Ancient settlements of Crimea map. The map of the peninsula kept the memory of the Crimean Tatar nobility for a long time. The legend of the curse of the family
But not everything is so simple. On the old maps, it turns out, the memory of the history of the influential clans of the Crimean Tatar nobility was scattered. For example, in the case of the same Barin (or, as they wrote in late XIX and the beginning of the 20th century, Baryn) the inhabitants of the Dzhankoy region still in the late 20s of the last century remembered the origin of this name: “Behind Barin there is the Dzhankoy railway station ... eighteen miles to it. Here once were the possessions of the wealthy murzas of Barinsky. On old maps, up to the pre-war ones, we will find other famous names - Shirin, Argin, Kipchak and others. These clans were once the owners of vast territories, although over time the land holdings were fragmented, some branches of the families fell into decay.
Rebels close to the throne
The French diplomat Peyssonel, who wrote in 1755–1758 his "Notes on the state of the civil, political and military of Little Tataria", that is, the Crimea, describes the Crimean Tatar nobility in sufficient detail. He points out that it is divided into two classes: the descendants of the ancient conquerors of the peninsula belong to the first, those who have risen in service (kapikuli, or kapihalki) belong to the second. Both of them are called murzas (mirzas). The heads of the four noble families bore the title of bey and constituted a council, on the opinion of which the khan relied in making his decisions.The first and most noble of the five famous clans of the Crimea is the clan of Shirin, who claims to have greater rights to the throne than the reigning house, based on an old tradition that claims that Shirin, a companion of Genghis Khan, entered the Crimea first ... that Shirin Bey, after the khan, is the most significant person in the entire Crimea ... He holds the first place in the sofa after the sultans ... for the closest relatives.In fact, the Shirins were a “state within a state” - not a single significant issue was resolved without the consent of the head of the clan, who conducted his own correspondence with foreign politicians, had his own administrative apparatus. How influential this clan was, standing out among the rest of the noble and rich, is evidenced by the fact that each Shirin Bey had his own kalgu - an officially proclaimed heir. The practice of appointing a successor to avoid disputes over seniority and supremacy existed in the reigning dynasties. But besides the Khan, the second person of the Crimean Khanate also enjoyed this privilege.
Carlo Bossoli. Tatars traveling through the steppe
It can be said that the Shirins carried their influence through several centuries, although there was a moment when the whole family could disappear. In history, it happened more than once that proximity to the throne made one dizzy and pushed for adventures. The Shirins once led a noble revolt, deposing the khan, who, as Peissonel writes, "gave them cause for displeasure." Aji-Shirin-bey, supported by a detachment of twenty thousand people, dared to announce to the acting Khan Seadet-Gerai about expulsion from the Crimea. The ruler chose to leave for Istanbul instead of bloodshed. The Ottoman Porte, which, in fact, kept its finger on the pulse of the Crimean Khanate, appointed a new ruler - Mehmet-Gerai, but even he "did not please Shirin Bey." And the next successor, chosen in Istanbul, Mehmet-Gerai himself refused to tame the rebels led by Shirin. It is possible that the second person in the khanate had a plan to change the ruling dynasty altogether and ascend the throne himself. Indeed, this would certainly lead to real war, and not all the nobles who rebelled against the khan would enthusiastically accept the idea of the accession of Shirinov. One way or another, but the next contender for the Khan's throne from the Geraev family, supported by the Port, arrived in Crimea. And of course, the first thing he had to do was to show who was the real boss in the Crimea, to severely punish everyone who had anything to do with the rebellion.
Upon arrival, he assembled, according to custom, a large sofa, on which Shirin Bey was obliged to be present. He really came there, and everything was prepared in order to kill him. He was warned about this by one of his officers, who told him about it in that very sofa room; he immediately got out under the pretext of a nosebleed and had time to escape. He retired to Circassia and from there returned to his estates, where they found it inconvenient to attack him, where he died very old and in perfect safety. This rebellion cost a life a large number Mirzas who could not hide from execution.Are there many examples in history when the head of an anti-state conspiracy, having escaped from reprisal, quietly and peacefully lives to a ripe old age in his own estate? Most likely, the expression “we found it inconvenient to attack him” mentioned by Peissonel should not be understood as respect for the rebel nobleman. Apparently, the forces that Shirin could have put up against the khan’s troops were so significant that it was easier to give up on the bey who had hidden in the estate: let him live, if only he would not try to stand at the throne again.
By the way, in their estates, the Crimean cream of society was the real autocrats, their power on these lands was absolute. They appointed taxes and ruled the court, dealt with the guilty, held all trade in their hands.
Crimean Tatar vegetable sellers at the Simferopol bazaar. Early 20th century
The beylik (possession) of Shirinov stretched from Karasubazar (present-day Belogorsk) to Eski-Krym (Old Crimea) and from Sivash to the northern slopes of the northern ridge of the Crimean mountains. On the map of the Crimea in 1940, three settlements are shown in the Dzhankoy region - Shirin Novy marked "German", Shirin Slavyansky and Shirin Tatarsky. This is the trace that a powerful family left on the map. Although, of course, the villages, estates, farms and economy belonging to them had other, most diverse names, before the revolution the possessions of the branches of the Shirinsky family were still very significant. Here are just a few examples: in the Bohemian volost of the Perekop uyezd, the owner of the Algazy farm is Shirinsky, in the Salyn volost of the Feodosiya uyezd, the Murzakoy estate (note the telling name: “Murza village”) belonged to M. P. Shirinsky, on his own land there was also the eponymous village. Not far away was the Urus-Khodzha estate, owned by O. M. Shirinsky. In the neighboring Saraima volost of the same county, three economies with the same name Misir were located side by side at once. A. Shirinsky was the owner of one, the second was shared by his relatives with the initials M. and D. The third was listed as the property of Shirinskaya and Dzhantieva. In the Tsyurichtal volost, Shirinsky A. M. owned the economy of Akchor, on the land of Shirinsky S. M. there was the village of Antai, and nearby the economy with the same name, the owner of which was Shirinsky U. M. Apparently, these lands were divided between the brothers. In the Simferopol district, near the village of Biyuk-Yashlav, there is a farm belonging to Shirinskaya Assie-Khanym.
The legend of the curse of the family
And now let's return to Baryn - an ancient and noble family (different researchers also wrote him as Barin, Barun, Baryun). Its head bore the title of bey, its possessions were located to the west of Karasubazar, the lands of Shirin. Such a curious detail about this family has been preserved: at a time when having many children was a common thing, the Baryn family never divided into branches, continuing in a straight line. The reason is that the only son in the family has always survived. Surely this feature was associated with a genetic disease that was inherited. Although, according to the Crimean researchers, "the Tatars explain this strangeness by the curse of the clan by one holy man, who incurred his wrath."Settlements associated with the surname of these Crimean beys were preserved in Soviet time. On the pre-war map, there is one Baryn in the Karasubazar region and three - Armenian, German and Tatar - in Dzhankoy. In the statistical reference book of the Taurida province for 1915, in the Ak-Sheikh volost of the Perekop district, there is a vaqf (donated or attributed to the mosque for income) possession with the name Baryn. And nearby, in the Bohemian volost, there are two farms belonging to different owners, with the same name Baryn-Suran. The village of Baryn existed in the Andreevsky volost of the Feodosia district. The mentioned lands were no longer the property of the Barinskys, but the names clearly speak of days gone by. However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the members of this large family still had a lot of land. In the Simferopol district, near the village of Bayaut, there were private estates of Baryn, in this district, Barinsky also owned several farms.
The third bey clan - Argin (Argyn) - was, as noted by Pallas, very numerous. Perhaps this is due to the fact that he, losing his positions and possessions, managed to mark himself on the map with a very large number of "family" names. So, by the beginning of the 20th century, two villages of Argin-Tobechik were listed in the Petrovsky volost of the Feodosiya district (one was a vaqf possession), there were also Argins in the Aleksandrovskaya volost of the Perekop district, in the Zuiskaya volost of the Simferopol district. Under the latter, there were private possessions of Seit-Girey-Murza Arginsky, Zelikha-Khanym Arginskaya, Sayda-Khanym Arginskaya. Near the village of Kainaut, the Arginskys owned the Kanlyk estate. And Suleiman-Murza Arginsky owned a farm near the village of Naiman.
The farm Dzhankoy (not to be confused with the city and numerous namesake villages!), located nearby, was also called Arginsky dacha, like the neighboring village of Kazanly. Again, near the village of Kazanly, Urie-Khanym Arginsky and Amet-Murza Arginsky had their own farms. But the process of losing these possessions continued. For example, in May 1908, the Tauride Gubernskiye Vedomosti newspaper published an announcement about the upcoming sale of the estate of the nobleman Maksyuta Murza Arginsky near the village of Kazanly. It was sold due to accumulated arrears for 1037 rubles, the property was estimated (more than 361 acres of land) at 1.5 thousand rubles.
old guard
The four ancient Bey clans also included the Yashlavskys (Yashlav, Yaushlav). It is known that representatives of this genus oversaw diplomatic relations. For the ambassadors of different states, an audience with Yashlav Bey was the step that allowed them to get closer to discussing this or that issue of relations with other countries. at the end of the 18th century, he called the Yashlav clan "formerly very significant and quite numerous, who lived around Bakhchisaray", between the Alma and Belbek rivers. In memory of the Yashlavskys, the villages of Biyuk-Yashlav and Kuchuk-Yashlav, that is, “big” and “small” possessions, residences and family nests, remained in these places. But from the former land wealth by the beginning of the twentieth century, a lot was still preserved. Two villages of Baygeldy have already been mentioned, they were located in the Kambarsky volost of the Evpatoria district and belonged to Arif-bey and Asan-bey Yashlavsky. Here, in the Kokey volost, the Telesh economy belonged to the family. In the Simferopol district, near the village of Orta-Kisek, Otarkoy, Martaza-bey and Umer-bey, the Yashlavskys owned gardens on their own land.
This old guard was also followed by strong clans, who did not miss the opportunity to squeeze out competitors. It is no coincidence that the French diplomat Peissonel builds his classification of the Crimean Tatar nobility not by nobility, but by significance and weight in the life of the Crimean Khanate. And he called the Mansur-oglu clan the second most influential. His rise is associated with the reign of Sahib II Giray (1532–1551), who decided to bring closer to himself the numerous clan of Mansur, who had recently appeared in the Crimea, ruling over several tens of thousands of nomads.
Apparently, it should be considered that by the middle of the 18th century, when the French diplomat studied the Crimean Tatar nobility, the Mansurs prospered, displacing even more noble families, and also married princesses of the Geraev dynasty. Their possessions were located in the steppe part of the peninsula, but they were repeatedly divided and left the possession of the family. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Mansurskys remained the owners of gardens, farms, and in the Kodzhambay volost of the Evpatoria district, Umeru-Murze, Mansursky owned salt mines near Lake Tepiz.
Not all cream of society was lucky to leave a memory of themselves on the map, others (the Sidzhvut clan) disappeared altogether, the once strong Dair clan, “which also had its own bey and owns lands mainly in the Perekop district and between Salgir and Zuya”, gradually lost both fame and wealth. But for quite a long time, villages with the names Kipchak, Bitak, Oirat, Burulcha, Sobla (Sably) existed in the Crimea, and this is also a greeting from the distant past of the peninsula, from the Crimean Tatar nobility.
Old maps are always fascinating. There is in them something from medieval travels, sailing ships, the spirit of adventure and discovery of new lands with their untouched wonders...
Middle Ages
The handwritten Turkish nautical chart, executed in the traditions of medieval portolans, has outlines very similar to reality.
Another medieval map - more detailed, but sketchy. If you look closely, in fact, Evpatoria is not at all there, like the mountain ranges of Crimea. But for seafaring merchants, it was quite enough.
Map from Altas BATTISTA AGNESE, PORTOLAN ATLAS Italy, ca. 1550 year. The outlines of the continents look very funny, more like a fashion illustration than a map used in navigation. Although it was quite enough for training.
The seafaring map of 1559 makes it clear that the bays of the southern part of the peninsula from Bakalskaya Spit to Kazantip were used more for landings. Not surprisingly, the Arabatskaya Spit, beloved by us but little inhabited, could not provide either a pier or access to the mainland, and the entire north of the peninsula with its salt lakes was not relevant to foreign sailors.
Taurica of Chersonesus. Gerard Mercator. 1595 Illuminated engraving. Amsterdam, early 18th in. We again see the Crimea stretched from west to east, completely covered with mountains. It's a beautiful drawing in its own way.
Illuminated engraving from an atlas by Jan Jansonius, 1630. Full map on click. Here, the oval peninsula with pseudopod bays is not at all like itself, but if this engraving could sail where you need to, we have no right to judge medieval authors.
Gerard Mercator, Taurica Chersonese or Khazaria, 1641, Amsterdam. Full map on click.
The fortress of Kaffa - the current Feodosia, is especially highlighted. Kaffa was the largest trading city of the Genoese on the Black Sea from the 13th to the 16th centuries, and the way there, like the coast of the entire Crimean peninsula, along which ships sailed, had to be studied in detail.
Fragment of the map by Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan, 1650 - Crimea at the top, because the map is oriented to the south. Here, despite the roundness, Crimea has at least the Arabat Spit. And in general, without airplanes and satellite images, it was difficult to draw the coast, most of which you can see from a ship on the horizon, or even sketch from someone's words.
17th century
Periplus of Pontus Euxine. Nicholas Sanson. Edition by Peter Mortier. Illuminated engraving. Amsterdam, second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries. This is already a detailed guide to the entire coast of the Black and Azov Seas.
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18 century
Nautical chart of the Black Sea by Nicholas Witzen, governor of Amsterdam, personal friend of Peter I, made in the workshop of Tobias Lotter in the middle of the 18th century. There is absolutely nothing left of the Crimea here - only bays and bays. Truth gives way to sketchiness and clarity, and there were reasons for that.
Crimean peninsula with border lands. [approx. 1 - 2,310,000]. [B.m., 1768-1774]. Here, the Arabat Spit was no longer ignored, and the general outlines of the Crimea are more like the truth.
Crimea on the map of the Taurida region from the atlas of the mining school in 1792. Author A.M. Wilbrecht. There are a lot of small settlements throughout the entire area of Crimea. Clickable. Almost all names are Tatar, this is later, in Russian Empire, went a gradual renaming.
Map of the Tauride Peninsula and nearby areas, compiled according to the information of Greek writers of ancient and middle times. According to the news, that is, from the words! And the mountains are shown only where they are, and in general the map is no worse than any satellite image.
Map by Schmidt Original title Karte Tauriens oder Halbinsel Krim und der Westlichen Nogayischen Tatarei. Written by Schmidt, Johann Friedrich. Compiled from 1730 to 1785. Publisher F. A. Schraembl, Franz Anton. 1787. It feels like the author overdid it with the names and neglected the form. So those were the priorities.
Map of parts of the Yekaterinoslav governorate and the Tauride region from the collection of maps for the journey of Her Imperial Majesty. 1787. Four years earlier, the Empress signed a manifesto "On the acceptance of the Crimean Peninsula, the island of Taman and the entire Kuban side under the Russian state"
As a result (8), on April 19, 1783, Catherine II issued a manifesto on the annexation of Crimea to Russia. The manifesto was prepared by Prince Potemkin.
As a result (8), on April 19, 1783, Catherine II issued a manifesto on the annexation of Crimea to Russia.
"Military topographic map of the Crimean peninsula, compiled according to the latest astronomical observations, corrected and supplemented from the best military surveys, His Imperial Majesty's retinue for the quartermaster part by Major General Mukhin in 1816, by order of Mr. Adjutant General Prince Volkonsky 2nd during the management of His part of it " .
The map is the first map of the Crimea, which was compiled on the basis of systematic topographic surveys. It represents a fundamentally new level of cartography in comparison with the maps of the 18th century and can serve as an example of engraving art. The orography is especially well done. Surroundings of the Baydarskaya valley, upper reaches of the river. The Alma, the Yayla mountains, and almost the entire southern coast of Crimea, starting from Balaklava and Feodosia, are depicted with such amazing relief that is not found on any of the subsequent maps of the Crimean peninsula.
General map of the Crimean peninsula. 1847. Clickable.
1854-1855 Sevastopol
Plan of the environs of the cities of Sevastopol, Kamysh and Balaklava in 1854 and 1855
Scale 750 fathoms in an inch
During the Crimean War of 1853-1856. Crimea was the main theater of military operations. During the war, Russian troops and residents of the city of Sevastopol under the leadership of admirals V.A. Kornilov, P.S. Nakhimov, V.I. Istomin defended the city for 11 months. The map shows the location of troops in the vicinity of Sevastopol.
Late 19th century
Map of the Taurida province by Yu.M. Shokalsky. End of the 19th century.
Early 20th century
Southern Coast of Crimea. 1900
Western Crimea. Early 20th century.
Crimean peninsula. Post card. [St. Petersburg: A. Ilyin's Cartographic Establishment, after 1902].
Which card did you like best?
A selection of various old maps of Crimea from the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th. All maps are in *.GIF graphic format, high quality. The size of the archive with maps is 389mb
List of maps in the archive:
1. General map of the Crimean Peninsula, 1847
2. Map representing the Crimea and the Crimean Steppe, 1777
3. Map of the Tauride Peninsula and its environs. Compiled according to the news of the Genoese writers. 1803
4. Map of the Tauride Peninsula according to the news of the Greek writers of Ancient and Middle Times, Map of 1803
5. General Map of Crimea Map of 1790
6. Map of the Tauride Peninsula and Near lying places with the designation of Tatar place names. 1803 map
7. Map of the Taurida province. second half of the 19th century
8. The peninsula of Crimea with the border lands of Crimea, map of 1774
9. Map of the Taurida province ("threefold"). map 1865-1876
10. Map of ancient settlements in the south of Russia. Odessa, 1884 issue
11.
Conventional signs on military topographic maps of 1870-1900
12. Military topographic map of the Crimean peninsula. Released 1817
13. Ticket to the Archaeological Congress of 1884 in the city of Odessa
14. Topographic map of the Crimean peninsula, 1842
ZIP archive, 389mb
Price 700r. For purchase write [email protected]
A huge number of visitors pass through the halls of the Hermitage and other museums around the world. But far from all visitors notice in its exhibits that which allows them to ask questions about history, and even more so, to object to its canons.
One such example is
I saw a lot of interesting "finds" assucareira
on art exhibits from Europe. There are probably many other examples that I don't know about.
And here is one of such observations from the halls of the Hermitage.
Pay attention to the inscription on the upper edge of the medal "Consequence of the world", and below - "Joined without bloodshed". How they resonate with today!
By the way, there is another medal:
Medal in honor of the annexation of Crimea. 1783. Previously, medals with inscriptions in Latin were intended as a present for “foreign ministers”, who were supposed to take these commemorative signs of the victorious end of the war for Russia to their homeland.
And this silver dish of the 18th century is a gift to Catherine II. Exhibit from the same Hermitage.
Don't you find a striking difference between the cards on the first medal and on the bowl? Let me remind you that the modern outlines of Crimea look like this:
Almost one to one with the map on the medal, but the coastal contours on the bowl are not at all similar.
I found something similar with a bowl on the map indicated on the chronologia.org website:
If you peer into the coastal contours shown on the bowl, you can see many bays and bays. The coast is simply eaten away by them. And the contour of the shores themselves is different. And not only the contours of the Black Sea.
What's this? Cartographers' mistake (they took something more ancient as a model)? Or did they deliberately capture what after which, without bloodshed, without war, Crimea was annexed in 1783? Those. after the flood? Or vice versa, a map before the flood?
What does it tell us official history? Reading:
During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russian troops captured the Crimean peninsula. Under an agreement with Khan Sahib II Girey (1772) and the Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty of 1774 with the Ottoman Empire, the independence of the Crimean Khanate from the Ottoman Empire and its transition under the protectorate of Russia was declared, and the fortresses of Yenikale, Kerch and Kinburn were directly annexed to Russia .
At the same time, the sultan was recognized as the supreme caliph, and this circumstance caused difficulties and wrangling between Russia and Turkey, since the religious and ritual and civil-legal life of Muslims are interconnected, due to which the sultan had the right to interfere in the internal affairs of the Crimea, for example, the appointment of qadis (judges). After the withdrawal of Russian troops, a widespread uprising took place in the Crimea. Turkish troops landed in Alushta; Russian resident in the Crimea Veselitsky was taken prisoner by Khan Shahin and handed over to the Turkish commander in chief. There were attacks on Russian detachments in Alushta, Yalta and other places. The Crimeans elected Devlet IV as Khan.
Those. The newly conquered Crimea from the Ottoman Empire was abandoned by Russian troops? There must be a reason for this or betrayal. But history says nothing about this.
After a series of riots, Shahin Giray was restored to the khan's throne, but by February 1783, the situation of Shahin Giray again became critical: mass executions of political opponents, hatred of the Tatars for the ongoing reforms and policies of Shahin Giray, the actual financial bankruptcy of the state, mutual distrust and misunderstanding with the Russians the authorities led to the fact that Shahin Giray abdicated and went with his supporters under the protection of Russian troops, and part of the local nobility hostile to Russia fled to the Turks.
In 1783 Crimea was annexed to Russia. Accession was bloodless. On April 19, 1783, Empress Catherine II signed the “Manifesto on the Acceptance of the Crimean Peninsula, the Island of Taman and the entire Kuban side under the Russian power”, which “out of duty to provide care for the good and greatness of the Fatherland” and “suggesting a means to permanently put aside unpleasant causes that disturb eternal peace between empires.
Peace came to Crimea after a long turmoil. In a short time, new cities grew up: Evpatoria, Sevastopol, etc. The peninsula began to quickly turn into the most important cultural and commercial region of the Black Sea region for Russia, and the creation of the Russian Black Sea Fleet began in Sevastopol.
And the same Wikipedia says that the city of Evpatoria already existed and that under Catherine it was only renamed:
The ancient Greek settlement that existed on the site of present-day Evpatoria was called Kerkinitida (Greek: Κερκινίτις). After the destruction of Kerkinitida, for many hundreds of years there was no urban settlement on this site. During the time of the Crimean Khanate, a city was founded, which the Crimean Tatars called Kezlev (Crimean Tatar. Kezlev - “spring”), the Turks Gözleve (Tur. Gözleve), and the Russians Kozlov. After the Crimea became part of the Russian Empire, in 1784 the city "due to the dissonance of the name" was renamed Evpatoria (in Greek - "Noble", "Born by a noble father").
And only the date of foundation of modern Sevastopol is considered to be June 3 (14), 1783
I. M. Bersenev. "Map of Akhtiar harbor from Belbek to Cape Kherson." Scale - 1.5 versts in English. inch. June 1783
Flip and superimpose the map on the image from Google maps:
Agree that the map is not at all accurate. Compilation errors? Maybe.
Here is another map by Ya.F. Schmitt 1777.:
Clickable. If you look closely, then there is no Akhtiar harbor (Sevastopol Bay). And Inkerman is located right off the coast. And what does "from the latest news" mean? Those. waging war there were no maps or there were no new maps with new coastlines?
A selection of various old maps of Crimea from the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th. All maps are in *.GIF graphic format, high quality. The size of the archive with maps is 389mb
List of maps in the archive:
1. General map of the Crimean Peninsula, 1847
2. Map representing the Crimea and the Crimean Steppe, 1777
3. Map of the Tauride Peninsula and its environs. Compiled according to the news of the Genoese writers. 1803
4. Map of the Tauride Peninsula according to the news of the Greek writers of Ancient and Middle Times, Map of 1803
5. General Map of Crimea Map of 1790
6. Map of the Tauride Peninsula and Near lying places with the designation of Tatar place names. 1803 map
7. Map of the Taurida province. second half of the 19th century
8. The peninsula of Crimea with the border lands of Crimea, map of 1774
9. Map of the Taurida province ("threefold"). map 1865-1876
10. Map of ancient settlements in the south of Russia. Odessa, 1884 issue
11. Symbols on military topographic maps of 1870-1900
12. Military topographic map of the Crimean peninsula. Released 1817
13. Ticket to the Archaeological Congress of 1884 in the city of Odessa
14. Topographic map of the Crimean peninsula, 1842
ZIP archive, 389mb
Price 700r. For purchase write [email protected]
