What is an adjective. Types of subordinate clauses in a complex sentence. Distinguishing between subordinate attributive and subordinate explanatory

), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:

  • definitive.
  • explanatory.
  • circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, conditions, causes, goals, comparisons, concessions, consequences).
  • connecting.

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    Subtitles

Types of subordinate clauses

Clauses

Answer questions:

(which? which? which?).

Another name is adjectival pronouns. Join with the help of allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from where, etc.
As well as unions: so that, like, and the like, as if, etc. Rarely with particles ( whether etc.).

Examples

  • [Alarm clock rang]. Alarm which?(which was given to me by my grandmother). [Alarm clock rang], ( that my grandmother gave me).
  • [The house burned to the ground]. House which?(Where I was born). [House, ( where i was born), burned to the ground].
  • [BUT. More than one monument was erected to S. Pushkin]. A. S. Pushkin what?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature can hardly be overestimated). [BUT. S. Pushkin, ( whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate), erected more than one monument].
  • [That day my life changed]. In a day which?(When I understood everything). [That day, ( when I understood everything), my life has changed].

Clauses of explanatory

Relate to the verb. Answer questions of indirect cases ( to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc.).
Join with the help of allied words: who, what, which, whose, where, where, from where, how, why, why, how much
As well as unions: what, to, as if, as, as if, as if, etc.

They are placed after or in the middle of the main clause.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

  • [I am sure of that]. Sure in what?(that the earth is spherical). [I'm pretty sure] that the earth is spherical).
  • [He found out]. found out what?(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite). [He found out], ( how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite).
  • [They understood]. Understood what?(Why did I do it). [They understood], ( why did I do it).

Adventitious connecting

Relate to the entire main body.
Join with the help of allied words: what, where, where, where, when, how, why
Supplement and explain the content of the main part. Often they have the meaning of a consequence.

Examples

  • I was worried , (because I could not pass the exam successfully).
  • My brother hasn't opened a book in all this time , (which haunted me).

Adverbial clauses

They have the same meanings, answer the same questions, and are divided into the same types as the circumstances in simple sentence. They are divided into three main groups:

  • adjectives of time and place;
  • subordinate causes, effects, conditions, concessions, goals;
  • subordinate modes of action, measures, degrees, comparisons.

Adverbs of time and place

Time clauses indicate the duration of the action in the main sentence and answer questions when? how long? since when? How long? Unions are means of communication. barely, until, before, until, since, as soon as, when, while.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

  • [It was getting dark]. it was getting dark when?(when we got home). [It was getting dark] (when we arrived home).
  • [I saw you very well]. I saw How long? (while you were standing behind the crowd).[I saw you well] (while you were standing behind the crowd).

Subordinate places indicate the place where the action takes place in the main clause and answer questions where? where? where? Join with the help of allied words: where, where, where. In the main sentence, they usually correspond to demonstrative words there, where from.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

  • [There are streams of flowers everywhere now]. Everywhere where?(where spring streams raced). [There, (where the spring streams rushed), now there are streams of flowers everywhere].
  • [You should never go back there]. Shouldn't come back where?(where he was happy). [You should never go back there], (where you were happy).

Subordinate causes, effects, conditions, concessions, goals

Subordinate reasons indicate the reason for what is said in the main clause and answer questions why? for what reason? from what? Join with alliances on Besides that, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, since, since, etc.

Examples
  • [Thunderstorm coming soon]. Will begin why? for what reason? (because the sky is covered with dark clouds).

[Thunderstorm is coming soon] (because the sky is overcast with dark clouds).

  • [The guys didn't get lost in the forest]. Don't get lost why? whereby? (thanks to the fact that they knew how to use a compass).

[The guys did not get lost in the forest], (thanks to the fact that they knew how to use the compass).

Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, result, result, arising from the content of the entire main sentence, answer the question what happened as a result of this? what follows from this? and join with union so.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

  • [The weather was cold and windy]. What follows from this? (so that the snowdrifts swept over the windows).[The weather was cold, windy] (so that the snowdrifts piled up above the windows).

Subordinate conditions serve to express the condition under which it is possible that what is said in the entire main sentence answers the question under what condition? if, when (meaning if), if, if, if, if, once, if and etc.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

  • [A local word can enrich the language]. Under what condition? (only if it is figurative, euphonious and understandable).

[A local word can enrich the language] (only if it is figurative, euphonious and understandable).

Subordinate concessions report conditions, reasons, contrary to which the action in the main clause is performed, answer questions in spite of what? contrary to what? and joins with the help of unions although (at least), despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let, for nothing.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

  • [We will go out], in spite of what?(Even though it was raining).

Subsidiary goals reveal the purpose of what is said in the main sentence, answer questions for what? for what purpose? why? and joins with the help of unions so that, in order to, in order to, just to, just to.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

  • [Must love], why? for what purpose? (For life).

Adventitious modes of action, measures, degrees, comparisons

Adverbs of the mode of action reveal the image, mode of action, which is mentioned in the main sentence and answer questions as? how? Adjunctive measures and degrees answer questions as? how much? To what extent? How many? Subordinate modes of action, measures, degrees are attached to the main one with the help of allied words how, to what extent and unions what, to, as, as if, as if, as if. The main sentence usually contains demonstrative words: pronouns such, such; adverbs so much, so much. Demonstrative words form pairs with unions: so-that, before-that, so-that. no living comparison

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

  • [Uncle sang like this]. sang as? how?(as the common people sing).

[Uncle sang like this], (as the common people sing).

Adverbial comparisons answer the question as? sometimes like what? and apply to the entire main sentence. Joins the main with the help of unions as, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, as if, etc.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

  • [His enthusiasm fades]. Gus as?(as a candle goes out from a strong gust of wind).

[His delight is extinguished], (as a candle goes out from a strong gust of wind).

The subordinate clause in Russian is particularly difficult when determining its type in the Unified state exam in the second part. In fact, the definition of this very species does not cause big problems if you correctly ask questions from the main part.

A subordinate clause is a subordinate clause and a dependent clause. As you know, the subordinate clause can stand not only at the beginning of a sentence, but also in its middle or end. Important rule: any subordinate part is separated from the main comma or other signs. Subordinate parts can explain both the main part and each other. If several subordinate clauses explain each other, then this is called if the subordinate clauses explain the main one - parallel (in this case, as a rule, the subordinate parts have a common union).

subordinate clauses in German have a clear sequence of words, which cannot be said about the Russian language. There, each word has its place: the subject, then the predicate, and only then the secondary members. And the subordinate clauses in English language can play the role of a predicate, subject or object.

So, the subordinate clause in Russian has several types.

1) definitive (the main questions of common definitions are what? what?; they are connected only with the help of unions: what, which, which, whose). Example: The house that stood on the mountain was the property of my grandmother.

2) explanatory (questions Example: I know that everything will be fine soon.

3) circumstantial (have their own structure):

Thus, the subordinate clause in Russian explains and complements the main part complex sentence. To determine the type of this sentence, it is enough just to correctly pose the question to that part, the meaning of which is revealed by the subordinate clause.

Causal clauses contain an indication of the reason or justification for what is said in the main part of the sentence.

In a sentence

Such dense grass grew only along the shores of the lake, because there was enough moisture(M. - S.)

the subordinate part indicates the reason for what is reported in the main. In a sentence

Downstairs, under the balcony, the windows were probably open, because women's voices and laughter were distinctly heard(Ch.)

the adjective does not indicate the reason for "that the windows were open" (the windows are open not because voices were heard, but because someone opened them), but explains on what basis the speaker established that the windows are open, that is, he justifies what is said in the main part of the sentence.

Subordinate causes are attached to the main part only through unions and allied combinations because , "for", "good":

Levinson lost contact with other units, because of got into a dark place.

And again I'm with people then that I am a poet.

Subordinate reasons are usually placed after the main part of the sentence, except when it is necessary to emphasize the reason or justification for something and indicate the effect:

Because ofyou can’t cry and resent aloud, Vasya is silent, raises his hands and jerks his legs(Ch.).

Clauses attached by unions "because", "good", "because", placed only after the main part:

I wanted to believe for books have already inspired me to believe in man(M. G.);

... Lenka Egershtram even walked in front of Zoya in his arms, good froze(Pan.).

Clauses that begin with union "because", can occupy any position in relation to the main one, but if the subordinate part comes first, then the main part usually has a word that holds together parts of a complex whole - « then":

BecauseKashtanka screeched and fell under his feet, then he couldn't ignore her(Ch.).

A feature of causal unions, including "what", is that they can be used dissected, with a pause before "what", and as an integral allied group. When dismembering the union, only the union remains in the subordinate part of the sentence "what", and the first part of the union is included in the main part of the sentence as a demonstrative word, in other cases, the entire union group is placed in the subordinate part of the sentence. For example:

Sergey was embarrassed because of he spoke to Savva in such a strict and emphatically official tone(arr.);

The market was full of people , because it was sunday(L.).

Complex sentences with a ratio "because of"; "because"; "because" refer to pronominal-union correlative type.


The presence of correlative words "because", "because" (very rarely "then" ) in the main part is mandatory in the following cases:

1) when an indication of the cause is emphasized by special words, amplifying and restrictive particles (exactly, exactly, just, only etc.):

Yes, and this time he went to Pokhvisnev just because happened to be in the area(Leon.);

2) in the presence of introductory words or phrases with words "because", "because" (maybe first of all etc.):

Young grouse did not respond to my whistle for a long time, probably because I whistled not naturally enough(T.);

3) when pointing to a possible, but actually not taking place, reason (in case of negation):

She's back not because to please him, but simply wanted to be at home;

She loved Richardson not because read, not because She preferred Grandison to Lovlace ...(P.).

Combinations can also be used as correlative words. "for that reason" and "on that ground":

The American has not yet sent money, on the basis that, they say, until the fee to the translator has paid off(M. G.).

Causal unions are very diverse in their stylistic coloring. Unions "because", "because", "because", "since" used in both literary and colloquial speech. Unions "thanks to", "due to the fact that", "due to the fact that", "due to the fact that", "due to the fact that" almost exclusively refer to book speech of a business nature. Union "for" has book coloring:

Maria Ivanovna was greatly alarmed, but kept silent, for was eminently gifted with modesty and caution(P.).

This union is especially common in scientific and journalistic speech. Union "good" used in colloquial speech. In accordance with its lexical meaning, it indicates favorable circumstances:

The dogs climbed far into the kennels, good no one to bark at(Gonch.).

Union "then what" (partitioned or as an allied combination) has an archaic connotation and is rarely used in modern Russian:

One Molchalin is not mine, and then then that business(Gr.).

One of the most complex and intricate sections in the Russian language is syntax. In particular, these are complex and complex sentences. Today we will talk about what are subordinate clauses.

Definition of subordinate clauses

In a complex sentence, the subordinate clause is called the dependent part. An example can be given as follows: Ivan left the lecture so as not to miss a football match. The second part, starting with "to", is a subordinate clause of a complex sentence.

Like the secondary members of sentences, subordinate clauses are divided into four types: explanatory, attributive, adjunctive, adverbial. They will be discussed. So, the types of subordinate clauses.

Determinative clauses

They answer questions of definitions, namely: which one? which? which? which? Their other name is adjectival pronouns. They join with the help of such allied words as “which”, “whose”, “when”, “from where” and others.

Here are a few examples in which we will put the main sentence in square brackets, and the subordinate clause in round brackets: [The alarm clock turned on,] what alarm clock? (which was given to me by my mother). [The school (where I studied) burned to the ground].

Explanatory clauses

Explanatory refers to the verb, and they answer the questions of indirect cases: what? to whom? whom? what? and so on. These subordinate clauses are connected with the main parts of sentences through the allied words who, whose, which, where, where, etc.

Examples: [I know exactly] know what? (that the moon is round). [He understood] understood what? (how many days have passed since the beginning of the school year).

Adverbial clauses

They perform the function of common circumstances, while answering circumstantial questions: where? when? as? etc. [I walked on white snow like that] walked how? (that snowflakes crunched under my feet)

Connecting subordinate clauses

They already refer to the entire main part and are joined by allied words where, what, where, how, why. The adjunctive clauses explain and also supplement the content of the main part and often have the meaning of the consequence.

Examples:

[He was worried] (that's why he couldn't pass the exam well).

[ My sister never opened the outline in all this time] (which bothered me a lot).

Now you know what a clause is, we hope you have learned enough about them to easily identify them in complex sentences.

1. Questions: adjunctive causes answer questions why? from what? because of which? for what reason?

2. Means of communication: subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause unions: because, since, for, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in connection with the fact that, especially since, because, then that and etc.

Compound unions due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because, because and others can fully perform the function of the union. However, depending on the meaning and logical stress, a compound union can be divided into two parts. The first part is part of the main sentence and is a demonstrative word - the circumstance of the reason: because of that, because of that, due to that, due to that, because of that, because of that and etc.; the second part of the compound union (what) remains in the subordinate clause and independently performs the function of a simple subordinating union. The comma in this case is placed once - in the middle of the compound union.

For general rules for dividing a compound union into a demonstrative word and a simple subordinating union, see clause 2.4. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with one subordinate clause.

3. Place in the offer: subordinate clauses can appear after the main clause, before the main clause, in the middle of the main clause.

    Of necessity, many foreign words have entered the Russian language[why?], because many foreign concepts have entered Russian life(Belinsky).

    , (because- union).

    [Why?] Because the snow that fell at night covered everything with cotton wool and sheets, it became light all around, as in an operating room.(Field).

    (because of- union).

    Bombs fall into the water, into the sand, into the swamp because [why?], that the system of enemy aircraft is broken and torn apart(Gaidar).

    [decree. next], ( what- union).

    As a consequence[why?], what on his orders, they stopped sending female children with babies to corvée, these same children carried the most difficult work in their quarters(L. Tolstoy).

    [decree. sl., ( what- union).

2.2. Subclauses that refer to one word in the main clause

2.3. Subclauses that refer to the entire main clause

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