Yiddish and Hebrew. Yiddish and Hebrew History of Language Yiddish

Very soon the holiday will come Purim, one of the most fun Jewish holidays. We offer to begin to rejoice in advance, especially since there are many opportunities in Hebrew.
Do you know how rich is hevrite with the words of joy, fun and babysitting? Let's try to calculate! ๐Ÿ˜‰

So:
ืฉืžื—ื” - Simcha
ืจื™ื ื” - Rina
ื’ื™ืœื” - Gila
ื’ื™ืœ - Gil
ืฉืฉื•ืŸ - San
ื—ื“ื•ื•ื” - Hadva
ืขืœื™ื–ื” - Aliza
ืฆื”ืœื” - TsAUL.
ื“ื™ืฆื” - Ditsa

Word ืฉืžื—ื” It is universal for any situation, and the rest are much less common and refer to the book. Many of the words of joy, for example ื’ื™ืœ, ื’ื™ืœื”, ื—ื“ื•ื•ื”, ืฉืžื—ื”, ืขืœื™ื–ื”
Steel popular women and male names. Especially numerous names formed from the root indicating joy, .ืจ.ื .ื  :
ืจื™ื ื”, ืจื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื ืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืจื™ื ืช (Rina, Ron, Ronen, Yaron, Ronit, Rinat)

After all, really - the birth of a child is a joyful event.
Some words initially had the meaning of sound to be transmitted ( ืฆื”ืœื” and ืจื™ื ื” ). Word ืฆื”ืœื” even has a single verb ืœืฆื”ื•ืœ โ€” ืฆื”ืœ which is now, in addition to the meaning - to "join", indicates and "laugh" (about the horse).
Now we will know the joy in all its manifestations!
By the way, the listed words have many more "relatives" in Hebrew. Recall at least the song "Hava Nagila - ื”ื‘ื” ื ื’ื™ืœื” "What is translated as" let's rejoice! "

If you know more words and expressions with the meaning of "joy", then write in the comments! And we will be together to enjoy interesting discoveries.

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Yiddish and Hebrew

Yiddish language is one of the Jewish languages. How did he appear?

In the chapter dedicated to Jewish communities and Jewish languages, I talked about the history of the Ashkenaz Jewish community, in which the language of the Yiddesh was created, developed and for many centuries served as the main language of communication. The largest Jewish community in the world is Ashkenaz. At least to the thirties of the twentieth century for the Jews of this community, Idish was home.

History of Idish language

Yiddish as a conversational language has developed about 1000 years ago in Germany, in the upper reaches of the Rhine, as a result of mixing various German dialects; The Hebrew-Aramaic component played a very large role in the emergence of Idisch. In the 16-18th centuries, Jews from Germany moved further to the east, to the Slavic lands. Here Yiddish absorbed a lot of Slavic elements: words from Polish, Czech, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian. In the end, he took shape as a separate, completely independent of German language: on a German basis, but with a completely peculiar character, with a large number of Hebrew, as well as Slavic elements. Naturally, his writing, as well as most Jewish languages, was formed on the basis of the Hebrew alphabet. In the language of Yiddish, the literature of all directions and levels of its time appeared. Talented writers enriched the tongue and honed its expressiveness, contributing both elements of the languages \u200b\u200bof the world and consecrated Hebrew elements.

EMIGRATION

At the end of the 19th and in the 20th century, there was a mass emigration of Ashkenaz Jews from the then Russian Empire to America, both in the northern and south. The Jewish communities formed there continued to use the Yiddish language, including the elements of English, Spanish, Portuguese, respectively. By the end of the 20th century, the language assimilation in the Jewish environment in all countries of residence of Ashkenaz Jews led to the loss of Yiddish as a spoken language.

In secular, non-religious Jews (Hilonym), and even at moderately religious, the yidish language today has almost disappeared from everybody. Deeply religious Jews (Haredim) Between themselves communicate with Yiddish, because, according to their concepts, Hebrew is a sacred language, and should not talk about secular things in the Holy Language. Therefore, Yiddish continues to function as a spoken language in places such as Bnei-Marriage in the Tel Aviv area, Mea-Shearim in Jerusalem, Brooklyn in New York. In these quarters you can hear Yiddish on the streets even in the mouths of children.

Hebrew in Yiddish

A very interesting relationship with Hebrew has developed in Yiddis. The mass of Hebrew words is used not only in literary, but also in a spoken language; Many adjectives and verbs are formed from Hebrew roots.

In one article, written not very competent, but very self-confident Russian writer, I read that Idish was, of course, German, and the Hebrew words in it belong only to the religious sphere. The lady of this is obviously it is unknown that among those who came from Hebrew words there are purely spoken aU butde"Of course" (from Hebrew ื•ื“ืื™ vadai), aK andchurch"shorter" (from ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ h.akitseur), and even this is not quite a decent word as t. abouthes.(in the Ukrainian Yiddish t. w.hes.) "ass" (from ืชื—ืช t. buthat.).

Let's see what Hebrew words entered Yiddish.

A FAMILY

Let's start with the topic "Family". This is the word, to Yiddish mISP. abouthe., Taken from Hebrew ืžืฉืคื—ื” mishpach.A new family is created at the wedding: h. butsen. (in Hebrew ื—ืชื•ื ื” hatun). Who comes to the wedding? First of all, the bride and groom - hOSN(ื—ืชืŸ hatan) I. to butle.(ื›ึผืœื” cala). Those who are relating thanks to marriage called Yiddish machuth aboutnIM. Fur w.tn., mehut aboutnIM - Relatives for marriage. In Hebrew, this word sounds almost the same: ืžื—ื•ืชืŸ mehutanIt is rarely used, it even sounds more often as an idice word, but, at the same time, it is understandable to everyone in Israel and is known.

Russian word "swat" in the traditional Jewish society, when "young" was acquainted mainly due to the work of the match (in ultrareriligious circles, it is now so), sounds sh butdHEN. to yidish (ืฉื“ื›ืŸ shadhan in Hebrew). Matchmaking sh anddeh (on Hebrew ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš shiduh). At the wedding necessarily attended and b. butdHEN. - The one who has fun guests, ื‘ื“ื—ืŸ badhan In Hebrew. This word is related to the noun ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” bDICH "Anecdote, joke" and verb ืœื‘ื“ื— levad e.yach Cheer. Naturally, ditch (ืจื‘ rav) Rabbi was necessarily at the wedding. H. w.pE (in Ukraine called h. andpE), It is ื—ื•ืคื” Hup, wedding pool.

Take such a characteristic Idian word as ben- e.hid. I knew since childhood that I ben-Yoche - The only son in the family. What a word ben-Yoche? Benื‘ืŸ in Hebrew Son, yahid ื™ื—ื™ื“- the only one.

Man and profession

What is the name of the owner in Hebrew? ื‘ืขืœ. b. butal. In Yiddish, there are a number of words containing in the first part of this word: balab aboutfrom, Hebrew ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช balabait - master of the house. And what is balag aboutle. or balag w.le.? This is ื‘ืขืœ ืขื’ืœื”. baal Agalawhere ืขื’ืœื” agala - it is a cart, a wagon, and baal Agala - Assist, driver. Balmel abouthe. (or balmel w.he.) - artisan, in Hebrew ื‘ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ื” baal Melacha; ยซ melacha, a piece of chalk abouthe."This is a craft.

Everything is probably known words a piece of chalk buthoney, H. e.der. a piece of chalk buthoney - This is a teacher in header. H. e.der.- so called a school in which melamed. He taught Jewish children the basics of Hebrew and Tanah. Word h. e.der. ื—ื“ืจ On Hebrew means just "room" or "class for classes". What means melamed.? This is also the Hebrew word "training".

There is in the language yidish such a word as mechanis e.yfe - Soglong. In Hebrew mechanshef. or makhshifa ืžื›ืฉืคื” is a sorceress, kishuf ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ - Witchcraft, in Yiddish it sounds to andchef. These are all words associated with the theme "Man, People".

Of course, you can still add all the famous words: m. e.yLEKH, M. butlCE. Very beautiful Idiang song begins: " Amol from Geev A M e.yleh... "- lived once the king. M. e.yleh - This is Hebrew ืžืœืš m. e.lech "king", m. butlCE - ืžืœื›ื” malka "queen". And what is malham aboutweight? This is an angel of death: ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช malah A-M butvet. Malah In Hebrew - "Angel", m. butvet - "Death".

Word ื—ื‘ืจ. haver - Comrade fell on Yiddish h. butver, Hebrew ื™ืชื•ื yat - Idish sounds j. aboutsam - orphan. The second chapter in the story of Sholom Aleichema "Boy Motil" begins in words: The world is gut, their bin a th aboutsam - "I feel good, I am an orphan."

Who does not know the words g. butnave - Thief? This word entered the jargon of German and English. In good English or the German dictionary you will find it without any reference to Hebrew or Yiddish. This is Hebrew ื’ื ื‘ gavan. G. butzlen., Hebrew ื’ื–ืœืŸ. gazlan - Bandit, robber.

Word m. e.ywin So Idish is a "connoisseurs of something." It is also used in American English: "He is a Great Meyven", i.e. "He is great Maven" - he is a big expert, an expert. This is Hebrew ืžื‘ื™ืŸ mavin - understanding.

Afcelookhaces

Word from aboutine Idish means "enemy", in the plural it sounds from aboutnIM. I remember the Yiddish song, written in the 60s of the twentieth century by the poet Joseph Kerler: " Aphel abouthes Ale S. abouthim am sr butel Hai!"" The people of Israel lived with all enemies. " Sonya ืฉื‚ื•ื ื In Hebrew "hater", but is also used as an "enemy", although much less often. "Enemy" today in Hebrew ืื•ื™ื‘ oev. But the word sonya, especially in expression sona Israel - "Enemy of Israel", known to all. I can not not say that popular word aphel abouthes.Used in this line also contains the Hebrew word. What aphel abouthes.? This is a double idice preposition - aF CU - "To", and then the Hebrew verb ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก le.h.akhis - pour out, from here aphel abouthes. - "called".

BODY

Take body bodies. Not so much, but there is. " Kane Ein.h.about re"I would not smooth out. Kane This is denial (no), and what is eNEh.about re? In Hebrew ืขื™ืŸ. but iN. - Eye, ืจืข r. - evil ein.h.a-RA - "Angry Eye", that is, "evil eye". At Yiddish, as in Hebrew, the "body" is called ื’ื•ืฃ guf..

Everyone knows the expression m. butmE HOST - native language. " M. butme."- This is" Mom "for Yiddish, and horse - This is Hebrew ืœืฉื•ืŸ lashon (language). Hebrew language was always called Yiddish horse K. aboutyedesh. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ. leson K. abouthome (Holy Language).

Heaven and Hell

Since they spoke about the holy matters, then you can not remember gan e.yen - Paradise. On Hebrew ื’ืŸ gan - Garden, and ืขื“ืŸ e. den. - Maybe the ancient Sumerian word with the meaning "steppe". Paradise is a "garden in the steppe." On Western European languages, this word is translated as "Gardens of Eden" and means the same thing that in Russian "Paradise".

The opposite of paradise to the yiddish sounds like g. e.nem. - Hell. This is Hebrew ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื gayh.inom. This word has its own story. In fact, it consists of two parts: ื’ื™ื guy or in the form of smirch gay - "Deep Gorge", and ื”ื ื•ื h.inom - This is the name of a person who lived in antiquity in the vicinity of Jerusalem. In Jerusalem, near the wall of the Old Town there is a narrow valley, almost gorge. This valley since ancient times is called Gayh.inom. "Gino Valley". In antiquity, before the Jews came to Jerusalem, pagans lived there, and in this valley, according to legend, there was a statue of the bloodthirsty god of the Moloch, who was sacrificed to people. Therefore, when the Jews won the city of Jerusalem, for them this place was associated with something terrible, terrible. The Ginoma Valley, the terrible place of human torment, became synonymous with hell.

Location and time

Take geographic concepts. First of all, only Hebrews are used by the Light Parties to Yiddish: cofn. - North (ืฆืคื•ืŸ tsaf.), d. aboutrem - South (ื“ืจื•ื dar.), m. andzrech - East (ืžื–ืจื— mizra), m. butyrere - West (ืžืขืจื‘ maurarav). Used to Yiddish and Word pitื™ื - "Sea", also the Hebrew word. I would aboutshoe - (ื™ื‘ืฉื” yabasha) This is sushi, mainland. Word itself ืืจืฅ e. rEC - "Earth" to Yiddish is used primarily in expression Eretz sr. aboutel.. Yiddish never called our country Palestine, called only Eretz sr. aboutel. - Country of Israel.

But the words denoting time. To Yiddish "Year" - yor. And "New Year"? Rosh A-Shoneืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, which means "head of the year", then-there is the beginning of the year. Here are two more Hebrew words that we immediately know: roche ืจืืฉ "Head", sh aboutnot on yidish or ืฉื ื” shan In Hebrew - "Year". H. aboutyedesh- "Month", in Hebrew ื—ื•ื“ืฉ h. abouthome. "Day" to Yiddish speak tog.but every Jew knows the word j. aboutmTEVWhat does "Holiday" mean. This is the Hebrew expression ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ yom Tov "a good day".

The word "hour" to the yiddish sho, Hebrew ืฉืขื”. sha'a. Letter aIN No one says, and the signing sign to aboutmET Pronounced to Yiddish always "O". Therefore, Hebrews sha'a Idish sounds sho. Used to Yiddish and Word r e.g. - this is a moment, a minute, second: " wart A R. e.g. - "Wait a minute" - you will say to Yiddish, and they say on Hebrew: ื—ื›ื” ืจื’ืข hake R. e.h..

The pretext is used in Yiddish base With the meaning "during": ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” - "during the war". Base -this is a Hebrew combination bE ET -ื‘ืขืช, where ืขืช - Time, ื‘ืขืช - During. So the Ivrite expression has become in Yiddish in one word.

Of course, more literary words are borrowed, such as het ื—ื˜ื "sin", hshad - Suspicion, Hebrew ื—ืฉื“ hashad. H. aboutlem - Dreaming, dream, dreams, in Hebrew ื—ืœื•ื halom. a lion aboutnE. - Moon. You say: "Yes, but today they say ื™ืจื— in Hebrew yar. e.oh. " True, but everyone knows the word ืœื‘ื ื” levanwhich is still used in prayers, in songs, in poetry, in special contexts. Word levan - White Luminous (from Hebrew ืœื‘ืŸ lavan - White), unlike a yellow or golden shone.

Who does not know such a word like mazl "Luck, happiness", from Hebrew ืžื–ืœ mazal. Congratulation m. butzltov The whole built from Hebrew elements: ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ mazal Tov - "Good happiness, good happiness." Of course, such words as e. mes - ืืžืช ememet "truth", from andmoss - ืฉื‚ืžื—ื” simha. in Hebrew - "joy, fun"; from e.jerid - "order", Idish sounds almost as well as Hebrew ืกื“ืจ from e.dER.; seichl - Hebrew ืฉื‚ื›ืœ. from e.hel - "Mind, Mind"; sh aboutlem - in Hebrew ืฉืœื•ื shalom - "peace, peace"; rEC andlES - "Gossip", in Hebrew ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช rahilutHence the verb ืœืจื›ืœ lehlel "to gossip".

There are in Yiddish and verbs formed from Hebrew words. Word h.but pgeneen. or der.h.but pgeneen. "Kill" formed from Hebrew ื”ืจื’ h.arag.; g. butnveren"Steal" - from ื’ื ื‘ gavan; h. butsmen "Sign" - from ื—ืชื hatam; h. butgrains, Iber butgrains "Repeat, memorize" - from Hebrew ื—ื–ืจ khazar.

Are there any regularities in sound when moving words from Hebrew to Yiddish?

Undoubtedly, there are clear patterns.

One of them immediately strides: letter " tav."Without Dageshi pronounced Yiddish as from, but not t.: hOSN - Khatan, x butsENE - Hatun, Sh butbes - Sabit.

The second is very important pattern: in Hebrew Kamez sounds as a rule as but, and only in some cases as about. In Yiddish, any kamen sounds like about. Recall the famous song "Sares", where Rabbi teaches kids: " TO aboutmET butlef O.ยป.

In addition, it should be noted that in Yiddish, as a rule, emphasis at the beginning of the word, and in unstressed syllables any vowels are reduced and transfers to sound e.. Therefore, let's take, for example, the Hebrew word ืฉึธืœื•ึนึน shal aboutm."peace". First letter tire with the kamaz icon, it means that you should be sho. Then the unstressed syllable should be scrapwhich is pronounced in Yiddish lam; Thus, we get sh aboutlam. In the same way ื—ึธืœื•ึนึน hal. aboutm. "Dream, sleep" turns into h. aboutlam: The emphasis goes to the first syllable, and vowels in unstressed syllables are reduced and turn into e.. Therefore, ื—ึธื‘ึตืจ haver"Comrade" - h. butver, ื—ึทื–ึดื™ืจ khazir - h. butzer., ื—ึธื›ึธื haham. "clever" - h. aboutham..

Word ืฆึทื“ tsad In Hebrew means "side", in Yiddish it is used primarily in combination hOSNS TAD (so to speak, "side of the bridegroom") or to butlES TAD(Accordingly, the "side of the bride"). When you come to the wedding, you may ask you (if, of course, you are a guest, not the bride or bride): Are you a guest from the bride or from the bride? " Fun Hosnes Tsad. q. found K. butlES Tsad?

Very famous in yiddish expression sakhal - Total. This, strictly speaking, Hebrew ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ shah ha ha - Amount, total.

"Finally" is expressed on the idish word sopholsof - Three Hebrew words ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืกื•ืฃ sofa Kohl Sof. - "End of every end." In Hebrew today they say more often sof Sof. without " ring" But if you say sofa Kohl Sof.You will also understand you.

"Guy" is called Yiddish b. abouthER., Hebrew bakhur. And there is another word with the same meaning: yat.. This is a reduction in two Hebrew words: e. lED Tov, That is, "good boy, a good guy." Also the word yasha "Vodka" is a reduction in Hebrew expression i in Sarouf "Checked Wine." Recall that brandy is prepared using the second sublimation. No wonder cognac is called German Branntwein - Zhele wine. Hence, by the way, the English "Brandy".

Bobe Mises.

Everyone probably knows the word m. butySE. At Yiddish it is a "fairy tale", as well as "case". This is the Hebrew word " maaSE" Especially often it is used in Jewish legends: " maaae Be-Rabi"- a story about such rabbi. Word " maaSE"Turned into Yiddish in" m. butySE" It is very interesting that in Hebrew the expression returned from Yiddish b. aboutbE M. butySES. - Babushkina fairy tales.

The funny thing is that this expression is based on an error, for the word b. aboutbE. It originally did not mean the grandmother at all. In the Middle Ages in Europe, a knightly romance was very popular about Bowvoi from Northern Italy. Already somewhere in the XVI or XVII century. This novel was transferred to Yiddish and was released as " M. butyCS FUN B. aboutfun. BUTnTU", I.e. "The history of bovy from the city of Antouto." This one is Bove quickly turned into bobe.. Everyone forgot that there was such a bova-korphic. And who tells the kids fairy tales? Of course, grandma, bobe. . From here went bob Mayes. At first it appeared in Yiddish, and today any Israelis already says " Aa, Ze Bobe Meses"- A, it's a grandmother's fairy tales!

Idish has many words that begin on me- and originate from Hebrews, such as mESS w.generator - Crazy (Hebrew mashuga With the Idish suffix). There is a word mESS aboutrES.which is found as a surname. In the south, in Ukraine they say mish. w.res. . In Hebrew meshard. - servant. Here also applies and mentioned earlier a piece of chalk buthoney -teacher .

Hebrew words in Yiddish a few thousand. All of them in the article simply not to count.

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