Changing the role of developing countries consists in. Developed countries in the global economy. In the discipline "International Economics"

Posted on http: // www.

Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics

ESSAY

in the discipline "International Economics"

topic: "The role of developing countries in the modern world economy"

performed student c. EDV-81.

Gerasimov S.S.

Novosibirsk 2008

Plan

Introduction

1.1 The role of foreign economic relations in the economy of developing countries.

1.2 Positions in world exports.

3. The role of developing countries in the production and export of products of information and communication technologies.

4.1 Actions taken to overcome the crisis.

4.2 The desire of China and Russia to use a crisis for changing the global economic order.

Used Books

Introduction

Developing countries - countries with a weakly developed economy, low economic potential, backward techniques and technology, the continuous structure of the industry and the economy as a whole, trying to overcome the barrier backwardness and go to the level of developed countries.

The term "developing countries" came to replace the previously common term "underdeveloped countries", which had, however, is more wider, as it covered the colony; Often in the same meaning as "developing countries", consume the term "third world".

During the colonial dependence, developing countries served as a source of raw materials and markets for the sales of finished products of industrial countries. During the post-war years, the role of developing countries in the international division of labor has changed significantly. The share of this group of countries in the global gross product, industrial production, has grown, the role of developing countries in world trade has significantly changed. For the period from 1970 to 2000, the export quota of developing countries has increased more than 3 times, while the structure of their exports has changed - industrial products (more than 2/3) have become prevalent.

In the past two decades, a special subgroup of countries, called "New Industrial Countries" (NIS), has been separated in the developing world. These countries are characterized by a higher level of development compared to other developing countries, and higher rates of economic growth in comparison with countries developed. Having focused on the development of export-oriented production of finished products, so far these countries have become the largest exporters of shoes, clothing, various types of high-tech products (household and video equipment, computers, cars, etc.).

1. Developing countries in the international division of labor

1.1 The role of foreign economic relations in the economy of developing countries

An important role determining the situation of developing countries in the global economy is played by foreign economic relations. Their development profiles not only relationships with other subsystems, but also the degree of impact of the latter on the domestic market.

Foreign economic relations can contribute to the expansion and modernization of the material and real part of the accumulation fund, as well as mitigating economic and social imbalances arising during the breakdown of traditional economic structures. The external sector provides an opportunity to obtain the most effective means of production and new technology, which are a necessary factor in economic development. Foreign economic relations, expanding the framework of domestic markets, can accelerate or restrain economic growth. Their impact on the processes of reproduction, the pace and proportions of economic growth have in developing countries possible greater importance than for many industrialized countries. In 1998, 26.3% of the aggregate GDP of developing countries was implemented abroad, and the import of goods and services amounted to 26.8% of the cumulative product. This is more than in industrialized countries.

The presence of a dual structure of the economy forced developing countries in the development of modern industries, it is much faster to enter foreign markets than this happened at the relevant stage of industrial development of Western countries. In the reproduction of fixed capital in modern sectors and in the consumption of higher income seizures of society is a high import component. The highest openness of the economy is characteristic of the countries of the Middle East and Africa.

The originality of the socio-economic structure predetermines the degree of impact of foreign economic relations into developing countries. More backward economic structures are painfully experiencing external influences due to the peculiarities of including their national farms in the international division of labor. The same countries in which the industrial revolution covered all areas of the economy, more successfully adapt to the peripetics of the global economic system.

Developing countries in world trade. The central place in the segment of foreign economic relations of developing countries belongs to foreign trade. It developed unevenly. In the 90s, the growth rate of exports is significantly 1.4 times, exceeded the corresponding indicators of the 80s, which indicated the efforts of debtor countries to increase currency revenues to reduce debt burden. The growth rate of developing countries has been higher than that of other subsystems of world economy. Higher rates of foreign trade turnover compared to other subsystems stabilized the positions of developing countries in world commodity exports and imports.

1.2 Positions in world exports

Shifts in the production base and consumption structure predetermined changes in the range of exports and imports. The formation of the modern manufacturing industry has created opportunities for the emergence and development of a new direction for the participation of developing countries in world markets - exports of finished products, which has acquired a significant scale in the 60-70s. Opportunities for this were created by an increase in industrial potential. Since that time, the rate of export of processed products overtook the entire commodity exports. Since 1988, the manufacturing products have occupied the main place in the export structure of developing countries as a whole, the exception is the countries of Africa (18.4%) and the Middle East (27.2%).

This made it possible to expand its position in the market of processed products, which for two centuries were monopolized by suppliers from Western countries.

The expansion of the export of production of the manufacturing industry of developing countries largely continues to depend on the doors of labor and natural resources. Caidage product plays a relatively small role in exports. The share of resource industries accounts for more than 1/3 of their exports. In the 80-90s, an increase in the export of resource-intensive products occurred.

The positions of developing countries have strengthened in the markets of traditional industrial products - ships, ferrous metals, sewing products, shoes. Significantly their promotion in the export of electronic products. In the late 1990s, the share of developing countries in the world exports under this article rose to 13-14%.

There is a huge concentration of export activities, when several countries are dominated in one-sectoral or diversified export of manufacturing products. The main part of the export of manufacturing products is available on 8 countries: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, PRC, India, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico.

There are huge regional gaps in the technological structure of exports of the manufacturing industry. In Asia countries, high-tech and low-tech goods are dominated, in Latin America - the average technology products (cars, intermediate goods), but if we exclude Mexico - commodities with a low share of high-tech goods.

In the world exports of the manufacturing industry, the largest proportion belongs to developing countries in the supply of shoes, textile products, wood products - 35-45%. Developing countries are major suppliers in international markets mainly on raw materials and food products (liquid fuel - 59%, raw materials without oil - 32%, food - 32%).

Until now, in a number of countries, commodities prevail in exports. In Latin America, commodities occupy the prevailing position in exports 29 of 47 countries. Exports of 14 African countries are based on one product. In general, the share of developing countries in the global exports of raw materials increased in 1980-1996. From 18 to 24%, and low-tech products - from 15 to 34%.

The high proportion of production of the extractive industry and agriculture, characterized by low capitalotes, holds back the norm and scale of investment. In addition, the broad exploitation of mineral resources is often accompanied by environmental damage.

The competitiveness of industrial and commodity products from developing countries is the lower costs of alternating capital (labor) per unit of products. The low level of wages makes it possible to maintain the competitiveness of products in world markets, but by itself it hinders economic growth by holding back purchasing power in the domestic market.

The structure of export trade is not an effect on the economic development of the periphery of the world economy. The countries in the export of which the manufacturing products exceed 50% have the highest growth rates - 6.8% for 1980-1992; countries with diversified exports - 3.6; countries in which services prevail - 2.5; Countries supplying mainly mineral and agricultural raw materials - 1.4, oil exporters - 0.4% per year. At the same time, the export of manufacturing products is more sensitive to fluctuations in the economic growth of developed countries than the export of commodities. According to experts of the World Bank, an increase in the GDP of developed countries by 1% leads to an increase in the export of developing countries by 0.2%. This overall impact varies from country to country, depending on the structure of their trade and the structure of their external debt.

Despite the increase in the role of the services of services in the economy of developing countries, their share in the world exports of services decreased from 16 to 14% for 1980-1997. In the structure of this type of export, the proportion of tourism has increased, relationships in reducing the share of transport and financial services.

1.3 Positions in World Import

Shifts in the structure of production and demand contributed to changes in the structure of imports and the role of developing countries in global procurement. Imports are largely focused on ensuring the needs of national farms in the means of production, fuel and mineral raw materials. Attention is drawn to the fairly high proportion of developing countries in the procurement of agricultural raw materials. The lag of agriculture at the high growth rate of the population, the development of labor-intensive industries contributes to the fact that developing countries remain large importers of raw materials and food products - 17-25%. The growth of the manufacturing industry, the low level of accumulation did not allow them to use the material-saving technology. Therefore, the pressure exerted by food and fuel imports on the balance of payments is an important factor in the development of national economies.

Developing countries are purchased by a relatively small share of high-tech products - less than 10% of the global import of instrumentation, industrial equipment and general electronic equipment. The low share in the world consumption of high-tech equipment indicates the undevelopment of industrial production in this world economy subsystem.

Import technology. In developing countries, the industrial coup in time coincides with the scientific and technological revolution. Due to the backwardness of its own scientific and technical base, it inevitably causes the need for the wide use of the scientific and technical potential of Western countries. Despite the desired expansion of the translation of technology into developing countries, its movement in many cases has changed almost little. Even the relative reduction in the inflow of technology has occurred. In absolute sizes, the inflow of industrial technology after 1985 did not exceed 2 billion dollars per year. The decrease in the real volume was aggravated by the limited scope of the latest technology, especially in the field of computer science and biotechnology.

The influx of new technology is focused on large industrialized countries - Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia and Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand. Delivery of technologies is drawn up both through subsidiaries and through licensing transactions of state associations.

The most important feature of the movement of the technology is to increase its share per internal trade in foreign TNK.

For the forms of obtaining a new technology among developing countries, several groups can be distinguished. For Asian, the main role is played by import of machinery and equipment, for Latin American countries higher than foreign direct investment. For many African and least developed countries, technical cooperation in the form of gifts is the main source of technology receipt.

The rapid development of scientific and technological progress and the reduction of the inflow of the new technology in many developing countries have expanded the technological gap between the industrial and developing countries. Foreign investments that are the main tool for technical innovation concentrates in the most advanced countries in the least developed countries TNCs prefer to use inactive forms of participation. Import technology, stimulating economic growth, requires not only the necessary financial resources, but also prepared labor, the possibilities to use import technology. In this regard, the ability of most developing countries is limited.

2. Developing countries in Africa

For its economic resources, Africa is one of the richest continents, it is distinguished not only by the diversity of natural conditions, but also the wealth of flora and fauna, the abundance of land resources, a variety of climatic conditions allow you to grow a wide range of valuable crops. The depths of countries are made in themselves the reserves of almost all known types of minerals. Among other continents, it ranks first in the reserves of manganese ore, chromites, gold, platinospinids, cobalt, phosphorites, and raw materials are high quality and is obtained in an open way. The agroclimatic resources of the mainland are quite different: the country is quite ensured, but water resources are extremely unevenly posted. This adversely affects agriculture and throughout the life of people. Of great importance for many countries has irrigation of agricultural land, while in countries of equatorial Africa, excessive moisturizing creates significant difficulties. On the total area of \u200b\u200bforests, Africa is inferior only by Latin America.

Today, Africa is economically the most backward part of the world economy. This is largely the result of the colonial past, heavily reflected in the fate of African peoples. After the independence of the country conquered, efforts to overcome the age-old backwardness began. The restructuring of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy began. The greatest successes on this path were achieved in the mining industry. Nowadays, sweat extraction of many mineral types in Africa belongs to a monopoly place in the foreign world.

The proportion of Africa in the production of mining industry

Mining industry

Since the main part of the mined fuel and raw materials is exported to the world market, it is the mining industry primarily determines the place of Africa in the international division of labor. The manufacturing industry in most countries are at the stage of birth, the exception is traditional industrial types - food, light. The manufacturing industry is most developed in South Africa. This is the only country on the continent - it accounts for only 4% of the territory and about 6% of the population, but 2/5 of industrial products of industries not only mining, but also manufacturing, 4/5 smelting steel, ѕ Automotive Park Continent.

Despite the huge natural and human potential, Africa continues to remain the most backward part of the world economy.

In agriculture, which is the second industry of the economy, which determines the place of Africa in the world economy, prevails tropical and subtropical agriculture. It also has a pronounced export orientation. African countries grow cocoa beans (60% of world products), peanuts (27%), coffee (22%), olives (16%). The farming of many countries is a monocultural nature associated with a specialization in almost the only culture. For example, Senegal (peanuts), Ethiopia (coffee), Ghana (cocoa beans), Mali (cotton) and others. Universally cultivated tuberfolds, playing a greater role of the African diet: Batat, Manica.

Livestock in relation to agriculture is subordinate, with the exception of states where farming is limited by natural natural conditions. These are states such as Mauritania, Somalia, Lesotho, etc. Livestock in Africa is distinguished by small productivity due to low pitfall and low marketability. In addition, it relies on the backward production and technical base: mainly manual work is mainly used. Only in the countries of North Africa, livestock is organized according to the European sample, tillage mechanized guns are used. The weak development of irrigation is also one of the reasons for the development of agriculture, since 40% of land land are subject to periodic droughts.

3. The role of developing countries in the production and export of products of information and communication technologies

Most computer microcircuits, mobile phones, laptops, TVs, DVD players and other electronic products are currently being produced in developing countries. At the same time, China is their largest exporter in 2004, in 2004, in 2004, by the United States, and India ranks first in terms of international sales of services related to information and communication technologies (ICT).

This is stated in the new report of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) on the information economy (February 2008). The document emphasizes that in the global economy the role of driving force is increasingly playing technological innovation.

The spread of ICT in developing countries is steadily gaining momentum. Mobile phones acquired the greatest popularity in the developing world. The number of mobile telephony subscribers in these countries over the past five years has almost tripled, and now they account for 58% of all mobile telephony subscribers. Mobile telephony serves as a kind of "digital bridge", which will help many poor states to reduce the rupture in the field of communication.

"The ICT revolution covers the developing world and promises the possibilities for committing a rapid technological jerk, which will contribute to the rapid modernization of the economy of developing countries," is noted in the submitted report.

At the same time, it is drawn to the fact that developing countries, with the exception of the states of East Asia, which, according to their status, are on the verge of developing and developing countries (in particular, the Republic of Korea and Singapore), still much lagging behind industrially developed in the implementation of the introduction ICT and their use in production.

4. Developing countries in the period of the global financial crisis of 2008

4.1 Actions taken to overcome the crisis

Recently, government investment funds of developing countries prefer to invest not in developed Western countries, but in their financial markets, which are also pretty much suffered from the crisis.

The main problem of almost all financial institutions is the lack of financing. However, if European banks may apply for help from the Federal Reserve System (Fed), which concludes contracts with the Central Bank of Eurozone, which allows the last to lend to dollars, the banks of developing countries have to rely only on themselves. This in turn means the use of gold and foreign exchange reserves to support the banking system.

For example, the investment components of Qatar and Kuwait have already begun to buy shares of their banks to support financial markets.

Moreover, market participants are confident that now such a strategy is ideal. By investing money in their markets, public investment funds support prices for shares of their companies, preserve the assets they need inside the country and hold their currencies from falling.

In the meantime, gold and foreign exchange reserves of most developing countries continue to decline. Only for September, the cumulative reserves of Asian countries, with the exception of China, decreased by $ 20.3 billion.

Developing markets are now experiencing difficult times. According to analysts, in 2009, capital outflow from these markets will only increase. The decline in oil prices was played and the decline in oil prices, since many developing countries (including the Persian Gulf states and Russia) have developed consistently thanks to the growth of prices for ferrous gold.

It aggravates the situation and the intention of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to tighten the conditions for the access of state investment funds to foreign assets. Large foreign investment in Western financial organizations gradually became an object of close attention, and especially for foreign transactions involving control over joint-stock companies.

For example, in connection with the latest events in the global financial market, French President Nicolas Sarkozy called on the EU countries to create their own state investment fund, which would have redeemed the shares of some financial institutions.

4.2 The desire of China and Russia to use the 2008 Crisis. for the change of world economic order

developing Country World Economy

The global financial crisis puts some countries in an extremely difficult situation, but gives a chance to others. China, as well as Russia, feels enough forces in order to take a leading position in the world. Thesis of the Russian authorities that the international financial crisis showed the inconsistency of the existing world order, turned out to be extremely close to their Chinese colleagues.

Quotes from speech on the third Russian-Chinese Forum in Moscow, in October 2008:

"Developing countries should take a worthy place on the world arena, and the current global leaders will have to be enjoyed, and recognize that the time of their undivided domination passed" - the Prime Minister of China Wen Jiabai.

"Now the whole world, and we know it well, based on the dollar, is experiencing serious problems, a serious failure" - Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.

According to the Russian and Chinese leadership, there is a change in the leader in the world, and it is also necessary to switch to settlements in national currencies (one day, it is not possible to change the current situation, but the need for a phased transition seems to be quite obvious); It is necessary to create a new international financial order, it is necessary that developing countries get the right to vote, the right to form the rules of the game; It is necessary to create an early warning system and risk prevention.

China is the largest developing country and maintaining high rates of economic growth will be a contribution to the fight against the global financial crisis. However, to preserve the high rates of economic development, the Russian raw materials are vital. In addition, the association of two although the rapid developing economies can indeed change the political map of the world ("In the context of the crisis, the trust and cooperation becomes more important than gold and currencies." - Wen Jiabao).

It should be noted that the volume of mutual investment is already exceeding $ 2 billion. And in turnover, China refers to the largest partners of Russia. It is planned that according to the results of 2008, it will exceed $ 50 billion. And by 2010 it must reach 60-80 billion.

According to the Chinese leadership, it is also necessary to develop financial cooperation and encourage banks to discover representances from each other. What is interesting is this new approach for the Chinese authorities (previously Beijing persistently resisted the work of foreigners in their financial market).

Used Books

1. Newspaper "RosbusinessConsulting", 10/23/2008

2. Reports of the UN Conference, 2008

3. World Economy, V.K. Lomakin, M. 2000

4. Modern Economic Dictionary, M. 2007

5. WORLDECONOMICOOOK, MAY 2000

Developing countries account for 29% of world trade. Their share has increased from 22% in 1987 to 29% in 1992. The proportion of Africa decreases, Asia and Latin America increases.

Foreign trade is important in external relations, due to her, these countries ensure the stability of the reproduction process, because

A significant part of goods is based on imports, as well as the production base of developing countries.

Also developing countries entering world markets acquire the currency that is needed to pay orders, services, replenishment of foreign exchange stocks, as well as to replenish funds for external debt payments.

It is necessary to remember the differentiation of countries. This includes 135 states. They are differentiated by socio-economic indicators. The recent decade there is an increase in the share of developing countries in the global turnover. Currently, the share of developing countries increased to 29% (97). However, this increase is not characteristic of all developing countries. This increase occurred due to the growth of Asian countries. The share of Africa countries decreased by 2 times.

There is a change in the commodity structure of foreign trade of developing countries. First of all, the commodity structure of exports. This manifests itself that the share of commodity and food in the export structure of developing countries is reduced, but the proportion of finished products increases. The share of finished products in the export of developing countries by the mid-90s increased to 58%. The share of food and raw materials decreased and amounted to about 42%. Why is this happening? This is due to the fact that industrial-developed countries are the main buyers in developing countries transferred to materials from energy-saving technologies, which reduced the needs of industrial-developed countries in raw materials. And also occurred "Green Revolution", which led not only to the self-sufficiency of industrialized foods, but also made them large exporters.

Developing countries also develop the process of industrialization and also need raw materials. Why is an increase in industrial exports? Associated with the policy of industrialization in developing countries and the development of a large industrial base in NIS. Those. There is a growth due to NIS, because The share of 17 states (NIS and non-exporters) accounts for 70% of industrial exports of developing countries. 5 NIS accounts for 50% of all industrial exports of developing countries. Especially rapid rates increase in industrial exports of machine exports

and equipment. The growth occurred 90 times (over the past 30 years). And amounted to 22% of the total commodity exports of developing countries. This fact confirms: the share of developing countries increased by 10 of the 14 most significant types of machinery and technical products. Many developing countries (Africa) are the main exporter of raw materials. But a certain part (NIS) develops so quickly, which entails a change in the structure of exports of other developing countries. There is an increase in the share of the least developed countries, i.e. Reducing their share. Now they live at the expense of economic assistance programs. Thus, raw material specialization loses its main driving function. It is capable of performing auxiliary function, a role in economic growth.

Industrial products are becoming more and more role. Developing countries are starting to play an increasing role in trade in services (tourism and labor resources). Tourism is one of the means of obtaining large currency revenues. In Egypt, tourism ranks third in the economy as a tributary of income in the SLE. Turkey: Must enter the first five countries where tourism is developing the most dynamically. Combates with Greece and Spain.

Entry from the export of labor is often the leading source of currency receipts and they grow from year to year. In Pakistan, for example, the money transfer of workers from abroad is 5 times more export proceeds. In Turkey, 60% of the total value of exports of goods and services make money transfers.

Feature: Industrial and developed countries are the main counterparties in world trade with developing countries, but trade and within developing countries increase (36%). This is due to integration processes. For example, Merkosur, ASEAN. There is a strengthening role in world trade and changing the role of developing countries in world trade, and the change in the export structure (industrial products). In developing countries, higher tariff barriers compared to industrial and developed countries. They are divided into three groups:

customs rates of no more than 50% and duty-free importation of goods;

states with higher duties - 50-100%;

duties exceed 100%.

There is a characteristic feature of developing countries associated with the use of customs tariffs. In developing countries, the customs tariff consists of more than 4 columns (in industrialized countries 4 columns). In developing countries, the customs tariff may consist of 5 to 15 columns, i.e. Multicolon customs tariffs.

Table 11 - participation of individual regions in the production of World 1980 1989 1997, in% of GDP, in% of GDP, in% of billion dollars. World GDP billion dollars. World GDP billion dollars world GDP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 All world 10.939,5 100.0 17.210.0 100.0 28.286,8,100 Central and southern 270.4 2.5 220.0 1,3 304.3 1.1 Africa Arab countries 350 0 2.0 408.2 1.4 South Asia 237.3 2.2 450.0 2.6 505.4 1.8 Eastern and Southeastern 503.8 4.6 960 5.6 2.205,1,1 7 , 8 Asia Latin America 782.2 7.2 780.0 4.5 2.018.4 7, Reference:

developed 7.936.5 72.5 14.430.0 83.8 21.700.0 76.7 countries

In the context of the globalizing world, the country's economic relations is becoming increasingly important in the economic development of the country. The main form of such connections is international trade, including trade in goods, services, intellectual property rights. International trading is a historically the first, most developed form of international economic relations.

It includes about 150 countries of the world, or their total. These include all countries in Asia, except Japan and Israel, all states of Africa, with the exception of South Africa, as well as countries of Latin America.

After achieving independence, the economic strategy of most former colonies was aimed at strengthening their independent position in the world.

Developing countries sought to approve their national sovereignty and make significant adjustments to the development of productive forces to change their dependent position in the global economy. For this purpose, there were deep socio-economic reforms aimed at eliminating obstacles in the development of productive forces, the economic space was exempt from feudal remnants, the use of natural resources in the interests of national development was increased, legislation was developed, regulating the activities of foreign capital and subordinating his interests of national development. Measures were taken to revoke unequal contracts that limit national sovereignty.

In the social area, many of the released countries set the goals of a more uniform and fair distribution of income, which assumed in practice the refusal of Western models of "consumer society", the ability to prevent the concentration of economic power in the hands of a narrow layer of rich.

The strategic means of liquidation of the economic retardation of the countries of the world periphery is industrialization. In the narrow sense of the word, it is a special stage of the formation of an industrial system of productive forces. Its content makes up the translation of the entire farm for machinery, the development of the manufacturing industry, primarily industries producing means of production that provide logistical conditions of extended reproduction on a national basis.

You can highlight two main strategies or industrialization models, the implementation of which had a large, essentially decisive, influence on the dynamics and quality of economic growth, as well as the development of trade in the peripheral zone of the world economy. One of them in the economic literature is customary to be denoted as an internal-oriented development, the other - as foreign-oriented development. Several simplifying the essence of the case, it can be said that the priority of the first strategy entrenched the development of the domestic market for industrial goods, and the second one was based on the promotion of local products to the global market. In the focus of attention of the internal-oriented development, it was thus the maximization of self-sufficiency by industrial goods, and the internship-oriented integration into the international industrial division of labor. In other words, the first strategy highlights the creation of comprehensive industrial complexes designed to saturate and structure the domestic market and only then expand their exports. The second one puts internationally industrial specialization and cooperation at the head of the corner, with the development of which binds hopes and on the saturation of the domestic market, and on its structuring.


Developing countries have significantly improved their position in world trade. Since the mid-80s, their share in world exports continuously grew, having increased by about a quarter to about a third. This rise was associated with a sharp change in the export structure - the transition from agricultural and mineral raw materials to manufactory and services, so that now exports from developing countries by 4/5 consists of industrial goods. In the previous model of the world economy, North-South, in which the third world countries preferably exchanged primary resources for processing products, there were indigenous changes. This change paradigm is also the reason that developing countries today are much more active than before, participate in the multilateral trade system.

The described structures and trends do not eliminate, however, greater inhomogeneity of the third world and caused by these trends towards marginalizing the global economy. First of all, this refers to the least developed countries - such as those located south of Sugar African states. In this group of countries, within the framework of world trade, specialization in the export of raw materials increased even more.

The multilateral trade system contributes to the integration of developing countries to the global market in three aspects:

Reducing internal and external trading barriers;

Streamlining internal and foreign trade policy;

Technical assistance in increasing trade infrastructures.

The next direction that developing countries embody only partially, is the direction to the greatest openness of the markets, eliminating trade barriers.

Thus, in order for developing countries to take due position in the global market, it is necessary to conduct a number of events. At the present stage, the country of the third world spend them within the WTO. This includes a multilateral trading system, developed jointly with the World Trade Organization, which helps further integrate developing countries to the global market. You can also note the system of preferential trade agreements, which by reducing trade barriers, certainly contributes to the development of trade. But, nevertheless, such agreements conclude mostly between the developing countries themselves, which is why many of them achieve the conclusion of such agreements and in relation to industrialized countries. Developed countries themselves, in some cases, do not agree to one-sided concessions, thereby not allowing developing countries to the global market. In this position of the country of the third world, it is unlikely that in the near future will be able to achieve great changes in their position in the global market.

Liberalization of trade relations and a decrease in trading duties can also give good results. But, nevertheless, developing countries that require trade duties from developed decline in their respect, are very high indicators.

The development of general technical rules will largely help developing states to enter the global market of many products, which until the oldest time have been not available because of the unavailable goods to the global standards.

The struggle of developing countries for changing the situation in the global market began relatively recently. That is why in the near future there is no tangible changes to wait.

The development of society in economic terms is a complex and multifaceted process, which includes serious structural changes in the economic situation of countries and reflects the improvement of the quality of people's lives.

Exists in the global economy, according to which developed countries (Sweden, Japan, USA, France, Germany, etc.), developing countries in the global economy (India, Brazil, etc.) and stage (state of Central and Eastern Europe, the Former Areas of the Union , Vietnam, China, Mongolia, etc.). Data in the global economy is characterized by general parameters and patterns of development.

The economic development of individual countries is quite difficult to measure, it proceeds not straightforwardly, one line. It is characterized by unevenness, alternation of recession and growth periods, qualitative changes and quantitative movements, positive and negative trends.

The features of their historical development are affected on the appearance of different countries. For example, the peculiarity of the development of Latin America and Africa is their multipleness. It is she who explains the slow change due to which one economy and social structures on the other, new ones on the old ones occurred.

Developing countries in the global economy today differ from their state retardation in the economic and social aspect. Their weakness reflects the state of the economy, characterized by a low level of production development of economic relations.

This is determined by the indicators of the magnitude of the structure of GDP, the level of development of science, the state of technology, quality and productivity, etc.

Developing countries in the global economy are characterized by two aspects: generalistically physical (which is manifested in the lag of one type of social development from others) and modern (demonstrates the low level of development of countries at the present stage).

Developing countries in the global economy have common specific problems of economics and social development, which requires special approaches other than those used in industrially highly developed countries.

Developing countries in the global economy have specifics and in foreign economic relations. By virtue of the low level of production and agrarian-commodity specialization, these countries are focused on the industrial states of the West. Hence the relationship of economic subordination towards the latter. Such relationships are characteristic of various types of bonds that establish and maintain developing countries with developed in the economic, political or ideological sphere. The degree of subordination (dependence) changes with changes in the state of international economy and the peculiarities of the socio-economic development of these countries.

Developing countries are essentially different from the developed industrial and social structure of the entire company. In them, as a rule, a solid and sustainable civil society has not yet been formed and strongly desire to keep the principles of community mistake.

The social structure of these countries was formed in a system of different civilizations and differs in socio-cultural filling.

Developing countries today occupy a fairly modest place in global production. They account for only about 18% of the total global GDP and about 13.6% of industrial global production. Most of these countries are characterized by rich human and natural resources.

In terms of the level of per capita GNP, developing states are divided into countries with high (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Hong Kong, Singapore), Middle (Africa) and low income.

World GDP from 2000 to 2010 increased almost twice, developed countries increased the gross product by 61%. The share of developed countries has decreased by 13.4% and now their weight in the global GDP is 66%. Investment volumes in developed countries in 2010. According to the IMF, 7712.3 billion dollars amounted to

The share of developed countries is currently less than 25% of the population and at the same time about 80% of the total national product and over 80% of industrial production of developing countries.

The positions of developed countries in the global division of labor are determined by the presence of highly developed, scientific and investment and information and industrial complexes, and their control over most of the global infrastructure of international economic relations.

Developed countries play the role of the main producers of machinery and equipment, technologies, services, importers of raw materials and fuel, metals, textile and light industry products, home appliances, component products.

In recent years, in developed capitalist countries, it has sharply decreased, and in some cases, the production of many goods has ceased. This applies primarily to traditional goods, i.e. Those produced relatively long ago.

For industrialized countries, foreign labor force from developing countries means providing a number of industries, infrastructure services with the necessary employees, without which a normal production process is impossible, and sometimes a normal daily life. For example, in France, emigrants constitute 25% of all employed in construction, 1/3 in the automotive industry. In Belgium, they constitute half of all miners, in Switzerland - 40% of construction workers. Attracting intellectual immigration for the United States - ordinary practice. About half of the increase in the number of specialists in the field of mathematics, especially software, ensures imports of foreign labor. After all, the costs of training specialists in the United States in some cases reach 600-800 thousand dollars. International labor migration, which exists within the framework of industrialized countries, is more connected with uneconomical factors than with economic. However, and for these countries is characterized by such a phenomenon as "leak of minds". For example, from Western Europe in the United States. Due to the economic reasons, the main streams of migrants have always been sent from countries with low personal incomes to countries with higher incomes. For example, from 1990 to 2000. In the United States, 1.1 million migrants moved annually, in the EU countries 864 thousand on forecasts of the French magazine "Population ET Societe", by 2015 only labor migration can reach an annual level of 55-60 million people. The most developed countries, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, most Western European countries, as well as countries with high incomes from the sale of oil and rapid economic growth are the geographic centers of immigration.

From a territorial-geographical point of view, the prevailing streams of export of capital are carried out from industrialized countries. Modern growth rates of capital exports in all its forms are ahead of the growth rate of commercial export and GDP growth rates in industrialized countries. In 2009, more than 53.2% of migratory capital in the world economy belongs to private actors - these are corporations, transnational corporations, banks, mutual, insurance, investment and pension funds, etc. In recent decades in international capital migration, there has been a tendency to reduce the share of banks from 50 % up to 25% and the simultaneous increase in the share of capital transnational corporations. The overwhelming majority of TNK (about 80%) are based in developed countries. According to the IMF, in 2009, 128 billion dollars were allocated to the Development of the Development in Industrial Plan. The leaders in the provision of such assistance are Japan and the United States. The main recipients of official assistance are Israel and Egypt. The share of industrialized countries as a whole accounts for more than 70% of all foreign investments.

SPIMSOP countries for the development of humanities of human potentiam, incorporated into the European Capacity Development Report 2011 from the UN Development Program, compiled on the basis of 2011 estimates and published on November 2, 2011. Since 1990, the United Nations publishes a report on the quality of life of a person in countries of the world. The estimates of the achievement of countries takes into account the following factors that determine the country in the ranking: life expectancy, health and education level, social security, ecology, crime rate, respect for human rights and the size of the GNI (gross national income) per capita. The rating of the world's quality of life is divided into four groups: the first includes countries with a very high level of development, to the second - country with a high level of development, to the third - with the middle level and to the fourth - country with the lowest level of development. Belarus is in the middle of the list of countries with a high level of development - at the 61st place, the most recent place in this group of the 85th. Developed countries entered the list of countries with a very high level of development.

Countries with a very high level of development:

  • 1. Norway
  • 2. Australia
  • 3. New Zealand
  • 4. USA
  • 5. Ireland
  • 6. Liechtenstein
  • 7. Netherlands
  • 8. Canada
  • 9. Sweden
  • 10. Germany
  • 11. Japan
  • 12. Republic of Korea
  • 13. Switzerland
  • 14. France
  • 15. Israel
  • 16. Finland
  • 17. Iceland
  • 18. Belgium
  • 19. Denmark
  • 20. Spain
  • 21. Hong Kong (China)
  • 22. Greece
  • 23. Italy
  • 24. Luxembourg
  • 25. Austria
  • 26. United Kingdom
  • 27. Singapore
  • 28. Czech Republic
  • 29. Slovenia
  • 30. Andorra
  • 31. Slovakia.
  • 32. UAE.
  • 33. Malta
  • 34. Estonia
  • 35. Cyprus
  • 36. Hungary
  • 37. Brunei
  • 38. Qatar
  • 39. Bahrain
  • 40. Portugal
  • 41. Poland.
  • 42. Barbados.

Now consider the issue of competitiveness of economies of developed capitalist countries. The most authoritative estimates of the rating of different countries on their competitiveness are held today in the annual reports of the Swiss Organization World Economic Forum (WEF). The basis of its economic estimates of WEF puts over 200 indicators grouped in the following eight groups of competitiveness factors: 1) Openness, 2) State, 3) Finance, 4) Infrastructure, 5) Technologies, 6) Management, 7) Labor, 8) Institutions . In the calculations of the WEF all the time the number of countries and the number of basic competitiveness indicators changes. In 1996, for example, the calculations concerned 49 countries, and in 2005 - already 117 countries. Therefore, places occupied by different countries in the ranking for different years are incomparable to each other. Nevertheless, we will consider the total ratings of the competitiveness countries obtained by WEF in recent years (Table 9).

Table 9 is the place of the United States, Japan and Western European countries in the global economy for general competitiveness.

Zap. Europe

Finland

Great Britain

Germany

Netherlands

Total number of countries

These data indicate a high level of competitiveness of the Scandinavian countries, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, the United States go ahead of all Western Europe, taken together.

A group of developed countries embodies the achievement of the global economy. The subsystem of developed capitalist countries occupies a dominant position in the global economy.

mOB_INFO.