Environmental problems of water resources. Problems of Water Resources of Russia Problems and Prospects for Water Use

The problem is divided into two parts - violation of the hydrogeological and hydrological regime, as well as water quality.

The development of mineral deposits is accompanied by a sharp decrease in the level of mortgage waters, the extracting and moving of empty and ore-containing rocks, the formation of open quarries, kittlers, shafts of open and closed reservoirs, sedimentation of the earth's crust, dam, dams and other artificial relief forms. The volume of water supply, recesses and stems of rocks is extremely large. For example, in the territory of KMA, the area of \u200b\u200blowerwater levels reaches several tens of thousands of square kilometers.

Due to the difference in the intensity of the use of water resources and man-made exposure to natural geological conditions in the areas of the CMA, the natural regime of groundwater is significantly violated. By lowering the levels of aquifer in the district of Kursk, a depression funnel was formed, which in the West interacts with the depressed funnel of the Mikhailovsky mine, so that the radius of the depression funnel exceeds 100 km. On rivers and water bodies located in the zone of the influence of depression funnels, occurs:

Ø Partial or complete underground power stop;

Ø Filtering river waters into the underlying aquifers when the underground water drop is dropped below the hydrographic network;

Ø Increased drain in cases of lead in surface reservoirs after using groundwater from deep, not drained by the river aquifer.

The total water consumption of the Kursk region is 564.2 thousand m 3 / day., Kursk - 399.3 thousand m 3 / day.

Significant damage to water supply of high-quality water is contaminated with open water bodies and underground aquifers with drains and industrial waters, which causes a shortage of fresh drinking water. Of the total water used for drinking purposes, 30% is accounted for by decentralized sources. From among the selected water samples, 28% does not meet hygienic requirements, 29.4% - bacteriological indicators. Over 50% of drinking water sources do not have sanitary protection zones.

In the open reservoirs of the Kursk region in 1999, harmful substances were reset: copper - 0.29 tons, zinc - 0.63 tons, ammonium nitrogen - 0.229 thousand tons, suspended substances - 0.59 thousand tons, petroleum products - 0.01 thousand .. On control of 12 issues of enterprises, the wastewater of which fall into surface reservoirs.

Almost all controlled water bodies in terms of pollution refer to the 2nd category, when contamination is due to several ingredients (MPC - 2PDK). The greatest specific weight in the pollution of the largest river Kursk - Seimas is made of copper compounds (87%), petroleum products (51%), nitrate nitrogen (62%), ammonium nitrogen (55%), phosphates (41%), synthetic surfactants (29 %).

The level of groundwater in the Kursk region varies from 0.3 m to 100m (maximum - 115 m). Chemical, bacteriological pollution of groundwater reduced the operating reserves of groundwater and increased the shortage of economic and drinking water supply of the population. Chemical pollution is marked with an elevated content of petroleum products, sulfates, iron, chromium, manganese, organic pollutants, heavy metal chlorides, nitrates and nitrites. The main sources of wastewater pollution are household drains and waste (1.5 million m 3 per year of household and 34 million tons of promoters of 1 - 4 hazard classes).

For many hundred years, the impact of a person on water resources was insignificant and was exclusively local. The excellent properties of water - its resumption due to the cycle and the ability to clean - makes fresh water relatively purified and possessing quantitative and high-quality characteristics, which will be unchanged for a long time. However, these features of water gave rise to the illusion of the invariance and inexhaustibility of these resources. Based on these prejudices, the tradition of negligent use of extremely important water resources arose.

The situation has changed a lot over the past decades. In many parts of the world, the results of long-term and improper actions relative to such a valuable resource were discovered. Many parts of world water resources become so depleted heavily polluted that they are no longer able to satisfy the ever-growing needs.

The total amount of hydrosphere amazes with its number, but only 2% of this figure is fresh water, moreover, available for use of only 0.3%. Scientists were calculated by the resources of fresh water, which are necessary to all humanity, animals and plants. It turns out that stock of water resources on the planet is only 2.5% of the water of the desired volume. Around the world, the water is consumed annually about 5 thousand m3, and more than half of the water consumed goes irretrievably.

Interest ratio of water consumption:

Ё Agriculture - 63%

Industrial water consumption - 27% of the total

Utility-take-out needs take 6%

Ё reservoirs consume 4%

World water consumption.

According to a separate component, the water balance of the world in the modern period is as follows.

Municipal domestic water supply. In the early 80s, about 200 km cube was spent on the needs of the population, and at the same time 100 km cube. lost irretrievably. In 1990, more than 300 km cube were withdrawn for these purposes. The norms of water consumption per person are an average of 120-150 liters per day. In fact, they fluctuate. In the cities of industrialized countries, water consumption is especially great. For example, in European countries it rises to 300-400 l / day. In the cities of developing countries located in subarid or arid areas, the norms are reduced to 100-150 l / day. A lot of water consumes a rural resident. In the humid regions in developed countries, it consumes a day to 100-150 liters of water, and in dry tropical areas - no more than 20-30 liters.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) currently in the world more than 1.5 billion people are not secured, safe water, and by 2000 their number can reach 2 billion people.

Industrial water supply. The unique properties of water as a natural body make it very widely used in a variety of industries. It is consumed in energy purposes, as a solvent, cooler, composite component of many technological processes. The water content of various industries varies depending on the type of products used by technical means and technological schemes. The following amount of freshwater is currently consumed for the production of 1 tons of finished products: paper 900-1000 m 3, steel - 15-20 m3, nitric acid - 80-180 m3, cellulose - 400-500 m3, synthetic fiber 500 m3, cotton Fabrics 300-1100 m3, etc. Huge water volumes consume energy installations for cooling power units. So, for the operation of the TPP with a capacity of 1 million kW, it is necessary to 1.2-1.6 km3 water per year, and for the work of the NPP of the same capacity - up to 3 km3 (Rosanov, 1984), only for the needs of the energy sector 320 km3 water, while 20 km3 is lost.

The heat energy is widely used by the revolving water supply systems, attracting part of the spent and purified water of other industrial industries, since water can be consistent with relatively low quality. Energy consumption in energy purposes gives 300 km3 thermal drain, requiring free fresh water to dilute 900 km3.

The share of other industries in general water consumption for the needs of the industry even more - 440 km3; Due to the circulating water supply systems, 700 km3 spend, simultaneously losing more than 10% of this volume. It is in industrial installations that there are estimates enriched with particular toxic compounds, difficult to remove from wastewater. Total volume of effluent - 290 km3. Since the modern technology of water purification is still far from perfection and many enterprises in different countries drop their drains in the reservoirs is not enough or weakly purified, then as a result of the dilution of this volume of contaminated water, 5800 km3 of free waters are required, i.e., 20 times more.

Water supply of agriculture. The largest water consumers -Els economy. According to approximate calculations in 1990, this sectoral economy spent more than 3000 km3, i.e. 3.5 times more than industry. Almost all of this volume was used for watering irrigated land and only 55 km3 - on water supply of animal husbandry.

By the beginning of the 80s, 230 million hectares of land were irrigated in the world. With an average irrigation rate of 12-14 thousand m3 / hectares, it was spent from 2500 to 2,200 km3 of clean free waters and a significant part (about 600 km3) of purified and diluted waste sectors and some industrial industries. According to a very approximate estimate of approximately 1900 km3, evaporates from the surface of irrigation lands and was transported by vegetation, 500 km3 was drained into underground horizons. Thus, in contrast to industrial water consumption, the use of water for irrigation sharply increases irrevocable losses on an unproductive evaporation from the surface of irrigation lands and creates drains in the form of irrigation or returnable waters that are difficult to catch, clean and use again. At the same time, their volume is huge, they are saturated with biosyl (nitrogen, phosphorus) and other easily soluble compounds, which increase the mineralization of water. The appearance of significant amounts of mineralized groundwater in subaride or arid landscapes with irregularities of substantive volumes of mineralized soils and their degradation.

Special problem represents stocks of animal farms. Although their total volume in global water consumption for agricultural needs is small (only 10 km3), they are extremely overwhelmed by organic compounds, it is difficult to restore and cause particularly rapid pollution of water bodies. water pollution sea cleaning

According to the calculations of M.I. Lvovich (1994), modern water intake from various sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, underground horizons) for industrial and domestic needs, irrigation and livestock complexes is more than 4,000 km3, and the volume of effluent is approximately 2000 km3. If we assume that all the drains are normally cleaned, then in this case it will take at least 8,300 km3 of clean water to dilute them (20% of the full flow and 60%-resistant). But as a result of the imperfection of modern water use and purification, water is polluted much more. Thus, if the quantitative exhaustion of the water from traditional sources on a global scale in the near future, humanity does not threaten, then high-quality deterioration - there is no longer today.

The sharp tension of the water balance and water use crisis situations are immeasurable in countries with limited water considerable potential, where there are really no free water from the dilution of waste and purified water. Similar phenomena are typical for many industrialized countries of the world, where absentia almost absorbs all water resources. Such is the situation in the countries of foreign Europe, in many areas of the United States. The problem of water supply in developing countries is even more acute, in which the lack of high-quality drinking water is often detected, and the existing watercourses and surface water bodies serve collectors for discharges of completely untreated industrial effluents.

In different ways there is water consumption and its structure on individual continents. The peculiarities of modern water management depend on natural factors (primarily the security of the river flow, climatic features, surface devices), and from socio-economic structures. The largest volume of water absorbs the economy of Asian countries. Almost 90%, this volume in Asia is spent on the needs of agriculture. A similar situation is characteristic of South America and Africa, although in general the participation of these continents in global water consumption is insignificant. In North America and in Europe, industrial and agricultural spending of water is approximately equal to each other.

Pollution of water resources

The main reasons for water pollution

v wastewater

Household, industrial and agricultural waste leads to pollution of many rivers and lakes.

v The disposal of waste in the seas and oceans

The burial of garbage in the seas and oceans can cause huge problems, because it adversely affects living organisms that live in waters.

v Industry

Industry is a huge source of water pollution that produces substances harmful to people and the environment.

v Radioactive substances

Radioactive contamination, in which there is a high concentration of radiation in water, is the most dangerous pollution and can be distributed into ocean water.

v spill oil

Pouring oil carries a threat not only to water resources, but also to settlements of people located near a polluted source, as well as all biological resources for whom water is a habitat or vital necessity.

v leakage of oil and petroleum products from underground storage

A large amount of oil and petroleum products are stored in reservoirs made of steel, which over time is corrosion, which is due to the leakage of harmful substances into the surrounding soil and groundwater.

v Atmospheric precipitation

Atmospheric precipitates, such as acid precipitates for air pollution and change water acidity.

v Global Saccans

Increased water temperature causes the death of many living organisms and destroys a large number of habitats.

v Eutrophication

This is a process of reducing the qualitative characteristics of water associated with the excessive enrichment of nutrients.

Wasteuk Valery

Annotation to the project

Introduction: Hello respected audience! I am a woolk Valery Student 311 groups, glad to present to your attention your ecology project on the topic: problems of water resources and ways to solve them.

3 Slide

The purpose of my project work: To identify the most effective ways to solve the problems of water resources.

Tasks:

1. Get acquainted with the history of pollution of water resources.

2. Get acquainted with the ways to solve the problems of water resources.

3. Make a classifier of the problems of water resources.

4. Develop a reminder on how to solve water resources.

4 Slide

IntroductionWater is one of the most common chemical compounds on earth and unusual in its properties. Without water, the existence of living organisms is impossible. Water is tremendous in industrial and agricultural production; It is well known to be necessary for the household needs of a person, all plants and animals. For many living beings, it serves as a habitat. The solution to problems seek primarily from ourselves, because if we are not wakeful to take care of water resources, and it should not continue to pollute the reservoirs on our land.

5-8 Slide

In our country, almost all reservoirs are subject to anthropogenic influence. Water quality in most of them does not meet normal requirements.

The main sources of contamination of water bodies are the enterprises of black and non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical and petrochemical industries, pulp and paper, light industry.

Microbial water pollution occurs as a result of the flow of pathogenic microorganisms into the reservoirs. There is also thermal pollution of water as a result of the receipt of heated wastewater.

Pollutants can be divided into several groups. In physical state, insoluble, colloid and soluble impurities are isolated. In addition, pollution is divided into mineral, organic, bacterial and biological.

Also the common pollutant is oil and oil products. In the period 1962-79, about 2 million tons of oil came as a result of accidents in the maritime environment.

Also, the source of pollution may be wastewater. Praised industrial wastewater are divided into three groups:

1. contaminated mainly by mineral impurities (enterprises of the metallurgical, engineering, coal mining industry; plants for the production of acids, construction products and materials, mineral fertilizers, etc.).

2. contaminated mainly by organic impurities (enterprises of meat, fish, dairy, food, pulp and paper, microbiological, chemical industry; rubber production plants, plastics, etc.).

3. Contaminated with mineral and organic impurities (enterprises of oil producing, refineries, textile, light, pharmaceutical industry; plants for the production of sugar, canned goods, organic synthesis products, etc.)

8-12 Slides

The wastewater treatment methods can be divided into mechanical, chemical, physico-chemical and biological, when they are used together, the method of purification and disposal of wastewater is called combined. The use of one or another method, in each particular case, is determined by the nature of the contamination and the degree of harmfulness of impurities.

Contaminated wastewater is also purified using ultrasound, ozone, ion exchange resins and high pressure, well proven cleaning by chlorination.

13 Slide:

Conclusion.I came to the conclusion that at present the problem of pollution of water objects is the most relevant, because Everyone knows - the expression "water is life." Without water, a person cannot live more than three days, but, even understanding the importance of the role of water in his life, he still continues to toughly exploit water bodies.

In this work, I revealed problems of water resources and how to solve them.

The goal is achieved - I have identified ways to solve the problems of water resources and sources of pollution.

Sources of pollution - by enterprises, revenues in the reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms, thermal pollution of water as a result of the receipt of heated wastewater, thermal pollution of water as a result of the receipt of heated wastewater, biological contamination appear as a result of an increase in the number of species unusual, industrial, atmospheric.

Methods for solving - cleaning natural way, mechanical paths of sweepers, chemical solids, physico-chemical methods of sweepers combined.

The tasks set are implemented. I met the main problems of water resources, with their pollution history and ways to solve problems, and also made a classifier for water resources and developed a memo on issues and ways to solve water resources.

THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!!!

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Individual project

Steppe lake

2017

Introduction
1 Sources of water pollution


1.3 Pollution of freshwater reservoirs
1.4 Oxygen starvation as a factor of reservoir pollution

1.6 Wastewater



2.2 Wastewater treatment methods
Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Appendix A (Information List)

Introduction

Water is one of the most common chemical compounds on earth and unusual in its properties. Without water, the existence of living organisms is impossible. Water is a carrier of mechanical and thermal energy, plays a crucial role in the metabolism and energy between the geogram and geographic areas of the Earth. It is largely facilitated by its abnormal physical and chemical properties. One of the founders of Geochemistry, V.I. Vernadsky, wrote: "Water is a mansion in the history of our planet." The solution to problems seek primarily from ourselves, because if we are not wakeful to take care of water resources, and it should not continue to pollute the reservoirs on our land.

Water is tremendous in industrial and agricultural production; It is well known to be necessary for the household needs of a person, all plants and animals. For many living beings, it serves as a habitat.

Water needs are enormous and annually increase. Many water consumes chemical and pulp and paper industry, black and non-ferrous metallurgy. The development of energy also leads to a sharp increase in the need for water. A significant amount of water is spent for the needs of the livestock industry, as well as the domestic needs of the population. Most of the water after its use for household needs is returned to the river in the form of wastewater. The deficit of clean fresh water is now becoming a global problem. All countries, all countries, scientists around the world are looking for a variety of means to solve this problem are still increasingly growing.

At the present stage, such areas of rational use of water resources are defined: more complete use and expanded reproduction of freshwater resources; Development of new technological processes to prevent water from contamination and minimize fresh water consumption.

Purpose: To identify the most effective ways to solve the problems of water resources.

Tasks:

Get acquainted with the history of pollution of water resources.
Get acquainted with the ways to solve the problems of water resources.
Create a classifier of the problems of water resources.
Develop a reminder on how to solve the problems of water resources.

1 History Pollution Water Resources

1.1 General Characteristics of Pollution Sources

Sources of pollution recognize objects from which a discharge or other intake of harmful substances into water objects deteriorating the quality of surface waters that limit their use, as well as negatively affecting the bottom of the bottom and coastal water bodies.

Protection of water bodies from pollution is carried out by means of regulation of activity of both stationary and other sources of pollution.

In our country, almost all reservoirs are subject to anthropogenic influence. Water quality in most of them does not meet normal requirements.

The main sources of contamination of water bodies are the enterprises of black and non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical and petrochemical industries, pulp and paper, light industry.

Microbial water pollution occurs as a result of the flow of pathogenic microorganisms into the reservoirs. There is also thermal pollution of water as a result of the receipt of heated wastewater.

The degree of danger of pesticide demolition during the processing of agricultural land depends on the method of use and form of the drug. With terrestrial processing, the danger of pollution of water bodies is less. For air treatment, the drug can be demolished by air flows for hundreds of meters and deposit on the untreated area and the surface of the reservoirs.

1.2 The problem of pollution of the World Ocean

Oil and petroleum products are the most common pollutants in the World Ocean. By the beginning of the 80s, about 6 million tons of oil came to the ocean annually. Emergency situations, plums beyond the tankers of washing and ballast waters - all this causes the presence of permanent pollution fields on the railway tracks. In the period 1962-79, about 2 million tons of oil came as a result of accidents in the maritime environment. Over the past 30 years, since 1964, about 2,000 wells drilled in the World Ocean. Large masses of oil come to the sea on rivers, with household and storms.
Finding into the marine environment, oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of different power. The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into water. Light transmission with thin films of crude oil is.
When the volatile fractions are removed, oil forms viscous return emulsions, which can be stored on the surface, transferred to the flow, emit ashore and settle on the bottom. Pesticides constitute a group of artificially created substances used to combat pests and disease diseases. It has been established that pesticides, destroying pests, harm to many useful organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. In agriculture, there has been a problem of transition from chemical (polluting medium) to biological (environmentally friendly) pest control methods. Industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the appearance of a large number of by-products polluting wastewater.

1.3. Pollution of freshwater reservoirs

The cycle of water, this long path of its movement consists of several stages: evaporation, cloud formation, rain falling, flowing in streams and rivers and again evaporation. In all its way, the water itself is capable of purifying contamination in it - products of rotation of organic substances, dissolved gases and mineral substances suspended solid material.

In most cases, freshwater pollution remains invisible, because pollutants dissolved in water. But there are exceptions: foaming detergents, as well as flooding oil products and crude stocks on the surface. There are several natural pollutants. The aluminum compounds in the land are falling into a system of freshwaters as a result of chemical reactions. Floods are washed out of the soil meadows of magnesium compound, which cause huge damage to fish reserves. However, the volume of natural pollutants is negligible compared to the person produced. and. They are able to dissolve minerals in the soil, which leads to an increase in the content of heavy metal ions in the water. Radioactive waste falls from nuclear power plants into the water cycle. Reset of untreated wastewater into water sources leads to microbiological pollution of water. According to the World Health Organization, 80% of diseases in the world are caused by the inappropriate quality and unsanitary state of water. In rural areas, the quality of water quality is especially acute - about 90% of all rural residents in the world are constantly used for drinking and bathing with polluted water.

1.4 Oxygen starvation as a factor of reservoir pollution

As is known, the water cycle consists of several stages: evaporation, formation of clouds, rain falling, flow in streams and rivers and again evaporation. On the whole way, the water itself is capable of cleansing contamination from it - products of rotation of organic substances, dissolved gases and mineral substances suspended solid material.

In places of great accumulation of people and animals of clean natural water, it is usually lacking, especially if it is used to collect uncleanness and transfer them away from settlements. If there are not many unclean in the soil, the soil organisms recycled them, re-using nutrients, and clean water is already searched into neighboring watercourses. But if uncleanness gets immediately into the water, they rot, oxygen is consumed on their oxidation. It creates the so-called biochemical need for oxygen. The higher this need, the less oxygen remains in water for living microorganisms, especially for fish and algae. Sometimes, due to lack of oxygen, all lives die. Water becomes biologically dead - only anaerobic bacteria remain in it; They flourish without oxygen and in the process of their vital activity hydrogen sulfide is distinguished. And without that lifeless water acquires a rotten smell and becomes completely unsuitable for humans and animals. This may occur during an excess of such substances such as nitrates and phosphates; They enter the water from agricultural fertilizers in the fields or from wastewater contaminated with detergent. These biogenic substances stimulate the growth of algae, which begin to consume a lot of oxygen, and when it becomes not enough, they are dying. In the natural conditions of the lake before he to lure and disappear, there are about 20 thousand. years. An excess of biogenic substances accelerates the process of aging, or intrigue, and reduces the life of the lake, making it more attractive. In warm water, oxygen is worse than in cold. Some enterprises, especially the power plant, consume a huge amount of cooling water. The heated water is reset back into the river and also disrupts the biological equilibrium of the water system. The reduced oxygen content prevents the development of some living species and provides an advantage to others. But these new, thermal-loving species also suffer greatly as soon as water heated.

1.5 Factors that prevent the development of aquatic ecosystems

Organic garbage, biogenic substances and heat become an interference for the normal development of freshwater environmental systems only when they overload these systems. But in recent years, enormous quantities of absolutely alien substances have collapsed on environmental systems, from which they do not know protection. Pesticides used in agriculture, metals and chemicals from industrial wastewater managed to penetrate the food chain of the aqueous medium, which may have unpredictable consequences. Views at the beginning of the food chain can accumulate these substances in hazardous concentrations and become even more vulnerable to other harmful effects.

1.6 Wastewater

Watering systems and construction are one of the types of engineering equipment and landscaping of settlements, residential, public and production, providing the necessary sanitary and hygienic working conditions, life and recreation of the population. Watering and purification systems consist of a complex of equipment, networks and structures designed for receiving and removal through household production and atmospheric wastewater pipelines, as well as for their purification and disposal before discharged in water or disposal.

Objects to drain the building of various purposes, as well as newly under construction, existing and reconstructed cities, villages, industrial enterprises, sanitary - resort complexes, etc.

Wastewater is water used on household, industrial or other needs and contaminated by various impurities that have changed their initial chemical composition and physical properties, as well as water flowing from the territory of settlements and industrial enterprises as a result of precipitation or water polling.

Depending on the origin of the species and composition, wastewater is divided into three main categories:

Household (from toilet rooms, shower, kitchens, baths, laundries, dining rooms, hospitals; they come from residential and public buildings, as well as from household premises and industrial enterprises);
Production (WATERS used in technological processes that do not meet more requirements for their quality - to this category of water include water pumped into the surface of the Earth during mining of minerals);
Atmospheric (rain and thale - along with atmospheric water from watering streets, from fountains and drainage).

Sewage waters are complex heterogeneous mixtures containing impurities of organic and mineral origin, which are in a unwanted, colloid and dissolved state. The degree of pollution of wastewater is estimated by the concentration. The composition of the sewage is regularly analyzed. Sanitary chemical analyzes are carried out by determining the value of the CCD. The most complex in the composition of the wastewater of industrial enterprises. For the development of a rational drainage scheme and evaluation of the possibility of reuse of wastewater, the composition and regime of drainage not only in general flow of an industrial enterprise, but also wastewater from individual workshops and devices.

Production wastewater is divided into two main categories: polluted and unpolluted (conditionally clean).

Contaminated industrial wastewater are divided into three groups:

Contaminated mainly by mineral impurities (enterprises of the metallurgical, engineering, coal mining and industrial industry; plants for the production of acids, construction products and materials, mineral fertilizers, etc.).
Contaminated mainly by organic impurities (enterprises of meat, fishing, dairy, food, pulp and paper, microbiological, chemical industry; rubber production factories, plastics, etc.).
Contaminated with mineral and organic impurities (enterprises of oil producing, refineries, textile, light, pharmaceutical industry; plants for the production of sugar, canned goods, organic synthesis products, etc.)

In addition to the above 3 groups, contaminated industrial wastewater, there is a discharge of heated water in the water, which is the cause of the so-called thermal pollution.

Production wastewater may differ in the concentration of pollutants, according to the degree of aggressiveness, etc. The composition of industrial wastewater fluctuates in large limits, which causes the need to carefully justify the choice of the reliable and effective method of cleaning in each case. Obtaining the calculated parameters and technological regulations for processing wastewater and precipitate requires very long scientific research, both in laboratory and semi-producing conditions.

The amount of production wastewater is determined depending on the performance of the enterprise according to the enlarged standards of water consumption and drainage for various industries. The rate of water consumption is an expedient amount of water required for the production process established on the basis of a scientifically based calculation or best practices. The enlarged rate of water consumption includes all the cost of water in the enterprise. Production wastewater consumption norms are used in the design of newly under construction and reconstruction of existing wastewatering systems for industrial enterprises. Enlarged norms allow us to evaluate the rationality of water use on any current enterprise.

As part of the engineering communications of the industrial enterprise, as a rule, there are several drainage networks. Unpolluted heated wastewater come to cooling plants, and then returned to the windwater system.

Contaminated wastewater flows on sewage treatment plants, and after purification, part of the treated wastewater is supplied to the system of round water supply to those shops where its composition satisfies the regulatory requirements.

The efficiency of water use in industrial enterprises is estimated by such indicators as the amount of recycled water used, the coefficient of its use and the percentage of its loss. For industrial enterprises, water balance is drawn up, including expenses for various types of losses, discharges and adding compensating water expenditures to the system.

1.7 The consequences of sewage getting into reservoirs

The general conditions for the production of wastewater of any category in surface reservoirs are determined by the national economic significance and nature of water use. After the wastewater is released, some deterioration in the quality of water in reservoirs is allowed, but this should not noticeably reflect on his life and the possibility of further use of water as a source of water supply, for cultural and sporting events, fisheries goals.

Observation of the implementation of the conditions of descent of industrial wastewater in the reservoir is carried out sanitary- epidemiological stations and basin controls.

Standards of water quality of water-drinking and cultural reservoirs- household water use set water quality water vehicles for two types of water use: the first type includes areas of water bodies used as a source for centralized or non-centralized economic and drinking water supply, as well as for water supply of food industry enterprises; To the second form - the areas of water bodies used for bathing, sports and recreation of the population, as well as in the articles of settlements.

The assignment of water bodies to one or another type of water use is carried out by state sanitary surveillance authorities, taking into account the prospects for the use of water bodies.

The regulations given in the rules of water quality of water bodies belong to the stems located on flowing reservoirs by 1 km above the nearest water utilization point, and on the continuing reservoirs and reservoirs by 1 km in both directions from the water use.

Much attention is paid to the issues of prevention and elimination of pollution of coastal areas of the seas. Regulations for the quality of seawater, which should be provided on the descent of wastewater belong to the water use area in the reserved boundaries and to the stems at a distance of 300 m to the parties from these borders. When using coastal areas of the seas as a receiver of industrial wastewater, the content of harmful substances in the sea should not exceed the MPC installed by sanitary- toxicological, generally sanitary and organoleptic limiting indicators of harmfulness. At the same time, the requirements for wastewater launches are differentiated in relation to the nature of the water use. The sea is considered not as a source of water supply, but as a healing wellness, culturally, a household factor.

Entering the rivers, lakes, reservoirs and sea, pollutants make significant changes in the established mode and violate the equilibrium state of the aqueous environmental systems. As a result of the processes of the conversion of polluting reservoirs of substances occurring under the influence of natural factors, a complete or partial restoration of their initial properties occurs in water sources. In this case, secondary products of the decay of pollution, which have a negative effect on the quality of water can be formed.

2 Measures to combat water pollution

2.1 Natural water purification

Polluted water can be cleaned. Under favorable conditions, this is natural in the process of natural water cycle. But polluted pools (rivers, lakes, etc.) for recovery requires significantly more time. In order for the natural systems to manage to recover, it is necessary, first of all, to stop the further flow of waste into the river. Industrial emissions not only clog, but also poison wastewater. And the effectiveness of expensive devices for cleaning such water is not yet sufficiently studied. In spite of everything, some urban farms and industrial enterprises still prefer to reset waste into neighboring rivers and are extremely reluctant to refuse it only when water becomes completely unsuitable or even dangerous.

In its endless circuit, water is capturing and transfers many dissolved or suspended substances, it is cleared of them. Many of the impurities in the water are natural and get there along with rain or groundwater. Some of the pollutants associated with human activity pass the same way. Smoke, ashes and industrial gases together with rain settle on the ground; Chemical compounds and sewage made into the soil with fertilizers fall into rivers with groundwater. Some waste follow the artificially created paths drainage drangum and sewer pipes.

These substances are usually more poisonous, but their reset is easier to control than those that are transferred during the natural cycle of water. The global water consumption on economic and household needs is approximately 9% of the total flow of rivers. Therefore, not direct water consumption of hydroresours causes a shortage of freshwater in certain regions of the globe, and their high-quality exhaustion.

2 .2 Wastewater purification methods

In rivers and other reservoirs there is a natural process of self-cleaning of water. However, it proceeds slowly. While industrial domestic discharges were small, the river themselves coped with them. In our industrial age, due to a sharp increase in reservoir, no longer cope with such significant pollution. There was a need to neutralize, clean the wastewater and dispose of them.

Wastewater treatment - wastewater treatment in order to destroy or remove harmful substances from them. The release of wastewater from pollution is complex production. In it, as in any other production, there is raw materials (wastewater) and finished products (purified water).

Mechanical cleaning allows to be separated from domestic wastewater to 60-75% insoluble impurities, and from industrial - up to 95%, many of which, as valuable impurities, are used in production.

Chemical method:

The chemical method is that various chemical reagents are added to wastewater, which react with pollutants and precipitate them in the form of insoluble precipitation. Chemical purification is achieved reduction in insoluble impurities to 95% and soluble up to 25%.

Physico-chemical method:

In the physico-chemical method of treatment with wastewater, finely dispersed and dissolved inorganic impurities are removed and organic and poorly oxidized substances are destroyed, which most often from physicochemical methods coagulation, oxidation, sorption, extraction, etc. are used. Widespread use is also electrolysis. It consists in the destruction of organic substances in the wastewater and removal of metals, acids and other inorganic substances. Electrolytic purification is carried out in special structures - electrolyzers. Wastewater treatment with electrolysis is effective on lead and copper enterprises, in paint and varnish and some other areas of industry.

Contaminated wastewater is also purified using ultrasound, ozone, ion exchange resins and high pressure, well proven cleaning by chlorination.

Biological method:

Among the wastewater treatment methods, a large role should be played by a biological method based on the use of patterns of biochemical and physiological self-purification of rivers and other reservoirs. There are several types of biological wastewater treatment devices: biofilters, biological ponds and aerotanes.

Conclusion

Fabrics of living organisms are 70% consisting of water, and therefore V.I. Vernadsky determined life as living water. There are many water on earth, but 97% is the salt water of the oceans and seas, and only 3% - fresh.

The need for water in organisms is very high. For example, for the formation of 1 kg of biomass of wood is consumed to 500 kg of water. And therefore it needs to be spent and not polluted.

In this work, I revealed problems of water resources and how to solve them.

The goal is achieved - I have identified ways to solve the problems of water resources and sources of pollution.

Sources of pollution - enterprises' contamination, adventures in the reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms, thermal pollution of water as a result of the receipt of heated wastewater, thermal pollution of water as a result of the receipt of heated wastewater, biological contamination appear as a result of an increase in the number of species unusualproduction, atmospheric.

Methods solving - aboutnatural way, mekhanic ways of schigs, chemical solids, physico-chemical methods of sweepers combined.

The tasks set are implemented. I met the main problems of water resources, with their stories of pollution and ways to solve problems, and also compiled a classifier for water resources anddeveloped a memo on problems and ways to solve water resources.

I came to the conclusion thatcurrently, the problem of pollution of water objects is the most relevant, because Everyone knows - the expression "water is life." Without water, a person cannot live more than three days, but, even understanding the importance of the role of water in his life, he still continues to toughly exploit water bodies

List of used literature

Novikov, Yu.V. Ecology, Environment and Man /u.V.Novikova:Moskva ,[B.i] 1998 ,-235 p.
Zhukov, A.I. Methods of purification of industrial wastewater /. And. Gukov ,.l.Mugight ,.D.Dziller, Stroyzdat, 1999, -158 p.
Mamedov, N.M. Ecology: Tutorial for 9-11 grades of secondary school, -M.: "School-Press", 1996, -464
Horujaya, TA. "Methods for evaluating environmental danger." / TAhorundai: Moscow, -3-e-edition, 1998,246 with

Preview:

regional State Budget Professional Educational Institution

"Blagoveshchensky Medical Technical School"

Appendix A.

Information sheet

Water resource problems and ways to solve them

Steppe lake

2017

Preview:

Ministry of Health of the Altai Territory

Regional State Budget Professional Educational Institution
"Blagoveshchensky Medical Technical School"

THE TASK

to prepare an individual project

Student __________________________________________________________

1. The process of the project _____________________________________________________

2. Duration of the project ___________________________________________________

3. List of issues subject to development

________________________________________________________________________

4. Control deadlines for the submission of the project sections for verification:

A B C) ______________________

5. Date of issuance of the task ___________________________________________________

Head ___________________________ / Telegin A.S. /

Signature

The task took __________________________ / Sherstyuk V.G. /

Student's signature

Introduction ................................................................................... ..3

Water resources as a factor in the development of productive forces..5

2. Problems of rational use of water resources ....9

3. rationing of water consumption and drainage ............... 12

4. Payment for the use of water .......................................... .15

Conclusion ................................................................................20

List of references ................................. ... ..................... 23

Test ......................................................................................... 24.

Task ........................................................................ .24

Introduction

Environmental problems occupy an increasingly important place in the system of global priorities. As the main culprit, environmental degradation is often called the economy.

Now the main reason for the critical ecological situation is the emerging technogenic, indiscriminate type. And without its change to a steady, ecologicalbalanced, it is impossible to solve the most difficult socio-economic tasks facing the country.

The original source of the modern material energy potential of human society is all natural biological and mineral resources of the Earth.

The history of the interaction of society and nature shows that humanity most often developed its economy due to the predatory use of natural resources.

The spontaneous development of productive forces already in ancient societies applied irreplaceable damage to nature.

However, in antiquity, anthropogenic environmental impacts were still relatively insignificant, they could not lead to radical environmental changes in nature. And only the twentieth century. With the colossal development of the productive forces, the critical point of the report was the fate of humanity on the nature of the interaction of nature and society.

One of the main natural resources is water, that is, water.

The aqueous shell of the Earth is a hydrosphere - covers 71% of its surface. 96.5% of the water is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.7% in glaciers and only 0.45% fall into fresh water of rivers and lakes. In absolute terms, the water potential of our planet is 1.5 billion km 3, but only 28 million km 3 accounts for fresh water.

The basis of the water resources of Russia is the river stock. Its annual volume averages 4262 km 3. 200 km 3 enters Russia from neighboring states. By the volume of river runoff, Russia ranks second in the world after Brazil (10 thousand km 3).

Water is an indispensable natural wealth that performs the livelihood functions of people, the environment and the conditions of habitat of plants and the animal world. The environmental function of water consists in providing natural living conditions on Earth.

Without water, a source of life on earth, humanity will not live for a long time, because water resources are used everywhere, for a wide variety of needs and production.

It is necessary to more rationally use water resources, protect and restore them, not as they are exhausted, but in advance, before.

Otherwise, the coated is not only all production that cannot do without water resources, but life itself.

1. Water resources as a factor in the development of productive forces

Natural resources are the resources formed in the natural environment as a result of natural natural processes. They consist of natural conditions to which solar radiation, heat of land, terrain, climate, etc. can be attributed. and actually natural resources - elements of the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere used in industrial activities or in the field of consumption. Economic boundaries between natural conditions and actually natural resources are mobile. The use of water as a source of energy or somehow different turns it out of a natural factor in the economic resource.

The economic system as a whole is the production system, distribution and consumption of goods and services. As part of these processes, society and nature is constantly interaction. Any production and consumption is associated with the use of natural resources and environmental impact. Any economic decision also affects the habitat in the broadest sense of this concept. As the functioning of economic systems, the increase in production and consumption, the role of natural (environmental) factor is constantly increasing.

Water - the raw material of a special kind, without which the implementation of any technologies is impossible. Water is used at all stages and it is one of the end products needed to every person. Therefore, water consumed in the processes of economic activity by weight is an order of magnitude exceeds everything the rest of the raw materials in the aggregate.

The economic function of water is expressed in the fact that they are an essential energy and transport resource, a mandatory means of industrial and agriculture of other production. The cultural and health function of water is manifested in their use for recreation, water sports, tourism, sports and amateur fishing, sanatorium-resort treatment, organization of reserves and reserves.

The main water consumer industry is the industry. Inside this sector, the main water consuming industry is energy, then mechanical engineering, black and non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper, chemical and food industries are followed.

Industries that use water as a resource without changing its physicochemical state are called water users. These include, in particular, water transport, fisheries, hydropower.

Production, mainly industrial, resources include detailed exploited and suitable for exploitation, pre-explored with certain boundaries, as well as poorly explored, but reliable reserves, including mechanical, i.e. Low quality, with poor content of useful components.

Water resources are an integral part of economic resources or, in other words, a factor of production. Along with difficulty (working force) and capital, water resources as an independent substance are used in the economy for the production of goods and services, experiencing the impact of the first two factors. However, there is an opposite effect. Any capital includes water resources developed in it. He is experiencing their influence and labor.

The role of water resources and conditions in social development at different historical stages was different, but always significantly.

Underground waters in the Kemerovo region are the main source of water supply of large industrial centers, workers' settlements and rural settlements. Waters are used for drinking and technical water supply of the population and in technological processes of metallurgical, mining and other types of industries.

Freshing groundwater can not always act as a natural resource, they become only there and only if they can be used in their high-quality and quantitative indicators (now or in perspective) for drinking water supply of the population or technical support of industry facilities, the main which is the economic and drinking provision of the population in the life of the society, the wetlands perform the functions due to their environmental characteristics. Including - serve as the main source of drinking and technically clean water; maintaining the level of groundwater, the productivity of agricultural land is largely determined; represent the basis for the development of irrigated agriculture; serve as the main base and the necessary medium for certain types of animal husbandry; serve as a source of providing fuel, construction materials, fertilizers (wood, reed, peat, sapropel); play the role of the raw material base of various crafts (fisheries, hunting, berry collection); represent great opportunities for tourism, recreational and balneological use; Make up part of the necessary environment for the lives of indigenous peoples that preserve the traditional economy.

The wetlands of Russia, along with its forests, as well as Brazilian region, serve main on the planet ground regenerators of oxygen, and the swamps are one of the main tanks of associated carbon. There are branches, closely with them related, such as: river transport, peat mining, etc.

It can be concluded that water resources in any form: fresh groundwater, wetlands, river basins, etc. are necessary for the development and activities of productive forces. In very many industries, ranging from agriculture and ending with heavy metallurgy they play a significant role.

Problems of rational use of water resources

Throughout its history, humanity has fallen influenced by favorable or unfavorable natural conditions, one way or another, faced limited resources. However, solving these problems in one way or another, it is always always, until now, did not realize the effects of the use of water resources and the anthropogenic impact on nature, which was found over the life of many generations.

From the point of view of reproduction and protection costs, certain types of resources in the near future can go into the category of non-renovative. A similar situation may arise if the speed of using reproducible resources will exceed the speed of their replenishment.

The water potential of Russia in the field of transport is huge. The length of Russian rivers reaches 2.3 million km, and the shorelines of the seas - 70 thousand km. However, the length of shipping pathways (internal) is significantly less than 90 thousand km. By cargo turnover, river transport ranks fourth, and the third is the third among all cargo transporters, and on passenger turnover - the last places.

Several negative factors affect the rational use of water in the field of fisheries. First, it is pollution of water bodies. Secondly, the water fence on economic needs from natural sources. Thirdly - hydrostralization and exploitation of hydroelectric power plants, the dams of which prevent the free passage of fish, and most importantly - they cut off spawning. Fourth, - Frequent lack of fishery products on water intakes. And finally, the violation of the regime and non-compliance with the catch quota.

Another large water user is hydropower (it is the basis of 40 large power plants) is considered the most pure, eco-friendly source of energy. This is true if not to take into account the ecological and economic value of land alienated under hydro-construction, one of the most productive in agricultural terms. To date, 5--6 million hectares of farmland are flooded under the zones of hydroelectric power plants. This problem is most significant for the plain territories, where the flooding area is especially large. In addition, the hydrophores of the hydroelectric power plant violate the normal hydroretorship of the rivers, as a result of which the river ceases to be the river in the exact meaning of this concept. Such a fate can comprehend, in particular, the Volga with its cascade of hydraulic structures. Damage to hydroelectric power plants, as already noted, and fish spawning. In the Azov Basin, all the spawns of Beluga and 80% of sturgeon spawns, seven, and other fish are cut off with hydraulic stations from manufacturers.

The main reserve for improving the efficiency of water use is to reduce its consumption in the main water consuming industries, especially this refers to fresh water - primarily due to the introduction of water-saving technologies and reduce its use on economic needs. The second direction is the elimination of numerous water losses at all stages of its use. Only with the use of water from sources to consumers is loss annually 8 km 3. Large losses are also noted directly from water consumers, in particular, in irrigation. Due to the use of outdated technologies, the efficiency coefficient of irrigation systems is 0.5, which means almost fifty percent losses. The economic mechanism that did not stimulate water savings in irrigation also contributed to this. 20% of water consumed is lost in utilities, and in some cities this indicator comes to 40%. This situation occurs due to the state of water supply systems (all sorts of evaporation, leaks, leaks, etc.). It should add wasteful water consumption in everyday life - the lack of water meters and low water tariffs for the population stimulate the wasteful use of expensive in terms of its preparation of drinking water. The problem of its quality is aggravated. Due to the total pollution of water bodies, the lack of modern cleaning technologies and the lack of funds for it, the quality of water in its physicochemical composition deteriorates in a number of Russian cities.

One of the important economic reasons for the degradation of the environment is an understatement or in general the freeness of many natural benefits, which leads to the overexproaction of nature. It is necessary to find an adequate economic value of nature, its resources, benefits, services. Here, three environmental functions in need of economic evaluation can be distinguished: providing natural resources; assimilation of waste and pollution; Providing people with natural services, such as recreation, aesthetic pleasure, etc.

There are warnings about the exhaustion of freshwater reserves on the planet. Currently, various "water" institutions, rules and laws, state agencies, planned and design organizations that develop the structure of water consumption, began to take into account the resource side of the water use system too late. The depletion of aquifer, the drop in the level of groundwater, a decrease in the river flow to an environmentally hazardous level - all these processes have become widespread. If the usual approach implies the constantly increasing volume of water supply, justified itself in excessive water resources, it is practically not suitable for the occurrence of a growing lack of water, increasing the expenditures on the development of its resources and increasing environmental damage.

MOU Odintsovsky Lyceum №2

Research

on the topic:

"Environmental problems of Russia's water resources"

Performed:

Student 10 "n" class

Stakhnova V.V.

Scientific adviser:

Borisova N.M.

Odintsovo

2011

CONTENT

Introduction 3-4

Water resources (stocks and use) 5

Causes of water pollution 6-8

Ecological condition of water resources

4.1. River 9.

Rodnikova water studies 16-17

Methods to combat the pollution of the aquatic environment

Natural water purifiers 18
Basic wastewater treatment methods 19

Conclusion 20.

References 21.

Appendix 22-26.

1. INTRODUCTION

Water is one of the most amazing substances on our planet. We can see it in liquid, gaseous and solid states. All wildlife can not do without water, which is present in all metabolism processes. It was in the water that life was born on our planet. No water can live a person. And, of course, in our modern world water is one of the most important factors determining the placement of production forces, but very often and means of production.

"If the armed conflicts of this century often occurred due to oil, then bloody conflicts of the future century will flash due to water." These words belong to the Vice-President of the World Bank Ismail Serageldin, which is responsible for funding for projects related to environmental protection.

Where water, there is a life - this simple truth, born in the east, has become a commodity phrase, exactly reflecting the relationship between water and life. The importance of water and hydrosphere is an aqueous shell of the Earth, it is impossible to overestimate. And the questions are involuntarily asked: and is there much water on our planet, is it enough to have it enough for the needs of a person and generated by civilization? In the review of ecologists, published in 2009, published in Paris by the Journal of UNESCO Risorisis, it is noted that 97.5 percent of the water of our planet contain salt, and in such a form are unsuitable for human use. The remaining 2.5 percent fall on fresh water, which is used by a person for nutrition, satisfying the needs of agriculture, industry and other purposes. But access to these resources of freshwater is complicated due to their location in various, sometimes difficult natural environments.

These figures are brightly shown to us, how valuable is fresh water and how gently follows it. Freshwater reserves on Earth are more or less permanent amounts and do not tend to spontaneously increase.

Meanwhile, humanity every year consumes more and more invaluable moisture. Ecology scientists calculated that in 1995, earthlings "drank" 2300cubic kilometers of fresh water. Most of this volume was used for the needs of agriculture and industry. The share of agriculture is now five times more water than at the beginning of the century. Industry consumes it 26 times more, and urban farm is 18 times more than at the dawn.

The need for fresh water increases with the development of industrial potential, expand the irrigation network in agriculture, improving the sanitary environmental conditions. An increase in water spending will contribute to the further growth of the population. In 1996, 5.5 million people lived on our planet, and in 2025, according to the forecasts of demographer scientists, this figure approaches eight billion.

The development of civilization, as neither regrettable, is accompanied by huge damage to the environment. Pollution of water sources causes great harm to the health of people. It is estimated that 3.3 million people die from the use of such water in developing countries.

Along with the restoration of the normal quality of drinking water of the most important task of today, the UNESCO experts are considered to be the revival of the areas of areas on our planet, which, due to the lack of water, once aburchased there, turned into dead zones.

Of great importance for the rational use of water resources has the expansion of knowledge about them, a deeper study of water existing on the planet, suitable for satisfying the needs of a person. To this end, the World Meteorological Organization (with the support of UNESCO and the World Bank) put forward a proposal to create an international organization, whose task would be to collect data on the presence of fresh water resources and the development of recommendations for their reasonable use by man, industry and agriculture.

2. Water resources of Russia (stocks and use)

Russia is one of the most rich in the natural waters of the countries of the world. Our country is washed by water 12 seas, in Russia there are over 2.5 million large and small rivers, more than 2 million lakes, hundreds of thousands of swamps and other water fund objects.

Total natural resources and freshwater reserves of the Russian Federation are estimated at 7770.6 km 3 / year. Static (centuries) reserves, most of which focused in lakes and groundwater, make up about 90 thousand km 3 / year (Table 1).

The main lack of water reserves in Russia is their extremely uneven distribution in the country's territory (Fig.1). In recent years, due to the economic instability, which led to the fall in the production of industrial products, a decrease in agricultural productivity and a reduction in irrigated areas, a decrease in water consumption volumes has emerged (for 2001-2005 fresh water - by 20.6%, marine 13.4%).

And so limited freshwater reserves are significantly reduced due to their constant contamination. Intensive development of industry and agricultural production, increasing the level of improvement of cities and settlements, a significant increase in the population provided in recent decades a sharp deterioration in the quality of water in almost all regions of Russia. Nature is not able to clean such a number of polluted water, which leads to gradual destruction of ecosystems. And the need for water is increasing all the time. The development of civilization, as neither regrettable, is accompanied by huge damage to the environment.

The main damage to the aquatic environment is a person. The largest amount of water consumes agriculture for the targets of the amelioration, 3/4 of which is irrevocably lost due to evaporation. A large amount of water is used in industrial production on the purpose of the preparation of various solutions, washing equipment and equipment, premises and containers, for waste disposal. Huge amounts of water are used as a coolant and cooling. Great volumes of water consumption and the needs of a person: for drinking, cooking, washing, cleaning housing and washing. At the same time, a person takes for his needs, the needs of industry and agriculture pure water, and returns it into a natural environment with a high level of pollution.

The need for fresh water increases all the time. An increase in water consumption will contribute to the further growth of the population. In 1996, 5.5 billion people lived on our planet, and in 2025, according to the forecasts of demographer scientists, this figure approaches eight billion.

3. Causes of water pollution

Pollution of surface and groundwater can be distributed to such types:

mechanical - increasing the content of mechanical impurities, inherent, mainly superficial types of pollution;

chemical - the presence of organic and inorganic substances in water and non-toxic effects;

bacterial and biological - the presence of a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, mushrooms and small algae in water;

radioactive - the presence of radioactive substances in surface or underground waters;

thermal - release in the reservoirs of heated water and nuclear power plants.

And the main causes of water pollution are:

industrial wastewater generated in all sectors of production (especially in pulp and paper, black and non-ferrous metallurgy, energy, chemical and refineries);

household waste water containing sewering drains, as well as a large number of household chemicals;

atmospheric waters containing masses of industrial chemicals flushed from air;

rainstreams carrying a large number of various substances polluting urban streets and squares, production sites, agricultural land, green areas, forest arrays and other territories;

chemical aerosols and dust particles deposited from the air.

In Russia, a very long time did not pay due attention to the problem of preventing pollution of the water basin. A huge amount of wastewater of an indefinite composition was reset and reset into open reservoirs - rivers, rivers, continuing and flowing lakes. Only recently, our government begins to realize the catastrophic position in the ecology of Russia. Tightened sanctions for damage as a result of water pollution. A number of measures to close some enterprises are adopted (for example, the Priozersk cellulose plant in Lake Ladoga), which cause irreparable damage to nature.

The increased shortage of fresh water is associated with the pollution of water bodies by the wastewater of industrial and utilities, the waters of mines, mines, oilfields, during the workpiece, processing and alloy materials, emissions of water, railway and road transport, leather-textile, textile food industries. Surface waste of pulp - paper, enterprises, chemical, metallurgical, oil refineries, textile factories, agriculture is particularly polluted. Most of the river water used returns to rivers and reservoirs, but so far the growth of sewage treatment plants is lagging behind the growth of water consumption. At first glance this is the root of evil. In fact, everything is much more serious. Even with the most perfect purification, including biological, all dissolved inorganic substances and up to 10% of organic pollutants remain in purified wastewater. Such water can again become suitable for consumption only after repeated dilution with clean natural water. And here for a person, the ratio of the absolute amount of wastewater, at least the purified, and water flow of rivers is important.

The global water balance showed that all types of water use are spent 2,200 km 3 waters per year. The dilution of wastewater is almost 20% of freshwater resources of the world. Calculations for 2000 in the assumption that water consumption standards will decrease, and cleaning will cover all wastewater, showed that it will still need 30 -35 thousand km 3 of fresh water to dilute wastewater. This means that the resources of full global river flow will be close to exhaustion, and in many parts of the world they have already been exhausted. After all, 1 km 3 of purified wastewater "spoils" 10 km 3 of river water, and not purified by 3-5 times more. The amount of fresh water does not decrease, but its quality drops sharply, it becomes not suitable for consumption.

Throughout its entire path, the water itself is capable of cleansing contaminants that fall into it - products of rotting organic substances, dissolved gases and mineral substances that suspended solid material. If harmful substances come immediately into the water, they rot, and oxygen is consumed on their oxidation. There is a so-called biochemical need for oxygen (BOD). The higher this need, the less oxygen remains in water for living microorganisms, especially for fish and algae. Water becomes biologically dead - it remains only anaerobic bacteria; They flourish without oxygen and in the process of their livelihoods, hydrogen sulfide is isolated - poisonous gas with a specific smell of rotten eggs. And without that lifeless water acquires a rotten smell and becomes completely unsuitable for humans and animals. This may occur during an excess of such substances such as nitrates and phosphates; They enter the water from agricultural fertilizers in the fields or from wastewater contaminated with detergent.

Some enterprises, especially the power plant, consume a huge amount of cooling water. The heated water is reset back into the river and also disrupts the biological equilibrium of the water system. Unnatural temperature prevents the development of some living species and gives an advantage to others. But these new, thermal-loving species also suffer greatly as soon as water heated.

In antiquity, people were engaged in irrigation work and drainage (amelioration). This is one of the main ways to increase the yield of agricultural land. About 50% of all produced products are obtained from the meliorated lands. Melioration is of great importance in agriculture (Table 3).

In Russia, the area of \u200b\u200birrigated land is constantly increasing. This leads to a significant increase in water consumption. When conducting aqueous land reclamation, up to 200 km 3 of water is spent annually (depending on the degree of moisturizing). Drainage and irrigation can lead to severe consequences, changing natural climate (drought increase, reduction of precipitation, recurring rivers). When buckling soils, drainage (or collector-drainage) water is formed by washing and excessive water. These waters, entering the rivers, increase the level of mineralization and water in them becoming unsuitable for drinking. With drainage waters, which are discharged into land recovery systems, biogenic substances, pesticides and other chemical compounds that have a harmful effect on natural water are carried out.

Water transport is hardly the most ancient water user. According to the inland waterways of Russia, which has a total length of over 400 thousand km, is transported to 50 million tons of cargo. Water transport, without preventing high quality quality requirements, is one of the significant sources of pollution of water objects with petroleum products and suspended substances.

The most harmful chemicals include oil and petroleum products. In connection with the increase in the production, transportation, processing and consumption of oil, the scale of pollution of nature is expanded. The rivers of the world annually put more than 1.8 million tons of petroleum products into marine and oceanic waters. This occurs as a result of a catastrophe of oil-tailed vessels carrying oil from oil production areas to consumption areas, in emergency situations in marine oil fields, with violation of the integrity of oil pipelines and at plums of ballast and washing water with tankers. Finding on the surface of the water, oil forms a thick film, which gradually spreads over the surface of the water and under the action of waves and wind gradually goes into a state of reverse emulsion. This high-viscous emulsion film is able to continue to be maintained on an aqueous surface, disturbing the oxygen exchange and bringing difficulties in vital activity is not only low-aligned, but also fish, birds, and marine animals. All components of oil toxic for marine organisms. Oil affects the structure of the marine animal community. With oil pollution, the ratio of species changes and their diversity is reduced.

Polluted water causes great damage not only to the environment, but also human health. Due to increased pollution of water sources, traditionally used processing technologies are not effective in most cases. Almost 70% of Russia's inhabitants drink water that does not apply to GOST "water drinking". Pollution of freshwater and lands of boomerang returned to the person in food and drinking water.

4. Ecological condition of water resources

4.1. River

Rivers have always been a source of fresh water. Over 2.5 million rivers flow through the territory of Russia. But in the modern era, they began to transport waste, polluted by various harmful substances. Because of this, limited freshwater reserves are reduced even more. Almost all rivers are subject to anthropogenic effects, the possibilities of extensive water intake for economic needs in many of them are generally exhausted, and thousands of small rivers have ceased their existence. Water of many Russian rivers are polluted and unsuitable for drinking purposes.

River stock varies depending on climate fluctuations. Human intervention in natural processes touched upon the river stock. In agriculture, most of the water returns to the river, but is spent on evaporation and formation of plant mass, since at photosynthesis hydrogen from water molecules goes into organic compounds, which leads to the depletion of rivers. To regulate the flow of rivers, 1500 reservoirs were built, they regulate up to 9% of all the drains. At the drain of the Far East, Siberia and the North of the European part of the country, man's economic activity has not yet affected. However, in the most expensive areas, it decreased by 8%, and in such rivers such as Terek, Don, Dniester and the Urals - by 11-20%. Water drain decreased noticeably in the Volga, Syrdarya and Amu Durier. As a result, the inflow of water to the Azov Sea decreased - by 23%, to Aralsky - by 33%. The level of Aral fell by 12.5 m. The condition of small rivers is unfavorable, especially in the zones of large industrial centers. Significant damage to small rivers is applied in rural areas due to the violation of the special regime of economic activity in water protection zones and coastal protective bands.

4.2. Lake

In total, Russia has about 2 million fresh and salted lakes. (Table 4); Among them is the deepest freshwater lake Baikal, as well as the Caspian Sea. Lakes on the territory of Russia are also unevenly located: the majority is located in the North-West (Kola Peninsula, Karelia), in the Urals, in Western Siberia, on the Leno-Vilyuy Hills, in Transbaikalia and the Amur River Basin.

Many lakes are peculiar river drain regulators: they reduce the height of the salon and floods, ensure the protection of the territories from flooding and flooding, create conditions for the uniform intransigence distribution of the river flow. In the lake, as in the river, dummy waters.

Lake Baikal - one of the cleanest (until recently) Lakes of Russia. The main problem of Baikal is the regulation of the run of the hangary by the dams of the HPP cascade. Since this is the only river out of the lake, the lake level directly depends on the degree of filling of the Angarsk reservoirs. The meaning of the slightest fluctuations in the water level in Baikal was known for a long time. His increase leads to the development of abrasion (destruction of the shores). Abrasion will not only harm coast ecosystems, but also brings thousands of tons of soil, which leads to an increase in the concentration of biogenic elements. A supernorumative increase in Baikal level leads to economic losses that are associated with the flooding of settlements, iron, roads, ports and deterioration of the conditions of reproduction of bikal fishing fish.

Another problem of Baikal - pollution of its waters. One of the reasons - annually by the administrations of the subjects of the Federation are issued permits for excessive temporarily agreed emissions and discharges even for enterprises facing in close proximity to the Baikal coast. The most famous pollutant of Baikal is the Baikal pulp and paper mill (BCBC), which was built in 1966 for the production of strategic raw materials - cord cellulose. In the twenty-cell meter spot in the area of \u200b\u200bdischarge of purified wastewater, endemic algae and mollusks disappeared.

A significant amount of pollution comes with the waters of the Selenga River. The end of the flow of pollution gives the industry of Mongolia, especially the mining and processing plant in Erdenet. The main pollutant of Selenga in Russia is Ulan-Ude, where treatment facilities do not cope with the discharges of industrial enterprises of the city. Also added pollution of the Selenga River, where in recent years there is a massive breeding of livestock agricultural enterprises and uncontrolled country construction.

The main source of atmospheric pollution in the region is the industry of the Irkutsk region. The most dangerous for the Baikal ecosystem emissions of fluorine compounds from Shelekhovsky aluminum plant and sulfur from burning coal to CHP.

The Baikal Region is experiencing the same difficulties in recent years as all Russia. The consequence of increasing the income of some groups of the population in business centers was the systematic and uncontrolled alienation of land on the coast of Lake Baikal, including in areas with special protection. The construction of settlements and enterprises at such sites without treatment plant leads to falling into the lake of biogenic elements (nitrogen and phosphorus), especially dangerous for endemic organisms.

The growing break of the standard of living in business centers and rural areas causes the local population of Pribaikal regions to survive at the expense of lake and taiga resources, poaching has sharply increased, in particular, illegal fishing and cutting of forests. The latter are especially dangerous on the Baikal coast and the valleys of the rivers flowing into it, because they lead to the degradation of forests, a decrease in water water and a decrease in the self-cleaning ability of the Baikal ecosystem.

4.3. Glaciers

The temperature on the planet is growing steadily. The first victim of global warming can be the Arctic. Will the land of his ice hat lose? The melting of the Arctic ice is alarming for a long time. And this can no longer be written off on the private opinion of individual scientists and on the inflating sensation of journalists. Three hundred specialists from 8 countries bordering the Arctic, for four years spent an assessment of the state of ice in northern latitudes. Installed: The Arctic Polar Cap over the past 30 years has worked almost one-fifth.

Now packing ice in the Arctic Ocean occupy approximately 8.4 million km 3. [* Pacock ice - sea ice thickness of at least 3 meters, which existed over 2 annual cycles of increments and melting. In the form of extensive ice fields, it is observed mainly in the Arctic basin. A more correct name - a long-term ice.] This is an average annual value: in winter Ice shelter grows up to 18 million square meters. km, in the summer decreases. Scientists fear that after a hundred years, the area of \u200b\u200bArctic ice in the summer months will be shrinking. The melting of the ice will increase the level of the world's ocean, and this will entail further climate change in the planetary scale. And for the fauna of the northern regions, this in any case will become a disaster. For example, white bears, constantly wandering around the floating ice of the Arctic, simply will not be space for life.

One of the main causes of climate change is the growing greenhouse effect due to an increase in the content in the atmosphere of some gases - primarily carbon dioxide. If the current emission rate persists, concentration₂ in the air to the beginningXXII The century will twice! Alas, a forecast prepared by the Computing Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, confirms disappointing conclusions. Calculations show: with a two-time increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the Arctic Ocean warms with 1.5 ° C, and the ice area in the summer months will decrease by 80%. And this is not the most pessimistic of possible scenarios. Some experts predict that by 2070 the ice in the Arctic can completely melt.

On earth, the periods of cooling and warming replace each other. 8-5.5 thousand years ago, the weather in Europe was an average of 2-3 degrees warmer than today, and the ocean ice cover is almost half smaller. The cooling started in the first quarter of the second millennium turned out to be short and already at the end of the XIX century was replaced by warming. As a result, in the 1930s, in Greenland, winter temperatures rose 5 ° C, on Svalbard - at 8-9 ° C! In Iceland, swallows and starlings appeared, in Greenland began to nest the sizogol rods. And since the 1940s, the temperature was again decreased, and over the next 25 years, the area of \u200b\u200bice in the Arctic increased by 10%. It is believed that all these "huts" - the result of overlaying on each other cycles "Warming - cooling" of different duration - from short to tens of thousands of years.

How much the current warming will last and what will be its consequences, it is unknown. Even if all countries of the world join the Kyoto Protocol, regulating the release of industrial gases into the atmosphere, this will not give a quick effect.

It remains to hope for the correctness of the hypothesis, according to which the Arctic ice is a self-regulating system. When melting the polar cap at the surface of the ocean, a layer of desalinated water appears. Between it and deep layers, a transition layer is created that prevents the rise of warmer waters to the surface of the ocean. The water is cooled, freezes, and the ice shell of the Arctic is growing again.

4.4. SEAS

They are not fenced from pollution and the sea, which have long served as the place of the landfill of various uncleans. Pollution occurs as a result of reset in the river, and then into the ocean of wastewater of various enterprises. How many fields and forests treated with pesticides, and loss of oil, when transported by tankers? Oil pollution of the World Ocean is undoubtedly the most common phenomenon. From 2 to 4% of the aqueous surface of the quiet and atlantic oceans is constantly covered with oil film. Up to 6 million tons of oil hydrocarbons comes to 6 million tons of petroleum hydrocarbons. Almost half of this amount is associated with the transportation and development of deposits on the shelf. Continental oil pollution enters the ocean through the river stock. Soluble oil components are very poisonous. The presence of them in seawater leads to the death of their inhabitants. They adversely affect the taste of marine animals. If the fertilized caviar of the fish is placed in aquarium, with a very small concentration of petroleum products, most embryos die.

Together with the river runoff across the ocean, heavy metals are received, many of which have toxic properties. The total river flow is 46 thousand km of water per year. Together with him in the world ocean, up to 2 million tons of lead, up to 20 thousand tons of cadmium and up to 10 thousand tons of mercury. The highest levels of pollution have coastal water and inland seas. A considerable role in the pollution of the World Ocean plays the atmosphere. For example, up to 30% of all mercury and 50% of lead entering the ocean is transferred annually through the atmosphere.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, widely used as means of combating pests of agriculture and forestry, with carriers of infectious diseases, for many decades, together with the runoff of rivers and flow through the atmosphere in the world ocean. DDT and its derivatives, polychlorbiphenyls and other sustainable connections of this class are now found everywhere in the World Ocean, including the Arctic and Antarctic.

The scale of pollution of the products of the seas and oceans is so great that in many countries the sanitary standards are established for the content of these or other harmful substances in them. It is interesting to note that at the concentration of mercury in water, only 10 times more of its natural content, pollution of oysters already exceeds the norm established in some countries. This shows how close is the limit of pollution of the seas, which cannot be crossed without harmful consequences for the life and health of people. The degree of pollution of seawater increases more and more. Often the ability of the seas and oceans to self-cleaning is already insufficient. Basically, pollution fields are formed in the coastal waters of large industrial centers and narrow rivers, as well as in the areas of intensive shipping and oil production. Very rapidly pollution apply to currents and have a harmful effect on the zones richer than animals and vegetation, they cause serious damage to the state of marine ecosystems.

For example, a draft Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CTC) is being implemented in the Krasnodar Territory: oil pipeline is being built, the oil terminal is built. And dozens of hectares of relic juniper forests were destroyed (animals inhabited in them and birds lost their ecological niche and were doomed to death).

Another example: Residents of the Novorossiysk District oppose the construction of an oil port in the village. Southern Lake, as it creates a threat to the sole in Russia of the children's resort of federal significance - "Anapa", located nearby. This year, the October District Court of Novorossiysk satisfied the statement of a group of citizens about the misuse of construction work on the CTC, but his decision was immediately protested by the Novorossiysk Prosecutor's Office.

4.5. Snowflows

The problem of winter snow removal is quite Ortre, and Moscow is no exception: with such difficulties face in most cities of Northern Europe, USA and Canada. The difficulty lies not only in the need to support streets and roads in accordance with the technical standards of operation in the conditions of a sharply increased transport flow, but also the possibility of minimizing environmental damage, the state of which in the conditions of an industrial Moscow metropolis cannot be called satisfactory.

The main types of winter snow removal activities are the struggle with sliding and cleaning (export) of snow and ice, the removal of snow to specially reserved places of local storage (snowmobiles and snowmakes). Technical salt, sand, crushed stone are used as the main antifungal materials, and, in some cases (at air temperature to -300c) - liquid calcium chloride. Restrictions on the use of the last drug are associated with its negative impact on the reliability of electrical equipment located under the bottoms of the city electric transport (trams, trolleybuses). In accordance with the approved "temporary instructions on the technology of winter cleaning of streets and passages ...", the processing of the streets is made by special distributors with a flow rate of 50-60 g / m 2. The technical capabilities of metering devices do not allow to flexibly change the sprinkle density when the weather changes. Thus, the value of 50 g / m 2 is valid under all weather conditions for the Wim Stock. The most dangerous areas of highways and streets (cool descents, lifts, brake areas, tunnels, dangerous turns and intersections, overpass, public transport stops, etc.) are processed twice, with a total sprinkle density of 100 g / m 2. Crushed stone fraction 2-5 mm, mixed with technical salt, and possibly sand, is used in periods of snowfall of significant intensity passing at low air temperatures. In the case of snowfall and at air temperature below -15 ° C, it is possible to continuous processing of the carriage part of the rubble streets. The processing of the roadway of urban roads, according to the rules, should be made immediately with the beginning of the snowfall, taking into account the class of highways. This approach is used and for the subsequent export of the snow mass.

The ability to transfer snow from the road for the side of either on lawns or dividing green stripes is justified in the method of winter cleaning of the streets in a low class (secondary value) of the road. Within the city, this is most often the road, on both sides of which there is a forest or landing, i.e. Enough vulnerable environmental components. Thus, the cake of snow, especially within the city, in the conditions of which plants are in the oppressed state, is unacceptable. A possible way out of this situation is either a cake for the side of the "pure" snow (not treated with anti-flame preparations), or standard processing with the formation of a snow shaft at the curb and subsequent export of snow mass.

Cleaning and processing of streets and roads occurs mainly with mechanical means. Therefore, it seems necessary to separately formulate the requirements of the technique used in winter cleaning. The main disadvantage of the used technique is the impossibility of setting up machine-salt distributors in order to flexible processing of passage surfaces. Parking techniques represent the danger of the environment as sources of emissions into the atmosphere and liquid drain, consisting mainly of petroleum products. In this case, it is necessary to have facilities and carry out additional measures aimed at minimizing damage. Those. Places of possible repair and washing machinery should have a solid surface (asphalt, concrete) with a slope of 3-5% in the direction of the water receiver. The tranquent's water receiver must have a container sufficient to receive drain, and eliminate the possibility of seeping. Film of petroleum products should be collected from the surface and utilize. Unaccepting the reset of uncleanlaws from the parking lots in the sewer (drainage) network.

For the site accommodation sites, we need to calculate emissions into the atmosphere according to the "Methodology for the inventory of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere for motor transport enterprises. NIIAT. " In case of exceeding emission indicators, additional measures are made to reduce the impact of emissions into the atmosphere. Salt storage should be carried out only on solid asphalted surfaces, avoiding salt from entering open soil. Periodic control and verification of the state of the containers used to store liquid reagents in order to prevent leaks.

Snowflowers (permanent or temporary) are local sources of environmental pollution, regardless of the type of their equipment. The propagation of sludgehytholic water, as part of which chlorides (in concentrations of multiple times exceeding MPC), oil products, suspended garbage, are significant danger.

4.6. Underground and groundwater

The problem of providing the population of Russia with benign drinking water is among the most socially significant, since it depends on the health of people, the environmental and epidemiological safety of the country's regions. Underground waters are found in drilling wells at a depth of several kilometers. More than a third of potential resources are concentrated in the European part of the country. In general, the country, the degree of development of groundwater reserves does not exceed 20%. Fresh groundwater is formed on the territory of the Moscow region mainly with atmospheric precipitation. Failing to the surface, part of them is seeping into the system of aquifer and forms an underground flow. On average, about 11% of atmospheric precipitation regulations arrive on the supply of groundwater in this region.

Underground waters are mainly used for drinking purposes. They also serve as a reliable power source of rivers. They act all year round and provide nutrition of rivers in winter and summer aircraft (or at low levels of water horizon), when the surface is missing. With highly slowing speeds of groundwater movement, compared with surface, underground water in the river stock, act as a regulating factor.

By the conditions of the occurrence, three types of groundwater are distinguished: the rigor, soil and pressure, or artesian.

The soil is called water, which runs on the first waterproof horizon below the rigor. Usually they belong to the waterproof reservoir and are characterized by a more or less permanent flow of water. Groundwater can accumulate both in loose porous rocks and solid fractured reservoirs.

Groundwater accumulating in alluvial sediments is one of the sources of water supply. They are used as drinking water for watering

The exits of groundwater on the surface are called springs, or keys.

Despite the natural security of groundwater, their quality can deteriorate over time. The main sources of groundwater pollution in Moscow: leakage from sewer collectors, leakage of contaminated precipitation through contaminated soils, covered and built-up dumps, leaks and filtering from sewage facilities, technological communications and from canalized and non-banknalized industrials. Most polluted in the territory of Moscow groundwater. Their contamination is mainly due to the extremely wide propagation of liquid utility waste, as well as gaseous waste of vehicles, industrial enterprises, CHP, etc. Components - pollutants are represented by chlorides, sulfates, organic substances, nitrogen compounds and heavy metals.

Research by spring water

Many residents of Moscow and Moscow region believe that water from springs or wells is much better in quality than the one that enters the city apartments from the water supply system. Many are attributed to spring water almost healing properties. However, health care may arise precisely in people who use spring water - no one guarantees its quality.

It is impossible to control how different environmental factors will affect the quality of spring waters. Sewage breakthroughs, unauthorized discharges of industrial enterprises - all this can at any time get into the water. The decomposition of animal corpses, protein residues, urine, feces is the main source of ammonium nitrogen and nitrates in water. The wells often contain a large number of nitrates due to the use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. It is easy to imagine the effects of drinking such water.

The presence of these compounds confirms that, together with these substances, pathogenic microorganisms causing various diseases could enter the water. The presence of intestinal sticks in human and animal feces also signals their possible availability. According to the states of state -phapide services in 2007, for these indicators in the waters of more than fifty Kiev, the Moscow region almost a month and a half exceeded the permissible norm. Especially dangerous admission to the body of biologically aggressive trace elements, such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium. Examples of diseases among the inhabitants of the coastal regions of Japan are widely known (in the middle of the last century) due to mercury and cadmium into the water. As a result, people who have eaten fish have resistant paralyts and the destruction of bones that cannot be treated.

Perhaps some consumers of spring water are lucky, and "their" springs are not polluted. But no one can guarantee that such a situation will be maintained in the future. According to the specialists of the Moscow State Epidemiological Service, the water of all Natural Sports of Moscow and many Moscow units are not suitable for drinking. Now measures are being taken to purify the springs, but it is currently better to refrain from the use of spring water.

Visual studies of spring water.

purpose: determine the degree of pollution of waters taken from the springs.

We were taken samples of spring waters of Odintsovo. Samples were collected in polyethylene bottles, washed with HCl solution (1: 1). Water analysis was carried out during the day after sampling. Water was investigated at the following points: Transparency, precipitate and chromaticity.

A font was laid under the bottom of the cylinder, which could be clearly read through a certain layer of water, which indicates its weak pollution.

A slightly noticeable precipitate, observed at the bottom of the cylinder, indicates a small contamination of sources.

Detected chromaticity of various waters along chromo-cobalt color color.

Output: Nonal transparency, a slightly noticeable precipitate and a minor chromaticity indicate the unstantaneous contamination of sources.

Chemical water studies.

purpose: Experimental way to detect potassium and lead cations, chloride ions and sulfate ions in water samples.

10 ml of samples were placed in the tube, added 5 ml of reagent.

2K + + Na + + 3- \u003d K2NA ↓

The fallout of the yellow sediment indicates the concentration of potassium ions more than 0.1 mg.

2) 10 ml of samples were placed in the tube, added 1 ml of the reagent solution.

PB 2+ + CRO42- \u003d PBCRO4 ↓

Opened opalescence, which indicates the concentration of lead cations less than 0.1 mg / l.

3) 4 drops of nitric acid added to 10 ml of water samples and 0.5 ml of silver nitrate solution was adhered.

C. l - + AG + \u003d AgCl ↓

Lounge of the solution suggests that the concentration of chloride ions is more than 10 mg / l.

4) To 10 ml of water samples added 3 drops of hydrochloric acid and 0.5 ml of the barium chloride solution was adhered.

SO 4 2- + Ba 2+ \u003d Baso 4 ↓

Lounge of the solution indicates the content of sulfate ions - more than 1 mg / l.

Output: Based on chemical research, it can be argued that water meets the requirements of Sanpina and is suitable for use, but there is a tendency to deteriorate the quality of spring water.

6. Methods to combat pollution of the aquatic environment

6.1. Natural purification of water bodies

Factors of self-cleaning of water bodies can be divided into three groups: physical, chemical and biological.

Among physical factors, dilution, dissolution and mixing of incoming contaminants are paramount. Good mixing and decreased concentrations of suspended particles is ensured by the rapid flow of rivers. Contributes to self-cleaning of water bodies sedimentation on the bottom of insoluble precipitation, as well as the upsetting of polluted water. In zones with a moderate climate, the river is self-cleaning after 200-300 km from the pollution site, and in the extreme north - after 2 thousand km.

Water disinfection occurs under the influence of the ultraviolet radiation of the sun. The effect of disinfection is achieved by direct destructive effects of ultraviolet rays on protein colloids and flexibilities of protoplasm of microbial cells, as well as disputes of organisms and viruses.

From the chemical factors of self-cleaning of water bodies, the oxidation of organic and inorganic substances should be noted.

The biological factors of self-cleaning of the water branch include algae, mold and yeast fungi. However, phytoplankton does not always have a positive effect on self-cleaning processes: in some cases, the mass development of blue-green algae in artificial water bodies can be considered as a self-stubborn process.

Representatives of the animal world can contribute to the self-cleaning of water bodies from bacteria and viruses. So, the oyster and some other amids are adsorbed by intestinal and other viruses. Each mollusk filters more than 30 liters of water per day.

Some factors affect the processes of self-cleaning of water bodies. For example, chemical pollution of water bodies with industrial drains, biogenic elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.) inhibits natural oxidizing processes, kills microorganisms. The same applies to the descent of thermal sewage with thermal power plants.

Multiple process, sometimes stretching for a long time - self-cleaning from oil. In natural conditions, the complex of physical processes of self-purification of water from oil consists of a number of components: evaporation; sedimentation of lumps, especially overloaded with fees and dust; sticking lumps suspended in the thickness of water; pop-ups of lumps, forming a film with the inclusions of water and air; Reduction of suspended and dissolved oil concentrations due to sedimentation, pop-up and mixing with clean water. The intensity of these processes depends on the properties of a specific type of oil, air temperature and from solar illumination.

In small rivers, the ability to self-cleaning is significantly less than that of large, and the mechanism of self-cleaning during overloads is easily violated.

The ravines adjacent to the water protection zone must be strengthened so as not to climb, they were not drained.

Spring, nourishing river or lake, must be cleared, well-groomed.

The essence of the mechanical method is that mechanical impurities are removed from wastewater by settling and filtering. Mechanical cleaning allows to be separated from domestic wastewater to 60-75% insoluble impurities, and from industrial - up to 95%, many of which, as valuable impurities, are used in production.

In the physico-chemical method of treatment with wastewater, fine-dispersed and dissolved inorganic impurities are removed and organic and poorly oxidized substances are destroyed, which most often from physicochemical methods coagulation, oxidation, sorption, extraction, etc. are used. Contaminated wastewater is also purified by ultrasound, ozone, ion exchange resins and high pressure, well-established cleaning by chlorination.

Among the wastewater treatment methods, a large role is to play a biological method based on the use of patterns of biochemical and physiological self-purification of rivers and other reservoirs. Waste water in front of biological purification is mechanically, and after it to remove pathogenic bacteria and chemical cleaning, chlorination with liquid chlorine or chlorine lime. The biological method gives large results when cleaning municipal domestic wastewater. It also applies when cleaning the waste of enterprises of the oil refining, pulp and paper industry, the production of artificial fiber.

7.Connect

The logic of the development of life on Earth determines the human activity as a chief factor, and the biosphere may exist without a person, but a person cannot exist without a biosphere. The factor in the existence of the biosphere is pure water. The next generations will not forgive us that we have deprived them of the opportunity to enjoy the pristine nature.

Each person has the right to a favorable environment. This is recorded in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Those who violate this right are punished. In the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, there is a chapter called "Environmental Crimes". Each resident of the planet Earth should feel responsible for the state of the environment.

Save the harmony of man and nature is the main task that stands in front of the current generation. This requires a change in many previously established submission to the compulsory of human values. Each "environmental consciousness" is needed, which will determine the choice of technologies, the construction of enterprises and the use of natural resources.

One of the main tasks of modern education is an increase in the environmental culture of the current generation, the formation of an ecological way of thinking. At the end of the twentieth century, the Government of Our State was approved and approved the State Program for Education in the field of environmental education. It defines the goals and principles of organizing environmental education. An important point is the fact that the priority of environmental education, the obligation of the introduction of environmental disciplines in all educational institutions is enshrined in the laws "On Education" and "On Environmental Protection". From the slogan "Take from Nature All" you need to move to the slogan "Nature Our House".

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Vorontsov A.I., Kharitonova N.Z. "Protection of Nature", M., Higher School, 1997 p.68-91.

2. "Engineering Ecology and Environmental Management" ed. Ivanova N.I., Fada I.M., - m., Logos, 2008, p. 124-149.

3. "Engineering Ecology" ed. Medvedeva V.T.-M., Gardariki, 2005, p.59-84.

4. Konstantinov V.M. "Protection of Nature", - M., Academy, 2003, p. 75-89

5. Konstantinov V.M., Celidze Yu.B. "Environmental Fundamentals of Nature Management", -, Academy, 2004, p. 58-76.

6. "Problems of environmental protection and environmental management" ed. Burkova N.A., Shiryaeva V.V. Kirov, 2006, p.23-31.

ATTACHMENT 1

table 1 "Total Water Resources of the Russian Federation"

Water resources

Static (century) reserves
freshwater

Average multi-year volume
(renewal)

total, km 3 / year

share in reserves
fresh water, %

total, km 3 / year

share in fresh water reserves,%

River

470

0,53

4270,6

41,9

Lake

26500

29,80

530

5,2

Swamp

3000

3,37

1000

9,8

Glaciers

15148

17,04

110

1,1

Underground ice

15800

17,77

The groundwater

28000

31,49

787,5

7,8

Soil moisture

3500

34,3

TOTAL (at the accounting positions)

88918

100

10198,1

100

Appendix 2.

fig.1 "Potential stock of water resources"

Appendix 3.

table 2 "Volumes of wastewater coming from industry, agriculture and utilities in the rover r. Moscow and its tributaries "

Areas

The volume of sewage of cities and settlements

The volume of sewage of individual enterprises

Sewage volume from s / s objects

Total in the area

Mozhaisk

24800

18850

43650

Odintsovo

51210

23660

1720

76590

Istrinsky

56986

33440

7400

97876

Ruzian

17810

10485

28365

Krasnogorsky

2000

3000

5000

Solnechnogorsky

5968

Volokolamsky

1270

TOTAL

160044

89435

9190

258669

(according to MoshodokannalniaProject)

Appendix 4.

table 3 "Square of irrigated and dried lands in Russia and neighboring countries"

Year

Land area, million hectares

draised

irrigated

total

1970

7,4

10,9

18,3

1975

10,1

14,2

24,3

1980

12,6

17,3

29,9

1986

14,9

20,2

35,1

Appendix 5.

table 4 "The main hydrological characteristics of the largest lakes of Russia"

Lake

Area

mirrors, km 2

Depth, M.

Water reserves

km 3.

Surface

flow, km 3 / year

Average

Most

Caspian Sea

395 000

190

980

76 040

266,4

Baikal

31 500

730

1741

23 000

60,1

Ladoga

17 700

230

908

74,8

Onega

9720

127

285

19,9

Taimyr

4560

2,8

0,3

Khanka

4190

10,6

18,5

Miracle-pskovskoye

3550

7,1

35,2

12,2