Where they found the largest ingot of gold. How are gold nuggets form in nature? Interesting prices in California shops in the midst of gold fever
It is now difficult to say which nugget was the largest in history. The fact is that there are information far from all those found pieces, because they were often interlaced before, the data about them was not preserved. Information about some nuggets now reached us only in the form of legends and myths, others have been preserved and have documentary evidence. What was the biggest gall nugget in the world?
The largest nugget of Australia
In order to figure out which nugget was the largest in the world, it is necessary to understand that it is necessary to mean by this word. The fact is that gold in nuggets is not always clean, it can be inserted silver, quartz and other metals. And nevertheless, such gold will be called natives.
Nuggets are mined both in placer deposits and mines. And the geographically largest of them were discovered in Australia. It turns out that this continent is extremely rich in precious metal.
List of largest copies
It is officially recognized that the largest native gold found 145 years ago in Australia Bernard Halterman. He came to this country in search of a better life and was engaged in the development of placer deposits for several years.
Initially, he was pursued by failures, but in 1871 he began working at Hill-and End mine. And on October 19, 1872, together with a partner, he discovered an incredible find - a gold slab weighing 235 kilograms, but, as it turned out later, gold there was only a little more than 80 kilograms, the rest is quartz. The nidroke weight was documented, and he was launched on the melting. Almost made by Halterman photos remained. Naturally, the prosperity gained money and glory. True, now scientists adhere to opinions, something was not a nugget, but a piece of veins: due to a large amount of quartz.
But the largest nugget from pure gold is the "desired stranger." It weighed significantly less, only 70 kilograms, but, in contrast to the previous one, a piece of gold consisted of pure metal.
This findings belongs to the prospectors of John Dieon and Richard Otusus. And it happened in Australia on February 5, 1869. They worked in the vicinity of the city of Molyaguly and accidentally stumbled on the nugget during the way they pulled out the wagon from the dirt.
I stumbled upon something hard and hitting him with pickle, they decided to dig the subject. Subsequently, it turned out that this is gold. The find was so big that it could not fully weigh it, they simply did not find such scales. Therefore, he was saw, and then melted.
Another remarkable nugget "Hand of Faith" is famous for the fact that this is the largest golden nugget found with the help of a metal detector. And its origin is also Australian. Was found in 1980. Kelvin Hillier in the spring decided to try out his new metal detector in a tiny town where he lived. His surprise was strong when instead of a coin or traffic jam he found a whole gold nugget weighing 27 kilograms and worth a million dollars.
Myths and legends regarding nuggets
There is a legend in the world, which may have some accuracy. She says that the largest native gold in history was found in the mountains of Afghanistan. According to historians, the size of the nugget was described as "elbow to the elbow", which according to modern standards should be about two tons.
There is another case without documentary evidence, which belongs to Brazil. Allegedly in the middle of the XIX century there was found a nugget weighing in 193 kilograms. And in the XVI century from America, a large gold nugget was taken out, which sank with the Spanish galleon, but there is no information about its size.
California's prospector found a gold nugget weighing 6 pounds
Other gold nuggets whose existence cannot be confirmed nor refute, belong to the Czech Republic. The first of them weighed allegedly about two tons and was found in Bohemia in 1145, and the second, weight of a little less than a ton, - at Eulet's mine in 725. Now scientists suggest that these were blocks of quartz rich in gold inclusions, or cluster smaller nuggets.
Distribution by country
As mentioned, the biggest nuggets were found in Australia. In addition to the two described above, another interesting representative of this country is the native gold "Brilliant Barclay", whose weight exceeds 54 kilograms.
A considerable number of native gold pieces was found in Japan. Thus, a little large specimens were found and only one nugget called the "Japanese" title, whose weight was 71 kilograms.
To boast a large number of finds maybe America. The most famous native gold was discovered in the grave. While one American killed the grave for a deceased friend, he stumbled upon a stone, which was subsequently given the name "Oliver Martin". This copy participated in exhibitions throughout America.
Nuggets in Russia
Gold nuggets are not uncommon and in Russia. The largest nugget, discovered here, is called the "Golden Triangle". He was found in the South Urals in 1842 by Nikifor Sutkin, who was at that time only 18 years old. Moreover, the mine in which a young man discovered him was considered exhausted.
But nevertheless there are now finding finds. Now the "golden triangle" together with others is stored in the Russian diamond fund. By the way, the guy finds happiness did not bring happiness, he opened on the money that earned him.
Another giant weighing 31 kilograms was found in 1895. Two workers crushed Kylis stone in clay, which turned out to be gold. They decided to show her discovery to anyone and hid, but one of them fell wives and the next day they learned everything. Despite the fact that the workers were silent about their find, they still decided to pay compensation.
In the Soviet times, nuggets with a mass of more than 20 kilograms were found. Most often, the findings weighed 14 kilograms, as well as in the deposits of Yakutia, there were stones weighing 18 and 15 kilograms.
Unique in Russian nuggets that they all were not integrated, and preserved in the diamond foundation, which is now the richest meeting of the world. Periodically, they are demonstrated at exhibitions. For example, in 1967, several nuggets in 14, 20 and 3 kilograms were shown in Moscow.
Fate norgelov
Historically, the fate of large finds is similar to the fate of large diamonds. They were also given loud names, and some of them were preserved in state museums and private collections. In the history of the history, about 10 thousand stones made of gold weighing more than a few hundred grams were found. In general weight it turns out a rather significant figure.
These gall nuggets mostly underwent and were used for various purposes. Of these, decorations were created or used in industry, for example, for the manufacture of radio components for military equipment. Apart from those that they still have left and now you can admire.
Nowadays, gold mining is in an industrial method, but it happens that the native metal finds amateurs. In 2014, a piece of gold in a 2.35 kilogram was found in the USA. Now such a relatively small find is estimated at about half a million dollars. In the same year, the nugget was found in the Irkutsk region. He weighed a little more than 6.5 kilograms and received the name "Devil's ear". Errorery, he was accepted for the stone and thrown into the dumps, and then found the workers that aligned the breed.
It is possible to find a rather massive native gold and now. Despite the fact that most of them were digested in mines, discovered and finds in placer deposits. Therefore, if you get a good metal detector and enlist support, then everything is possible. The main thing is not to leave hope. True, a good metal detector will be already in a penny, but there is a chance that it can be filled with found coins, gold jewelry and small pebbles of gold. The technology of gold mining in placer deposits is simple, and there are many of them in Russia, but do not forget that any gold found by law will have to give in almost the state to the state, it will be illegal.
Gold is a noble metal, which began to be mined in antiquity. Some believe that today this material no longer represents practical value. However, in the twenty-first century, the facts of terrible bloodshed, which are directly related to this metal. In this article we will tell about what gold nuggets are and where they can be found.
Dreams of large gold nuggets excite the consciousness of gold miners, create a picture of immense wealth and luxury in his imagination. In Australia and Alaska, in the jungle of Brazil and fields of Papua New Guinea, all the planets are gold.
Gold nuggets are very despicable for hunters behind this precious metal. And all because very large nuggets were found in the past:
- the most famous "desired stranger", which weighed 71.1 kg
- nugget "Weling", weighing 68.4 kg
- haltermann plate - 235.5 kg together with breed
- "Blanche Barcley", which weighed 54.3 kg
- brazilian "Goliath" weighing 50.5 kg.
There is an official confirmation that the mass of several not long nuggets found in the Pyrenean Mountain Ridge in the territory of Victoria, it reaches over 1000 ounces - 31 kg. In addition, there are 28 and 13 kg two nuggets found in the Maryborough (Victoria) area, 56.1 kg - a nugget from Yandoita and 6.2 kg from Molyagula.
Most nuggets find in Australia, but many large copies were found in other parts of the world. Large nuggets seekers were found in South Africa, Russia, Brazil, New Guinea, USA. Residents of Solomon Islands, not far from New Guinea, constantly find 300-gram nuggets.
Where do nuggets come from?
Some scientists believe that nuggets "grow" in the ground: particles of eroded gold from ore lived (for example, weighing 100 grams) "attract" the smallest particles of this metal from the soil and rich in minerals of groundwater solutions. Further, such particles are connected in a certain way with each other, with the formation of large nuggets.
Such an opinion arose in the miners of the past: in the process of exploration of ore lives, located next to the rich placer deposits (in which major nuggets were often found), the seekers never found the impressive nuggets in the veins. It was this fact that they began to think about the fact that gold in this form does not happen from ore lived, but "grows" in the place of natural occurrence due to a certain chemical reaction. However, today scientists know that gold actually has the ability of "growth". There are a large number of registered finds of gold in a crystalline form, which "has grown" in a number of carbonaceous formations. Most of the nuggets were found in depth placers in the fields near the Australian city of Ballarat.
Scientists were able to "grow" gold, even in the laboratory, using a crystallization core casing as a catalyst, based on carbon.
Another evidence of the "Theory of Growth" can be called the fact that nuggets found in the placers have had a slightly higher quality than copies from adjacent ore cores. For example, gold from gold deposits is occupied by purity of up to 97%, and the same characteristic of nuggets found in the unnecessary ore cores located is much lower.
Large nuggets are formed not only in ore veins, but also in small lateral branches - "wings" that pass a little away from the main ore body. Such streaks are peculiar filters. They capture and pass through themselves rich solutions that leak through the ore body. Moving in "wings", solutions create large nuggets in them.
Findings of many nuggets with traces of abrasion make it possible to say that instead of their "growth" there is a reverse process. Small, almost crystalline inclusions of gold, which sometimes accompany nuggets in the surrounding clay or nanos are probably eroded from them, and not "attract", as previously believed.
Where to find gold in Russia?
The most promising areas for the search for gold nuggets are Ural, Bodaibo, Taksimo, Cupid, Magadan and Chukotka. In the Bodaybinsky district, they found a nugget weighing 12.3 kg. On Chukotka in Bilibino, not so long ago, they found an instance weighing 16 kg. In the Amur region on the Karakatitsa River, in the assistive part, 665 nuggets found. Saama is large weighed 6.9 kg, on the river B. Changchik in 2000 discovered a nugget weighing 3.5 kg.
To choose the right choice of the area and the search site it is necessary to find out whether nuggets were found in this area, which would have weighed over 50-100 grams. If there were no longer a number of 50 g in the selected region, it makes no sense to look for them. Information about nuggets can be obtained from geologists who have long been working in the area.
Most often, nugget plants form nodes in which there are several placer deposits. Large nuggets suggest that the place is "nugget". Consequently, there are several placers with large gold. It is unlikely that all nuggets were found when working out. A part of the nuggets, definitely, remains, because the quality of prosperity is usually low.
Search locations
There are several options for finding gold nuggets:
- search in man-made places
- search for new indished sites
- search for nuggets in a radical location.
Search for gold in man-made places calmly and reliably, however, substantial mining is unlikely. Based on the experience of seekers, the search for nuggets in man-made places gives approximately 20 g of gold per day from one metal detector. There is a chance to detect both nuggets weighing a couple of kilograms, but at the same time large nuggets come across extremely rarely.
Search for gold on new indished sites. Lesson risky. In this case, there are no warranties to find at least something. At the same time, there is a chance of finding a "nugget nest", in which there is a couple of kilograms, and there can be tens of gold kilograms. It is also worth noting that the objects for searching a large number. Small non-crushing streams in golden areas of a tremendous number.
Finding nuggets in a radical location can only be in cases where you have reliable information about rich in large gold.
The largest nugget in the world, which has reliable information has been preserved, found in Australia - "Holterman Plate". He weighed 285 kg together with quartz, pure gold contained 83.3 kg. Nuggets crushed and sold.
The largest gold nugget in Russia was found in the Urals, in his form it is called a "big triangle", its weight is 36.2 kg. This copy and today is in the Russian Diamond Fund.
Native - natural solid solution Au \u003d AG. The content of AG in gold natives 0, n - 10.n%. There are signs of intermittentness of this series: substantially different prevalence Gold native sampling (predominance of 930-900, 820-780, 650-600, extreme rarity - 550) to gold silver - so-called; Characterized phase heterogeneity of norbonic gold individuals with the separation of phases of composition; AG, AG3, AU, AGAU. Cu (0.001-0.9%), Fe, Mn, Pb, less often Bi, Sb, Hg, TE, SE, PT, IN, etc. (0.00N - 0, N%) are also commonly ordinary impurities. With elevated amounts of impurities, varieties of native gold (mostly rare) are distinguished: the gold medist, bismuth, iridistic, platinist, and others are known. Natural AMALGAMS AU are known. The impurities of AG, FE and others are often concentrated on the growth zones of native gold individuals and the grains of grain or in their individual sites. Gold nodorone contains inclusions of CO 2 and others. The composition of norbonovic gold depends on the type and depth of the formation of deposits, as well as from the geochemical specificity of the regions.
Crystallizes in Cubic Singonia Coordination structure. Characterized by the variety of forms of crystals: common octahedra, cubacothedra, rhombic dodecahedras, more complex forms are known. HE Less than 80% of crystals are twisted: Doubles of software (111), often polysintic. Along with isometric crystals, some deposits are developed distorted (elongated wire, hair-hair or flattened, thin layered). For minorubic deposits, the dendrites of the gold of native, mainly flat fernal, mesh, star, etc. Crystals are mostly small (0.00-1 mm), large rare. Crystals are known up to 3 cm and flat native gold dendrites with the greatest diameter up to 10 cm. There are a samoron gold allocations: fine-dispersed (up to 10 microns) and "visible" (dust-shaped, small, medium size, large). In most gold deposits, particles of native gas are prevailing 0.01-4 mm. The largest solid accumulations of the gold of the native mass of over 1-5 g -. The largest of them is the "Holterman Plate" from Australia - weighed 93.3 kg. Macca of the largest found in nuggets - "Big Triangle" () - 36.2 kg.
Gold nodorone has a bright metal glitter. On the rough surfaces of the "tube stone" it leaves a brilliant "gold" line, in color and gloss of which you can approximately (compared to standards) determine the sample of the gold of natives. With a decrease in the sample, the gold color of the norbonic varies from the reddish-yellow (bronze) to straw and cream, often with a greenish tinge (greenish or tobacco-brown there are also accumulations of fine gold in quartz and other minerals). The density of 19,2 to 15,600 kg / m 3 (depends on the composition, and the degree of separation of particles). Reflective ability R from 41 to 98. The hardness of a mineralogical scale from 2 to 3, in kg / mm 2 - from 41 to 80-90, with a decrease of up to 60-70 with a content of AG above 35-45%. Impurities PT, SN, CU increase the hardness of the gold of the native. The plasticity is very high, but decreases with elevated contents of impurities Bi, Pb, etc.
Gold natives is common in nature in the form of impurities in the erupted, and. Actually gold deposits are formed as a result of hydrothermal activity. The soluble compounds of AU (chloride, hydrosulfide, etc.), endowed with hydrotherms from the deep parts of the earth's crust and, probably, from the upper mantle, as well as from surrounding slaughter-gold rocks, in certain conditions disintegrated, which led to crystallization of native gold (more often when 180- 240 ° C) In the cracks of the previously pending residential quartz, mainly in associations with FE, Cu, Pb, Zn sulfides, in some areas - Bi, AS, SB, AG, as well as with tellurides of these elements.
Significant amounts of native gold in ores of exhalation and sedimentary sulphide - copper-coles and lead-zinc. In the formation of such ores, the natively, the natively was made together with sulphides, forming in them fine-dispersed enclosure. It is also associated with sulphides in copper-nickel ores of magmatic genesis. In zone
In the collection of the Diamond Foundation, the Hochran includes not only decorations from precious stones, but also nuggets from gold and platinum. In total, the exposure presents 100 gold and 20 platinum nuggets. Platinum is all from the Urals, but the multi-kilogram gold nuggets are mainly from Yakutia, from Kolyma, from the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Irkutsk region and also from the Urals. Nuggets from precious metals are found in industrial mining at the sort or washing stage.
In general, of course, nuggets gold and platinum nobody stores. A week after discovery, they are sent to the smelting.
Nevertheless, in the halls of the diamond fund are presented the most interesting specimens.
"Big triangle"
This is the largest Russian nugget. It was found in the Mias district in the Urals in 1842. The case was at the Tsarevo-Alexander government in the Urals. This train is also called the "Ural Klondike", because immediately after opening gold, they began to extract almost tons there. Emperor Alexander I himself came to the mine in 1825.
An entry about this event was preserved in the chronicles of the Petropavlovsk Church in Miass: "In The same day, September 23, a few hours before the arrival of the emperor's sovereign, the workers stumbled upon a piece of native gold, weighing 8 p. 7 angry. (3 kg 306 g). This gift was welcomed by the mine of his august owner. The mountaineard had happiness to bring a nugget to his imperial majesty. In the morning in the morning, an anthill was already boiling; Brought Kaylo and iron shovel. "Now I will be Bergauer," the sovereign said to respond. " (Bergauer - Mountain Worker).
Finding a nugget "Large Triangle" succeeded at the moment when the Gold Fever under Miass began to serve. It was in the early 1840s. Nikifor's prospector Southkin surprised the head of the sequence, showing a 36-kilogram just dangled nugget. The shape of the golden "pebbles" resembled a triangle, because of what was so called.
Note that the "big triangle" was raised from a depth of 3.2 meters, its dimensions of 31x27.5x8 cm, and the exact weight - 36 kg 15 g.
"Horsepo head"
In 1936, a large gold nugget was found in the Urals, which was given the name "horsepower". Its length is 37 cm, width - 15 cm, weight 13 kg of 777. This flat, elongated piece of gold resembles a skull of a horse, hence the name.
"Dolphin"
In 1958, on the shores of the Lena River, in the field Bodaybo, found a nugget "Dolphin" weighing 10 kg 40g. As you already understood, it is named so thanks to the form resembling the tail of Dolphin.
"Camel"
This nugget called the name due to the form. Nugget strongly retranged, with a sink surface. This gives reason to assume that he visited the riverbed, where the river pebbles, who embarked on him from all sides, gave him a form, along the outline reminiscent of the lying alogorous camel. He was produced on Kolyma in 1947. Sizes - 29.5x15x5 cm, weight - 9 kg 288 grams.
"Hare ears"
And again pleased the genuine Ural Mountains. This gold nugget was lying on the side of the roadway, and was discovered completely by chance! It was in 1935, and the nugget had to be taken to Moscow, since his weight was very large. Today, the nuggets "Hare Ears", named so, again, because of its form - the highest leggings of the collection of the Hochran, its sample 932. Sizes - 13.3x1,6x7.8 cm, and the weight is 3 kg 344
"Big hole"
Openwork formation of gold found in the Urals. Weight - about 3 kg. One of the first nuggets found in Russia, discovered about 300 years ago.
"Mephistopel head"
One of the smallest nuggets, which is stored in the diamond fund. Its weight is a little more than 20 grams, and the dimensions do not exceed 3 cm. Save it due to an amazing shape, resembling the head of the picture Mephistofel - or the trait, as it is more convenient to see. There were a lot of disputes, it was treated artificially or not, but as a result, experts came to the conclusion, it is a completely natural, natural education.
You can read more details with remarkable nuggets by visiting the Hochrane exhibition in the Moscow Kremlin.
In the next part of the article I will tell you about the five most interesting nuggets of Gokhran platinum.
Native gold, Australia
Native gold in quartz. California, USA. Berlin Museum
"In a hurried pursuit of gold, a little man spent time and means for the knowledge of its properties"
- IN AND. Vernadsky, 1922--
Gold natives- mineral, which is a natural solid solver solution (traces, up to 43%) in gold; Common impurities (traces, up to 0.9%) of copper, iron, lead, less often - bismuth, mercury, platinum, manganese, etc. are known to be known with high copper content - up to 20% (medist gold, downtime), bismuth - up to 4 % (bismuth gold, bismutaurite), platinoids (platinist and iridistic gold; Porpecite - AU, PD, PARTY - AU, RH), Natural Amalgam (AU, HG). Gold was the first metal, a famous person.
Formation form
Crystallizes in cubic singing, in the form of octahedra, rombodowkahedra, cubes and more complex in the form of crystals; Often they are distorted, strongly elongated, forming "wires", "hairs", or concluded parallel to the edges of the octahedron. For native gold, especially base, characterized by the diversity of growth forms, it is usually in the form of skeletal crystals, dendrites, filamentous and twist-filamentous crystals. Residential and incorrect merchant, "hooked" allocations are widespread; On their surfaces, the imprints of the crystals of other minerals are often preserved, the aggregates of which included the accumulations of native gold. The etching reveals the crystalline-grain structure of gold particles.
Properties
The color of native gold is bright yellow, depending on impurities - pale-yellow, reddish, greenish. Spatcy is absent. Soft and plastic (draw up with a needle), hardness on the scale of Moos 2.5; Density of 15.6 - 19.7 g / cm 3. Gold has the highest relatively with all other plasticity and bastard metals. It is easily flattened into the finest leaves, so 1 gram of gold can be flattened into the finest sheet of 1 m 2, which is used when obtaining gravestone and creative gold for gilding.
Finding
The native gold is the main form of finding gold in nature. It concentrates in hydrothermal fields forming gold ores, unevenly distributed in a fractured residential quartz and in sulphides - pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotine, etc. In essentially sulphide ores, native gold is fine-dispersed. When the ore oxidation on the earth's surface, the small native gold is partially dissolved and moved; In some cases, it enriches the upper parts of the ore bodies. The processes of their destruction lead to the liberation of particles of native gold and their accumulation in places; moving by aqueous streams together with another cluster material, particles are poured, rounded, deformed, partially recrystallized; As a result of electrochemical corrosion, a thin shell of high-graded gold is formed on them, which leads to a general increase in sample of native gold in placers.
According to particle sizes, fine-dispersed native gold (less than 1-5 MK), dust-like (5-50 MK), small (0.05-2 mm) and large (more than 2 mm) are distinguished. A sharply allocated on the size of the accumulation of native gold weighing more than 5 g., They are related to nuggets. The largest from the discovered nuggets are not preserved; The nuggets found in Australia "Holterman Plate" (285kg. Together with the residues of the breed) and the "desired stranger" (71kg.). In Russia, natives are rich in Eastern (Urals, the basin of the r. Lena) and others. Areas (the largest nugget found in the Urals weighs 36.2 kg). Valuable nuggets are preserved by states as rarities.
In nature, gold is also found in the form of solid solutions with silver (electrum), copper (dowryuride), bismutom (Bismutoauride), Rhodium (Mother), Iridium (Iraauride) and Platinum (Platinist Gold). Gold mobility in geological processes is mainly associated with the effects of aqueous solutions. The most realistic of gold in hydrothermal solutions in the form of various simple and mixed monouclear complexes Au 1+. These include hydroxyl, hydroxy chloride and hydrosulfide complexes. With elevated antimony and arsenic contents, the formation of heteroantic gold complexes is possible with these elements. It is possible to transfer gold in atomic form. In low-temperature hydrothermal conditions, as well as in surface waters, gold migration is possible in the form of soluble organometallic complexes, among which are most likely to have funny and humatic complexes. In hypergenic conditions, gold migration is carried out in the form of colloidal solutions and mechanical suspension. For gold, a variety of factors leading to its concentration and fixation is characterized. Along with a change in temperature, pressure and magnitude, the pH is a major role in the concentration of gold plays a change in the redox potential of the medium. In the processes of gold concentration, the role of concrete and sorption is significant.
From the history
Gold products were found in the excavations of the most ancient civilizations of the neolithic era in the Mountains of France, in Celtic graves, in Derinastic monuments of Egypt, among the most ancient cultural layers in India and China. Rafining of gold and separation from silver began in the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium BC. The first research of gold is associated with the development of Alchemy, the main goal of which was the creation of gold from non-financial metals.
Gold (eng. GOLD.) - A.u.
CLASSIFICATION
| Strunz (8th edition) | 1 / A.01-40. |
|---|---|
| Dana (7th edition) | 1.1.1.1 |
| Dana (8th edition) | 1.1.1.1 |
| Hey "S CIM REF. | 1.5 |
Physical properties
| Mineral color | rich yellow, the palmsade is passing into Beloto-Yellow Skyzdodnodnodnodnodnaya Silver inspected; Blue & Green in Internal Reflexes and Ascension (Ply Innest Folia) |
|---|---|
| Color trash | brilliant yellow |
| Transparency | opaque |
| Shine | metal |
| Cleavage | not |
| Hardness (Moos scale) | 2.5 - 3 |
| Microhardness | VHN10 \u003d 30 - 34 KG / MM2 |
| Frame | jagged |
| Strength | malleable |
| Density (measured) | 15 - 19.3 g / cm3 |
| Density (calculated) | 19.309 G / CM3 |
| Radioactivity (GRAPI) | 0 |
| Thermal properties | MELTING POINT: 1062.4 ° ± 0.8 ° |
Optical properties
| A type | isotropic |
|---|---|
| Color in the reflected light | yellow turning into white with increasing AG content - reddish - with increasing Cu content. |
| Pleochroism | do not pleolorate |
| Internal reflexes | none |
| Luminescence | none |
Crystallographic properties
| Point group | m3M (4 / M 3 2 / M) - Hexoctahedral |
|---|---|
| Spatial group | FM3M (F4 / M 3 2 / M) |
| Singony | Cubic |
| Parameters of cell | a \u003d 4.0786Å. |
| Number of formula units (z) | 4 |
| The volume of the elementary cell | V 67.85 ų (calculated by the parameters of the elementary cell) |
| Twin | COMMON ON (111) to Give Herring Bone Twins. Repeated On (111) to Give Stacks of Spinel Twins That Form Hexagonal Wires. |
Translation into other languages
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Links
Bibliography
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