Activities in the sphere of spiritual culture. Spiritual culture. Types of spiritual culture

Culture is an important component of public consciousness. It is a means of forming a social personality, the sphere of communication of people and the realization of their creative potential. Cultures and its features are the object of studying philosophers, cultural scientists, intellectuals, who seek to determine the role of spiritual culture in society and in the development of man.

The concept of culture

Human life activity in history is in culture. This concept covers the widest scope of people's life. The meaning of the word "culture" is "cultivating", "processing" (initially land) - is due to the fact that, with the help of various actions, a person converts the surrounding reality and itself. Culture is an extremely human phenomenon, animals, unlike people, adapt to the world, and the person adjusts it to his needs and needs. In the course of these transformations, it is created.

Due to the fact that the spheres of spiritual culture are extremely diverse, the concept of "culture" does not exist. There are several approaches to his interpretation: idealistic, materialistic, functionalist, structuralist, psychoanalytic. Each of them allocated separate aspects of this concept. In a broad sense, culture is all the converter activity of a person, directed both in the way, and inward itself. In a narrow, this is a creative human activity, expressed in the creation of works of various arts.

Spiritual and material culture

Despite the fact that culture is a complex, comprehensive phenomenon, there is a tradition to separate it on the material and spiritual. The field of material culture is made to attract all the results of human activity embodied in various subjects. This is the world surrounding humans: buildings, roads, household utensils, clothes, as well as a variety of equipment and technology. Spheres of spiritual culture are associated with the production of ideas. These include theories, philosophical teachings, moral norms, scientific knowledge. However, it often this division is purely conditional. How, for example, divide the works of such types of art like a movie and theater? After all, the performance combines the idea, literary basis, the game of actors, as well as the object design.

The emergence of spiritual culture

The question of the origin of culture still causes lively disputes between representatives of different sciences. Social Studies, the sphere of spiritual culture for which is an important research area, proves that culturegenesis is inextricably linked to the formation of society. The condition for the survival of a primitive person was the ability to adapt to their needs around the world and the ability to coexist in the team: it was impossible to survive alone. The formation of the culture was not instant, but was a long evolutionary process. A person learns to transfer social experience, creating a system of rituals and signals for this, speech. He has new needs, in particular, the desire for beauty, social and all this becomes a platform for the formation of spiritual culture. Comprehension of the surrounding reality, the search for causal relationships lead to the formation of mythological worldview. It explains the world around the world in symbolic form and allows person to navigate in life.

Main spheres

From the mythology, over time, all spheres of spiritual culture grow. The world of man evolves and becomes complicated, and at the same time the complication of information and ideas about the world, special areas of knowledge are distinguished. Today, the question of what includes the sphere of spiritual culture, has several response options. In a traditional understanding, it includes religion, politics, philosophy, morality, art, science. There is also a wider view, according to which the language, knowledge system, values \u200b\u200band plans for the future turns on the spiritual sphere. In the most narrow interpretation to the sphere of spirituality, art, philosophy and ethics include the area of \u200b\u200bformation of ideals.

Religion as sphere of spiritual culture

The first of the religion is allocated. All spheres of spiritual culture, including religion, are a special verge of values, ideals and norms that serve as guidelines in human life. Faith is a base for world-upsion, especially for an antiquity person. Science and religion are two antagonistic ways of explaining the world, but each of them is a system of ideas about how a person was created and everything surrounds him. The specificity of the religion is that it appeals to faith, and not to know. The main function of religion as a form of spiritual life is ideological. She asks a person of the framework of world-upsion and worldview, gives meaning to existence. Also religion performs manages people's relations in society and their activities. In addition to these faith, performs communicative, legitimizing and culturally transplanting functions. Thanks to religion, many outstanding ideas and phenomena appeared, it was the source of the concept of humanism.

Morality as sphere of spiritual culture

Moral and spiritual culture is the basis for regulating the relationship between people in society. Morality is a system of values \u200b\u200band ideas that there is evil and good, about the meaning of the life of people and the principles of their relationship in society. Often, researchers consider the ethics of the highest form of spirituality. Moral is a specific sphere of spiritual culture, and its features are due to the fact that it is an unwritten law of behavior of people in society. It is a unlocked public contract, according to which all nations consider the highest value of man and his life. The main community functions of morality are:

Regulatory - this specific function is to manage the behavior of people, and no institutions and organizations controlling people do not communicate above them. Performing moral requirements, a person is motivated by a unique mechanism called conscience. Morality establishes the rules that ensure the interaction of people;

Evaluation-imperative, i.e., a function that allows people to understand that there is good, and that evil;

Educational - precisely thanks to her the moral appearance of the personality is formed.

Ethics also performs a number of such socio-significant functions as cognitive, communicative, orienting, prognostic.

Art as a sphere of spiritual culture

Cinema and theater

Cinema is one of the youngest and at the same time the most massive arts. His story compared to a thousand-year history of music, painting or theater theater. At the same time, the halls of cinemas fill millions of viewers daily, and even more people watch movies on television. The cinema has a powerful impact on the minds and the hearts of young people.

Today theater is less popular than the movie. With the widespread distribution of television, he lost part of his attractiveness. In addition, theatrical tickets are now expensive. Therefore, we can say that visiting the famous theater has become a luxury. Still the theater is an integral part of the intellectual life of each country and reflects the state of society and the minds of the nation.

Philosophy as sphere of spiritual culture

Philosophy is ancient man. Like other spheres of spiritual culture, it grows from mythology. It organically combines the features of religion, philosophers satisfy the important need for people in gaining meaning. The main questions of being (which is the world, in which the meaning of life) is obtained in philosophy various answers, but allow a person to choose his life path. The most important functions of it is ideological and axiological, it helps a person to build its own system of views and criteria for assessing the surrounding world. Also, philosophy performs the gnoseological, critical, prognostic and educational function.

Science as sphere of spiritual culture

The very late educational sphere of spiritual culture was science. Its formation occurs quite slowly, and it is designed first of all to explain the device of the world. Science and religion are forms of overcoming mythological worldview. But in contrast to religion, science is a system of objective, verified knowledge and is built under the laws of logic. The leading need that person satisfies through science is informative. It is characteristic of a person who is tasked with various questions, and the search for answers generate science. Science from all other spheres of spiritual culture is distinguished by strict evidence and verifiability of postulates. Thanks to her, a universal objective picture of the world is formed. The main social is cognitive, ideological, practical and transformative, communicative, educational and regulatory. Unlike philosophy, science is based on a system of objective knowledge that are checked during the experiments.

Spiritual culture

Spiritual culture - This is a system of knowledge and ideological ideas inherent in specific cultural and historical unity or humanity as a whole.

The concept of "spiritual culture" dates back to the historical and philosophical ideas of the German philosopher, Linguist and the State Worker of Wilhelm von Humboldt. According to the theory of historical knowledge developed by him, the World History is the result of the activities of the spiritual force lying outside the knowledge, which manifests itself through the creative abilities and the personal efforts of individual individuals. The fruits of this creativity constitute the spiritual culture of mankind.

Spiritual culture arises due to the fact that a person does not limit himself only with sensually external experience and does not dismiss him preferential importance, but recognizes the main and leading spiritual experience from which he lives, loves, believes and evaluates all things. This inner spiritual experience of a person determines the meaning and the highest goal of external, sensual experience.

Spiritual culture - the sphere of human activity, covering various sides of the spiritual life of man and society. Spiritual culture includes the forms of public consciousness and their embodiment in literary, architectural and other monuments of human activity.

Sources

Ilyin I. A. Path to evidence. - M.: Republic, 1992.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

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Spiritual culture, closely related to the material and technical development of society, includes the whole set of results of spiritual activity and spiritual activity itself. The earliest, established types of spiritual culture are religious beliefs, customs, norms and samples of human behavior, which have developed in particular historical social conditions. Art, religion, morality, scientific knowledge, political ideals and values, various ideas are also among the elements of spiritual culture. It is always the result of intellectual, human spiritual activity. Spiritual culture, as well as material, is also created by a person to meet his certain needs. Of course, the division of culture on the material and spiritual to a certain extent conditionally. After all, culture is a self-confidence as a kind. On the one hand, a person creates a culture, on the other, - himself acts as its result. But in the interests of the analysis of such a multidimensional concept, as culture, take place: there is material production - the production of things, and there is spiritual production - the production of ideas. Hence the structural division of culture.

The difference between material and spiritual culture can be traced in various directions. So, for example, the values \u200b\u200bof spiritual culture (art) do not know moral aging, in contrast to the instruments of labor, machines, etc. In addition, spiritual values \u200b\u200bcan exist not only in the subject form (books, paintings, etc.), but also as acts of activity. For example, the game is a violinist, actor on stage, etc.

Finally, spiritual values \u200b\u200bcarry on self-print of the personality of their creator: the poet, singer, artist, composer. The unique individuality of the author allows us to comprehend not only the meaningful, but also the emotional and sensual essence of works of art, philosophical ideas, religious systems, etc.

Obviously, the need for spiritual values \u200b\u200bin a person is limitless, in contrast to the level of material well-being, which has limits. The manifestations of spiritual culture are customs, traditions, norms.

Custom is one of the most ancient phenomena of spiritual culture. In primitive society, the first customs were formed as human behavior regulators.

Customs are formed mainly in the household medium, therefore they are distinguished by stability, the length of the existence, the "vitality". They are present in any developed culture, as familiar, little consecutive samples of behavior. ("Lead, friends, before a long dear, let the loss will seem the path"). Custom is a stereotype in human behavior. Customs are closely related to traditions that are supported through ritual and ritual actions. As the links of one chain should consider such concepts as custom, rite, ritual. Often they are defined as the moment of tradition.

Tradition is called the transfer and preservation of social and cultural experience from generation to generation. As traditions, these or other values, norms of behavior, customs, rites, ideas are acting. Sometimes they are perceived as remnants, they can disappear, and then reborn. The selection of traditions produces time, but there are eternal traditions: honoring parents, respectful attitude towards a woman, etc.

The method of existence of tradition, except customs, and rites or rituals are also served. The rite is a consistent procedure for the completed custom. Rites are usually tied to certain dates or events (the rite of initiation, dedication to students, wedding rites, rites associated with the end of the harvest - "Dozhinka") and others.

In spiritual culture there may be norms. The norm is a generally accepted rule of behavior or actions. They (norms) stand out from customs and acquire an independent existence. The actions of a person are largely determined by the norms accepted in society. There are evidence of regulations, prohibition standards, sample norms. The latter reflect the level of culture achieved in society.

A more complex and developed product of spiritual culture are values. Value implies a choice, allowing different, even opposite solutions and preferences. Value includes such elements as the interest and need of personality, debt and ideal, motivation and motive. Types of values \u200b\u200bare different: moral, religious, artistic and aesthetic, political, vital (associated lively life). You can also talk about family-related values, labor, ideological. Often, values \u200b\u200bin certain cultures are personified in the guise of saints, heroes, leaders, classics, etc. A rich set of values \u200b\u200bof one or another culture testify to the level of the spiritual culture of society, about its ability to communicate with other cultures.

Lecture 4.

Topic 2. Sphere of spiritual culture

Sphere of spiritual culture and its features

Spiritual culture - The aggregate spirituality of values \u200b\u200band creative activities for their production, development and application: science, education, religion, morality, philosophy, right, art.

The word Cultura leads its origin from the Latin verb of Colo, which means "processing", "cultivate the soil". Initially, the word Culture marked the process of human assistance as a habitat. However, gradually, like many other words of the language, it changed its meaning. In the present language, the concept of culture is used mainly in two values \u200b\u200b- "wide" and "narrow". In a narrow senseSpeaking of culture, usually imply the areas of creative activities that are associated with art. In wide The same sense of the culture of society is customary to call a set of forms and results of human activity, entrenched in public practice and transmitted from generation to generation with the help of certain iconic systems (language and non-language), as well as by learning and imitate.

Traditionally, culture is customary to divide on material and spiritual.Under material culture understand the technique, production experience, as well as those material values \u200b\u200bthat in their totality constitute an artificial habitat of a person. spiritual Culture is usually attributed to science, art, religion, morality, politics and law. Spiritual culture is a system of knowledge and ideological ideas inherent in specific cultural and historical unity or humanity as a whole.

The following subspecies of spiritual culture are distinguished:

The works of monumental art with the material form, which the artist gave natural-natural or artificial materials (sculpture, architecture objects);
Theater art (theatrical images);
Production of fine art (painting, graphics);
Musical art (musical images);
Various forms of public consciousness (ideological theories, philosophical, aesthetic, moral, etc. Knowledge, scientific concepts and hypothesis, etc.);
Social and psychological phenomena (public opinion, ideals, values, social habits and customs, etc.).

Dividing culture on the material and spiritual is very conditional, as to hold the line between them is sometimes very difficultBecause in the "clean" form, they simply do not exist: spiritual culture can be embodied in tangible carriers (books, paintings, workers, etc.). Understanding all the relativity of the difference between material and spiritual culture, most researchers nevertheless believe that it still exists.

Spiritual culture has some important features that distinguish it from other areas of culture:

spiritual culture disinterested. Her essence is not good, not benefit, but the "joy of spirit" is beauty, knowledge, wisdom. Spiritual culture is needed by people by itself, and not for the sake of solving any external utilitarian tasks towards it.
in spiritual culture, a person in comparison with other areas of culture receives the greatest freedom of creativity. Infinite space for creativity is art;
creative activity in spiritual culture is a special spiritual world created by the power of human thought. This world is incomparably richer real world.
spiritual culture reacts sensitively to external influence in the field of culture: it is capable of feeling changes in the life of people and respond to changes in themselves, it is in constant tension and movement, is the most vulnerable area of \u200b\u200bculture: people in difficult life circumstances are eating her. That is why spiritual culture most of all suffers in social cataclysms: revolutions and reforms in society lead to decay of the spiritual culture of the people. Spiritual culture needs the care of society, preservation and development requires its efforts. If people cease to be interested in, it loses internal tension and movement.

The spiritual world of a person scientists often characterize as an inseparable unity of the mind, feelings, will. The world of personality is individual and unique

The spiritual world of everyone can be correctly understood only taking into account the singularities of the community, to which the individual belongs, only in close connection with the spiritual life of society

The spiritual life of a person, society is constantly changing and developing

§ 15 Activities in the sphere of spiritual

What is the value of the book: in its content or as paper, covers, font, etc.? from meals

Useful to repeat questions:

The concept of "culture", spiritual culture, activities, human needs

Recall the difference between spiritual activities from material: the first is connected with the change in the consciousness of people, the second - with the transformation of objects of nature and society. Cognitive activity considered above is an important manifestation of spiritual activities, its result is knowledge.

However, spiritual activity is not reduced only to cognitive. Considering spiritual activities in general, one can conventionally distinguish two of its kind: spiritual and theoretical and spiritual and practical

The first view is the production (creation) of spiritual values \u200b\u200b(spiritual benefits). The product of spiritual production is thoughts, ideas, theories, norms, ideals, images that can take the form of scientific "philosophical x, religious and artworks (for example, thoughts on the evolution of the organic world, set out in the book. Ch. Darwin" The origin of species by natural Selection, ideas and images of such a work. Lesia Ukrainian as ". Forest song", images reflected in paintings and frescoes. Vrubel, or music. Lysenko, Legislative Activa.

The second type is preservation, reproduction, distribution, distribution, as well as the development (consumption) of the created spiritual values, i.e. Activities, the result of which are changes in people's consciousness

creating spiritual values

In order to understand the features of spiritual production, comparable to it with material. If you say briefly, then material production is the creation of things, and the spiritual is the creation of ideas. Created speech chi - labor product. And ideas? rector.

does it assume that material and spiritual production differ in the fact that the first is based on physical work, and the second is on mental? Dina in material production, pre-passes through his consciousness. There is no work without aware of its goals and funds. As they say, everything needs to "do with the head" and spiritual production along with mental labor takes time and considerable physical effort. Recall the work of a sculptor or conductor, a ballerina or an experimenter scientist.

We also note that spiritual proceedings, as can be seen from what was said related to the production of material. First, paper, paints, appliances, musical instruments and much more - a necessary condition for the brass production. Secondly, some spiritual production products are an element of material production: these are technical ideas and scientific theories, become productive.

Spiritual production is carried out, as a rule, by special groups of people whose spiritual activity is professional. These are people who have an appropriate education that owns skill. Of course, knowledge for mastered. The fall in the receptions of this type of activity is not enough. After all, the product of spiritual production is distinguished by novelty, uniqueness, and therefore, this is the result of creative activity.

But spiritual production, along with professional activities, includes activities, is constantly carried out by the people of its result, the people's epic, traditional medicine, rites, having independent of value (folk tales and legends, recipes for herbs, folk wedding rites, etc. ). Many people, not being professionals, with enthusiasm coming to creative spiritual activities through participation in artistic amateur activities. Some of them in their work rises to the level of professionals. Often, images or knowledge created, for example, the work of folk musicians or healers, are becoming the works of professional masters and scientific works specialist.

An important feature of spiritual production is that its products are created not only to meet the needs of certain spiritual benefits in society, but also for the self-realization of the thinker, artist, etc. They satisfy the inner need of the author to identify themselves , pass your mood, realize your abilities. For a scientist, musician, artist, the poet value of the work and lies in the value of not only its results, but also the process of creating a work. This is what the English naturalist wrote. C. Darwin (1809-1882): "The main pleasure and the only occupation during the mustache lifestyle was scientific work and the initiation caused by it, which lets me forget or completely eliminates my constant bad well-being."

With this feature of spiritual production, it is also due to the fact that between the moment of creating a spiritual product and the disclosure time its value for other people often there is a period of time. Some technical inventions di and artworks were understood and evaluated only after the death of their creators, and sometimes - after a century.

So, spiritual production is the activities of people to create spiritual values. Many of them are scientific discoveries, inventions - contribute to the development of manufacturing material goods. Others, for example, social norms. RMI, help streamline the life of society. All spiritual values \u200b\u200bare able to satisfy the spiritual needs of a person, influence his consciousness. This is an effect, the consequence of which is the growth of the spiritual culture of people, for ensuring the activities of conservation, reproduction, the spread of spiritual values \u200b\u200bin society, i.e. spiritual and practical activity.

The product of spiritual production may be delusions, utopias, erroneous judgments, often get a lot of distribution. However, humanity retains those ideas and images in which wisdom is embodied, knowledge, to their ID.