The biosphere is its composition and components. Structural components of the substances of the biosphere. Evolution of the Biosphere in Vernadsky

Molecule - any live system manifests itself at the functioning level
biopolymers (complex organic compounds) built from
A large number of units - monomers (just arranged connections)
Cell - the cell is a unit of development of living organisms. She is
Represents self-regulating, self-reproducing living
System.
The fabric is a set of similar cells and intercellular cells
substances combined with a total function
Authority - Structural and functional association of several types of tissues
The body is a holistic system of organs,
specialized to perform various functions
Population - a set of organisms of the same species, combined
Common habitat
Biogeocenosis - a set of organisms of different types and environmental factors
habitat combined metabolism

Biosphere.

... Now there is a rapid
dawn.
We only know a small part
this incomprehensible
Unclear, comprehensive riddles ...
V. I. Vernadsky

Biosphere (from Greek.
BIOS - Life and
sphaira - ball) earth shell,
structure,
Structure I.
Properties of which
in one way or another
degree
Defined
real or
Last
Activity
living organisms.

The concept of O.
The biosphere was
Mentioned in the book
"Hydrogeology"
(1802g) french naturalist
J. B. Lamarcom.
In scientific offense
The word "biosphere"
Appeared in 1875.
On pages
Books "Lick of Earth"
Austrian
Geologist E. Zyus.

Teaching about the biosphere
It was created Russian
Geochemist V. I.
Vernadsky at 20 - 30
years of XX century
It was
Executed
picture of
Planetary
biogeochemical
Functions of living
substances and difficult
Organizations
Biosphere.

About 60 years ago outstanding
Russian scientist academician
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky
developed the teaching about the biosphere -
Earth shell, populated
living organisms.
He revealed a geological role
living organisms and showed that
Their activities represent
by itself the most important factor
Mineral transformations
Planet shells.

Biosphere

10.

Human
society
Development
planet
biosphere
Evolution
Living organisms

11.

living
substance
biocosa
bone
Biogenic

12. In the composition of the biosphere distinguish: - 1. Live substance formed by the combination of organisms; - 2. Biogenic substance that

created in the process
Vital activity of organisms (atmospheric gases,
Stone coal, limestone and others);
- 3. Bone substance, sampled without the participation of living
organisms (main breeds, lava volcanoes,
meteorites);
- 4. Biocosal substance, which is
joint result of the life of organisms and
Abiogenic processes (soils).

13.

Huge specious
Diversity
Self-reproduction
Self-regulation
Stability;
Biomass I.
bioproductivity
Inhomogeneous
Distribution
Live substance on
Earth
Hierarchy

14.

Borders
Biosphere

15. Biosphere borders

Upper border passes approximately at an altitude of 20 km from
The surface of the planet and is delivered by a layer of ozone,
which the
Hold down
Digitious
for
Life
shortwave part of ultraviolet radiation
Sun.
Limiting factors:
1. Little light
2. Low air temperature
3. The ozone layer is located

16.

In the hydrosphere of the earth's crust, organisms penetrate all
The depth of the ocean is up to 10-11 km.

17.

In a lithosphere of life
Meets at depth
3,5-7,5
km,
what
Conducted
Temperature
Earth
subsoil
and
Level
Penetration of water B.
liquid condition.
Before the movement of the lithosphere

18. Live organisms (living matter)

Life is focused mainly on
Earth surfaces, in the soil and in
Sour surface layer of the ocean.

19.

Biomass
organisms
dwelling on land
99,2%
Presented
green plants I.
0.8% - animals and
microorganisms.
On the contrary, in the ocean on
The share of plants has
6.3%, and the share of animals
and microorganisms 93.7%
all biomass.
A life
focused
Mainly on land.
Total
biomass
Ocean is only
0,13%
biomass
All
creatures living on
Earth.

20.

It is interesting
12
The total mass of living organisms is estimated at 2.43 * 10 tons
On land: 99.2% of plants and 0.8% - animals and
Microorganisms
In the ocean: 6.3% - plants and 93.7% -
Microorganisms
21% - species diversity of plants, but their biomass
Amount - 99%
96 species - invertebrates and only 4% - vertebrates, but
their contribution to biomass is only 1%

21.

22.

Life on earth appeared only
after it was formed
guard of the ozone layer of the planet,
covered it from cruel
ultraviolet radiation.

23.

24.

The main part (95%) is in
World Ocean, which
takes about 70% of the surface
The globe contains 1 300
million km.

Vernadsky. The doctrine of the noosphere
Learn the problem of relationships
human society and nature.

31.

Modern man formed
About 30-40 thousand years ago. From this
time in the evolution of the biosphere became
act a new factor -
anthropogenic.

32.

Modern man increased
volume of familiar to nature
pollution so much that it is not
I manage to process them.
He began to produce such
Pollution for processing
which are not in nature yet
corresponding species, and for
some pollution, for example,
radioactive, never and not
will appear.

The biosphere includes:

- live substance (plants, animals, microorganisms);

- biogenic substance (Living products of living organisms - stone coal, bitumens, oil);

- biocosal substance (decay products and processing of mountain sedimentary rocks by alive organisms - soils, weathering bark, all natural waters, whose properties depend on activities on the land of living matter);

- bone substance (The combination of those substances in the biosphere, in the formation of which living agents do not participate - rock rocks of igneous, inorganic origin, water, cosmic dust, meteorites).

Distinguish the following liveliness functions:

1. Energy function It consists in carrying out the connection of biosphere-planetary phenomena with space radiation (solar radiation). The basis of this function is photosynthesis, in the process of which the battery of the energy of the Sun and its subsequent redistribution between the components of the biosphere. The accumulated solar energy ensures the flow of all life processes.

2. Thanks gas function The migration of gases occurs, their conversion, the gas composition of the biosphere is formed;

3. Concentration function It is manifested in extracting and accumulating with live organisms of biogenic elements from the environment, which are used to build the body. The concentration of these elements in the body of living organisms is hundreds and thousands of times higher than in the external environment.

4. Redox function It is the chemical conversion of substances that contain atoms with the variable degree of oxidation (iron).

5. When implementing destructive function The processes associated with the decomposition of the remnants of dead organisms occur. At the same time, the mineralization of the organic matter, i.e. Transformation of a live matter into oblique.

6. Biogeochemical - reproduction, growth and movement in the living matter space.

7. Information - The ability to accumulate certain information, fix it in hereditary structures and then transmit to subsequent generations.

8. Media function is largely integrative (the result of the joint action of other functions). The activities of living organisms led the modern composition of the atmosphere, from which radiation and thermal regimes depend on the planet, the spectral composition of the achieving surface of the land of sunlight. Vegetable cover substantially determines the water balance, moisture distribution and climatic features of large spaces. Living organisms play a leading role in self-cleaning of air, rivers and lakes, the saline composition of natural waters and the distribution of many chemicals between the land and the ocean are largely dependent. Thanks to plants, animals and microorganisms, soil is created and fertility is maintained. Finally, Biot gave a man with food, clothing, many other things, creating a unique community of various organisms - the main wealth of the planet and the environment of the environment.

Option 1.

1. Earth population populated by alive organisms and transformed by them:
1) Litosphere 2) biosphere 3) hydrosphere

2 A biosphere. Created by:
1) V.I. Vernadsky 2) h. Darwin 3) s.g. Navashina

3. Structural components of the biosphere are:
1) population 2) biogeocenoses 3) classes and types of animals

4. The biposfer bias substance belongs:

2) Stone Coal, Oil, Gas
3) Sand, clay, basalt, granite

5. The biosphere bioocosphoma refers:
1) the totality of all living organisms
2) oil, gas, air
3) soil, Il

6. The biosfer biogenic substance belongs:
1) the totality of all living organisms
2) Stone Coal, Oil, Gas
3) soil, Il

7. In the oceans with a depth of biomass decreases, as there:
1) little oxygen 2) little light 3) no soil

8. The greatest concentration of living matter is observed in:
1) Upper Atmospheric Layers
2) in the depths of the oceans
3) At the junction of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere

9. The ability of organisms to absorb some gases and allocate others during photosynthesis and respiration is a function of a live matter:

10. The ability of organisms to absorb and accumulate chemical elements in bodies is a function of a live matter:
1) concentration 2) gas 3) biochemical

2. Continue the offer:

BUT. Avtotrophs are organisms that __

B. Supporters of biogenesis believe that__

V. Eukaroto - it's. Consiefs -This_

Option 2.

11. "Greenhouse Effect" on Earth is observed due to:
1) dusting 2) accumulation of oxygen 3) accumulation of carbon dioxide

12. Ohone screen is located at height:
1) 5-8 km. 2) 8-10 km. 3) 15-35 km.

13. The doctrine of the leading role of a live matter in the existence of the biosphere created:
1) N.I. Vavilov 2) V.I. Vernadsky 3) I.P. Pavlov

14.Corodorod atmosphere is:
1) Live substance 2) Biogenic substance 3) Bone substance

15. Thanks to the plants in the atmosphere appeared:
1) oxygen 2) nitrogen 3) carbon dioxide

16.ustability of the biosphere as a global ecosystem is determined:
1) a variety of its species composition
2) Competition between organisms
3) monotony of its species composition

17.Ak global changes in the biosphere associated with the death of organisms due to the appearance of a number of negative mutations, may result in:
1) greenhouse effect 2) melting glaciers 3) expansion of ozone holes

18. The upper border of life takes place in the atmosphere at the height:
1) 20 km. 2) 40 km 3) 100 km.

19. Biological circulation - continuous movement of substances between:
1) plants and animals
2) animals and microorganisms
3) soil, plants, animals and microorganisms

20.rol plants in the cycle of substances is that they are:
1) consumers of organic substances
2) manufacturers of organic substances
3) the destructors of organic substances

Continue the offer:

BUT.Heterotrophs are organisms that _

B. Proponents of Abiogenesis believe that__.

V. Prokaryoti - this is_ Rarduznuti - This ___

Answers

The biosphere includes:

- live substance (plants, animals, microorganisms);

- biogenic substance (Living products of living organisms - stone coal, bitumens, oil);

Distinguish the following liveliness functions:

2. Thanks gas function The migration of gases occurs, their conversion, the gas composition of the biosphere is formed;

4. Redox function It is the chemical conversion of substances that contain atoms with the variable degree of oxidation (iron).

6. Biogeochemical - reproduction, growth and movement in the living matter space.

7. Information - The ability to accumulate certain information, fix it in hereditary structures and then transmit to subsequent generations.

Biosphere,according to the teachings of Academician V.I. Vernadsky, is an outer shell of the Earth, which includes all the living substance and its distribution area (habitat). The upper boundary of the biosphere is a protective ozone layer in an atmosphere at an altitude of 20-25 km, above which life is impossible due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation. The lower border of the biosphere is: a lithosphere to a depth of 3-5 km and a hydrosphere to a depth 11-12 km (Fig. 1.3).

RiP 1.3.Biosphere structure (V.I. Vernadsky)

Biosphere components: atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere - perform the most important functions to ensure life on Earth.

The biosphere arose about 4.5 billion years ago and has passed several stages of evolutionary development: from the initial cycle of organic matter to the biological circulation - the continuous exchange of substance and energy between the living organisms and the environment throughout the lives of organisms and after their death.

The most important components of the biosphere are:

Live substance (plants, animals, microorganisms);

Biogenic substance of organic origin (coal, peat, soil humus, oil, chalk, limestone, etc.);

Bone substance (rocks of inorganic origin);

Biocosal substance (disintegration and processing products with alive organisms).

V.I. Vernadsky, a living substance is a bearer of the free energy of the biosphere and is associated with a non-living substance with biogenic migration of atoms. The biomass of dry substance of the living organisms of the Earth, including about 500 thousand species of plants and 1.5 million species of animals, is extremely large and amounts to approximately 2,4232 * 10 12 tons. The annual increase in living substance on Earth is about 8.8 * 10 11 t. Through these living organisms, a large number of elements of the top of the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere passed.

Important in the relationship of organisms is foodie— trophic factor(from Greek. trophe.- Food). Primary organic matter creates green plants (producers -manufacturers) using solar energy. They consume carbon dioxide, water, salts and excrete oxygen.

Consumers (consumes)can be divided into two orders of magnitude:

I - organisms that feed on plant food;

II - organisms feeding with animal food.

Roducenie(reducing agents) - organisms that feed on decompanying organisms, bacteria and mushrooms. The role of microorganisms is particularly large here, to the end of the organic residues that turn them into finite products (mineral salts, carbon dioxide, water, the simplest organic substances) entering the soil and newly consumed by plants.

All animals and plants are selective to the composition of food depending on the need for certain mineral elements. Animals and plants are the necessary environmental factors in relation to other animals and plants, they are mutually necessary.

Any body is adapted to existence in sufficient narrow limits of changing environmental conditions, with the output of the environmental parameters for the established boundaries entails the oppression of the vital activity of this species or its death. The borders of the extension of the body (range) are due to the compliance with the necessary requirements of this body to the conditions (factors) of the medium. Each species occupies the place that is due to its requirements for the territory, food, reproduction and other functions of the body. This set of environmental parameters for habitat, the place occupied by it in the biosphere is called environmental niche.All factors in the environmental niche are interconnected: the change in one of them entails the change in others.

The ability of living organisms to adapt to environmental factors is characterized. environmental valence,or plasticity.

Living organisms are in constant interaction with the environment consisting of many phenomena changing in time and space, conditions, elements called environmental factors of the environment.These are any environmental conditions that provide a long or short-term effect on living organisms that respond to these influences with adaptive reactions. They are divided by abiotic(Factors of inanimate nature) and biotic(wildlife factors). Today, the option of classification of environmental environmental factors is presented in table. 1.2.

Table 1.2.
Classification of environmental environmental factors

Abiotic	Biotic
Climatic: light, temperature, moisture, air movement, pressure	Phytogenic: vegetable organisms
Edafogenic ("Edafos" -soil): mechanical composition, moisture intensity, air permeability, density	Zogenic: animals
Orographic: relief, height above sea level, slope exposition	Microbiogenous: viruses, simplest, bacteria, rickettsia
Chemical: Gas composition of air, salt composition of water, concentration, acidity and composition of soil solutions	Anthropogenic: human activity (including construction)

The characteristics of the main abiotic factors that must be considered when restoration of architectural monuments are given in Appendix 1.1.This is the composition of the atmosphere; The ratio of points of a 12-point seismic scale with magnitude earthquakes; seismic scale; Wind power scale.

Biotic environmental factors determine the relationship between organisms. These factors in this case are called trophic, i.e. Food.

Environmental factors under the action of newly obtained chemicals that are not in nature, and man-made components created by a person are strongly changed. Pollutant substances appear, which leads to a violation of the saprofite (supporting equilibrium in the ecosystem) of interaction in the natural environment. This is often accompanied by the death of animals, plants, leads to a violation of functions, the death of the whole living and desertification of the Earth. Pathogenic microorganisms, which can be attributed to biological pollutants with prevailing species in the microbiety. The composition of the atmosphere has negatively, the aggressiveness of underground and groundwater increases. Warming, disruption of the ozone layer is observed on the planet, acid rains are rapidly.

All listed factors have an impact not only for living organisms (including a person), but also on the monuments, and the unacceptable even one of them can affect the quality of the restoration and even lead to the death of the monument.

Living organisms in nature exist as populations -historically established natural aggregate of individuals of this species related to relationships and adaptation in a specific area or other habitat (biotope). In natural natural conditions, the number and density of the population is not accidental, they are determined by regulatory (control) environmental factors. The ability of the environment to maintain the normal life of the body or population is called capacity ecosusteams.

Ecological system (ecosystem)- This is a combination of interrelated and interdependent jointly dwelling various types of organisms and the conditions for their existence. In the ecosystem are connected biocenosis(Community of joint living organisms) and biotope(habitat). The main types of natural ecosystems on the globe are listed on fig. 1.4.

Fig. 1.4.The main types of natural ecosystems

Academician V.N. Sukachev proposed the concept biogeocenosis(from Greek. bIOS- a life, Gay -Land, cenosis -the general) is a natural system of living organisms and the surrounding abiotic medium associated with metabolism, energy and information. Now the terms "ecosystem" and "biogeocenosis" are considered practically synonymous.

The composition of biogeocenosis includes:

Vegetable component (phytocenosis);

Animal component (zoecenosis);

Microorganisms (microbiocenosis);

Soil and soil-groundwater, in cooperation with plant, animal components and microorganisms forming edafotop;

The atmosphere, which, interacting with other components, forms climatop;

Non-fat nature, which is a bone substance - Ecotop.

Thus, biogeocenosis is a spatially separate, a holistic elementary unit of the biosphere, all the components of which are closely related to each other. The main components of biogeocenosis are three groups of organisms - plants, animals and microbes, with which substances move from one component to another, reflecting the well-known common pattern course of substances in nature.

Environmental components of biogeocenosis(or landscape, or media components) in ecology are considered as the main material and energy components of environmental systems. To them, on N.F. Reymers. (Figure 1.5.),below: energy, gas composition (atmosphere), water (liquid component), soils, autotrophic-producers (plants) and organisms - heterotrophs (consversions and relyuznuts). Today, the list of environmental components add information to this.

Fig. 1.5.Environmental components (by N.F. Reymmers)

At the same time, all environmental components are natural resources, the quality of which determines the quality of human life, and the anthropogenic violation of the interactions between them can reduce this quality.

In real ecosystems, the cycle is usually unlocked, as part of the substances goes beyond the ecosystem, and the part arrives from the outside. But in general, the principle of the cycle in nature is preserved. More simple ecosystems are combined into a common planetary ecosystem (biosphere), in which the cycle of substances is manifested fully - life on Earth arose billions years ago, and if there were no closed flow of necessary substances to life, their reserves would have long exhausted and life stopped.

Human intervention negatively affects the process of cycle. For example, cutting down forests or violation of substances assimilation processes by plants as a result of contaminants lead to a decrease in carbon absorption intensity. The excess of organic elements in water, arising under the action of industrial drain, causes the reservoirs and overruns dissolved in water oxygen, which eliminates the possibility of developing aerobic (oxygen consuming) bacteria here. By burning fossil fuel, fixing atmospheric nitrogen in production products, linking phosphorus in synthetic detergents man violates the cycle of these elements.

The cycle of substances in nature implies the overall consistency of the place, time and speed of processes going on different levels - from the population to the biosphere. Such coherence of nature phenomena is called environmental equilibrium;this is the equilibrium movable, dynamic.

In the environmental system (without human intervention), an equilibrium is maintained, excluding the irreversible destruction of certain links in trophic chains. A person in the process of its activity constantly affects the ecosystem as a whole, as well as its individual links. This can manifest itself in the form of introduction to the ecosystem of new components, including pollutants, or the destruction of individual components (shooting animals, cutting down forests, etc.). Not always and not immediately, these impacts lead to the decay of the entire system, impaired its stability. But the preservation of the system does not mean that it remained unchanged. The system is transformed, and evaluate the amount and direction of the changes emerged is extremely difficult.

As a result of human production activities, a new process of metabolism and energy between nature and society arose (while maintaining biological metabolism) - anthropogenic exchange,which significantly changes the generally plane cycle of substances, sharply accelerating it. Anthropogenic sharing differs from a biotic cycle of its undoubtedness, it is open. At the entrance of anthropogenic metabolism there are natural resources, and at the exit - production and household waste. Environmental imperfection of anthropogenic exchange is that the coefficient of useful use of natural resources is usually extremely low, and production waste contaminates natural environment. Moreover, many of them do not decompose to the natural state. The scale and the anthropogenic exchange rate increases sharply, causing a noticeable voltage in the biosphere.

At the last stage of the development of the biosphere in powerful strength, human activity turned into a powerful and purposefully changing natural environment. Formed biotechnosphere -the consequence of the social and scientific and technical development of humanity. The relationship between nature and man in many cases is unbalanced, lead to the oppression of the environment (in particular, the destruction of the medium of architectural and historical), which can lead to the degradation of the biosphere.

Formed by builders a new system can be called natural-technogenic (TCP). The process of its formation, if it is not corrected in accordance with the environmental components (in other words, in accordance with the laws of the ecosystem development), as a rule, leads to a violation of natural

interactions in the natural system, mainly due to the introduction of "alien" components that can be perceived by the ecosystem as pollutants. Inappropriate to these interactions in the implementation of construction activities are unacceptable, as it leads to a decrease in the quality of construction and worsens the quality of the residence environment.

Environmentally unfounded activities of builders and restorers cause irreparable damage to the natural landscape and information component of the ecosystem. According to Protsyn O.I., there is a destruction of the architectural and historical environment *: "The silhouette of spatial compositions is disturbed, the harmonious cooding of the entire construct, ensemble unity. Silhouette and proportionality achieved in the historic period must be fully maintained, for, thanks to classical ratios, they can easily be combined with any upcoming building. "

We should not forget that the landscape is a comprehensive and timeless reality in which there was a man in the daubanistic era. It was the impeccable feeling of the landscape that was inherent in people in the past century, when the buildings were struggling with a natural environment. The architecture of the past and today is a school of skill of architecture and urban planning in Russia. Already starting from the XI century. The authorities of the city obliged developers to comply with urban planning rules and laws governing the relationship between architecture and nature. In Russia from the XI century. The Byzantine "Law of Gradsky", recorded in theft books, operated **. Among his provisions were, for example, such: "Only then the building can be seen truly when it is located in a slim place. Before building, consider carefully. Choose such a place so that the building does not interfere with nature. " Or such: "... We command that the renewable Old Yard will not take the light from the neighbor and did not deprive him of their species, did not change the original image"; "... do not block forcibly a neighbor, if he directly sees the sea, standing on his yard." And today in the construction and restoration activities of the fundamental should be "Natural" logic.

At the stage of development of a reasonable attitude to the preservation of nature, the gradual transformation of the biotechnosphere in noosphere -the scope of the mind, which, according to V.I Vernadsky, is the inevitable and natural stage of the development of the biosphere.

The proof of the beginning of such a transformation is the concept of "sustainable development", "sustainable construction", "sustainable restoration", directly related to the concept of "environmental sustainability". The latter implies the ability of the ecosystem to preserve its structure and functional features when exposed to external factors. Often, "environmental sustainability" is considered as synonymous with environmental stability.

The following are the basic concepts and requirements relating to the category of environmental sustainability. Their understanding is necessary for solving topical objectives of environmental management in the areas of construction and restoration activities, creating a comfortable environment for residence and determining the strategy of "sustainable development", "sustainable construction", "sustainable restoration".

* Prutsyyn O., Rymashevsky B., Borusevich V.Architectural and historical environment. - M.: Stroyzdat, 1990.

** Alferova G.V.Feeding book as the most valuable source of ancient Russian city planning art // Byzantine temporary, 1973. - T. 35.