History of construction DniproNes. Uphill of the dam Dniprocess Restoration of the DniproNes after the war

And motorized troops with the aim of sudden capture of the Dneprogacy and the dam, according to which to break into the city, broke through the defense west of Zaporozhye on a narrow section of the front. The former chief of the General Staff of the Ground Forces of Germany F. Galder describes the events in the Zaporozhye region: "August 19, 1941. 59th day of war. Furniture at the front: Army Group "South": The enemy continues to resist Romanian parts coming to Odessa. In the area of \u200b\u200bOchakova, the enemy took a counterattack at the area of \u200b\u200bthe 50th division.

In Kherson port, there is a large number of enemy vessels. The 11th Army began to cross the troops of the 11th Army Corps through the Bug. Aviation of the enemy has sharply attack our advanced coming parts in the Dnieper's radiation. The 9th tank division entered the area of \u200b\u200b1 km west of the dam at Zaporozhye. The 14th Tank Division burst into the opponent's bridgehead at Zaporizhia. "
According to the bridge, the enemy managed to break through the enemy through the old channel, approach the Dneprgess and start the gun-mortar shelling of his defenders.

Defense units, fulfilling "Order of Comrade Stalin dated July 3, 1941" Switching HPP generators for self-immolation, retreated on the left bank.
Former head of construction Dneprostroy F.G. Loginov says: "It was August 18, 1941. On that day, Dneproges worked with a full load, although shells flew through the dam and the machine room of the power plant. In the case of the retreat of our troops, it was decided to deal with the equipment and dam, not to give the enemy the ability to use Dneproges. A heavy, but the necessary operation was instructed by the Chief Engineer of Dneprogas Grigory Shazkom ... ".

Germans, subsequently also confirmed the destruction of the machine hall of the station workers. In the memoirs of Spear, who since September 1930 was the head of the Reich military construction, and from February 1942 - the imperial minister of weapons, it is reported: "... I visited the exploded by Russian power plant in Zaporizhia. In it, after the major construction part managed to close the breach in the dam, German turbines were installed. With its retreat, the Russians disabled the equipment is very simple and remarkable: switching the lubricant dispenser with the full operation of the turbines. Lubricants, cars fucked and literally filled themselves, turning to a pile of unsuitable scrap metal. A very effective means of destruction and everything is a simple turn of the handle with one person! "

But the turbines were not the main goal of destruction. Should bloated the dam itself. German troops were still on the right bank of the Dnieper, in the area of \u200b\u200bNikopol and Krivoy Rog. No one was warned on the planned explosion of the Dneprovskaya dam on either the Military Transport and Troops, which were moved to the left bank of the Dnieper, nor the population and the establishment of the city of Zaporizhia - kilometers 10-12 from the hydroelectric station downstream of the Dnieper. Also no warned military units located down from Zaporizhia in Dnipro smooth, although the telephone connection at the time on the left bank functioned normally.

The study of the available documents of the 157th regiment of the NKVD troops on the protection of particularly important enterprises of the industry, guarding and defending the DniproNes to the last minute, allows you to set the time of undermining the dam of the dam with an accuracy of the clock: 20.00-20.30 August 18, 1941.
It was at this time that Dneprognes, Dniprovsky dams, the railway bridge over the Dnieper were blown up.
Military transports and people who at the time moved along the dam, naturally died. As a result of the explosion of the bridge and dam on the island of Khortyza, there was a cut off of the infantry regiment, which was driving at this time to East Coast.

In the body of the dam formed a big gap, the active reset of water went. As a result, an extensive zone of flooding in the lower flow of the Dnieper appeared. A gigantic wave washed away several enemy crossings, sinking a lot of German units, accustomed in smoothies. But the water that escaped to freedom did not share people on "their" and "strangers."
Water flooded the entire lower part of Zaporizhia with huge stocks of various goods, military materials and tens of thousands of tons of food and other property. The power of the wave of the dam formed during the undermining dam was such that the monitor "Volcology" was thrown ashore and then could only be used as a defensive structure only on land.

In the smooth zone of the island of Khortitsa and Dniprovsky smooths for tens of kilometers to Nikopol, the military units were on positions. The dam of the dam sharply raised the water level in the lower drain of the Dnieper, where at that time the 2nd Cavalry Corps of the 18th and 9th armies began to crossway under Nikolayev's troops. These troops were "cut off" when crossing, a part of the group of troops, which came to the environment and captivity, and partly managed to cross in incredibly difficult conditions by throwing artillery and military equipment.

They said that she died in smoothly approximately 20,000 red-Armenians - how many nobody thought it was. In addition to the troops, tens of thousands of cattle heads died in smoothies and many people who were there at that moment.

This is how the eyewitnesses describe this event:
"And suddenly the earth trembled. Mishka looked to the West and painted: there, somewhere in the Dnieper, silently grew, rose a huge, aggravity black mushroom ... Dam! Blowed the dam!
- Mom, open wider mouth !!
- What?
- Open! Wider! Mouth!
And rushed! Oh, how rushed! Our pride, our love, Handsome is our Dneproges, DniPrelstanstan, our pain, what pain your pain responded in our hearts, your mortal wound, that oh, how not soon goes! And how many other things are in front? "

"... 18 August .... When I got to the pier, I saw that the whole oak grove and coastal houses were filled with Dniprovskaya water, because on the night under our 17th, the dam (jumper) of the Dneprogacy blew up, and the water joined a strong shaft And demolished everything in its path. And in the smoothness below the city there was a lot of livestock and people. In the city there was a sinister silence and radiation, the Germans were waiting for an hour - the people on the occasion made robbery mills and shops. The power has come to his senses and after a couple of days the order was restored in the city. "

Mark Trojanovsky: "Suddenly, the Germans appeared on the 17th in the Dneprogacy area. Almost all political management workers were thrown to help in part, guarding the approaches to the dam. Rasps mines and shells. At the entrance to the dam is installed armored gun and regimental guns. A replenishment is sent through the dam, and without rifles ...
Soon we were witnesses, as this replenishment ran back. The shots began to drive him again. And another hour later, everything was allowed to leave without rifles. Such confusion relaxed and resistant parts. We have a little raised all these disgraces at the dam. Removed a huge fire from the military plant that broke up on the shore.
All under fire, no one knows exactly where. While we decided where to go, the streets of the city began to be subjected to intense shelling. Mines and artillery. The enemy nearby on that shore. It was terribly looking, how women rushed, not knowing how to be. They live on the shore, working on this. In the morning, as if nothing had happened, went to work. Everything was fine, tram went. And now on the side of the sides, shells roll. Large residential houses. People in despair.
There was a disturbing night from 17 to August 18. On the wrong side of the fire fires. Polytotel prepared cars for evacuation. The headquarters moves at night. Waited at night the arrival of ours. And suddenly something will be interesting !!!
The night spent the cars on the street. There were several large explosions. Did not know what it was. Thought gaps of heavy shells. At night, watches in 12 we learn the terrible news - Dneproga's dam and J.D. Bridge blown up. They blown up without special needs, prematurely when our parts remained on the other side. They say that now looking for the perpetrators. And they did it as if employees of the NKVD, spinning. "

Indeed, panic had a place. But was the undermining of the Dniprogess self-legal?
Unfortunately, commander of the South Front of Tyulenev I.V. About this fact in his memoirs indicated very scoop: "We were in Zaporizhia, when suddenly the Earth swung under his feet - the explosion of a huge force shook the air. The twelvethitone charge of Tola destroyed the Dneproges, the pride of the Soviet people. "
The slightly clarify the situation with the explosion of the Dneprogacy and open operational documents of the South Front headquarters:
In the execution of the specified order of the South Front command on September 3, 1941, part of the 274th rifle division of the 12th Army, with the participation of the Zaporizhia folk militia under the cover, the Dnieper fused and in three-day fierce battles defeated the enemy on the island of Hortica. After the liberation of the chorus, the artillery shelling of factories and the city significantly weakened, which contributed to the acceleration of the dismantling and evacuation of equipment and people.
After the destruction of the Dneprovskaya dam and Dneprogacy, all the leadership ran into the east. A week later, by order of Moscow, most of these world leaders returned back to Zaporizhia and some time before the arrival of Germans continued to "lead" and assure that Zaporizhia "will never be handed over to the enemy" that the enemy for the Dnieper will not be allowed. The advance destruction of Dneprogacy, they were explained by the "hostile diversion", "hydration".

"Series G.
Directive number 0083 / OP
South Front headquarters.
21.8.41. 15 h. 45 m.
Map 500,000
... At the Zaporizhia direction, the pr-k in the composition of one TD and one or two MD reached the border r. Dnipro, conducts intelligence and preparation for the forcing r. Dnipro ...
Prospect, acting by superior forces, was aimed at taking the entire right-bank Ukraine, to apply individual defeats of the front armies, defending the west of R. Dnipro, in particular, Rh. Nikolaev. By entering into battle, a significant number of tank and motorbish, and the procy to the move tried to master crossing over the p. Dnipro Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Nikopol, Kherson and at the same time master Odessa ...
....Unorally defeated parts of the southern front did not give a pr-ku sewing Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Kherson, Odessa, defeated him heavy losses under Nikolaev, Zaporizhia, Dnepropetrovsk ...
... Zaporizhia Group: Composition - 274, 226, 270 sd, Regiment of the NKVD. Group management lay on K-Ra 48 SK. Malinovsky and his headquarters, which immediately loss in Zaporizhia and enter into command group. The task is to master the island of Hortiets and, firmly defending on the east. shore r. Dnipro, hold his hands Zaporizhia.
Commander of Yuzhfron Tyulene
Member of the Military Council Zaporozhets
Nashnyufront Romanov "

After the explosion of the Dniprogess, the defense of Zaporizhia continued for another month and a half. In September, at least 620 wagons went to the east of the city daily, and on some days - about 900. Only for the export of one plant "Zaporizhstal" took 8 thousand cars. 22 union and food and food industry enterprises were taken out. In addition, machine-building, pedagogical institutes and other educational institutions, theater them are evacuated. MK Znankovets, Radiozel, Movie FilmFord, valuable exhibits of the regional local lore museum and much more. It was the heroic feat of Zaporizhzhya workers and engineering workers.

The member of the Military Council of the Southern Direction N.S. Khrushchev later very briefly "remembered" the battle for Zaporizhia: "We evacuated a lot of staves from Zaporozhye, literally under the nose at the enemy. We instructed to hold this operation to the roor. He was in those days either a member of the Military Council of the South Front, or seems to be a representative of the Government of Ukraine. The Korean played a big role in the equipment evacuation, and this equipment now went to the east, which was very positively affected on the creation of the defense industry in a new place. "
On October 4, workers and engineering workers who participated in the dismantling of the factories left the city. Only then, German troops entered Zaporizhia. They were met fires and mines. All that could not be taken to the East, it was blown up or proposed.

Leonid Sosnitsky argues that the order for the destruction of the Dneprogacy gave the commander of the South-Western direction Budyanny S.M. "On the afternoon of August 18, Zaporizhia saw the seeds of Budenny (all the well-known historical sources are silent about it), and it is likely that he decided to undermine the Dneprogram. By that time, the Nazis had already mastered the hosts on the island of Hortiets, turned artillery. They fell to the island of "for the company" - absolutely peacefully, together with surrounded, militia, evacuated by the civilian population and collective farm cattle. No one prevented anyone in anyone, the Germans also behaved "culturally". So the bridge across the old Dnieper went to the enemy, and through the new Dnieper (the second sleeve of the river, which was washed by Khortitsa - near the left bank) managed to undermine. It was done so hastily and fussy that the troops, throwing equipment and weapons, on some boards, barrels forced a very significant water obstacle. As a result, some veterans and today are confident that the explosion carried out German saboteurs, disguised in Soviet form. "
A few later bridge over the old Dnipro was undermined by the political officer Bocharov M.Z.

After the war, many involved in this tried to introduce the bottom of the Dneprogacy at all as a unauthorized and panicker.
From the testimony of the former assistant to the head of the South Front of the Komsomol B.S. Melnikova:
"... On the night of August 17 to 18 August, the situation in the Zaporizhia direction of the Southern Front changed dramatically. The enemy broke through our defense and the city, in fact, remained untouched. This is what has been reported on the current situation with the political administration of the Southern Front in the report in the name of the head of the Chief Political Office of the Red Army. Mehlisa: - ... On the morning of August 18, the opponent forces to the infantry division with tanks led the attack on the city of Zaporizhia. The defeated Zaporozhye bridgehead is poorly armed, just introduced into battle 274 with [TELLOK] D [Iviusia] under the NATIS OF THE ENERMINAL NEED ATTENTION ... To restore order in the division, the Military Council was sent by Major-General Haritons (at that time he was deputy [SETTER] [Alnica] Front Headquarters ...), and a front political management - 20 political workers who were broken into two groups of ten people. One group operated under the leadership of the assistant chief of political enforcement of the Southern Front on Komsomol, the Battalion Commissioner of Commission. Melnikova, another under the leadership of the head of the Political Government Department, Battalion Commissioner Commission. Usov. ... 19, 20 and 21, political management workers took an active part in the organization of combat, the supply of division by ammunition and food, evacuation of the wounded ...

In front of our group member of the Military Council t. Zaporozhets and the guidance of political management T. Mamonov and Brezhnev was tasked with: at all costs to restrain the randomly separation parts through the island of Hortiets, create hasty defense on the old Dnipro bed, securely covering the bridge. Stop the advance of the enemy and keep up before the reinforcement approach. The second group should have operated in the Dneprog Earth Dam.
A few minutes later we carried away from the cargo car on the bridge connecting the city with the island of Khortitsa, as it was not possible to drive the car further. The bridge was scored by the human avalanche: cars, wagons and cattle. There were inhuman efforts from each of us, so that [s] under the enemy's fire to keep the running in a panic and turn them towards the enemy ...

Here we met with Major General Kharitonov, who approved our actions and personally helped to form combat units and clarified the combat missions to them. The enemy was stopped. Three enemy tanks were bent on the bridge. Everyone was perceived by the Spirit, the calf hope that the reinforcement comes soon.
But after a while the situation on the island of Hortiets became simply critical and seemed to be hopeless. There was a stunning explosion, and soon another. The jumper was blown up and undermined the bridge, connecting the island from Zaporizhia. The bridge through the old direction remains the desires and, in fact, became open for fascist unclean.

... the enemy broke into the island, took the southern part of it. Continuing to provide fierce resistance in many times superior to the enemy forces, our forces weakened, some of them began to run to the Dnieper.
The accuracy of the critical situation that established on the island of Hortica, and our doomed confirms ... The telegram of the chief of political management of the southern front of the Tov. Mamonov in the name of the head of the main political management of the RKKA Comrade Mehlis, dated August 20, 1941. It says: - ... on the left section of the army [in] the result of repeated attacks of tanks and the enemy motorcysts was left by Zaporizhzhya bridgehead. Lieutenant Colonel Petrovsky - Head of the Headquarters of the Front Staff and Nach [Alnik] Department of Epin (Scientific Test Institute) - The representative of the General Staff without the knowledge of the Military Council of the Front blew up the dam and the bridge ... An explosion of jumpers and bridge put about 3,000 people on the island in a difficult position Hortietsa ... "In this telegram, you will read that the culprits of this explosion were arrested and devoted to the court of the military tribunal."

But not the truth says the Komsomol Assistant. Yes, and could he know this truth?
This is what the former deputy possession of the USSR MG reported in his memoirs. Prevukhin: "By the beginning of August 1941, Dnieper districts were in the zone of hostilities. The question arose about the evacuation of the pearl of Soviet energy - the Dnieper hydroelectric power station named after V. I. Lenin ... The Supreme Commander was given to the task of the Soviet troops of the South-Western Front to strengthen at the turn of the Dnieper River and delay the enemy. For these purposes, in extreme cases, blow up the dam of the Dneprovskaya hydrostation so that the enemy troops could not go to the left bank of the river and take an important industrial center.

I was entrusted to ensure that everything was prepared for an explosion on the hydraulic station, and the explosion itself was made when our retreating troops go to the left bank of the Dnieper. Together with the employees of the People's Commissariat of Power Plants and Dneprönergo, I discussed how it is better to fulfill this important and hard, especially for us, energy, task. It was necessary to arrange such an explosion so that he would prevent the German troops to use the dam for the transfer of his strength and technology, and on the other hand, to leave the opportunity after the end of the war of rapid reduction of the hydrostating. It was decided to lay an explosive in the upper loss (tunnel in the body of the dam, connecting the right and left shores). The place of bookmarks explosives to separate on both sides with sand bags, so that the explosive wave goes in the right direction and destroyed only a few spans of the drain part of the dam, and with it - and the bridge transition ...

DniproNes had a strong military guard and anti-aircraft defense. On the eve of the fateful day, when it was necessary to undermine the dam, the city of Zaporizhia was very bombed by German aircraft, but the anti-aircraft defense did not allow the enemy to pick up bombs to the power plant and the dam. In the evening of the same day, after another airway, she unexpectedly began shelling the area of \u200b\u200bthe power plant from the mortars. It was quite unexpected, since the Soviet troops kept the enemy as many tens of kilometers west. It turned out that during the distracting bombing of the city, the air landing of the opponent landed on the island of Khortitsa, about three kilometers from the dam. Obviously, the command of German troops wanted to occupy Dneproges intact and wanted to do it with the help of parachutists ...
In the afternoon, the explosive laying was almost completed, the representative of the headquarters of the front was arrived, which was awarded to representatives of the military command at Dneprog Mese the telegram of the Commander-in-Chief of the South-West Direction of Marshal S. M. Budennye, who clarified the explosion period. It indicated that in case of danger of the classes of the dam by the Germans, it should be disabled.

Mortwood, the fighters moved through the left to the left bank, as it was impossible to pass on the dam on the dam, because it was under the strong artillery fire of the opponent.
Suddenly the shelling stopped and the oppressive silence came, which at the unknown situation acted on the nerves of our people worse than the shelling ...
The moment came when the commander of the military unit, defending the Dneprog Es, closed the contacts of the battery, the deaf explosion shook the dam ... the explosion ... several spans of the drain part of the dam were destroyed. In the explosion, not only the Nazis who were on the dam were killed, but, and with the rapid rise of water below the power plant, in the Dnipro smooth shore, there were a lot of troops and armaments of the enemy who was preparing to cross the left bank ... with the pain in the heart and hope Returning to the banks of the Dnieper left the power station workers in deep at night to the east ...

During the day, I checked the situation on the Dneprogne several times during the day. In the evening, about five hours, I called the secretary of the regional committee. He informed me that the German tanks appeared on the right bank, the German tanks and the dam blew up ... Late at night I was in the Central Committee and reported I. V. Stalin that Dneprog's dam was blown up. He replied that he did in time and thus stopped the promotion of the Germans in this section of the front. "

Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR General-Colonel A.V. Khrulev also confirmed that the sanction on the explosion of Dneprogacy was given in Moscow: "In the period from 2 to 4 August 1941, the headquarters of the rear were charged with the delivery of sappers and explosives in Zaporozhye.

Igor Zalieca

DniproNes has always been a kind of advertising poster in the USSR. In principle, in the 30th, it was the largest hydroelectric power station in Europe, the drum pace of construction. And if Volkhovstroy was shock only in the first years of his work, then Dneproges remained such and later.
During the war, these places were the arena of fierce fighting. During the retreat, Soviet troops blew up a piece of dam. The Germans, settling in Zaporizhia, immediately began to restore the dam, and in 1944 they tried to blow it up already. But thanks to the feat of our sappers, the bulk of the dam survived. On March 3, 1947, Dneproges gave the first current. And in 1969, a large-scale reconstruction of the dam began. A new single-chamber gateway was appeared instead of the old three-chamber (now it does not work), there was a new building of the machine room (so-called DneprogES-2).
Under the cut - photos made by German aerial photography during the boards of Zaporizhia. You can see fresh photos, as well as read about the cruise on the Dnieper (author - riverpilgrim )

so DniproNes looked in 1941

view of the Water-fired Power Plant after the explosion on August 18, 1941 (filming from the aircraft on May 8, 1942)

view of the Upper Bief

view from the right bank of the Dnieper, near the shore - Machina hall

april 1943 - the dam is restored - the melons visible, formed after the water descent through the broken part of the dam

mashaz HPP

the blocking network is higher than the dam - maybe it was protection against saboteurs and torpedoes. Ice such network demolished instantly

in 1942, the station again earned - the Germans installed their equipment. This is a shooting or 1942, or 1943 - the station reappears again

rESET WATER IN Flood

aerial view of three-chamber gateway

camera gateway

view of the complex of facilities HPP from the air, April 1943

machine Building, April 1943

view of the dam from southwestern, September 1943

view from the side of the lower beam

the reservoir is filled to the project mark, September 1943, view from the top of the biefe

gateways and waterproof dam, September 1943

view from the northeast, upper bey, September 1943

view from the south to the railway bridge

as I understood - the form of damage resulting from the bombardment on September 29, 1943

the day before the explosion, October 14, 1943

by October 1943, the Germans passed their position in Ukraine. On the night of October 12-19, 1943, the Red Army began a novel, and on the night of 13 at 14 began the storming of the city. In this situation, the German committee decides on the bang of the dam. The task was to carry the entire dam with an explosion. On the night of October 14-15, General Makenzen gives an order about the dam explosion. But the Soviet saming groups managed to damage the part of the posting connecting the charges. As a result, only part of the dam was blown up. In total, about 300 tons of explosives were laid inside the structures of HPP.

consequences of the damping dam on October 15, 1943

machine building HPP and dam as of October 21, 1943

general view of the air from the air after undermining, November 6, 1943

November 9, 1944. Apparently this is one of the last spanners over the dams of the German scouting aircraft. In 1944, the station recovery began

Photos taken here -

I want to tell you about the most large-scale construction sites of the Soviet Union, which was very, very much. One of them is the brainchild five-year plan - Dniprocess, one of the symbols of domestic energy.

Dneproges, Dneprovskaya hydroelectric station - large hydroelectric station South of Ukraine, the fifth, oldest, stage of the cascade of hydroelectric power plants on the Dnipro River, provides electricity to Donetsk-Krivoy Rog industrial area. The power station is located in the city of Zaporizhia, below the Dnieper thresholds, and is the oldest among the cascade of power plants on the Dnipro River. Based on the DniproNes in Zaporizhia, a metallurgical, chemical and machine-building industrial complex was created. Dniprocess is part of Ukrhydroenergo.

The history of Dneprogas is very interesting. Many myths and legends are associated with the Dneprog Earth construction project. It is approved, for example, that the first Dneprogacy project prepared by the engineer Heinrich Graftio, in 1905, turned out to be on the table of Emperor Nikolai II, but the king underestimated the prospects for hydropower. It would seem that here is special? That is, he and the king to slow down scientific and technological progress. This is what, in 1913, the Bishop of Samara and Stavropol Simeon reported the Count Orlov-Davydov: "On your hedisfactory original ownership of the Samara Technical Society, together with the Bogoto-Engineer, Krzhizhanovsky design dams and a large electric station. Throws the mercy of their arrival to preserve God's peace in the Zhigule ownership and destroy Kramol in conception. " Why did the bishop consider the construction of the Samara dam Kramole? Because the churches and cemeteries would be flooded, which throughout the history of mankind was considered blasphemy. The king refused to build a Dneprogacy for the same reason, although the project of Engineer Heinrich Graftios envisaged the construction of three consecutive dams and flooding a relatively small territory. But other times came - in 1920, the very Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, whom the bishop Simeon called the Bogostoaster, headed the Commission on the development of the State Plan of Electrification of Russia (GOELRO). Dneproges was one of the many objects of the Goello Plan.

On November 27, 1926, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the Council of Sciences of the USSR decided to build the Dneprogacy. The experience of building large hydrotechnical objects in the Soviet Union and in Europe was not. In design and construction, the experience of such hydroelectrics as "Quinston ( english) "In Niagare," Ail-Malin (Fr.) "on the Sage River and La Gabel (Fr.)" on the St. Lawrence River.

The author of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Plant Engineer I. G. Alexandrov proposed to use the entire Dnieper Dnipper on the Spray Plot in one place. In January 1921, a design organization was created in Moscow, a Dneprostroy, in the beginning consisting of several technicians and engineers at the head of I. G. Alexandrov. Employees of this organization studied the materials found in the archives of Petrograd and Kiev, the materials previously spent on the Dnieness of geodesic and hydrological surveys, in the summer months they carried out work at the place of future construction. At proposal, A. V. Voventa is being finalized and the project of Academician Aleksandrov and the project of the work of the work proposed by the American consulting company Cooper. Instead of construction in two queues and installations of turbines with a capacity of 30 thousand kW, Alexander Vasilyevich, on the basis of accurate calculations, it proposes to build a power plant in one turn by reducing the number of hydraulic units from thirteen to nine and applying a turbine of 60 thousand kW. Accordingly, the total power of hydropower plants increased to 540 thousand kW. Americans at that time did not make turbines of such power and were amazed when the Soviet engineer proposed the welded design of the generator and the rotor. Subsequently, the energy of the whole world began to use welded structures in large aggregates.

The location for the construction of the station was chosen by Kichkas colony, five kilometers from the then city. Alexander Winter was appointed chief engineer (and soon and the head of Dneprostroy), his deputies were Boris Vedeneev and Pavel Rottert.

On January 31, 1927, the Politburo decided to start the construction of Dneprostroy, which emphasized that it should be "own resources, subject to the involvement of competent foreign assistance" (but the question remains why American turbines were installed on the Dneprog Earth dam, and the Chef consultant Dneprostroy Colonel Hugh Cooper was even awarded the Order of the Labor Red Banner?)

Due to the successful choice of space for the dam, only 16,000 hectares of land were subject to flooding, on which 56 settlements are located (of which 14 are completely flooded, the rest is partially). A total of 4176 yard were demolished, 6969 thousand rubles were allocated for compensation for alienated property.

On March 8, 1927, the first builders arrived in Zaporizhia, and in a week - March 15, 1927 on the picturesque shore of the Dnieper, on the rock "Love" (now there is a GES machine room), fluttered a red cloth with the inscription: "Dneprostro started!". The solemn laying took place on November 8 of the same year.

Hired workers from everywhere: retired military, on labor exchanges, peasants. There were a lot of so-called "seasonal" or "peckers", that is, the peasants who left the villages from the villages after the sowing and returned back in August when harvesting began. The fluidity of the workers was huge - about 300%, that is, as it was written in one official journal, it was necessary to hire 5 workers to constantly have one. The most demanded were highly qualified workers.

To improve the skills of workers, workers on the Dneprostroy were created working evening schools, in which trade union workers, party activists trained them to rational and normalized working hours, demanded access to work strictly on schedule, careful handling of the instrument, "smoke" and foreign conversations were prohibited. Americans delivered tools with keys, screwdriver. Engineers were translated into Russian operational guidelines and safety instructions, in the local press workers called on to learn, increase their professional level.

As for the working conditions of the builders, how severe they were, do not even argue. Now in losses - huge concrete tunnels in the womb of the Dneprogacy - only a glass of water is seeping every second, which indicates a very high quality of concrete. He would still not be high, because the builders of the Dneprostroy have met his legs all year round. American consultants even put a bet - how long people will withstand such a reliable job. It is known that during the construction of the "Hoover Dama", where excavators and concrete mixers were widely used, 96 workers were killed. How many Dneprostroy builders were premature from life, no one thought.

In Alexandrovsk, American consultants lived with great comfort. They were provided with several six-nominal brick cottages, each kitchen, bathroom, central heating, hot and cold water. The food was brought by the sea from the US through Odessa. There were two corts with concrete and four with a ground coating and a golf course.

Gradually, residential conditions have improved for workers - convenient apartment buildings, kitchen factories, bakeries, kindergartens, dining rooms, baths were built, trees, flowers and shrubs were planted, water supply and sewage were built. Many Soviet and foreign guests of Dneprostroy admired the household decor in the new villages on the shore of the Dnieper. And here we must pay tribute to Alexander Winter - the first thing he took up household issues. A public dining room was built on the right bank, designed for eight thousand dinners per day. The equipment for the dining room was purchased in Germany. By 1928, five villages were built for builders on the right bank of the Dnieper and one on the left. In total, 658 houses, hostels and barracks, outpatiently, filtration and fire stations, winter and summer theaters, school, kindergarten and much more were built. Wintera had a straight and sharp character. He walked in high boots, looked everywhere, sucks everything with his hands, gave instructions on the slightest trifles. It was satisfied with the scandals when I saw some disgrace. Required from the local executive committee to ban the sale of vodka. When she went to the surrounding villages behind her, Winter sent the telegram to the Government of the Ukrainian SSR: "I ask to ban the sale of vodka in the whole area." He did not have a family, but he went to Dneprognes.

Construction of DniproNes:

In the entire history of the construction of Dneprognes, accidents occurred. One of the largest in the spring of 1928: fell a fence made of metal tongs. Rumors about sabotage. But it turned out that the accident caused the fastening cables. After 18 days, the tongs were installed in place, and the construction did not stop at no time. The turnover of the workforce either did not stop. During 1932, 90 thousand people took the construction site, and was fired - 60 thousand.

In 1930, General Electric delivered five generators for Dneprogacy. Nine Turbines were supplied by NewPort News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, USA. The first unit was launched on May 1, 1932. In the opening, the garlands of electrical lights were lit, the name of Lenin was torn on the top of the dam, so the dam received his name: "DneprGES them. V. I. Lenin ".

The solemn opening of Dneprogacy was appointed October 1, 1932. Expected arrival of the head of the state of Joseph Stalin. However, he advised to unite the start of the object on the birthday of the construction chief - October 10. The chairman of the All-Union Central Executive Committee Mikhail Kalinin, the People's Commissar of Sergo Ordzhonikidze, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CP (b) in Stanislav Kosior, French writer Henri Barbuse, arrived. From the memories of the witness, "two days went banquets in restaurants on the right and left bank. On the tables - a large selection of dishes, wines from Massandra basements. Democracy was complete: the ordinary collective farmer was sitting next to the glorified commander, the installer was smoked with academician. In the office of departments stood tables with vodka, meat, bread. Someone could have a drink and eat how much soul wishes! "

On October 10 of the same year, the station entered into account the existing enterprises. In 1939, DniproNes reached the 560 MW project capacity.

After the end of the construction of the power plant, V. A. Vesnin wrote in his article "The building of Socialism" (Soviet art, 1932):

In Dneprogse, we managed to achieve the maximum combination of feasibility and beauty. We found the most convex architectural expression of the technical idea of \u200b\u200bDneprostroy, building the building, the beauty of which is not in the glued modeling or the stick of the columns. We are in unknowns so far in foreign architecture scale applied such construction materials such as glass, marbilitis and others. This made it possible to push the walls of the structure, reaching the extraordinary latitude and space in the room, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is not wider than 20 meters, with a length of 250 meters.

V. A. Vesnin

The cost of kilowatt-hour of electricity produced at the Dnieper HPP was the cheapest in the world. The design cost of kWhat was installed in 0.6 kopecks, and in fact in 1934 it was 0.44 kopecks. From 1932 to 1941, the Dnieper HPP gave the country of 16 billion kWh electricity.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, on August 18, 1941 after the breakthrough of German troops in the Zaporozhye district, the Dneprognes dam was blown up on the instructions of the Soviet leadership, the equipment of the machine room was destroyed. The explosion of 20 tons of ammonale partially destroyed the dam, causing a multi-meter wave. The performers were adopted for the saboteurs and were arrested by counterintelligence, but were released after the intervention of their leadership.

The bottom of the Dneprogacy was produced according to the order of the General Staff. According to combat reports of August 19, the headquarters of the South Front of the Supreme Commander, the submission was carried out by the head of the Department of Military Engineering Department of the South Front, Lieutenant Colonel A. Petrovsky and representative of the General Staff, Head of the Separate Research Military Engineering Institute Military Engineer 1st Rank B. Epov.

The number of victims caused by the explosion of the Dnieper Dam, Discussion, since the calculations did not immediately be conducted. In modern literature there are figures from 20 to 100 thousand people. These numbers are not supported by any documents. There is an attempt to substantiate the number of victims of 20-30 thousand, calculating the number of troops and refugees, which could be on the left bank of the Dnieper to Kherson. The technique of this attempt is also disputed.

To restore the crossing through the Dnieper and the power plant, the destroyed part of the dam was restored by the German construction parts, and in the summer of 1942, instead of the declared, new, German production of hydroelectric power plants earned.

In the fall of 1943, during the departure of the Germans, the Dneprognes dam was again blown up. At the same time, the plan for the full destruction of the dam was not fully implemented, since Soviet sacks and scouts managed to damage the part of the wires going to detonators. The order was given to the commander of the 1st Tank Army of the Wehrmacht Muenzen, and the direct responsibility for undermining the charge, consisting of 300 tons of various explosives, was pinned on the commander of the 40th Tank Corps of General G. Heinritz. Dneproges dam undermining was among the accusation points of German war criminals during the Nuremberg process. The feat of Soviet soldiers who did not allow undermined, immortalized in the monument installed on the grave of an unknown soldier. With the restoration from January to August 1944, the saphers removed 66 tons of bombs and explosives from the body of the dam, 26 thousand mines, shells and grenades.

After the war, the project of the restoration of Zaporizhia and the station was headed by V. A. Vesnin. With his consultations, the revival of the complex was engaged in one of the authors of the project of Orlov. During this period, some changes aimed at the "enrichment" of its architectural image were submitted to the architecture of the power plant.

The American company General Electric has set new generators for Dneprogas in 1946, instead of destroyed during the war. The weight of the generator was about 1020 tons. The generator power was 90 MW against the power of 77.5 MW of old generators. The diameter of the generator is over 12 m.

In 1947-1973 The main engineer of the Dneprovskaya HPP was Anatoly Yakovlev. After the war, the first hydraulic unit was included in the power grid in March 1947, and the last - in May 1950, during Yakovlev, the reconstruction and improvement of the main and auxiliary equipment was carried out, which made it possible to increase the reliability and efficiency of the hydroelectric power station. The capacity of the restored Dneprog Eastern exceeded the pre-war by 16% and amounted to 650 thousand kW. Comprehensive mechanization and automation of production processes, occurring in the 1950-1960s under the leadership of A. F. Yakovlev, has increased the qualifications of personnel, halved reduced operational personnel and increased the overhaul period of hydraulic units to 6-8 years.

DniproNes entered the unified energy system of the European part of the USSR and supplied the electricity of the Dnieper, Donbass and Krivoy Rog.

In 2008, the reconstruction of the station hall halls was launched. The Kharkiv enterprise OJSC Turboatom produced on Dneprog Esmer II, the replacement of 6 propeller turbines on the turbine of a rotary-blade type PL 40-B-700 with a nominal capacity of 115 MW and the diameter of the impeller 7 m, the weight of about 500 tons. Rotary-blade turbine will increase the reliability of the hydroturbic installation, the volume of the generated electricity, and can be used in a wider range of pressure and loads.

In the photo Hugh Cooper on the background of Dneproges:

Today, there is such a version of events in Ukraine: "On August 18, 1941, the Stalin troops departing from the occupied Bolsheviks since 1920, trying to stop the promotion of the Wehrmacht to the East, despite the danger to the civilian population and possible many thousands of victims - cynically blew up the dam of the Ukrainian power plant DniproNes, under Zaporizhia ... As a result of the explosion by the Bolsheviks of the Dneprog Machine, from the resulting giant Dneprovskaya wave, then about 100,000 (one hundred thousand) man did not have anything of the events of the civilian population of Ukraine. - Soviet occupation authorities in Ukraine were not considered with the lives of people enslaved since 1920 of Ukraine (UNR). "

Of course, it is nonsense. But the truth is the fact of the explosion on this day of the Dnieper dam ... According to the order of the receding troops of the Red Army, the HPP turbine was disabled, and the dam was blown up. Today it is already possible to say with confidence that the destruction of the Dneprogram turbines, the destruction of the machine room is one thing. And the second is the explosion of the dam Dniprocess. The first was quite justified. Equipment was disabled a fairly effective way, in particular, the Minister of Armament of Germany Albert Speyer admired. Switched the lubrication distribution mode when working on the full power of the turbines, they fused and very quickly turned into scrap metal. The Germans have no longer restored the Germans, and they put their own. As for the undermining dam, it was, by and large, a big stupidity. Because the Germans even embarked in the dam in the dam. And the DniproSEs itself was exploited by itself. And as a result of the dam explosion, those Soviet soldiers were killed, who at that moment were transferred in the dam, plus it was flooded with the Soviet troops at the Soviet troops at that time, significant parts of the Soviet troops were flooded, which were below the flow, or they were cut off with water and were forced Were to surrender. That is, it was meaningless nonsense.

And the German dam has restored quickly. Naturally, the hands of the local population. Restored dam, 1942.

I must say that the Germans leaving also tried to blow it up. But the Red Army in 1943, as a result of a successful operation, managed to prevent such a course of events ...

After the destruction of the Dnieper Damb and Dneprogacy, all party leadership ran into the east. A week later, by order of Moscow, most of these world leaders returned back to Zaporizhia and some time before the arrival of Germans continued to "lead" and assure that Zaporizhia "will never be handed over to the enemy" that the enemy for the Dnieper will not be allowed. The advance destruction of the Dneprogacy they explained the "hostile diversion", "hydration" ...

After the explosion of the Dniprogess, the defense of Zaporizhia continued for another month and a half. In September, at least 620 wagons were east from the city daily, and on some days - about 900. Only for the export of one plant "Zaporizhstal" took 8 thousand cars. 22 union and food and food industry enterprises were taken out. In addition, machine-building, pedagogical institutes and other educational institutions, theater them are evacuated. MK Znankovets, Radiozel, Movie FilmFord, valuable exhibits of the regional local lore museum and much more. It was the heroic feat of Zaporizhzhya workers and engineering workers ...

On October 4, workers and engineering workers who participated in the dismantling of the factories left the city. Only then, German troops entered Zaporizhia. They were met fires and mines. All that could not be taken to the East, it was blown up or proposed. What happened on August 18, 1941 on the Dneprogness and who gave an order to undermining the dam? Leonid Sosnitsky claims that the order for the destruction of Dneprogacy gave the commander of the South-Western direction by the Budyanny SM ... After the war, many of those involved in this were trying to imagine the undermining of the Dneprogacy as a unauthorized and panicker ...

The destruction of the hydraulic strokes could be much more monstrous if not the heroic efforts of intelligence, divers and other fighters of the units of Major Bubentsov and Captain Soshinsky, if there were no active actions of the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front. Hitler's invaders have developed a plan for the full destruction of the station. On the magnitude of individual charges to destroy individual structures of Dneprogas, you can judge the Fugas found in one of the dams of the dam. It covered 100 halftone bombs and 3500 kg tool. This charge did not explode only because our intelligence officers cut the electric pipe into time ... On December 29, 1943, the Soviet army freed the territory of Dneprogacy from the fascist invaders. On February 23, 1944, the decision of the State Defense Committee on the Restoration of Dneprogacy was adopted.

"... The first thing was established a message with the right shore through - the cross-cutting gallery in the body of the dam. We went on foot and even drove on cars. And in order to get to the pattern, it was necessary to go through a hanging bridge. There was a lot to work. They were taken for any business and worked, until they ended it. It was a difficult time, but good. "

From the memories of the secretary of the parTorganization of the hydrospectors during the recovery period, the veteran of Dneprostroy K. Usanova. 1978 year.

"Before Dneprostroevitsa stood at first glance an impracticable task. The difficulty was that the practice of Soviet and world hydraulic techniques did not completely have experienced the restoration of large hydrotechnical structures. Neither ours nor foreign tutorials of hydraulic equipment did not give an answer to complex questions about the methods of design and receptions of restoration work, about the technology of recovery, etc. But the Dneprostroevisians were not waiting for new tutorials on hydraulic engineering ... The experience of restoring the Dneprogas Studied by hydraulic engineering and students. And especially their attention will be attracted to the decisions of the technical tasks that are associated with the most exciting days for denpostroy. I mean the struggle of Dneprostroevis for the passing of the water of the Dnieper with the help of bottom holes punched by us in the body of the dam, and then closing them with special shields, as well as a team of a group of 1945. "

The damage caused by the facilities of the Dneprogacy was rated 500 million rubles (not counting the damage caused by the folk economy loss of the largest energy base). Of the 47 waterproof spans, only 14 are preserved. About 65 thousand cubic meters of concrete masonry dams were completely destroyed, and 62 thousand cubic meters are more or less violated by cracks and other deformations. The building of the machine hall from the explosion shifted to the side of 30-40 centimeters. The elements of reinforced concrete coating and filling the walls of the explosion force were scattered hundreds of meters around. The framework of the building was strongly deformed. All turbines, generators, bridge cranes, transformers were piles of unlike metal.

The water of the Dnieper passed through the prozhans formed after damage to several dams of the dam and the mating sensation. Water also walked through the ruins of the shield separation and the machine room. In these places, 500-600 cubic meters of water per second took place. To start inspection and eliminating damage to the hydrostation, dams and other facilities of the node, it was necessary to reduce the level of the river. To do this, it was decided using explosions to pierce in the lower part of the dam 15 through holes with a cross section of 25 square meters. For the lowest time - four months - by mid-May 1944 it was possible to break through nine bottom holes. As a result, the water level in the Dnieper dropped. Threat Flood passed. There was an opportunity to deploy a disassembly of concrete slats throughout the front of the pressure, dismantling of metal structures and equipment ...

On March 3, 1947, the first restored unit of the Dneprogacy gave electricity to the industry of the Dnieper ...

From the first months of war, the Soviet leadership during the retreat was trying to apply the tactics of the "scorched land". That is, to destroy all the infrastructure without any concern for the future fate of the population, which could not be evacuated. One of the most brutal manifestations of this tactics was the mining of the dam of the Dnieper hydroelectric power station in Zaporizhia. August 18, 1941 around 20:00 after the breakthrough of the German troops, she was undermined.

The definition assignment was carried out by the Red Army authorized by the Military Engineers 20 tons of explosives - ammonals, as a result of which a giant hole was formed in the dam, which already provoked a wave of 7-12 meters high, which was practically washed off the coastal urban strip, smoothly. Khortitsa and safely reached the neighboring Ukrainian cities - Nikopol and Manganese. No one was warned on the planned explosion of the Dneprovskaya dam on either the Military Transport and Troops, which were moved to the left bank of the Dnieper, nor the population and the establishment of the city of Zaporizhia - kilometers 10-12 from the hydroelectric station downstream of the Dnieper. Also no warned military units located down from Zaporizhia in Dnipro smooth, although the telephone connection at the time on the left bank functioned normally. In the USSR, the version of the "hostile sabotage of the German occupiers" was distributed.

Military transports and people who at the time moved along the dam, naturally died. As a result of the explosion of the bridge and dam on the island of Khortyza, there was a cut off of the infantry regiment, which was driving at this time to East Coast.

From the memories of the German architect Rudolph Volners, which in 1932-33. Having participated in the industrialization of the USSR, and after 10 years returned to the occupied USSR to restore the economy: "... During the retreat, the Russians blew up the dam in the middle of 175 meters wide. 3000 refugees who were at this time on the dam were carried out. Water The weights of 5-6 meters thick are falling from a 15-meter height through the break and lower water levels so that the pier in the upper course turned out to be on land, and there is not enough pressure to rotate turbines. Gateways, too, after the explosion, are dry, so shipping is paralyzed. Not Only the dam, but the mechanisms for the most part are destroyed. The Russians turned off the central lubricant during the retreat, so that the machines were instantly overheated and light up. The fact that after that was a machine room, turbines and generators, was a workshop of destructive work. And today they have crackled Reinforced concrete walls, melted iron parts; everything is given in disrepair ... "

Water avalanche swept the Dneprovskaya floodplain by pouring everything in his path. All the lower part of the Zaporizhia with huge stocks of different goods, military materials and tens of thousands of tons of food and other property for some time was demolished. Dozens of ships, together with shipping teams, died in that horrible stream. The strength of the wave of the dam formed during the undermining dam was such that the monitor "Volcology" was thrown ashore and then could only be used as a defensive structure only on land.

It is believed that approximately 20 thousand red-Armenians (there is no accurate data). Locals burned the bodies in the area of \u200b\u200bthe railway bridge on the street of Hlyastikov. In addition to the troops, tens of thousands of cattle heads died in smoothies and many people who were there at that moment.

According to the combat report of August 19, the headquarters of the Supreme Commander of the Dneproga Dam's headquarters was carried out by the head of the Military Engineering Department of the South Front headquarters by Lieutenant Colonel A. Petrovsky and the representative of the General Staff, the head of the Separate Research Military Engineering Institute (Moscow) by the military engineer 1 -Hong rank B. Epov. They acted according to the orders of the General Staff of the Red Army, having received permission in case of extreme need to blow up the dam.

To determine the exact number of dead almost impossible, the available sources allow us to estimate only the approximate loss of warring parties. The German command argued that then lost 1.5 thousand of their fighters.

From the Soviet side, a large part of 200 thousand militias of the region, a Rifle division (one of her regiments remained on about. Hortietsa), a regiment of the NKVD, two artillery regiments, as well as smaller divisions. The personnel of these parts total numbers more than 20 thousand fighters. In addition, on the night of August 18 in a wide band from Nikopol to Kakhovka and Kherson, a departure began on the left bank of the two common arms and the cavalry corps. These are another 12 divisions (150-170 thousand soldiers and officers). In addition to the military, the inhabitants of the Lowest streets of Zaporozhye suffered from sudden flood, sat on both shores of the Dnieper, refugees. The estimated figure of people in the damage zone is 450 thousand people. Based on these data, the number of dead redarmeys, militia and civilians from the Soviet side in historical studies are estimated from 20-30 thousand to 75-100 thousand.

The Germans with the help of the Wehrmacht engineers and the forces of Soviet workers managed to restore the Dneprogram, for the work they paid Reichsmarks. It is believed that in the late autumn of 1943. The Germans at the retreat also attempted to blow up the dam of the Dneprogacy. At the same time, the plan for the destruction of the dam was not implemented and it was not destroyed, since the Soviet saperes managed to damage the part of the wires to detonators. And yet - either as a result of the Soviet bombing, or the Germans - a hydrosenecution was destroyed, driving part of the dam, an avankarm bridge and a conjugating stability on the right bank. The decision on the restoration of Dneprognes Soviet leadership took in 1944 - and restored it in the main woman, calculating in the Soviet manual ruffles of fragmented concrete, the mass of which was a quarter of a million tons. They had all the same tools traditionally Soviet - car, Kirk and shovel.

Sources:
1. Khmelnitsky D.S. Nazi propaganda against the USSR. Materials and comments. 1939-1945.
2. Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. - F.228. - op.754. - SPR.60. - ARK.95.
3. Moroka V.N. Dniprocess: Black August 1941.
4. Scientific work of the historic faculty of the Zaporizhzhya National University. - M.: ZNU, 2010. - VIP.xxih. - C.200-201.
5. Rummo A.V. Tell people the truth.
6. Sociological studies. - Moscow, 1990. - No.9. - p.128.