigovsky, other organizers of the Union were arrested by Volkogonov D.A. Decree. op. P. 15. Young Lev Bronstein did not lose time for nothing - and in prison was self-education. Using the school knowledge of German and French, still taught English and Italian, read a lot, tried to write a serious work on the essence of Masonry and materialistic understanding of history. "Based on a school acquaintance with German and French, I, verse versic, read the gospel is also in English and in Italian. For several months I have moved significantly, so ahead. In this period I was interested in the question about Frankmasonsey. For several months, I diligently read books on the history of Freemasonry, which I was delivered to relatives and friends from the city "Cyt. by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. Pp. 160-162. .

On the way to Eastern Siberia, where he was exiled for four years, L. Bronstein first heard about Vladimir Ulyanov and laid his book "Development of capitalism in Russia". Prison cameras can be said, finally turned the young revolutionary in the Social Democrat.

At this time, he finally agreed with A. Sokolova's sympathetic. They married a Moscow forwarding prison in 1899. By the fall of 1900, they had a daughter of Zina, the family settled in the ruler of Ust-Kut Irkutsk province. In the same place, Trotsky met with young F.E. Dzerzhinsky, M.S. Uritsky. The link in the Irkutsk province Trotsky took an active part in the life of the settlers. By pseudonym Antide, he collapsed in the local newspaper "Eastern Review". Its sharp, bright written articles attracted attention to him in foreign circles of the RSDLP. Soon Trotsky received from the editorial of the "spark" invitation to work in the newspaper. It strengthened the decision to escape. Having been in a link in a total of more than a year, Trotsky, leaving his wife and two little daughters, fled abroad. Its escape led to the collapse of the family, although at first neither he nor Alexander did not assume it.

In 1902, the rainy autumn in the morning he appeared in London at the apartment V.I. Lenin. Trotsky met very friendly. Lenin impressed the sharpness of his judgments, the desire to defend their opinion. In addition, Trotsky quite vigorously performed any Lenin instructions on March 2, 1903 G.V.I. Lenin in a letter to G.V. Plekhanov proposed to coope Trotsky to the editorial board "Sparks". He gave him a very flattened characteristic: "A man undoubtedly with non-sexual abilities, convinced, energetic, who will still go ahead," Lenin wrote. "- And in the field of translations and popular literature, he will be able to do not do not enough" Lenin V. AND. Full Cathedral op. - M., 1970. T. 46. P. 277.. But Plekhanov demonstratively rejected by the Lenin-leading articles of Trotsky guided by him, unfairly in relation to the latter, he retained until the end of life, the reasons for such a relationship are quite difficult to establish. Despite this Trotsky continued to actively work under the guidance of Lenin.

In the spring of 1903, Trotsky visited Brussels, Liege and Paris, in circles of Russian revolutionary emigration he opposed the topic: "What is historical materialism and how socialists understand it - revolutionaries." Lenin became interested in the topic and invited Trotsky to rework the abstract into an article for "dawn", theoretical body of social democracy. However, that flatly refused: ". I did not dare to speak with a purely theoretical article next to Plekhanov and others." Cyt by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. P. 200..

In London, Trotsky began to study socialist literature hard. "I began to absorb the outstanding rooms" Sparks "and books" Dawn ". It was a brilliant literature that combined the scientific depth with the revolutionary passion. I fell in love with the" spark ", I was ashamed of my ignorance and sought to overcome him as soon as possible. Ibid. P. 195.

During one of the trips to Paris, he met Natalia Sedovoy - a young woman who also participated in a revolutionary movement. She was younger than Trotsky for three years (born in 1882 and almost for almost 20 years he experienced him, died in 1962 in the suburb of Paris), Natalia's father - the Don Cossack Father's first guild, and the mother took place from the impoverished Shutheets. Sedov was fascinated by Trotsky, divorced her husband and became the second wife of Trotsky. They could not conclude an official church marriage, as Lev Davidovich did not divorce Alexandra and formally until the Oktyabrsky coup in 1917, he remained her husband A.L. Sokolovskaya. With Sedovoy, he lived until the end of his life. They had two sons - Lion (1906) and Sergey (1908).

In 1903, Lev Davidovich participated in the second congress of the Russian Social - the Democratic Workers Party with the mandate of the Siberian Union of the RSDLP. It becomes clear that Trotsky did not at all possess the qualities of the obedient follower, which he prescribed Lenin Chernyavsky G.I. Decree. op. P. 56.. The congress was held from 17 (30) July 10 (23) August, first in Brussels, and then (after the actual prohibition of his work by the Belgian police) in London.

Trotsky was active participants in the congress, in the protocols S.V. Tyutyukin discovered over a hundred of his speeches Tyutyukin S.V. Lev Davidovich Trotsky // Historically silhouettes. - M., 1991. P. 205. It was then that the proximity of Lenin and Trotsky collapsed. The congress begins with the hopes for friendly work, as it is known, split when discussing the Charter, especially its first point. The dispute was about the degree of centralism in the consisted of the party, about the future of the editorial board. Remembering these events later, Trotsky wrote: "All my creature protested against this ruthless cut-off of old people (Axelrod, Zasulich). From this, my perturbation and the output is my gap with Lenin in the second congress. His behavior seemed to me inadmissible, terrible, outrageous. And between Thus it was politically correct and, consequently, the organizationally necessary "quote. by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. P. 220. But he evaluated these events after many years, and then with all the heat of youth, Trotsky, who for the performance against Bund D. B. Ryazanov called the Lenin Dubyon, hit her yesterday's idol. Although Trotsky's position made a negative impression on Lenin, he, however, did not lose hope that he would change his position. Even during the work of the congress on the instructions of Lenin, Dmitry Ulyanov appealed to him, trying to cut it. But, as Trotsky wrote, "I flatly refused to follow them." Naturally, the further cooperation of Lenin with Trotsky became impossible.

Trotsky has repeatedly returned to clarify the reasons for his departure from Lenin on the second congress. There were several reasons. In "my life" he calls them. First, from the members of the editorial board of the sparks, Trotsky, although he supported Lenin, but stood closer to Martov, Zasulich and Axelrod. "Their influence on me was undoubtedly" Cyt. by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. P. 219., - he testified. Secondly, it was in Lenin that Trotsky saw the original source of "encroachments" to the unity of the editorial board of Sparks, while the thought of the college split seemed to him sacred. And finally, thirdly (and this is the most significant reason), the reluctance of Trotsky obey to anyone, in this case - by the Lenin "revolutionary centralism" who "has a hard, imperative and demanding principle. In relation to individuals and To whole groups of yesterday's like-minded people, he is often adopted by the form of ruthlessness "there. P. 219.

It seems that the case was not at all in the "merciless" of Lenin. The question of the transition of Trotsky in the position of Menshevism is much more complicated by his personal ambitions. At that time, he, essentially, was only approaching the realization of the revolutionary strategy and the tactics of struggle. No one-piece beliefs that have been checking on experience has not yet had. He was too superficially represented and the essence of disagreements between Lenin and other "Iskraov" on software issues.

From the fuzziness of ideological positions, the scalance of the political platform, aggravated to the same tendency to change the principles under the influence of a personality, the circumstances of the moment and others - at first glance the minor, but the enhanced serious consequences are aspects of political conjuncture. This feature of the behavior of Trotsky predetermined the most important trait of it as a policy, and then the theorist of Trotskyism.

After the Trotsky congress, together with Martov, Axelrod and other Menshevian leaders, took the course to eliminate the principles of creating a revolutionary party proposed on the second congress Lenin. It has already been little similar to keeping a ideological dispute. Intertly, causing the tone of the speeches Trotsky continued in his first book "Our political tasks (tactical and organizational issues)", released in 1904 in Geneva, with the dedication of PB. Axelrode. This book was not in vain called the "manifest of Russian Menshevism." Her goal, according to Trotsky himself, was to challenge the meaning of Lenin work "What to do?" And "step forward, two steps ago." However, Trotsky has not satisfied a lot in the position of the Mensheviks. In particular, he was constantly annoyed cautious, with a loaf to the position of the authorities, the post-libistral policy of the Russian variety of right opportunism. Therefore, without agreeing with the Bolsheviks in relation to party construction, the roles in the revolution of the peasantry, Trotsky simultaneously instinctively stretched to the decisive forms of the struggle of the Bolsheviks, persecuted in this struggle to far-reaching revolutionary purposes. All this led to the fact that, returning at the beginning of 1905 to Russia (in Kiev), Trotsky turned out to be "between two chairs". He arrived in Kiev as a respectable, succeeding entrepreneur. N. Sedova, who left before, found an apartment, established the necessary ties with the underground, introduced her husband to Kiev with a young engineer L. Krasin, a prominent Bolshevik, who knew Lenin well. Trotsky's Kiev stop used, in fact, for a more detailed acquaintance with the situation in the country, in social democratic organizations and the mood of people. Krasin, who was standing on the positions of the premiereness of two factions, he helped him seriously. But Trotsky not only got acquainted with the situation. His pen continuously worked. Trotsky wrote about everything: about the role of strikes in the growing revolution, about the dual nature of the liberals, about the renewability in the Marxism of Volkogonov D.A. Decree. op. P. 20. "Organizationally, he wrote," I didn't enter any of the factions. "Quote. by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. P. 230.. Cooperating with the Mensheviks, Trotsky sought to support links and with the Bolsheviks.

Having moved with the help of Krasin to St. Petersburg, Trotsky with his head went to the revolutionary work, participating in current meetings of the strike committees, preparing bright proclamations, which were worn around the city, distributed in factories and factory. But when Sedov arrested on Maevka, and there was a threat and his arrest, Trotsky from the apartment Colonel A.A. Litkens, where he illegally lived, was forced to hide in Finland. For three months of stay in a secluded deaf pension "Mir" Trotsky wrote dozens of articles, leaflets, proclamations that were sent to Petersburg Volkzhonov D.A. Decree. op. Pp. 21 - 22. When on May 14, 1905, the Russian squadron under the team of Vice Admiral Z.P. The village of the village of Tsushima took the battle with the Japanese squadron of Admiral H. Togo, no one could and suggest how terrible will be the result. The royal fleet suffered a catastrophic defeat. Russia was shocked. Trotsky immediately wrote a big proclamation: "Down with a shameful slaughter!". The leaflet went from hand to hand not only in St. Petersburg, but also in many cities of Russia.

Even before the announcement of the royal manifest, Trotsky returned to St. Petersburg. In the new conditions, he was one of the most sought-after leaders. He came to the capital with a plan for creating an elected non-partisan body, which would be from representatives of enterprises, one delegate for a thousand workers, but learned that a similar slogan of the electoral body a little more scale was already nominated by the Menshevik organization, and this body was called the Council of Workers Deputies . From the very beginning, Trotsky took an active part in the work of the Council, where the name of Yanovsky Chernyavsky G.I. Decree. op. P. 77. In the fall of 1905, Trotsky, along with Parvus, publishes the Russian newspaper, then with the Mensheviks - the newspaper "Beginning", publishes articles in Izvestia, the body of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies. At the same time, he becomes the Deputy Chairman of the Council of the S.G. Khrustaleva-nosary. Here they showed the ability of Trotsky to work without rest, the quality of the speaker and the publicist. These days, the theoretical disagreements of Bolsheviks and Trotsky largely moved to the background before the task of directly fighting the tsarism. Fifty-two days continued the activities of the St. Petersburg Council on December. The troops surrounded the building of the Institute of Technology, where the Council began to be, and arrested his deputies.

Fifteen months spent Trotsky in the prisons of the capital. In the fall of 1906, a trial launched for about a month. There were about 50 people on the docked bench. The sentence was pretty soft: an inconspicuous reference to the village of Obdor's village, which is behind the polar circle. Without reaching 500 versts to the destination, Trotsky made escape. On the reindeer harness with the cat, driving about 700 kilometers, he reached the Urals. Having granted myself for the engineer from the polar expedition of Baron Tall, then for the official, Trotsky got to the railway. At one of the stations near St. Petersburg, he was met by the telegram Natalia Ivanovna. Hitting on the Karelian Isthmus Martova and Lenin, he was about three months old with his wife and his son near Helsingfors (Helsinki). Here the book was written here - "there and back." So personally for Trotsky ended the first Russian revolution. In the course of the revolution, 1905-1907, from the denial of the revolutionary potencies of the peasantry, Trotsky gradually came to the conclusion about the importance of the participation of the peasantry in the revolution with the obligatory manual from the proletariat. 1905 Revolution played an important role in the life of Trotsky: He deserved respect for workers in the organization of the struggle with their decisive, bold actions, as well as experienced revolutionaries. "The revolution of 1905 created a fracture in the life of the country, in the life of the party and in my personal life. Fracture was towards maturity" Cyt. by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. P. 250..

In May 1907, Trotsky was a member of the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP with the right of a deliberate voice. At the congress, Trotsky again occupied a fuzzy position, tried to form a certain group of the center, no worse than others, understanding the precinctiveness of the equilibrium between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, seeing that much would depend on the congress from who to whom the delegates of other currents would be joined.

From November 1908 to April 1912, Trotsky and his supporters in Vienna are published with a small circulation of the Pravda newspaper (organic "by the Netural" Social - Democrats), which has become a publication, preaching the principles that presented in the reformist parties of Western Europe. He was the constant correspondent of the central press bodies of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, attended its congresses, regularly supported contacts with its leaders K. Kautsky, K. Zetkin, immediately at arrival in Vienna joined the Austrian Social Democratic Party, participated in her work, a lot He wrote in the party press, went to meetings, rallies, demonstrations, entered the University of Vienna. In Vienna, Trotsky in 1908 was born a second son, Sergey. The family lived not poorly, but modestly. Sometimes it was necessary to lay things into pawnshop, sell books, although basically literary earnings provided existence.

In April 1910, by decision of the Central Committee of the RSDLP for collaboration in the editorial office of the Vienna "Truth" arrived L.B. Kamenev. After participating in the release of two newspaper numbers, he refused to cooperate. "The experience of working together with Trotsky - boldly to say, experience, sincerely done. - wrote

Kamenev, "showed that the priority is uncontrollably rolled towards the protection of liquidation, it decisively becomes the last to the latter against the RSDDP" Cyt. By. Kamenev Yu. Two parties. With preface N. Lenin. - L., 1924. P. 136.

Without recognizing the eligibility organized by the Bolsheviks in 1912 of the Prague party conference, Trotsky along with Martov, F.I. Dana convened in Vienna in August 1912. The ObstanPater Conference, created on it, the Anti-Bolshik Block ("Augustus") in 1914 was collapsed, and Trotsky himself came out of it. On August 1914, the First World War began. The attitude to it changed the placement of forces in the international working movement. 3 August Trotsky went to Switzerland with his family, as he threatened an internet. In 1914, he released a brochure in the German language "War and International", for the distribution of which in Germany the German court sentenced the author to the eight months of prison in absentia. In November 1914, Trotsky moved to France with a certificate of the correspondent of Kiev thought. Six months later, the family joined him. In Paris, a newspaper "Voice", in which V.A. was collaborated shortly before Antonov-Ovseenko, A.M. Kolloganya, A.V. Lunacharsky, Yu.O. Martov, M.S. Uritsky and others. Trotsky quickly becomes one of the central figures in the editorial board, and although the load of old disagreements with Lenin made itself felt, during these years a political base of the future convergence was created. Lenin has already agreed to enter along with Trotsky to the editorial office published in the German magazine "Harbornieuer", but at the end of 1916 the French government closed the newspaper and sent Trotsky from the country of Volkogonov D.A. Decree. op. P. 45-50. . England, Italy, Switzerland denied him in the entrance. Only Spain remained. Two weeks later, his Spanish police arrested him in Madrid. From here Trotsky wanted to send to Havana, and only the intervention of deputies-Republicans and liberal newspapers helped him get permission to go with his family to New York. In January 1917, Trotsky arrived in the United States. In two months, he managed to write a lot of articles, to make reports in Russian and German in a number of cities, work in the library, studying the economic life of the country's new for him, to become one of the editors of the New World newspaper together with Bukharin, Volodarsky and Musynovsky. Here and found his message about the February Revolution.

We looked at the first chapter of political undertakes by L.D. Trotsky, in particular, did not bypassed his personal life, without which, in our opinion, it is impossible to give a full political portrait. Let's summarize some results. First of all - ld Trotsky was a revolutionary. He joined the Social Democratic Movement back in 1898. He was referred to Siberia. After he fled abroad. The fact that he was actively involved in the political struggle against the tsarism, says the fact that Trotsky was a member of the famous II Congress of the RSDLP. He divided into political views with Lenin and joined the Mensheviks, but soon left their ranks. From Bolsheviks, too, held aside, considered himself a "independent Social Democrat".

When the first Russian revolution broke out, Trotsky returns to the raging Petersburg. Here he managed to navigate the leading core of the St. Petersburg Council, moreover, for a while, to become his chairman. Then the arrest again, followed the link to the north, again escape. In emigration, familiarity is also familiar with all the most noticeable leaders of the European Social Democratic Movement. From 1908 to 1912 publishes the newspaper "True". In August 1912, he creates an anti-Bolshevik Block ("Augustus"), having broken down in 1914 for his anti-war propaganda Trotsky was expelled from France to Spain, where he was arrested. Having received permission to leave Spain, Trotsky went with his family in the United States.

After examining the aggregate factors that influenced the formation of the Personality of Trotsky in early youth, as well as the first successes and failures on the political arena, in the second chapter we will proceed to identifying new ambiguous moments related to the role of Lev Davidovich in the 1917 revolution and events related to Civil war.

2. Trotsky in the revolution of 1917 and the Civil War

The years of the Second Russian Revolution and Civil War have become the most significant time for Trotsky policies, a statesman, the leader. At the end of March, the Norwegian steamer "Christianiafior" Trotsky sailed to Europe with his family, but in a few days in the Canadian port of Halifax, along with several emigrants, he was arrested and imprisoned to the camp for German sailors. Trotsky himself wrote about this incident: "In Halifax (Canada), where the steamer was subjected to inspection of the English naval authorities, police officers ... We subjected us, Russian, direct interrogation: what are our beliefs, political plans and so on? I refused to join them Conversations about this. The random officers insisted that I am Terrible Socialist (a terrible socialist). The whole wanted list had so obscene in nature and put Russian revolutionaries in such an exceptional position compared to other passengers who did not have misfortunes to belong to Union England. that some of the surrendined immediately sent the vigorous protest of the British authorities against the behavior of police agents ... On April 3, the English officers were on board the "Christian Afiord" and on behalf of the local admiral demanded that me, my family and five more passengers left the steamer ... We were Promised to "figure out" the entire incident in Halifax. We have announced the requirement illegal and refusal Armenia to submit to him. Armed sailors attacked us and at the shouts of "Sham" (shame) on the part of a significant part of the passengers demolished us on their hands on a military boat, which, under the cruiser, delivered us to Halifax "Cyt. By. Trotsky L. my life. Experience of autobiography. With . 320.. Under the pressure of the Petrograd Council, the Provisional Government was forced to intervene, and after a month of Trotsky and his comrades were released. Through Sweden and Finland on May 5, 1917, he arrived in Petrograd (as we can see, Trotsky missed the April crisis, as a result of which The first coalition temporary government was formed). He was waiting for a solemn meeting here. For the merits of 1905 he was included in the executive committee of Petrosite with the right of a deliberative voice. "It was decided to include me with a deliberative voice. I received my membership card and my glass of tea with black bread "Cyt. By. Trotsky L. My Life. Autobiography experience. P. 340.

Upon returning before Trotsky, the question arose about choosing political benchmarks. Lev Davidovich considered the best option to join the Interdistrict - St. Petersburg Interdistrict Committee. Mostly, the Interdistrict supported the slogans of the Bolsheviks, with the exception of the transformation of the imperialist war in civil. Trotsky, though he did not take an official post, became the actual head of the organization Chernyavsky G.I. Decree. op. Pp. 178..

On May 10, Lenin and Kamenev and Zinoviev visited the conference of the Interdistrict and offered a plan through which all left groups merge into a single batch. Trotsky spoke on this reason restrained and positively, but not yet hurried to accept the offer of Lenin. Note that it was the first step towards the joining of Trotsky to Bolshevism there. Pp. 179-180. .

One month after the arrival of Trotsky in Petrograd, he was already one of the most noticeable figures on the motley political background of the revolution. After examining, oriented, the revolutionary is furious and irrevocably plunged into the raging stream of human passions, disputes, disputes, political claims. In the summer and in the fall of 1917, Trotsky was "baking": it was invited by the Baltic sailors, the workers of the Putil plant and the tram depot, students were called for the assembly of Socialists and Bolsheviks, at the meetings of the soldiers' communities. The singer of the revolution almost never refused. Sometimes I went to rallies together with Lunacharsky, also a brilliant speaker. This tandem, or rather, the duet of revolutionary agitators was very popular in Petrograd in those distant days of Volkone D.A. Trotsky: political portrait. - M., 1992.t. 1. P. 50.

At the time of the beginning of the July events in Petrograd, Trotsky formally did not yet entered the Bolsheviks party, although in fact was already standing on their platform. With the beginning of the events, Trotsky played a prominent role in defense against the revolutionary crowd of the Minister of Agriculture of the Provisional Government - the most significant popularity of the leader of the ECROV Party of Chernov, V.M. The crowd tried to arrest Chernov instead of the Minister of Justice of Pereverzev; Kronstadt sailors have already dragged Chernov to the car, breaking the jacket on it, but here Trotsky appears before the crowd of Kronstadt sailors with a fiery speech and crowded.

After the events of July 3-4, arrests were produced among the leaders of the Bolsheviks. Lenin and Zinoviev left underground. It was these days that Trotsky decided to the causing and spectacular step: demanded in the press of his own arrest. In an open letter, the temporary government he noticed: "Citizens ministers! I know that you decided to arrest the comrades of Lenin, Zinoviev and Kamenev. But the arrest warrant is not issued for me. Therefore, I consider it necessary to draw your attention to the following facts. I share in principle Lenin's position, Zinoviev and Kamenev and defended her in all my public speeches "Trotsky L.D. Letter to the Title Government [Electronic resource] // URL: http: //www.magister. msk.ru/library/trotsky/trotl266. HTM (date of handling: 19. 04.2015). . The authorities did not suffer such audacity and soon arrested the author of the letter. In the "crosses" Trotsky spent more than 40 days. During this time, its popularity grew at the same speed, with which his articles and notes appeared in the Bolshevik "Worker and Soldiers", the journal "Forward" and other printed publications. In prison, he wrote two works: "What's next? (Results and prospects)" And "when the end of the damned slaughter?". Both brochures came out in the publisher of the Bolsheviks "surf" and immediately paid attention.

A few days after the Arrest of Trotsky at the end of July, the VI Congress of the RSDRP (b) opened, which worked under the semi-legal conditions. At the beginning of the meeting, the congress was held on the Vyborg side, and then for the Narva staming. Many party leaders, forced to go underground or in prison, there were no temporary government at the congress. Essentially, at the congress, the main Leninist characteristic of the moment was sounded: since the counter-revolution temporarily takes up, the possibility of capturing the power by the peaceful way. The agenda advanced the question of armed uprising. From this point on, the radical line of the Bolsheviks manifested itself even more relief.

For the revolutionary destiny of Trotsky, the congress was of great importance. He was even elected to the Honorary Member of the Presidium. After the past negotiations and approvals, a large group of "Interrayton" was adopted in the party. Thus, while Trotsky was in prison, the question of his party's party was decided in a new way. M. M.M. Together with Trotsky Bolsheviks Volodar, A.A. Ioffe, A.V. Lunacharsky, D.Z. Manuilsky, M.S. Uritsky and many of their companions. The authority of Trotsky turned out to be so high that when elected at the congress of the Central Committee, he immediately was elected.

At the request of the Petrograd Council on September 2, 1917, Lev Davidovich was exempted under the monetary deposit of three thousand rubles. And in reality, Kerensky, who only with the help of Bolsheviks was able to repel the threat of Cornilov, felt that the tightening of the regime only weakens his position. There is reason to believe that it was the August Aventure of Cornilov that strengthened the position of the Bolsheviks and made the October events possible. Trotsky, together with Lunacharsky, Kamenev, Kollondtai, other revolutionary comes from prison with a hero and sinks in the party affairs of Volkogonov D.A. Decree. op. P. 53--56. .

In the course of the Bolshevization of Soviets in September 1917, the Bolsheviks managed to get most of the places in Petrosov. September 25 passed re-election of the executive committee of the Petrogradsky Council, the Bolsheviks offered to the post of Chairman L.D. Trotsky. After the election, the new Chairman said under the approving hall of the audience, in which he expressed confidence that he would try to "mark the more successful" Volkogonov D.A. to the Council (after 1905) Decree. op. P. 56. .12 of October Trotsky as chairman of Petrosovta formed Petrograd VRK - the main body of leadership by the Bolshevik uprising.

With the formation of Pre-Parliament, Trotsky was also elected to this body and headed in it the Bolshevik faction. From the very beginning, Trotsky demanded a boycott of the predirement work, as too "bourgeois" in composition. After receiving the approval of Lenin-hiding in Finland, Lenin Trotsky, 7 (20) of October, on behalf of the Bolsheviks officially announced the boycott of predass.

In general, by the fall of 1917, the old disagreements of Lenin and Trotsky go to the past. At the same time, disagreements arose between Lenin and Trotsky about the preparation of an armed uprising. While Kamenev and Zinoviev at that time, fearing the repeating of the July defeat, demanded no upriser not to raise, Lenin insisted on an immediate uprising. Trotsky dared with him relative to the coup form. If Lenin demanded that the Bolsheviks take power from their own behalf, Trotsky offered to raise the issue of the transfer of power to the Soviets at the II Congress of Soviets. In two or three weeks, Trotsky made a dizzying take off in Bolshevik circles, becoming the second face after Lenin. In the absence of the last Trotsky became the main spoken of its positions and the ideas of Chernyavsky G.I. Decree. op. P. 193.

We will not stop in detail on the events of the October coup, let's just say that, ultimately, the uprising began on October 23-24, when the "Truth" and "Izvestia" of the Petrograd Council was prohibited by the government's order to the government. Trotsky reacted immediately and gave an order to send to the printing house of the troops of the sixth sapper battalion and the Lithuanian regiment. Trotsky then did not move away from the phone, receiving all new confirmations about the successful course of events. In the evening of October 24, Lenin appeared in Smolny, immediately learned about the accomplished coup Chernyavsky G.I. Decree. op. P. 196-197. . Decisive events unfolded on October 25, on the day of the opening of the congress of the Soviets. At the meeting of the Central Committee on the night of 25, when discussing the new government, Trotsky's proposal was made not to the ministers, but the people's commissars. On October 26, Trotsky made a report on the composition of the government at the meeting of the Congress. It is at this congress that Trotsky utters his famous words related to the Mensheviks: "You are miserable units, you are bankrupt, your role is played, go to where you will now be supplied to: in a weed basket of history" quota. by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. P. 380. Trotsky made his choice: he is a Bolshevik, and he is in power. He himself became the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs.

Trotsky in 1935 so estimated his role in the October events as follows: "Do not be in 1917 in St. Petersburg, the October Revolution would have happened - subject to cash and leadership of Lenin. If there were no Lenin in St. Petersburg, nor me, There would be no October Revolution: the leadership of the Bolshevik Party would prevent her to happen ... if there was no Lenin in St. Petersburg, I would hardly have done ... The outcome of the revolution would be under the question of the question. But, I repeat, if Lenin has a Lenin, the October Revolution would still lead To victory "Trotsky LD Diaries and letters / under total. ed. SOUTH. Felshtinsky. - M., 1994. P. 119. There is an eloquent testimony of Lenin on the leadership role of Trotsky in the October armed uprising. "After the St. Petersburg Council moved to the Bolsheviks," said in the XXIV volume of the first collected works by V.I. Lenin, - (Trotsky) was elected his chairman, as he organized and led the uprising on October 25 "Lenin. Cathedral Op. - M., 1923. T. 24. P. 482.

However, after the death of Lenin, Stalin gives Trotsky in the revolution already completely different evaluation. "But I should say that the Trotsky did not play any special role in the Oktyabrsky uprising and could not play, which, being the chairman of the Petrogradsky Council, he performed only the will of the respective party instances that led by each step of Trotsky" Stalin I.V. Works. - m.; Tver, 1946-2006. T. 6. P. 328-329. . So what role did Lev Davidovich played in the Oktyabrsky coup? Based on numerous documents, eyewitness evidence, the analysis of Leninsky work of that period can be concluded that Trotsky showed himself as one of the main leaders of the revolution, as a person who fell into his native element.

Trotsky showed a reliable ally of Lenin, with the internal crisis of the Central Committee and the Soviet Union, which happened in the first days of the existence of a new government. October 19, the Central Committee of Bolsheviks went to the negotiations on the creation of a homogeneous socialist government. "Right" Bolsheviks (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Nogin, Rykov, etc.) insisted in agreement. Lenin with the active support of Trotsky managed to break the fluctuations in the members of the Central Committee and insist on the extension of the conditions unacceptable for the right-wing essences and most Mensheviks. And although on November 4, fifteen members of the Central Committee, the People's Commissaries and their deputy were retired, Lenin and Trotsky won. On the same days, Trotsky actively participates in the organization of reproot of the Kerensky - Krasnova, the defeat of the rebellion of junkers in Petrograd. Lenin leaves for Putilovsky Plant, to the headquarters of the Petrograd Military District.

Regarding his direct duties - the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs - Trotsky later admitted that "the point still turned out to be somewhat more complicated than I assumed" quotation. by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. P. 400.. The first major action of Trotsky in the new post was the publication of secret treaties concluded by Russia with the countries of the Entente. The direct organization of decoding and publication of these documents was engaged in the Assistant of Trotsky Sailor Nikolay Markin. Within a few weeks, seven yellow collections came out that caused an excitement of a multilingual press. Previously, their content published newspapers. These Bolsheviks argued their promise to end with mystery diplomacy. But Trotsky himself from the end of December was in Brest-Litovsk, heading the Russian delegation at negotiations with Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria. There he acted with fiery speeches, which were designed not so much on negotiation partners as wide masses. Trotsky's speeches printed and German newspapers, and Soviet printing published complete transcripts of meetings. From the very beginning, Trotsky played the role of "delegate" negotiations: "It was necessary to give the European working time to perceive as follows the very fact of the Soviet revolution, and in particular its world policy" CIT. by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. P. 440.. Negotiations were extremely difficult: the Soviet side offered a democratic world without annexations and contributions on the basis of the peoples' self-determination, and the German side with an external "friendly" attitude exposed obviously unacceptable conditions. At the same time, the world had to conclude: "The impossibility of continuing the war was obvious: the trenches were almost empty. No one lookedd around to speak even conditionally about the continuation of the war. The world, the world by all means!." P. 440.. But how to achieve it? There were disagreements. "Three points of view were revealed. Lenin stood for trying to still tighten negotiations, but, in the case of an ultimatum, immediately capitulate. I considered it necessary to bring negotiations to the gap, even with the danger of the new onset of Germany, to capitulate - if you have to have to regit Before the apparent use of force. Bukharin demanded war to expand the Arena revolution "there. P. 443. Since the last position "drowned" in the sea of \u200b\u200bcriticism of Lenin and Trotsky, the main contradiction was in the time of signing an ultimative world: after words about the possible continuation of the war or after actual offensive. Trotsky managed to prove to other Bolsheviks, which is required for the last, since in this case the entire proletarian world will be able to see that the revolutionary Russia was physically forced to sign the world with bourgeois Germany. In addition, Trotsky and his supporters hoped that Germany's ruled by the years would not be able to conduct actual offensive. But everything happened just for the worst scenario: the Germans came and, without any resistance, quickly advanced deep into Russia. The Soviet government is emerging by a truce and on March 3, 1918 signs, a harsh Brest world. Russia lost huge territories and was obliged to pay the enormous Contribution of Chernyavsky G.I. Decree. op. P. 221-223. . In exchange, according to Trotsky, she kept "the sympathies of the world proletariat or a significant part of it. Over time, everyone will be killed that we have no other exit." Cyt by. Trotsky L. my life. Autobiography experience. P. 452..

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Lev Davidovich Bronstein was born on October 26, 1879 on the farm Yanovka Elizavetgrad district of the Kherson province in the family of a wealthy Jewish landowner who had 100 tents of the bought and over 200 rented land. In 1888 he entered the Lutheran Real School of St. Paul in Odessa; The first student, but repeatedly entered into conflicts with teachers; Communicating with the local liberal intelligentsia, joined Russian classical literature and European culture. In 1896 he graduated from the real school in Nikolaev and entered the freelancer at the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Novorossiysk University, but soon he left him. Joined the People's Circle in Nikolaev, from the participants, Alexandra Sokolovskaya's mug found out for the first time about Marxism. In 1897, together with her and its brothers, the Social Democratic South-Russian Worker Union was formed, which began revolutionary propaganda among the workers. In January 1898, after a 2-year-old imprisonment in Nikolaev, Kherson, Odessa and Moscow was exiled for 4 years to East Siberia (in Ust-Kut, then Nizhneilimsk and Verkholsensk Irkutsk province). In 1899, in the Butyr region he married Sokolovskaya Alexander. Political parties of Russia End XIX - the first third of the XX century. Encyclopedia - M.: Russian Political Encyclopedia (Rossman), 1996, p. 613

In August 1902, with the consent of his wife, who remained with two young daughters in his hands, fled from the reference, using for this a fake passport on the name of the warden of the Odessa Prison Trotsky. Arriving in Samara, where the Bureau of the Russian organization "Sparks" was located, fulfilling a number of assignments of the Bureau in Kharkov, Poltava and Kiev, illegally recalled the border and at the end of October 1902 came to London, where he met V.I. Lenin. According to his recommendation, Trotsky worked in Iskra, acted with abstracts for Russian emigrants and students.

In 1903, in Paris married Natalia Ivanovna Sedovoy. He participated in the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party with the mandate from the Siberian Union of the RSDLP.

At the end of 1904, he moved away from Mensheviks, but did not join the Bolsheviks, he advocated the union of both social democratic factions. After the events of January 9, 1905, one of the first returned to Russia (Kiev, then Petersburg), collaborated with a member of the Central Committee of the RSDDP, Leonid Borisovich Krasin, who was standing at the position of the Bolshevik Primirentsev, as well as with the Mensheviks, consulting, however with them in the assessment of the role of liberal bourgeoisie In the revolution. Together with Parvus (A.L. Gelfand), Trotsky developed the theory of the "permanent revolution".

In the course of the revolution, 1905-1907 from the denial of the revolutionary potencies of the peasantry, Trotsky gradually came to the conclusion about the importance of the participation of the peasantry in the revolution under the obligatory manual from the proletariat.

In 1905, the quality of Trotsky as a political figure, the organizer of the mass, speaker, publicist was directly revealed. In the autumn of 1905, Trotsky was one of the leaders of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies, the Rapporteur and the author of resolutions on the most important issues. In December 1905, he was arrested, at the end of 1906 he was sentenced to the "eternal settlement" in Siberia, but on the way fled. In 1907, at the 5th Congress, the RSDLP headed a group of the Center, not adjacent to the Bolsheviks or the Mensheviks. Political figures of Russia in 1917: Biographical Dictionary / Ch. Harnette: P.V. Volobuev - M: Large Russian Encyclopedia, 1993, p.321

Starting from 1908, Trotsky collaborated in many Russian and foreign newspapers and magazines. In 1908, together with A.A. Ioffe and M.I. Skobelev has established the publication in Vienna in Russian newspaper for the workers "True". Without recognizing the eligibility of organized by Bolshevi in \u200b\u200b1912, the Prague Party Conference, Trotsky, along with Martov, F.I. In Vienna, in August 1912, a community conference, created on it, created on it, the Anti-Bolshevik Block ("Augustus") was collapsed in 1914, Trotsky himself came out of it. In 1914 he released a brochure in the German "War and Internally". In September 1916, for the anti-war propaganda Trotsky was expelled from France to Spain, where he was soon arrested and sent to the United States together with his family. From January 1917, Trotsky was an employee of the Russian International Newspaper "New World". In March 1917, when returning to Russia, Trotsky, together with his family, beloved in Halifax (Canada), arrest and temporary imprisonment to the camp for the internounted sailors of the German Fleet. On May 4, 1917, I arrived in Petrograd, headed the organization "Interraytonians", with which he was adopted in the RSDPR (b) and elected to the Central Committee of the Party, whose member was until 1927. On March 4, 1918, Trotsky was appointed Chairman of the Supreme Military Council, on March 13 - the People's Commissar for Military Affairs, and with the creation of September 2 of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic - his chairman. In 1920-21, remaining at military posts, it was temporarily appointed by the Commissar of the Communications Communications, was one of the leaders of the restoration of railway transport and other sectors of the national economy. On the soil of hostile relations between Stalin and Trotsky, a split was formed inside the Politburo and the Central Committee, which resulted in an acute internity struggle, where Stalin and his supporters took over. In January 1925, Trotsky was released from work in the Revoensteet, in October 1926, it was removed from the Politburo, in October 1927 - from the Central Committee. In November 1927, Trotsky was excluded from the party, after which he was sent from Moscow to Almaty, then to Turkey. Political figures of Russia in 1917: Biographical Dictionary / Ch. Harnette: P.V. Volobuev - M: Large Russian Encyclopedia, 1993, p.324

After expulsion from the USSR, Trotsky deployed literary and journalistic activities. He led the struggle with Stalin, whom he considered the traitor for the ideals of October. The last years of Trotsky's life was in Mexico. Stalin set the task to destroy the hated enemy before his special services. The murder of Trotsky NKVD decided to carry out the hands of his agent Ramon Markador. The 26-year-old son of the influential Spanish communist was a participant in the Civil War in Spain, who ended with the defeat of the Republican forces. Jacques Mornar (according to the documents), instantly turned into Frank Jackson, at first, at first, I tried unsuccessfully into the medium of local Trotskyists. In the meantime, the Mexican Communist Party, obviously, on the task of Moscow, decided to "duplicate" actions of a special agent and organized his own conspiracy with the aim of killing Trotsky. On May 24, 1940, his villa was armed with an armed attack. More than twenty militants in masks literally turned upside down the bottom of the house, but the owners managed to hide. Otherwise, the fate itself kept the Kremlin exile: Trotsky, his wife and grandson were not injured. After this scandalous incident, which became the property of the world press, Trotsky turned his house into a real fortress, where only the people who were particularly devoted to him were allowed. Among them were Sylvia (courier Trotsky) and her husband Frank Jackson, who managed to enroll in confidence in the "teacher." At first, the young man, showing an increased interest in Marxism, seemed to the Trotsky too annoying. But in the end, the old underground, who considered his holy duty to raise a young change of fighters for the "world revolution", penetrating confidence in the charming American. Despite the hot day, on August 20, 1940, Frank Jackson appeared at Trotsky Villa in a tightly fastened raincoat and a hat. Under the cloak of the "family friend", a whole arsenal was fitted: a climbing ice ax, a hammer and an automatic high-caliber gun. The guards who often saw this person in the house and habitually considered him "their own", held a guest to the owner, feeding rabbits in the garden. Natalia, Trotsky's wife, it seemed strange that Silvia's husband came without warning, but the guest was offered to stay for lunch. Refusing an invitation, Mercador Jackson asked to see the article he just wrote. Men went to the office. Barely Trotsky deepened in reading, Jackson extracted from under the ice cream and nailed him in the back of the victim. Considering the blow to the not sufficiently reliable, the killer swollen the ice ax once again, but a miraculously retaining Consciousness Trotsky grabbed his hand, forcing the arms. Then, staggering, got out of the office in the living room. "Jackson!" He shouted. - See what you have done! " Guards who came to the cry were shot down from the legs of Jackson, who was aiming in his sacrifice from the pistol. "Do not kill him," stopped Trotsky guards. "It is necessary that he told everything ..." with these words wounded lost consciousness. A few minutes later, Mercador Jackson and his victim were delivered to the Metropolitan Hospital Ambulance. Perseverance, with which this deadly man fought for life, shocked even doctors. In their practice, there was no case in order to suffer with such a monstrous injury - an overlooking skull - lived, periodically coming into consciousness, more than a day ... Ramon Mercador, he was Frank Jackson, He was sentenced to twenty years of imprisonment . Coming out of Mexican prison in March 1960, he settled in Cuba. Shortly before his death in Havana on October 18, 1978, Trotsky's killer received the Golden Star Hero of the Soviet Union.

Date of birth: October 26, 1879
Place of birth: Yanovka, Russian Empire
Date of death: August 21, 1940
Place of death: Koyoacan, Mexico

Liebe Davidovich Bronstein (Lion Trotsky) - Russian revolutionary, politician.

Lion Trotsky Was born on October 26, 1879 in Ukraine. He studied in a real school in the city of Nikolaev and in the last grades began to be interested in socialism. In 1896 he graduated from the real school, and the Odessa School attended him. He married Marxist Alexander Sokolovskaya and became passionate about her ideas.

Together they created the South-Russian Worker Union, for which they were arrested and exiled to the link to Irkutsk, where they were from 1898 to 1902. There they continued their ideas of Marxism and became members of the spark newspaper mug.

In 1902, fled from the reference by fake documents addressed to Trotsky, arrived in London and began to communicate with Lenin. In London, he wrote articles for spark. In 1903, he joined the Mensheviks and broke with Lenin, accusing him in authoritarianism. In 1905, after the January conflict, he returned to his homeland and began to lead the activities of the Soviets there.

In October 1905, he conducted an universal strike and an uprising, for which he was arrested in December and Soslant. In the link he writes the book results and prospects, and in court accused of all the tsarism. Fight from the reference and 1907 arrived in Vienna with the second wife. In Vienna, he wrote articles for the press of Germany and Austria. In 1908, he created the newspaper Pravda, which was redirected from Vienna to St. Petersburg to distribute among workers.

In 1914, a war of war and international, written in Switzerland, whose thought was to create the United States of Europe. After that, I went to Paris and wrote articles for the press of Kiev and for our newspaper our word. In 1915, he became a member of the Tsimmervald Conference for which Manifesto wrote. In the future, this conference has gross in 3 intermenimal.

From Paris in 1916 he was sent to Spain, where he was arrested and sent again. So in January 1917, Trotsky turned out to be in New York, began to cooperate with the left socialists and release a new world in Russian together with Bucharici newspaper. In it, he lit up the events of February, where he recognized them with positive. After that, he tried to return to Petrograd, but on the road was captured by British intelligence and released only after the demand of the Temporary Council to issue him.

So in May 1917, he found himself in Russia and became a member of the Interdistrict United States of the United Social Democrats. Soon he retrained from the Menshevik to the Bolshevik and became a famous speaker. In July 1917, he was again arrested for meat and released after the defeat of Cornilov. Attended participation in October events, and after them became the People's Commissioner of Foreign Affairs.

He also belonged to call the new country and its government by the Council of People's Commissars. In December 1917, he became the head of the USSR at the negotiations in Brest-Litovsk. There he behaved strangely, urged to finish the war, but without the conclusion of a peace treaty. Also spoke there against Lenin and Bukharin.

In March 1918, he became the Military Commissioner and created the Red Army, and also took part in the civil war of 1918-1922. In 1920, he became the head of the commission for the restoration of railways and introduced a rigid discipline on the structures subject to it.

However, in 1921, Lenin did not support his idea about the sense of trade unions together with Zinoviev and Stalin.
In 1922, Lenin's goal offered him to become an ally in the fight against Stalin and his party, where Stalin was the Secretary General and wanted to bring everything to bureaucratic.

With Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev began to be union, to which Trotsky responded with Lenin with refusal in the Union because of the concerns of the anti-Semitic attacks.

After that, he worked along with Germany and prepared an uprising with its communist party with the participation of the Red Army, in October 1923 the uprising was canceled, the crisis was abolished within the Bolshevik party.

On the day of the death of Lenin Trotsky was abroad and was not called by Stalin, since he wanted to approve himself as the successor of Lenin. Trotsky could not disprove this and soon lost his post of the military commissioner.

In 1925, the struggle between the power of Stalin and Trotsky, who turned out to be opposed. Trotsky called on all his allies and in April 1926 formulated a declaration on the restoration of democracy by eliminating Stalin. In 1927, the opposition waited for the failure from the Talina, but was caught by surprise on the other hand - Stalin accused them that white guardians act in their ranks.

Trotsky spent several rallies and demonstrations, printed the opposition platform to the newspaper, but in October 1927, it was excluded from the party, and in November 1927 he was not allowed to demonstrate in honor of the 10 years of overthrowing the royal regime.

In January 1928, he was deported to Almaty, and in a year to Turkey, where he wrote the autobiography of my life and the book History of the Russian revolution in three volumes. At the same time, he began to see the threat from Germany, in which he began to gain power mobilization of the left and the creation of the Nazis. He wrote to Stalin for the purpose of unification, and after the victory of Hitler in 1933 called him to form 4 internationally, but did not receive the answer.

In July 1933, emigrated to France, but the Germans were quickly discovered there and in 1934 they made it from there. In 1936, he arrived in Norway and wrote a loyal revolution there. Six months later, Oklevtan Stalin, who called the Trotsky agent Hitler and in December 1936, Trotsky arrived in Mexico. There, Mexicans arranged a commission on his work and accusation by Stalin in indentation of the Nazis and carried out a negative answer and recognized him innocent.

In 1938, Trotsky, together with Breton and River, released a manifesto free revolutionary art, after which his son was killed by Stalin's agents in Paris. And soon he was killed on August 21, 1940.

Achievements of Lion Trotsky:

First People's Foreign Affairs
Many works on revolution
Created a red army

Dates from the biography of Leo Trotsky:

October 26, 1879 - Born in Ukraine
1896 - finished the real school
1898-102 - First Link
1902 - Escape to London and meeting with Lenin
1917 - Return to Russia, the creation of the Red Army
1925 - struggle for power, removal from part of the party
1936 - Emigration in Mexico
August 21, 1940 - death

Interesting facts of Lion Trotsky:

Was married twice, had 4 children who all died during the struggle for power
He was killed by ice ax, for six months before his death was committed attempted, for the murder of Trotsky Ramon, a roman received the title of Hero of the USSR
Only in May 1992 was rehabilitated
His names wore streets, squares and cities, but with the collapse of the USSR, everyone was renamed the historical names

Among people who left their mark in the history of Russia, there are not many politicians with an equally confusing biography as Lion Trotsky. Regarding his role in many events that took place in Russia, and then in the USSR in the first 40 years of the 20th century, fierce disputes are still underway.

So who was Trotsky Lev Davidovich? The biography of the famous political figure, presented in this article, will help learn about some of his decisions that influenced the fate of millions of people.

Childhood

Trotsky Lion was 5 child David Leontievich and Anna Lvovna Bronstein. Spouses were rich Jewish landowners-colonists that moved to the Kherson province from Poltava region. The boy was named Leube, and he freely owned Russian and Ukrainian languages, as well as Idishe.

At the time of the birth of the younger son, Bronstein was 100 tents of the Earth, a large garden, a mill and repair shop. Next to the Yanovka, where the family of Labe lived, the German-Jewish colony was located. There was a school where he was given in 6 years. After 3 years, Labu sent to Odessa, where he entered the Lutheran Real School of St. Paul.

Beginning of revolutionary activities

After graduating from the 6th grades of the school, the young man moved to Nikolaev, where in 1896 he joined the revolutionary circle.

To obtain higher education, Labeztein had to leave new comrades and go to Novorossiysk. There he easily entered the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Local University. However, the revolutionary struggle has already seized the young man, and he soon left this university to return to Nikolaev.

Arrest

Bronstein, who took the underground nickname Lviv, became one of the organizers of the South Russian Workers' Union. At the age of 18, he was arrested for anti-government activities, and two years he walked on prisons. There he became Marxist and managed to marry Alexander Sokolovskaya.

In 1990, the young family was referred to Irkutsk, where two daughters were born at Bronstein. They were sent to Yanovka. In Kherson region, the girls were under the guardianship of the grandfather and grandmother.

Abroad

In 1992, there was an opportunity to run from the link. In the fake passport, Laba entered the name of Trotsky Lion. With this document he was able to leave abroad.

Once out of reach of the Russian "Security", Trotsky went to London, where he met with V. Lenin. There he repeatedly performed before the emigrants revolutionary. Leo Trotsky (the biography of early youth is presented above) struck all intelligence and oratorical talent. Lenin, striving to weaken the "old people," proposed to include him in the editorial board "Sparks", but Plekhanov categorically opposed to this.

While in London, Trotsky married Natalia Sedovoy. However, Alexander Sokolova remained officially until the end of the life.

In 1905.

When the revolution broke out in the country, Trotsky and his wife returned to Russia, where Lev Davidovich organized the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies. On November 26, he was elected his chairman, but on November 3 he was arrested and sentenced to a lifelong settlement in Siberia. At Court, Trotsky uttered a fiery speech against violence. She made a strongest impression on the gathered, among whom were his parents.

Second emigration

On the way to the place where he had to live in the link, Trotsky was able to run and moved to Europe. There he made several attempts to unite the scattered batch of socialist sense, but did not succeed.

In 1912-1913 Trotsky as a military bar of the Kiev thought newspaper wrote 70 reports from the fronts of the Balkan Wars. This experience helped him in the future to organize work in the Red Army.

When the First World War began, Trotsky Lion fled from Vienna to Paris, where he began to produce the newspaper "Our Word". In it, he published his pacifist articles, which was the reason for the expulsion of the revolutionary beyond France. He moved to the USA, where he hoped to settle, because he did not believe in the possibility of a serious revolution in Russia.

In 1917.

When the February Revolution was killed, Trotsky went with his family on the ship to Russia. However, on the way he was removed from the board of the vessel and sent to the concentration camp, since he could not present a Russian passport. Only in May 1917, after a long weary, Trotsky arrived in Petrograd with his family. It was immediately included in the petrosist.

In the following months, Leo Trotsky, a brief biography of which to the revolution you have already been known, engaged in demoralizing the garrison of the northern capital. In the absence of Lenin, who was in Finland, he actually headed the Bolsheviks.

In the days of the revolution

On October 12, Trotsky was headed by Petrogradsky VRK, and a few days later ordered 5,000 rifles to the Red Guards.

In the days of the October coup, Lev Davidovich was one of the main managers of the rebels.

In December 1917, it was he who announced the beginning of the "Red Terror".

In 1918-1924

At the end of 1917, Trotsky included in the first team of the Bolshevik government as a commark of foreign affairs. During the Leninsky ultimatum, requiring the adoption of German conditions, he accepted the side of Vladimir Ilyich, which provided him with a victory.

In the fall of 1918, Trotsky was appointed Chairman of the RSFSR Revolutionary Council, that is, became the first commander-in-chief of the newly formed RKKA. Subsequent years, he practically lived on the train, on which he drove through all the fronts.

During the defense Tsaritsyn Lev Trotsky entered into a frank confrontation with Stalin. Over time, he began to understand that the equality in the army cannot be, and began to introduce the Institute of War, seeking to reorganize and return to the traditional principles of building the Armed Forces.

In 1924, Trotsky was shifted from the post of Chairman of the Revoensuit.

In the second half of the 20s

By the beginning of 1926 it became clear that in the near future the so long-awaited world revolution would not come. Lion Trotsky became close to the Zinoviev / Kamenev group on the basis of the unity of political views on the issue of building socialism in one country. Soon the number of oppositionists has increased, and Nadezhda Konstantinovna Kromskaya joined them.

In 1927, the CCC examined the business of Trotsky and Zinoviev, but did not rule them out of the party, but declared a strict reprimand.

Exile

In 1928, Trotsky was exiled to Almaty, and a year later, he was expelled outside the USSR.

In 1936, Lev Davidovich settled in Mexico, where he was sheltered by the family of the artists of Diego River and Frida Kalo. There he wrote a book under the heading "loyal revolution", in which Stalin's sharp criticism.

Two years later, Trotsky announced the creation of the Alternative Comintern of the Communist Organization "Fourth International", which gave the beginning of many political movements existing at the moment in different parts of the planet.

Until the last day, his life Lev Davidovich worked on the book, where he argued the version of Lenin's poisoning on the orders of "father of all nations."

On August 20, 1940, Trotsky was killed by the NKVD Ramon Merkader agent. However, the attempts on his life were made from the first days of arrival in Mexico.

After the death of Trotsky turned out to be one of the few victims of Stalin, who was never rehabilitated.

Now you know what a life path was held by Trotsky Lev Davidovich. A brief biography policy tells only about the small part of the events in which he was directly involved. Many consider it a villain, and for some Trotsky is a strong personality, faithful to his ideals.

Soviet party and statesman Lev Davidovich Trotsky (real name Laba Bronstein) was born on November 7 (October 26 in Art.) 1879 in the village of Yanovka Elisavetgrad County of the Kherson province (Ukraine) in a wealthy family. From seven years attended a Jewish religious school, which he did not finish. In 1888, he was sent to study in Odessa, then moved to Nikolaev, where in 1896 he entered the Nikolaev real school, and at his end he began to attend lectures of the Mathematical Faculty of Odessa University. Here Trotsky agreed with radical, revolutionary youth and took part in the creation of the South Russian working union.

In January 1898, Trotsky, together with like-minded people, was arrested and sentenced to a four-year reference to Eastern Siberia. Being under investigation in a Butyrsa prison, he married Alexander Sokolovskaya's revolutionary activities.

In September 1902, leaving his wife and two daughters, he fled from the reference, using fake documents for the name of Trotsky, who later became a well-known pseudonym.

In October 1902, he arrived in London and immediately established communication with the leaders of the Russian Social Democracy in emigration. Lenin appreciated the ability and energy of Trotsky and suggested his candidacy for the editorial board.

In 1903, in Paris, Lion Trotsky married Natalia Sedovoy, who became the right companion.

In the summer of 1903, Trotsky participated in the second congress of the Russian Social Democracy, where the position of Martov supported the question of party charter. After the Congress, Trotsky, together with the Mensheviks, accused Lenin and Bolsheviks in the dictatories and the destruction of the unity of the Social Democrats. Since 1904, Trotsky acted for the combination of fractions of the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

When the first Russian revolution began, Trotsky returned to St. Petersburg and in October 1905 took an active part in the work of the St. Petersburg Council, becoming one of his three co-chairs.

By this time, the development of Trotsky together with Alexander Parvus (Gelfand) theory of the so-called "Permanent" (continuous) revolution: in his opinion, the revolution will win only with the help of world proletariat, which, having exercised its bourgeois stage, will move to socialist.

In the course of the revolution, 1905-1907, Trotsky showed himself an extraordinary organizer, a speaker, a publicist. He was the actual leader of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers Deputies, the editor of his newspaper "Izvestia".

In 1907, he was sentenced to the eternal settlement to Siberia with deprivation of all civil rights, but on the way to the place of the link ran.

From 1908 to 1912, Trotsky published in Vienna the Pravda newspaper, tried to create a "Augustoc unit" Social Democrats. By this period, his most sharp clashes with Lenin, who called Trotsky "Judushka".

In 1912, Trotsky was a military correspondent of "Kiev thought" in the Balkans, two years later, after the beginning of the First World War, he moved to Switzerland, and then to France and Spain. Here he entered the editorial office of the newspaper of the left socialists "Our Word".

In 1916 he was expelled from France and sailed to the United States.

Trotsky welcomed the February Revolution of 1917 as the beginning of the long-awaited permanent revolution. In May 1917, he returned to Russia, in July joined the "Interraytonians" in the Bolsheviks Party. He was the chairman of the Petrograd Council of Workers and Soldier's deputies, one of the leaders of the Oktyabrsky armed uprising.

After the victory of the Bolsheviks on October 25 (November 7), 1917, Trotsky entered the first Soviet government as the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. He supported Lenin in the fight against plans to create a coalition government of all socialist parties. In late October, organized the defense of Petrograd from the army of the army of General Krasnov.

In 1918-1925, Trotsky was the Commissar of Military Affairs, Chairman of the Revoensuit of the Republic. He was one of the creators of the Red Army, personally led its actions on many fronts of the civil war. I had a great job on attracting former royal officers and generals to the Red Army ("War Asspians"). Widely used repression to maintain the discipline and "guidance of the revolutionary order" at the front and in the rear, being one of the theoretics and practitioners of the "red terror".

Member of the Central Committee in 1917-1927, Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in October 1917 and in 1919 1926.

At the end of the Civil War and the early 1920s, the popularity and influence of Trotsky reached apogee, the cult of his personality began to develop.

In 1920-1921, Trotsky one of the first proposed measures to fold the "military communism" and the transition to the NEPU. He participated in the creation of the Comintern; He was the author of his manifesta. In the famous "letter to the congress," noting the shortcomings of Trotsky, Lenin called him the most outstanding and capable person from all the then composition of the Central Committee.

Before the death of Lenin and especially after it, the struggle for power broke out among the leaders of the Bolsheviks. After the death of Lenin, the acute struggle of Lion Trotsky with Joseph Stalin for leadership ended with the defeat of Trotsky.

In 1924, Trotsky's views (so-called Trotskyism) were declared a "petty bourgeois bias" in the RCP (b). For his left opposition glances, he was excluded from the party, in January 1928 he was sent to Al ATU, and in 1929, by decision, the Politburo is expelled outside the USSR.

In 1929-1933, Trotsky lived with his wife and senior son Lv Sedov in Turkey on the Printed Islands (Marmara Sea). In 1933, he moved to France, in 1935 - to Norway. At the end of 1936, he left Europe and settled in Mexico, in the house of the artist Diego River, then - on a fortified and carefully protected villa in the suburb of Mexico City, Koyokan.

He exposed a sharp criticism of the policy of the Soviet leadership, refuted the approval of official propaganda and Soviet statistics.
Trotsky was the initiator of the creation of the 4th International (1938), the author of works on the history of revolutionary movement in Russia, literary critical articles, books "Lessons of October", "History of the Russian Revolution", "Devoted Revolution", My Life's memories, etc.

In the USSR, Trotsky was in absentia sentenced to death; His first wife and the youngest son Sergey Sedov, who spent an active Trotskyist politics, were shot.

In 1939, Stalin gave an order to eliminate Lion Trotsky. In May 1940, the first attempt was faced to kill him, organized by the Mexican artist Communist David Sicaire.

On August 20, 1940, Lion Trotsky was mortally wounded by the Spanish communist and the NKVD Ramon Merkader agent. He died on August 21, and after cremation was buried in the courtyard at home in Koyokan, where his museum is now.

Material prepared on the basis of open sources