How can one explain the fact that the Ural region is urbanized? The level of urbanization in different countries of the world
Introduction
“Cities are a great creation of the mind and hands of men. They play a decisive role in the territorial organization of society. They serve as a mirror for their countries and regions. Leading cities are called the spiritual workshops of humanity and the engines of progress. " - such an admiring description of the city was given by Georgy Mikhailovich Lappo in his book "Geography of Cities".
One cannot but agree with him. Indeed, urbanization and population play an important role in the life of every country.
When writing my work, I would like to consider the following questions in more detail (many of which are already indicated in the table of contents):
into what types according to the share of the urban population the republics of bl. zar. (near abroad) and era (economic regions) of Russia, and with which countries of the world they are comparable in this indicator.
what are the reasons for regional differences in the level of urbanization;
at what stage of urbanization according to Gibbs were the republics of bl. charge by the time of the collapse of the USSR (1991);
what e.r. Russia have the lowest urban population growth rates and why;
how the crisis of the 90s affected the processes of urbanization, and what is the reason for the decrease in the share of the urban population in the newly independent states;
where the millionaire cities are located, and what is the reason for their concentration in the Volga region and the Urals;
what are the types of republics and e.r. by population density, what are the reasons for the differences in population density.
Ratio of urban and rural population
The development of the social division of labor led to the formation of two main types of settlements: urban and rural. Accordingly, a distinction is made between the urban population (residents of cities and urban-type settlements) and the rural population (residents of settlements employing less than 85% of production). The quantitative predominance of the rural population over the urban is observed in five neighboring countries: Moldova (46%), Turkmenistan (45%), Uzbekistan (39%), Kyrgyzstan (36%), Tajikistan (28%). These countries are categorized as rural. The rest of the neighboring countries have more than 50% of the urban population.
A more interesting situation is with the economic regions of Russia. There are no rural economic regions in this country. The lowest indicator of the share of the urban population is in the North Caucasus: 56%. But, despite this, the Russian Federation includes several constituent entities, in which the rural population predominates. Moreover, this list includes not only subjects of little urbanized regions, for example, the North Caucasus: Dagestan (43% of the urban population), Karachay-Cherkessia (37%), Chechnya and Ingushetia (43%), but also subjects of regions with a sufficiently high level of urbanization ... For example, Eastern Siberia (71% of the urban population) and located on its territory: Ust-Orda Autonomous Okrug (0% of the urban population), Altai (26%), Evenki Autonomous Okrug (27%), Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (32%), Tuva ( 48%). These low rates are offset by significantly higher rates in other parts of these areas. For example, in the North Caucasian economic region, the most urbanized subject is North Ossetia (70%), and in Eastern Siberia, Khakassia (72%).
The limit of change in the share of the urban population in the regions of Russia is 56-83% and 28-73% in the neighboring countries, although the indicator often increases in increments of 1%.
Let's compare the economic regions of Russia and neighboring countries with the countries of the world in terms of the share of the urban population
| Urbanization. | BC Of Russia | Country Middle Zarub, | A country in the world with a comparable percentage of urbanization. |
| 87% | North-West | UK, Qatar, Argentina, Australia | |
| 83% | Ts.e.r. | Sweden, Bahrain, Venezuela | |
| 76% | North D.-east. | Japan, Canada | |
| 75% | Ural | Czechoslovakia, Iran, Brazil | |
| 73% | Volga | Russia | France, CA, USA |
| 72% | Estonia | Italy, Republic of Korea, Puerto Rico | |
| 71% | Zap.-Sib. Vost.-Sib | Latvia | Norway, Taiwan, Mexico |
| 70% | Volg.-Vyat. | Jordan, Libya | |
| 69% | Lithuania | Peru | |
| 68% | Belarus Armenia | Colombia | |
| 67% | Ukraine | Bulgaria | |
| 61% | Ts.CH.R. | Switzerland, Cyprus, Equatorial Guinea | |
| 57% | Kazakhst. | Greece, Mongolia, Nicaragua | |
| 56% | North-Kav, | Ireland | |
| 55% | Georgia | Austria, Iraq, Ecuador, Tunisia | |
| 53% | Azerb. | Romania, Panama | |
| 46% | Moldova | Yugoslavia, Lebanon, Saint Lucia, Morocco | |
| 45% | Turkmen. | Slovenia, Philippines, Costa Rica, Egypt | |
| 39% | Uzbekist. | Guatemala, Cote d'Ivoire | |
| 36% | Kyrgyz. | Albania, Malaysia, Guyana, Somalia | |
| 28% | Tajik. | Portugal, India, Haiti, Namibia |
As can be seen from this table, the economic regions of Russia and the neighboring countries are compared in terms of the share of the urban population with the most diverse countries: from Namibia to Great Britain. Where does this difference come from? What are the reasons for regional differences in the level of urbanization in the republics of the near abroad and regions of Russia?
Answering these questions will require a definition of the term “urbanization”. Urbanization is the process of spreading urban lifestyles; it is a process of concentration, integration and intensification of activity, a global socio-economic process.
There are several reasons for regional differences in the level of urbanization in terms of e. R. near abroad and e. R. Russia. Firstly, it is the economic and geographical location. Northern republics of the Near Abroad (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus also gravitates to them), as well as the northeastern era. Russia (Northern, Northwestern, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far Eastern) are highly urbanized, because. natural conditions do not allow agricultural development. In these regions, the structure of the economy is based on industry. Cities - centers of labor activity - are developing accordingly. The same picture is typical for mountainous regions (Ural, Armenia).
On the other hand, such e.r. as Ts.C. e.r. and the North Caucasus are in the most favorable agricultural conditions for development. These are the granaries of our country. Most of the population of these e.r. busy in agriculture. This is the same reason for the predominance of the rural population in the Central Asian republics, except for Kazakhstan, and in Moldova.
The group of moderately urbanized countries includes Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. The combination of favorable natural conditions and high resource availability gave rise to the simultaneous development of both agriculture and industry in these countries. In Ukraine and Kazakhstan, with the development of coal and iron ore deposits, cities formed and grew. Some agglomerations are concentrated here: Karaganda, Donetsk and others. A similar situation has developed in Russia in the Urals and in Western Siberia. Georgia and Azerbaijan differ less from the republics of the rural type than Ukraine and Kazakhstan (only by 4-6%). The attraction to the republics of the rural type is due to the presence of fertile valleys among the mountain ranges. These valleys are the only lands in the former USSR where tropical fruits are grown.
Not only EGP has played a role in the level of urbanization.
An equally important reason is the course of the historical process of the folding of cities. In the Central and Northwestern Eras. historically earlier, urbanization began to develop, because the centers of these areas at different times are capitals and now form huge agglomerations with millions of people. Also earlier, the process of urbanization began in the Volga region. This e.r. stretched along the largest river. Since ancient times, trade routes have passed here, cities have been centers of trade and crafts, they concentrated the population.
Urban and Rural Population Growth Rates
1. Stages of urbanization according to Gibbs.
Over time, in each country, there have been some changes in the area of settlement. This is due to a change in the type of population reproduction and a change in the type of economy. The American geographer Gibbs identified 5 main stages of settlement, which have passed or will go through all countries of the world to a certain stage of development. The main criterion for identifying five stages of urbanization is the ratio of the dynamics of the urban and rural population. Based on data on the dynamics of urban and rural populations since 1979. until 1991 Let us determine at what stage of urbanization each of the republics of Bl. charge ..
Population dynamics of bl. charge
(1991 to 1979 at the beginning of the year in%)
| Country | All population | Urban | Rural |
| Ukraine | 104 | 115 | 88 |
| Byelorussia | 107 | 131 | 79 |
| Moldavia | 111 | 134 | 96 |
| Georgia | 109 | 118 | 99 |
| Armenia | 111 | 115 | 104 |
| Azerbaijan | 118 | 119 | 117 |
| Kazakhstan | 114 | 122 | 105 |
| Uzbekistan | 135 | 131 | 137 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 125 | 123 | 127 |
| Tajikistan | 141 | 127 | 149 |
| Turkmenistan | 135 | 128 | 141 |
| Lithuania | 110 | 124 | 87 |
| Latvia | 106 | 110 | 97 |
| Estonia | 108 | 111 | 101 |
The first stage of urbanization, according to Gibbs, has the following characteristics: preindustrial economy, traditional type of reproduction, dense and relatively uniform network of rural settlements. At this stage of urbanization development, the urban population grows slowly and therefore the share of urban dwellers may even decrease, with the absolute predominance of the rural population. At this stage of urbanization by 1991. were located: Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Urban and rural population dynamics since 79. for 91g. testifies to this. Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan were in the transition to the second stage of urbanization.
The second stage of urbanization of society is manifested during the passage of the process of industrialization. At this stage of urbanization, the rural population migrates to cities in massive flows, but due to natural growth, the share of rural residents in the entire population of the country is still growing slightly.
The urban population is increasing more dramatically. By 91g. at this stage of urbanization were the republics: Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia. Moldova and Georgia were in the transition from the second stage to the third.
The third stage of urbanization of society is characterized by the following features: the demographic transition has already been completed; migration outflow and natural decline leads to a decrease in the rural population. The increase in the share of the urban population determines the predominance over the share of the rural population.
At the fourth stage of urbanization, the urban population continues to grow weakly, and the rural population continues to decline. By 91, Russia was at the third or fourth stages of urbanization, as well as Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania. Estonia and Latvia were moving to the fifth stage.
The fifth stage of urbanization is characteristic of post-industrial countries, when social differences between urban and rural areas disappear. All the advantages of the city appear in the countryside. The value of the ecological factor in the minds of the population is increasing. The growth of the psychological factor forces the townspeople to move to the village. The urban population is declining and the rural population is growing. The settlement system again comes to a state of equilibrium. By 1991, none of the republics of the Bl. charge
The growth rate of the urban population for the period 1979-1991.
The lowest growth rates of the urban population in Russia for the period 1979-1991. were observed in the Northwestern era. (by 11%), in the Urals (by 11%), in the Central (by 12%). This is due to the specifics of the population and economy of these areas.
In the Northwest Economic Region, the share of the urban population has increased quite slightly. This area has an extraordinary structure: in the center - St. Petersburg is home to 5 million people, while in the entire area - 8 million. Including the Leningrad region. accounts for 1.7 million, for Novgorod and Pskov combined - 1.5 million. human. In the Northwest, urbanization began earlier than in some other regions of Russia. Industry is highly developed here, agriculture is less developed. All these features have influenced the urbanization process. By the 1980s, the entire potential of the rural population capable of moving to cities was exhausted in this area, i.e. with a small population in rural areas, the maximum inflow of population to cities is also small.
For the Ural e. R. characterized by a high level of urbanization, the concentration of a large number of the population in large cities. This is largely due to the predominance of large enterprises in the industry of the Urals. Back in the 60s, the world was experiencing a crisis associated with the decline of such industries as ferrous metallurgy and metal-intensive machine building. In our country, this crisis was artificially "postponed" with the help of state subsidies and excessive metal consumption of the national economy. Therefore, by the beginning of the 90s, when it was no longer possible to contain the crisis (deterioration of the ecological system, depletion of the main deposits), many enterprises fell into decay, and the number of jobs decreased. Therefore, the influx of population from rural areas to cities has gradually decreased.
The urbanization process in the Central era began, as well as in the North-West earlier than in other parts of Russia. In addition, the countryside of the Central ek. The region is notable for the low population of villages and villages, since podzolic soils are an unfavorable natural condition for the development of agriculture. This led to the initial preference of the city over the countryside by the inhabitants of this region. Therefore, with a small population of rural areas, the natural growth of the rural population is also low, which in turn determines a small influx of rural residents into the cities of this eq. district.
In the e. R. there is a low growth rate of the urban population due to the small influx of the rural population.
Another reason for the low growth rate of the urban population is the worsening demographic situation in Russia. Affected by the decrease in the birth rate with a slight increase in the death rate, which is caused by the unfavorable age structure of the population in large centers and cities. Recall that in the past decades, large cities accounted for the overwhelming part of the country's overall growth. This is evidenced by the statistics of the following table.
Natural increase per 1000 inhabitants in 1980-1992. in some cities of the Russian Federation.
The table shows that in the largest cities of the Russian Federation by 1991. there was a natural decline in the population, although in general there was a slight increase in urban settlements.
The crisis of the 90s. years. Reducing the share of the urban population.
The crisis of the 90s was reflected in a decrease in the share of the urban population of Russia and many republics of the Near Abroad. In this case, what is happening is not at all explained by the fifth stage of urbanization, as has been happening in recent years, for example, in the United States. During the years of crisis, the population is especially acutely faced with material problems. Residents of the southern regions, who were previously employed in industry, find it easier to maintain a certain standard of living in rural areas, because in the southern regions, agriculture is highly developed and generates a certain income. Most of all, the process of deurbanization was reflected in Tajikistan (3%) and Kyrgyzstan (2%). Of the countries of the Near Abroad, today, these are the republics where the share of agriculture is especially large. Geographically, these are the southernmost republics of Central Asia. With the collapse of industry in the cities, the return of workers to centuries-old cultivated lands is natural.
The decline in the urban population in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Georgia is also explained by the geographic location of these republics and the possibility of improving life through employment in rural areas.
In Russia, a similar situation has developed precisely in the southern regions, hence, in recent years, there has been a small increase in the rural population in comparison with the above-mentioned republics.
Largest cities
Millionaire cities of Russia and Bl. charge
| Country | Econ. District Rep.bl. charge | City millionaire | Number of thousands of us. for 1994. |
| Russia | Ural | Yekaterinburg | 1371 |
| Chelyabinsk | 1143 | ||
| Ufa | 1092 | ||
| Permian | 1086 | ||
| Volga region | Samara | 1255 | |
| Kazan | 1092 | ||
| Volgograd | 1000 | ||
| Western Siberia | Novosibirsk | 1418 | |
| Omsk | 1161 | ||
| Central | Moscow | 8793 | |
| Nizhny Novgorod | 1428 | ||
| North - West | St. Petersburg | 4883 | |
| Sev-Kavk | Rostov-on-Don | 1023 | |
| Ukraine | Kiev | 2637 | |
| Kharkov | 1618 | ||
| Dnipropetrovsk | 1187 | ||
| Odessa | 1106 | ||
| Donetsk | 1117 | ||
| Belarus | Minsk | 1613 | |
| Georgia | Tbilisi | 1264 | |
| Armenia | Yerevan | 1202 | |
| Kazakhstan | Alma-Ata | 1147 | |
| Uzbekistan | Tashkent | 2694 |
Let's take a closer look at how millionaire cities are located in Russia.
First, let us note that most of them are concentrated in the European part of Russia. Only Novosibirsk and Omsk are located beyond the Urals. This is due to the small number of the population living here, therefore, with all the maximum influx of residents to various cities, only Omsk and Novosibirsk became millionaires. To a small extent, this location of the leading cities is determined by the more developed network of roads in the European part of Russia. After all, many millionaire cities stand at the intersection of railways and rivers. These are all the millionaire cities of the Volga region (the Volga river), Siberia (the Irtysh and the Ob rivers) and Rostov-on-Don (the Don river), smaller rivers flow through the rest of the millionaire cities of Russia, but nevertheless they pass one of the main branches of the railway network. (For the countries of Bl. Zar. Such a tendency of the location of millionaire cities at the intersection of rivers and railways is observed only in Ukraine: Kiev and Dnepropetrovsk on the Dnieper River.)
Secondly, let us note that most of the millionaire cities are located in groups, in neighboring regions of the same era. ... Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don stand apart. What is the reason for this? This is due to the fact that Moscow and St. Petersburg significantly outnumber neighboring cities in terms of population. They have no competitors that could attract a population of impressive size: the largest city near St. Petersburg (5 million people) - Novgorod - has 233 thousand people, and the largest city near Moscow (8 million people) - Yaroslavl - 635 thousand people. (Nizhny Novgorod, located in the Central Economic District, separates the Vladimir region from Moscow.) As for Rostov-on-Don, this leader city is lonely in its region due to the predominance of the rural population there, i.e. in the North-Kav. BC and above the lying Ts.Ch.E.R., with the maximum shares of the rural population in Russia, there is no tendency to move to cities. Residents of these regions are employed in agriculture.
What is the reason for the concentration of millionaire cities in the Volga region and the Urals?
In the territorial structure of Russia, the Volga region and the Urals are the most important transit territories through which the main West-East links pass. These districts formed the core of the basic “frame” of settlement and the territorial structure of the national economy in the form of large centers of various types and highways connecting them. This played a huge role in the development of millionaire cities. Let's consider each region separately.
The Volga region is not only a transit territory, but also a redistributor of freight traffic between regions of Russia. The Volga River is a powerful economic axis - the historical route between the forest North and the grain South. The crossing of the Volga by railways is extremely important for the development of the leading cities of the Volga region. An equally important role was played by the choice of location, natural conditions, and the geometry of natural landscapes. The millionaire cities have occupied the characteristic places of the Volga valley: Kazan - where the Volga abruptly changes the direction of the current, from east to south, strictly by 90, Samara - at the extreme to the East of the Volga bulge - Samarskaya Luka, Volgograd - at the extreme protrusion of the Volga channel to the west (Also, this city radiates three railway lines - towards the Center, Donbass and the Black Sea region.
But the Volga cities are distinguished not only by the characteristic situation on the Volga. It was very important for their economic rise as transport and industrial centers that where they were located, the Volga crossed the border of natural landscape zones and provinces. The location on the border of territories with different natural prerequisites for the development of the economy, on the mighty river, at the points of its characteristic bends, created a powerful foundation for the economic and geographical position of the Volga millionaire cities.
The Ural is a set of nodes of different sizes in mountain nests, most of which are “strung” on two main meridional axes - the Pre-Ural (Ufa and Perm are located here) and the Trans-Ural (Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk are located here). Millionaire cities are based in the centers of rapidly developing industrial areas, on the axes of inter-area connections, at the points of contact of various zones, and differences in economic potential. In the Urals, the most developed are: the military-industrial complex, mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy. The largest cities have the functions of factory cities. The combination of transit territory and its oversaturation with industry led to the formation of 4 cities of millionaires (maximum for Russia).
Population of the territory
Types of republics and e.r. by population density.
| BC Of Russia | Population density h / km | Country bl. charge | Population density h / km |
| (Russia) | (9) | ||
| Central | 63 | Moldavia | 130 |
| North Caucasus | 48 | Armenia | 113 |
| Ts.Ch.e.r. | 46 | Ukraine | 86 |
| Northwest | 42 | Azerbaijan | 82 |
| Volgo-Vyatsky | 32 | Georgia | 78 |
| Volga region | 31 | Lithuania | 57 |
| Ural | 25 | Uzbekistan | 50 |
| Zapadno-Sib. | 6 | Byelorussia | 49 |
| Northern | 4 | Latvia | 42 |
| East-Sib. | 2 | Tajikistan | 40 |
| Far Eastern | 1 | Estonia | 35 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 22 | ||
| Turkmenistan | 9 | ||
| Kazakhstan | 6 |
There are three different types of countries and e.r. by population density: densely populated, with an average population density, sparsely populated.
To the first type of countries we will include those republics of Bl. charge in which the population density is 100–75% of the maximum for this region: Moldova, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Georgia. To densely populated e.r. Russia can be attributed to the Central era. and North Caucasian (distribution according to the above principle)
To the second type of countries we will include those republics of Bl. charge in which the population density is 75–25% of the maximum for this region: Lithuania, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Latvia, Tajikistan and Estonia. To the type of e.r. with an average population density can be attributed to the Central Ch.e.R., North-West, Volgo-Vyatka, Povolzhsky, Uralsky.
The third type includes Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, in which the population density is 25–0% of the maximum for block. charge The type of sparsely populated includes the North-Western era, Northern, East Siberian, Far Eastern.
Natural and economic features of territories and their population.
The population of the territories depends on their natural and economic characteristics. On the basis of these differences, geographers divide the territory of the countries of Bl. charge and Russia into five zones.
The zone of continuous settlement, or the main zone of settlement, is characterized by a developed network of settlements, a variety and maturity of forms of settlement; it concentrates the overwhelming part of large cities and large urban agglomerations, and industrial centers. Hence the high population density of the main strip, covering the European part of Russia without the North and the sparsely populated areas of the Caspian lowland, passing through the south of Siberia and the Far East.
Here we also include the European republics of Bl. charge
From the north and south, the main zone of settlement is bordered by zones sharply differing in natural conditions.
The zone of the Far North is characterized by the focus of settlement. There is a low population density here, which is explained by the severity of the climate, the scattering of settlements, a sparse network of railways, and a small number of large industrial enterprises.
The arid zone of focal forms of settlement includes vast desert and semi-desert territories south of the main settlement belt, also sparsely populated and also with extreme, albeit different in nature, conditions. It covers the Northern Caspian Sea region, Western Kazakhstan and most of Central Kazakhstan, Northern Turkmenistan, Karakalpakia. These territories are characterized by a production type of agricultural (distant-pasture-livestock), a developed fuel industry, sparseness of large basic settlements located at permanent sources of water supply.
The zone of oases and industrial areas was formed at the junction of the mountainous and lowland parts of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It includes areas with the highest in the republics bl. charge density of the rural population, all large Central Asian cities. The national economic base is characterized by a combination of developed agriculture on irrigated lands and the leading branches of the processing industry, supplemented by the extractive industry. Thus, it represents the main zone of settlement of the southeastern macroregion (discontinuous in places).
Mountain zone in the extreme south of bl. charge differs in very peculiar forms of settlement: here the outflow of the agricultural population is combined with some inflow of the population in connection with the following main types of development: industrial, hydropower, recreational.
Conclusion
Coming to the conclusion of my work, I would like to say that the era of Russia and Bl. zar. are very different among themselves. These or other features of these territories attract the population. Everyone chooses to taste the place where he will live, but nevertheless “... the improvement of cities as a living environment and places of concentration of various activities, the rational organization of urban networks in accordance with the geographical, cultural, historical, socio-economic characteristics of the territory is an important task in Russia and in other countries of the world. " (G.M. Lappo)
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UDC 94 (470.5) "18/19" (045) E.Yu. Kazakova-Apkarimova
FROM "VILLAGE" TO "CITY": URBANIZATION AND URBANISM IN THE REGIONAL DIMENSION (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE URALS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - BEGINNING OF THE XX century)
The article analyzes the essence and content of the initial process of Russian urbanization and the formation of urbanism during the period of imperial industrialization, identifies the features of urbanization in the Urals and the formation of an urbanistic way of life in cities of different administrative status and socio-economic and socio-cultural type in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. An anthropologically oriented approach is key in the research. The sociological concepts of Western urbanists used in the work are refracted in a historical study using appropriate sources, which gives the work a scientific novelty. We are talking about the problem of the perception of urbanism by the contemporaries themselves and the reflection of this issue in their written evidence. The process of gradual transformation of the Ural "villages" into "cities" is shown, in which even the most progressive urban settlements of the Urals were characterized by rural features. As a result of industrialization and urbanization, especially in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, significant changes in the culture of the Ural cities are caused by an increase in socio-cultural heterogeneity, an increase in the importance of urban features in the symbiosis of rural and urban elements, the interaction of civilizational components of the western and eastern types due to the Eurasian position of the Ural region. ...
Key words: urbanism, city, Ural, contemporaries, culture, innovation, social organization.
The essence and content of the process of urbanization in the industrial era is now being investigated at an interdisciplinary level. Sociological and economic concepts are complemented and verified by a historical approach, since urbanization is a historical process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society. The urbanization process in individual countries and in regions within one country has its own characteristics. Sociologist D. Harvey believes that a complete analysis of this process involves identifying the foundations of the formation of consciousness in everyday life.
Contemporaries clearly observed the consequences of the industrial revolution and the images of the new capitalist system in Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, which was gradually erasing the traces of patriarchy and changing the lifestyle of the urban population. Invaluable help in deepening scientific understanding of the evolution of the urban lifestyle of the population of the Urals is provided by sources of personal origin and subjective historical documents identified in the Ural periodicals of the pre-revolutionary period and conveying the very process of transformation of urban settlements from “villages” into real “cities” (with the corresponding modus vivendi). Even G. Simmel wrote that the concentration of economic, social and professional activities is a distinctive feature of a large city and generates a fast pace and a unique lifestyle of the city, a variety of economic, professional and social life.
Such a city, where "life is visible", appears in the description of PA Kropotkin Yekaterinburg in 1862: “There is movement in the streets, there are enough people. The buildings are very nice, a lot of stone, the streets are good, there are factories on the outskirts, a lot of hands are busy with them, and besides, many are busy at home with lapidary business. " P. A. Kropotkin emphasized that trade was going well in the city, and residents did not complain of boredom, on the contrary, they said that "life is fun", finally, the presence of a pedagogical society in the city testified that "the activity in it is not only industrial and trading ".
S. A. Keltsov, being an employee of Moskovskiye Vedomosti, accompanying the Grand Dukes Mikhail Nikolaevich and Sergei Mikhailovich on a trip to the Urals and, covering this trip in the newspaper, criticized provincial Perm: “You go off the main three streets a little to the side and immediately from the Perm-provincial town you find yourself in the Perm-village and positively suffocate in the dust, since in Perm only three streets and one and a half lanes are covered with pavements; all other streets and lanes are almost in a primitive state. "
The symbiosis of urban and rural features appears in the description of the provincial city of Ufa by Sergei Yakovlevich Yelpatievsky, given by a revolutionary of the seventies. Famous writer, public
cyst and memoirist, he served here in the 1880s. political link. In his "Memoirs for Fifty Years" (1929), in a chapter devoted to the cultural and social life of Ufa, we read: “The city was then, 40 years ago, quiet, thoughtful, affectionate. Stretched streets, overgrown with grass, and you could see the field where they went. And on the street there are one-story houses, less often two-story ones, with gardens and orchards where lilacs, jasmines, dahlias grew luxuriantly - low houses with windows, with shutters with iron bolts locked at night. In the middle of the city lay a square - a huge, not on market days, deserted, not paved, where, according to legend, a peasant with a horse and a cart drowned, risking to drive through the square at night. Almost all the streets poured into the square, and the whole Ufa civilization was located around the square - long rows stretched, there were large houses, even three floors, there was a post office, a pharmacy, and chambers, and the Noble Assembly and the "Grand Hotel" with by numbers. The sign "Lady's tailor" was adorned, and a hoop entwined with hay even without a sign told the intelligent people that this was an inn. The city flowed around the wonderful White with bluish transparent water, the most joyful river that I have seen in Russia, and from the other side flowed, flowing into the White, gloomy Ufimka. "
Affected by the peripheral position of the Ural region. In the perception of an eyewitness Ufa in the 1880s. she looked provincial and backward: “The provincial, ancient, long-forgotten central Russia breathed from the city. There was no district court, and the old Chambers were in charge of justice, the zemstvo was young, opened later than in central Russia, it was just beginning to understand local affairs and had not yet managed to create a zemstvo atmosphere. Mail, especially in winter, did not arrive often and was not always accurate: there was no local newspaper, and the news from Moscow newspapers lost a significant part of their novelty until they reached Ufa. The last steamer took away the troupe of actors that played in the city garden in the summer, took away the last belated kumysniks, navigation was closed for the long winter, and the city became completely quiet until the first joyful whistle from the river in the spring, when the city ran to meet the first steamer. "
Here are the testimonies of contemporaries about some small towns in the Ural region. The district towns of the Perm province (excluding, of course, Yekaterinburg), according to the expert on the Kama region, D. Zelenin, "did not stand out in any way" and were "even downright bad." Traveler DN Peshkov, passing Okhansk in 1890, wrote in his travel notes (diary) that "the city is more like a village." He was echoed by AI Firsov, traveling through the cities of the Kama region after a considerable time (in 1907-1908): "This wretched town of the Perm province, with less than 2 thousand inhabitants, would be more befitting a village than it was in the beginning." ... AI Firsov and Osu called "a poor town". Ethnographer D. Zelenin wrote about Wasp that it was a county town (since 1781), at the beginning of the twentieth century. it had 4.5 thousand inhabitants, their main occupations were the production of matting, sacks and ropes, the rafting of timber and flax; the city's trade was insignificant, the annual turnover of the city pier did not exceed 0.5 million rubles. There were no secondary schools in the city, there was a women's gymnasium, a religious school and a city four-year school. Another uyezd (since 1781) city of the Perm province - Okhansk with a population of less than 2.5 thousand people - called an eyewitness even "more pitiful than Wasp". The rural component of the life of this settlement was striking. The main occupation of the inhabitants was agriculture. Other occupations of the population were: shipping, fishing, partly trading in bread and flax. Solikamsk, with a population of just over 4 thousand people, was a "poor district town", in the opinion of the local historian. In addition to salt mines, the townspeople worked in the mines. D. Zelenin also spoke inappropriately about Cherdyn.
Among some uyezd cities of the Vyatka province, contemporaries also named those that were more like rural settlements. "Votyatskaya capital", the city of Glazov, before the opening in 1871 of the Vyatka governorship was a simple village, becoming a district town of the Vyatka province, evolved slowly. According to contemporaries, Glazov at the beginning of the 19th century. remained "small, like another village", the town remained almost unchanged in the future. Only with the construction of the railroad "quickly began to improve", did the trade turnover increase fivefold (they traded in bread, flax, tows and leather). The city had only seven streets, one church and a women's gymnasium. Malmyzh, having received the status of a district town in 1780, remained a modest settlement. At the beginning of the XX century. it had up to 4 thousand inhabitants, "in appearance the city" was "an ordinary big village".
This is how contemporaries noted the peculiarities of Russian urbanization, which were later emphasized by the researcher V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky in his analysis of "imaginary" (having
HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY
the official status of the city, which, in fact, is a rural settlement) and "true" (distinguished by "commercial and commercial glibness") cities, which was due to the administrative approach to the processes of city formation in imperial Russia. These observations have received theoretical and concrete historical understanding in modern historiography, including on the materials of the Urals. In particular, a comparative analysis of the evolution of some uyezd cities with mining settlements in the Perm province in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries was carried out, the latter, according to some indicators of socio-economic and demographic development, could outstrip the former. A striking example of such a contrast is two settlements of the Verkhotursky district - the district town of Verkhoturye and the factory settlement of Nizhniy Tagil: the predominant occupation of the population of the former with arable farming contrasted with the brisk industrial activity of the inhabitants of the latter; the small size of the population in the first (4 thousand) lost the same indicator (over 25 thousand) in the second.
LN Mazur rightly emphasizes that, in addition to the economic and demographic side, urbanization includes social meanings associated with a change in lifestyle. An important consequence of urbanization is the formation of a new system of sociocultural relations. In the urban environment, technical, cultural and political innovations are taking place, new standards of living, working, resting and behaving conditions are emerging, corresponding to the modern understanding of the "urban lifestyle" and its implementation within the boundaries of the contact space, which is constantly expanding. The city is transforming the rural environment as well.
The urbanization theorist AS Akhiezer emphasizes that the essence of urbanization in the historical process can be understood "only if urbanization is considered primarily as a process of formation and spread of urban culture." The culture of the larger cities of the Ural region seemed especially attractive to contemporaries.
So, S. Ya. Elpatievsky writes about the craving of Ufa residents for musical culture: “From small houses music floated into quiet streets. I was amazed when in a modest apartment of an official, a clerk, an employee, I met a grand piano or a piano, a violin, and learned that the children of people living on 50-60 rubles. per month, take systematically music lessons. There were circles where music was a serious content of life. I got into one of these circles shortly after my arrival and began to receive invitations to quartets, which would have done honor to the capital. "
The heterogeneity of urban culture is emphasized in sources of personal origin. S. Ya. Elpatievsky reconstructs the culture of various strata of Ufa society: the upper and lower strata, the middle urban strata. The upper classes of Ufa society, in turn, were sharply divided into two layers - into people in tailcoats and uniforms and people in undercoats. About the first, the author of the memoirs writes: “The tailcoats were bureaucrats: heads of separate units, advisers of different chambers, officials of special assignments. There were no prominent officials from the local authorities, most were associated with St. Petersburg, either people who were starting their careers, or sent to live up to retirement. It was a vicious circle, with separate interests, ideas, morals, way of life, where the townspeople were not allowed ”. Poles-officials adjoined the same circle somewhat apart.
Telling about the life of this circle, a contemporary notes that it “was a scrap from St. Petersburg”: “Family evenings were not particularly widespread, balls with dances were only in the Assembly of the Nobility, the favorite form of receptions was a buffet [gala evening. - E. K.-A.]. There it was pronounced like this: "to the reception." Men in tailcoats, chapeau claque [top hat. - E.K.-A.] in hand, ladies in cleavage defiled in six or seven rooms of a miserable Ufa house, exchanged pleasantries, reported St. Petersburg news, half known. Occasionally one of the guests sat down at the piano, occasionally someone's daughter sang romances, two or three card tables were arranged. There were no real dinners, - the architecture of the "meal" would have been disturbed, - a la fourchette [with a fork. - E.K.-A.], and it was a special chic to exhibit countless numbers of all sorts of intricate sandwiches and cold foods. "
An eyewitness wrote about the second category of tops: “And there were jerseys. The provincial and district zemstvo councils wore jerseys, starting with the chairman of the provincial council A.A. Dashkov, noble landowners wore jerseys. We visited each other in jerseys, sat in jersey at zemstvo meetings, in jersey and came to the club. This was neither Slavophilism, nor a simplification, it was a kind of uniform, uniform, liberal costume that distinguished a Zemstvo, a native person from an official. To sub-
rich Bashkir landowners joined the girls. " “There was between tailcoats and undercoats, - wrote S. Ya. Elpat'evsky, - if not enmity, then a sharp alienation, mutual half-contempt”.
About social contrasts in the provincial city of Perm in the response of the publicist VL Dedlov-Kigna (1897) we read: “What else is there in Perm? Of course, public places, educational institutions, numerous streets of small and darkened houses of bourgeois and artisans, and two, three "palazzo" rich merchants ... This is Perm, the door to Siberia. The merchant's palazzo, the Shack of the common people and the public place. External order, science, art and even religion, imposed by the bureaucracy, a profitable merchant and the mass of the population chewing on their meager gum. "
VL Dedlov saw the symbiosis of European and Asian, wealth and poverty, having visited a year earlier (in 1896) in the district town of Sarapul: “Sarapul is the first of the transitional European-Asian cities I have visited. I recognize in it these characteristic features of the transitional band. Great wealth - and, next to it, astounding poverty. Small palaces of merchants - and a homeless, drunken barefoot crew, wandering the marinas, coastal taverns and sleeping under fences. These palaces and wealthy churches are buried in the stubborn dirt of unpaved streets. You can only drive along the streets, not walk, because the sidewalks are the most insidious traps. "
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ural cities have noticeably changed. D. Zelenin saw technical progress in the development of Perm:<^отя и медленно, однако Пермь подвигается вперед. Построена железная дорога на Вятку и вместе с нею чудный мост через Каму. Мост этот высится около самой Перми и составляет, в сущности, главную достопримечательность города. Это какой-то узорчатый гигант (до 400 саж. длины), на который, кажется, глядел бы и не нагляделся» . О Перми начала XX в. Д. Зеленин писал, что город выглядел «совсем по-европейски». Бросались в глаза разбросанные по городу церкви, театр (где можно было услышать и оперу). В городе издавались газеты «Пермский край» и «Пермские губернские ведомости», развивалось краеведение (показательными были труды А. Дмитриева и «Труды Пермской Архивной Комиссии»). В городе действовал книжный магазин «Ольги Петровской», магазин пользовался популярностью у населения. Увеличилась численность учебных заведений, автор путеводителя перечислял: мужская и женская гимназия, реальное училище, духовная семинария, горнозаводское и техническое училища, торговая школа, женская прогимназия, мужское и женское духовные училища. В Перми имелись типичные для губернского города учреждения: «окружной суд, контрольная палата, контроль Пермской ж. д., управление Пермской ж. д., духовная консистория, отделение казанского общества путей сообщения, управление 21 местной бригады, управление государственными имуществами Пермской г., управление почтово-телеграфного округа, биржа» . Навестив губернский город Пермь, известный публицист В. А. Поссе тоже почувствовал в нем «залог великого культурного будущего» .
By the 1897 census, there were already up to 46 thousand people in Perm, and a decade later - more than 70 thousand. A contemporary stated: "A foreigner has now moved to the Urals, but he does not like to joke, and Perm will not have to sleep." At the same time, the Uralian believed that the foreigner would stir up the industry, renew the factory work, and his fellow countrymen would undertake cultural work. Permyak argued that at the beginning of the XX century. in this regard, there was already a solid groundwork: “In our city administration there are people who cannot in any way be called“ progressives ”, and despite this, we already have electric lighting, running water, telephones, and soon there will be a sewerage system, a tram, etc. This is not enough. We have a scientific and industrial museum, from which a people's university will develop; we have an artisanal-industrial bank, from which a powerful engine will develop for all kinds of artels, consumer societies, etc .; we already have several cooperatives, and we are on the eve of the creation of the Ural Union of Consumer Societies ”.
Quite objectively, in his book Around Europe and Russia, VA Posse wrote about Yekaterinburg in 1907 as a “very original city”, listing its cultural achievements, technical innovations and material “conveniences” against the background of some conspicuous shortcomings: “. The county town and the“ capital of the Urals ”. "Distance of enormous size" with state institutions separated by whole versts; wide streets with beautiful buildings, electric lighting, telephones, theaters, entertainment gardens, but there is not only a tram, but also the most primitive horse tram, there is no running water, and at the same time there is no watering of the streets, so that on summer days, not only are poor pedestrians, but the rich, too, riding their trotters, positively bathe in the dust. Three large progressive newspapers, several scientific societies, libraries named after Belinsky and Reshetnikov, and along with this "all-estate drunkenness." ...
HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY
It is noteworthy that a European city (European urbanism) was a litmus test, a reference point in assessing the standard of living and civilization of Russian cities. VL Dedlov, looking from “this bell tower”, writes about the Ural cities: “We crossed the Urals on April 30, 1896 by rail from Perm to Yekaterinburg and Tyumen. The railway bends around Yekaterinburg, and from a distance the city looks like a European and lively city. Bell towers, big houses, gardens. This last city, at least from a distance, resembles a European one ”.
V. Dedlov describes the cities of the Southern Urals, in particular, Orenburg in a different way: “An endless plain, flat as a table. Everywhere there are sands, here and there salt marshes, wormwood, saxaul, camel caravans, winds, scorching heat in summer and unbearable cold in winter. This was how Orenburg seemed to me, with which I was familiar only from the biography of Taras Shevchenko, and from "The Captain's Daughter" by Pushkin. The very name of the city sounded unpleasant. In the middle of the Asian desert, and suddenly the German city of Orenburg. " The author is a little creepy on the "threshold of Asia." V. Dedlov gives a detailed description of Orenburg, comparing it with Damascus. He also tried to find signs of an urban subculture when he met another steppe town - Troitsk: “From above, the whole of Troitsk is in full view with its stone one- and two-story houses, seven churches and six mosques. Of the signs of culture in the semi-Tatar, semi-merchant Troitsk, there are only beautiful, clean merchant houses-mansions. A newspaper is as difficult to get as a pineapple, there are no baths, not even hotels, not even a place for bathing. "
The criterion of livability seemed to contemporaries an important parameter of the life of the Ural cities. The author of the guide “Kama and Vyatka” called Elabuga “one of the most comfortable cities in the Vyatka province”. The city got electric lighting before the provincial Vyatka. “A water supply system, three secondary educational institutions (a real school, a female gymnasium and a female diocesan school), a beautifully arranged almshouse, richest churches - all this is not so common in our county towns,” wrote the author of the guide, D. Zelenin, emphasizing, that Elabuga owed its livability in many respects to the private initiative of the Staheevs' entrepreneurs. Their funds were used to arrange electric lighting, water supply, real and diocesan schools, and an almshouse. The city was famous for its "significant" trade.
"One of the best cities on the Kama River" D. Zelenin called the city of Sarapul. “The view from the river is very beautiful: regular rows of stone buildings, white churches scattered throughout the city, a lot of gardens. A huge "Startseva Gora" rises next to the city, on which, very recently (1900), the monastery of St. John the Baptist arose. "
This connoisseur of the Kama region wrote about the "comparative culture" of Sarapul, pointing out the presence in the city of a district court, a bishop's (vicar's) department, a specific office, two secondary educational institutions (a real school and a female gymnasium), two Sunday private schools, a private gymnasium A.N Peltsa. The city published: "Sarapul list of announcements", "telegrams of the Russian Telegraph Agency". Here in 1835 the first public library in the Vyatka province was opened. Many streets were paved, and in 1899 the government telephone network was opened. The city was decorated with "Pushkin Square". The city had up to 10 thousand inhabitants. The city was distinguished by "quite significant trade", the presence of rich merchants, as well as "shoemaking skills", delicious "Sarapul bread". From Sarapul merchants, a tourist could buy "several postage forms with views of the city of Sarapul," according to D. Zelenin, "their existence once again spoke of the comparative culture of the city."
It seemed fair to the researcher of the Kama region to single out the city of Kungur "in contrast to most of the other uyezd cities of the Perm province" - "a very lively, industrial and comfortable city", where it is "worth a trip."
Kungur had its own special "smell": in the city and in the district there were many factories, especially tanneries, "from them the city even received a specific smell of leather." By the way, Perm also had its own special smell. Tourists were struck by the "eternal smoke" over the city, the smell of burning in the air was felt (thanks to the proximity of the Motovilikhinsky state cannon factory). About Kungur D. Zelenin wrote that the city was distinguished by "significant" trade, during the year three "big fairs" were held in it. In 1877, at the expense of Gubkin, a technical school was opened in the city. In 1903 a vicar bishop's see was established here.
Spiritual components, the degree of religiosity remained the core features of the national, in particular, the urban culture of a Russian provincial city at the time in question. D. Zelenin first of all emphasizes that the town of Slobodskoy was famous for its old
Noah, in particular, a monument of antiquity was a wooden church in the name of the Archangel Michael (with an old icon of the Archangel Michael in the iconostasis), built in 1614 by the Monk Tryphon of Vyatka. In total, there were 9 churches and two "rich monasteries" (for women and men) in the city for 10 thousand inhabitants. At the same time, a contemporary noted that in terms of his factory activities, Slobodskoy "stood much higher than the city of Vyatka." However, the inhabitants of Vyatka were also distinguished by their religiosity, an eyewitness told about their special reverence for the miraculous icon of Nicholas the Wonderworker and the icon of the Archangel Michael in the cathedral, as well as the image of the Tikhvin Mother of God. Cherdyn was rich in church antiquity, for example, in the Resurrection Cathedral there was a very ancient and revered icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. The "modest and patriarchal town" Kotelnich was distinguished by its religiousness. The main Kotelnichsky holiday on the first Sunday after Peter's Day was the feast of All Saints, when icons were brought to the city from the surrounding villages and a procession was held. "The main attraction of Kotelnich" was the Alekseevskaya fair (held annually from March 1 to 20), "the most lively and famous fair in the Vyatka province."
In the eyes of contemporaries, an important urban function was to provide residents with opportunities for cultural leisure and creative self-expression. It was the lack of such opportunities that upset the official, who ended up in Okhansk, "in this slum," "and the city, if I may say so!"
In his eyes, "the famous Shchedrin Poshekhonye, perhaps," seemed to be "the capital in comparison with Okhansk." An eyewitness complained to the traveler AI Firsov: “I came here six months ago, and still cannot even get a little more comfortable with the local customs. Here are not people, but some kind of savages. This is who you cannot call cultured people. No mental inquiries, literature is an empty phrase for us; what is happening in this world is not our concern. In gossip, gambling, vodka and beer drinking goes on all the time. In the summer, the audience often arranges picnics, of course, with a fair amount of drunkenness, and in the winter they sit heavily in the porters. Imagine, there is not even a club in the city. No, this is not Europe, but some kind of Papuan. If I am not soon transferred from here, then I feel that I will either hang myself or get drunk. "
The city of Osa also had modest cultural opportunities. Someone Antonich wrote in his Supplement to the Vyatka Provincial Gazette (1901): “There are two churches in the city - a cathedral and another in a cemetery. There is a women's gymnasium, a club. There is also a fire tower, but in 1 it is wooden, and in 2 it is so dilapidated that it threatens to collapse every second. What deserves the attention of visitors in the city is the garden that houses the cathedral. The only entertainment of the Osins, like any other similar city, is gossip and gambling, accompanied by a decent drink. "
A decade later, another contemporary wrote on the pages of the Permyak newspaper about the cultural life in the city of Osa: “We have the People's House Society, which at first organized lectures, performances, etc., but then fell asleep, as they say,” the dream of the righteous. " And when it comes back to life, God alone knows. Meanwhile, in the winter time, the inhabitants of Osa more than ever need reasonable entertainment. ”
After living for a week in Perm, VA Posse met some cultural workers and saw “the sprouts of many truly cultural undertakings” and “fruitful creative work” in the provincial city, largely due to the emergence of numerous public organizations. VA Posse reproduced the opinion of a familiar Permian: “There is no need to neglect anything; every "meeting", club, society can be used for cultural work, without which not one of the gains made by great impulses can be consolidated. "
D. Zelenin considered it important to list in his guidebook the public organizations in Perm: “the branch of the Imperial Russian Technical Island, the branch of the Ural Island of Natural History Amateurs with a museum, a medical society, a music club, a society of lovers of fine arts and sciences, a society of amateurs dramatic art, the D. D. Smyshlyaev Public Library, the Society of Hunting, Cyclists, Water Rescue, etc. " ... This sign of urbanism as a special social organization (self-realization of a city dweller through organized groups, the presence of many voluntary organizations in cities, as numerous as people have needs and interests) was pointed out by the urbanism theorist Louis Wirth.
In the future, the influence of the city on the reproduction of social relations and the formation of a new type of person became an important part of the urban discourse of the humanities, which was reflected in specific historical studies devoted to the history of the Ural cities. IN
HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY
in particular, we are talking about the development of democratic ideals in cities and the formation of the sphere of civic activity. It is not surprising that V.A.Posse, in his essay about his stay in Perm, writes a lot about people, naming, for example, P.N.Serebrennikov and I.G. Ostroumov, noting their fruitful educational activities at the head of the council of the Scientific and Industrial Museum. Particularly distinguishes V.A.Posse by P.N. Particular praise deserved his work in the Nativity of the Mother of God, under which a folk canteen and a women's parish school operated. The trusteeship sought not only "to make a person a better worker, but also to make an employee a better person", choosing the motto: "everyone who was born as people should be brought up in everything that is human."
The considered material allows us to conclude that the cultural and civilizational appearance of the Ural city in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. has undergone significant changes. Contemporaries observed and eagerly wrote about the new socio-cultural and economic features of urban life. In some cities, these signs were more noticeable, in others, rural features remained longer (especially in cities of rural origin, like Okhansk or Glazov). The administrative status has helped cities such as Perm (the provincial city) and Yekaterinburg (the "mining capital of the Urals") to become leaders in the regional urbanization process. Accumulating progressive types of activity, cities were the creators of something new in the spheres of economy, technology, science, education and culture, which attracted contemporaries.
Historical sources indicate that during the period under review, the Ural cities evolved noticeably: the population increased, industry and trade, science and art developed successfully, cities were gradually improved, providing guests and residents themselves with material amenities and the latest achievements of urban civilization. The introduction of technical innovations into the everyday life of townspeople in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. became a noticeable feature of the time, due to scientific and technological progress. It is significant that this progress and signs of an urban lifestyle in the minds of the townspeople were largely associated with European influence. The formation of a new urban way of life was manifested in the transformation of the social organization of cities associated with the democratization of culture and the genesis of citizenship. The urban environment provided the townspeople with ample opportunities for self-realization, the city gave rise to a new type of personality - an active public figure, "cultural worker", a citizen. The city provided residents with a choice of forms of spending their leisure time.
In the culture of the Ural city, especially in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, significant changes were observed due to the growth of the urban population, increased social differentiation and socio-cultural heterogeneity, the increase (under the influence of scientific and technological progress) in the value of proper urban characteristics in the symbiosis of rural and urban elements. , the close interweaving of elements of traditional and modern culture in the everyday life of townspeople, the interaction of civilizational components of the Western and Eastern types, due to the Eurasian position of the Ural region.
LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES
2. Zelenin D. Kama and Vyatka: a guide and ethnographic description of the Kama region. Yuriev, 1904.
3. Elpatievsky S. Ya. Memories for fifty years. Ufa, 1984.
4. Along the Kama and the Urals: travel notes of the XIX - early XX century. Perm, 2011.
5. Apkarimova E. Yu. Power and society in the Ural province in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. // Ural Historical Bulletin. 2005. No. 10-11.
6. Akhiezer AS City - the focus of the urbanization process // City as a socio-cultural phenomenon of the historical process. M., 1995.
7. Wirth L. Selected works on sociology. M., 2005.
8. Gramolin A. I., Corridors E. A. Yekaterinburg - Sverdlovsk - Yekaterinburg. History of city government (1745-1919). Documentary and journalistic essays. Yekaterinburg, 2003.
9. Simmel G. Big cities and spiritual life // Logos. 2002. No. 3-4.
10. Kazakova-Apkarimova E. Yu. Formation of civil society: urban estate corporations and public organizations in the Middle Urals in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Yekaterinburg, 2008.
11. Lappo GM Russian city - a symbiosis of urban and rural. URL: http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ 2005/0221 / analit06.php
12. Mazur LN Russian village in the conditions of urbanization: regional dimension (second half of the XIX-XX centuries). Yekaterinburg, 2012.
13. Savchenkova VM Concept of the city and urbanization in Western sociology: theoretical and methodological analysis: dis. ... Cand. sociol. sciences. M., 2005.
14. Shmakov A. Letters from Lausanne. Literary essays. Chelyabinsk, 1980.
Received November 27, 2014
E. Yu. Kazakova-Apkarimova
FROM "VILLAGE" TO "CITY": URBANIZATION AND URBANISM IN THE REGIONAL DIMENSION (THE URALS CASE OF THE SECOND HALF OF XIX - THE BEGINNING OF ХХ CENTURY)
On the basis of regional material, the paper analyzes the essence and the content of the initial process of urbanization and the formation of Russian urbanism in the period of imperial industrialization, identifies urbanization features in the Urals and the formation of an urban lifestyle in cities of various administrative status and socio-economic and socio-cultural type in the second half of XIX - early XX c. A key approach in this study is anthropologically oriented approach. Sociological concepts of Western urbanists are used in this paper; their interpretation in historical research with the use of appropriate sources determines the scientific novelty of the paper. The investigation is largely devoted to the problem of perception of urbanism by contemporaries and the reflection of this problem in their written testimonies. The author shows the process of gradual transformation of the Urals "villages" to the "cities", while stressing that even the most progressive urban settlements of the Urals were characterized by rural features at that time. As a result of industrialization and urbanization, especially in the late XIX - early XX century, there were significant changes in the culture of Ural cities due to increasing socio-cultural heterogeneity, growing importance of proper urban characteristics under symbiotic rural and urban elements, interaction of civilizational components of Western and Eastern styles which is due to Eurasian position of the Ural region.
Keywords: urbanism, the Urals, contemporaries, culture, innovations, social organization.
Kazakova-Apkarimova Elena Yurievna
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Leading Research Fellow
Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 620990, Russia, Yekaterinburg, st. Sofia Kovalevskoy, 16 E-mail: [email protected]
Kazakova-Apkarimova E.Yu. Doctor of History, Leading researcher
Institute of history and archeology, Ural branch of RAS
620990, Russia, Ekaterinburg, S. Kovalevskoy st., 16 E-mail: [email protected]
Urbanization is the process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society, the growth of cities, an increase in the proportion of the urban population.
The prerequisites for urbanization are:
concentration in cities of industry;
development of cultural and political functions of cities;
deepening the territorial division of labor.
Urbanization is characterized by:
the influx of rural population into cities;
concentration of the population in large cities;
increasing pendulum migration of the population;
the emergence of urban agglomerations and megalopolises.
The formation of urbanization goes through the following main stages:
I. Development and growth of cities (growing as if separately). This is "point" concentration. The city accumulates potential, complicates its functional and planning structures. Its problems are becoming larger and more acute, but their solution within the city itself is becoming more difficult due to the limited territorial resources.
II. Formation of agglomerations. Post-urban stage of settlement development. The emergence of a galaxy of urban settlements on the basis of a large city introduces fundamental changes in the pattern of settlement. Agglomerations are becoming a key form of territorial organization of productive forces and settlement. Agglomeration is selective, but at the same time very common. Agglomerations play a leading role in all developed and a number of developing countries. A large city finds its complement in them and at the same time acquires new opportunities for solving its problems, including environmental ones. The outstanding potential of a large city is being realized more fully.
In social terms, an urban agglomeration is an area in which the weekly life cycle of a modern city dweller is closed. Agglomerations have two fundamental properties: the proximity of the settlements that form them and the complementarity (complementarity) of the latter. Agglomerations are associated with a significant economic effect due to the ability to close a significant part of production and other ties within the territorially limited agglomeration areas. This is especially important for countries with a large territory. Under the conditions of centralized management of the economy, the agglomeration effect was not used sufficiently: departments preferred to organize ties within their own framework, not paying attention to their economic inexpediency.
The positive properties of agglomerations are combined with their disadvantages. This is explained by the fact that agglomerations have, as it were, accumulated separate, poorly coordinated private solutions. Their development was not regulated in accordance with a previously developed general plan. The formation of agglomerations can be considered as one of the manifestations of self-development of settlement.
III. Formation of the settlement support frame. Dispersed concentration. The supporting frame is a generalized urban portrait of a country or region. It is formed by a set of nodal (cities, agglomerations) and linear (highways, polyhighways) elements. Where they are close enough and the territory is overlapped by the zones of their direct influence, urbanized areas are formed.
The formation of the support frame indicates the manifestation of two main trends in the development of settlement - centripetal and linear. An example of a clearly manifested linear-rapid trend was the formation of the urbanized Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod strip.
Within the Ural Economic Region (UER), a powerful regional settlement system has developed, the functioning of which is significantly influenced by the demographic situation. The state and structure of the regional settlement system largely depends on the dynamics of the population in time and space. Under the influence of the current demographic situation, certain rates of socio-economic development of the Urals are largely formed. The demographic situation increasingly determines the development of the network of settlements, the growth rates of urban and rural settlements of various sizes.
UER in terms of population ranks second (20461 thousand people) in the Russian Federation, second only to the Central Economic Region. In the district, there is an increase in the absolute value of the population, including urban and rural, with a negative balance of natural growth, starting from 1996 (Table 2).
The share of regions and republics in the total population of the UED is not the same. So, in 3 of them (Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions) 60% of the UER population live, and by area they make up 50% of the UER territory (Table 3).
Table 2. Dynamics of the UED population
| Year | Thousand. people |
| 1863 | 4000 |
| 1913 | 8750 |
| as of 01.01.1961 | 18067 |
| as of 01.01.1981 | 19556 |
| as of 01.01.1996 | 19981 |
| on 1.01.2000 | 20239 |
| as of 01.01.2003 | 20461 |
| as of 01.01.2004 | 20421 |
| as of 1.01.2005 | 20488 |
| as of 01.01.2006 | 20461 |
Table 3. Dynamics of the share of regions and republics in the population of the UER,%
| as of 01.01.1980 | as of 1.01.1990 | as of 01.01.2006 | |
| Bashkortostan | 19,8 | 19,5 | 20,4 |
| Udmurtia | 7,8 | 7,9 | 8,1 |
| Kurgan region | 5,6 | 5,45 | 5,5 |
| Orenburg region | 10,7 | 10,7 | 11,1 |
| Perm region including the Komi-Permyak auth. OK. | 15,5 | 15,3 | 15,7 |
| Sverdlovsk region. | 22,9 | 23,25 | 23,25 |
| Chelyabinsk region | 17,7 | 17,9 | 15,8 |
The level of urbanization in the Urals is higher than in the whole of the Russian Federation. But the share of the urban population in the UED regions is not the same, as in Bashkortostan it is 64.7%; in Udmurtia 69.7%; in the Kurgan region 54.8%; in the Orenburg region 63.9%; in the Perm region 76.6%; in the Komi-Permyatsky auth. env. 30.6%; in the Sverdlovsk region - 87.6%; in the Chelyabinsk region 81.3%.
Table 4. Dynamics of the UER urban population,%
| Year | % |
| as of 01.01.1961 | 60 |
| as of 01.01.1981 | 72 |
| as of 01.01.1996 | 74 |
| on 1.01.2000 | 74,7 |
| as of 01.01.2003 | 74,5 |
| as of 01.01.2004 | 74,4 |
| as of 1.01.2005 | 74,48 |
| as of 01.01.2006 | 74,5 |
About 2/5 of the Ural cities are located near mineral deposits, and their whole life is associated with the mining industry. They usually consist of several villages, the population of which rarely exceeds 50 thousand people. More than 1/10 of urban settlements owe their development to ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The number of metallurgical centers has decreased in comparison with the beginning of the century due to the development of local deposits, many of them have been transformed into centers of mechanical engineering and metalworking. As a rule, these are also small towns and villages. Small and rare medium-sized urban settlements arose at the enterprises of the timber and paper industry. But the chemical industry leads to larger settlements, which is associated with a high concentration of production.
The centers of regions and republics are multifunctional. They represent large industrial formations and major transport hubs. They concentrate political and administrative, organizational and economic, supply activities. These centers are home to about 40% of the urban population of the UER.
Almost 2/3 of urban settlements are located in the mining belt, mainly along the eastern and western slopes of the ridge, in places forming chains of settlements. There are few of them directly in the axial zone of the mountains. There are noticeably fewer of them outside the mining strip, here they are located mainly along the communication routes.
As in other regions, in the Urals, the process of forming urban agglomerations around large cities is under way. Also, there is a process of pendulum migration - the movement of the population to the zones of large cities from places of residence to places of work and back with a labor purpose.
With the growth of the absolute number of the rural population in the Urals, its share in the total population gradually decreases. There are significant differences in the rural settlement of different parts of the UER. In the north of the region and in mountainous areas, small settlements prevail, usually located along rivers, where the non-agricultural population predominates. Moving southward, the size of rural settlements increases, and their network becomes thinner; the agricultural population dominates them.
The average population density in the district is about 25 people. / sq. km. Moreover, in the Chelyabinsk region this figure is 42 people. / sq. km, and in the Komi-Permyatsky aut. env. - 4.8 people / sq. km, which indicates significant imbalances in the population density of different regions of the UER.
Since 1993, an unfavorable situation with the natural movement of the population has been developing in the region: the number of deaths begins to exceed the number of births, and, consequently, a natural population decline occurs in the UER.
Again, in different areas of the UER, the situation with the natural movement of the population is different. So in Bashkortostan in 1996, the natural increase in population loss per 1000 inhabitants was - 1.2; in Udmurtia - 3.8; in the Kurgan region - 5.5; in the Orenburg region - 3.4; in the Perm region - 5.5; in the Komi-Permyatsky auth. env. - 4.9; in the Sverdlovsk region - 6.5; in the Chelyabinsk region - 5.1. Thus, the UER is currently characterized by a narrowed type of reproduction.
Table 5. Indicators of mechanical movement of the population of regions and republics of the UER in 2005 (people per 1000 inhabitants)
| Entry | Departure | Balance | |
| Bashkortostan | 29,6 | 23,8 | 5,8 |
| Udmurtia | 24,9 | 21,6 | 3,2 |
| Kurgan region | 33,7 | 32,2 | 1,5 |
| Orenburg region | 31,6 | 25,4 | 6,2 |
| Perm region | 25,1 | 23,4 | 1,8 |
| Sverdlovsk region. | 28,5 | 25,0 | 3,5 |
| Chelyabinsk region | 26,9 | 24,1 | 2,8 |
If, in general, characterize the situation with the mechanical movement of the UER population in 2005, it should be noted that the number of those who arrived in the region and republics of the region exceeded the number of those who left them. The positive balance of migration made it possible not only to cover the negative balance of natural movement in the UER, but also due to it in 2005 the population increased by 70 thousand people.
Thus, the Ural region has all the signs of urbanization: there is an influx of population from the village to the city; concentration of the population in large cities; pendulum migration; the emergence of agglomerations. This allows us to conclude that the Ural region is urbanized.
6. Features of the Ural urbanization
Ural urbanization is characterized by at least three features:
· It develops on the basis of a mountain-fold belt formed in the Paleozoic as a result of the complete Wilson cycle (rifting → spreading → subduction → collision). In the Mesozoic, young mountains were destroyed, their ancient roots were exposed by the erosion-denudation surfaces of the alignment, and the products of destruction were accumulated on the outskirts of the Russian platform and the West Siberian plate. Urbanization, which began in the Urals about four centuries ago, is now the most powerful modern process transforming the Paleozoic mountain-fold belt.
· Ural urbanization is ethnically typomorphic: in time and in essence, it coincides with the Russian colonization of the Urals, which began in the 15th century.
· The late industrial stage of the Ural urbanization is characterized by a paradoxical combination of modern powerful energy and technological potential and a rudimentary orientation towards the extraction of mineral matter, which predetermines the stable geomorphism of the Urals urbanization process.
The geological structure of the Urals is asymmetric. The Main Ural Deep Fault serves as a kind of asymmetry surface, dividing the Urals into paleocontinental (western) and paleooceanic (eastern) sectors (Fig. 4).
In general, the cities of the Urals, according to the genetic nature of the lithogenic base, can be subdivided into the following groups:
The cities of the Urals and Trans-Urals: they develop within the platform outskirts, the structure of which is determined by two structural floors. In the case of the Russian Platform, the first structural stage is the Proterozoic, crystalline (metamorphic and magmatic) basement, and the second is the Phanerozoic (Pz + Mz + Kz) cover of horizontally deposited sedimentary rocks. The first structural stage of the West Siberian Plate is composed of dislocated Paleozoic complexes, and the cover is composed of sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.
The cities of the Paleocontinental sector of the Mountainous Urals transform the mineral matter of the ancient basement of the eastern edge of the Russian platform, involved in the Uralian deformations.
The cities of the Paleocenic sector of the Mountainous Urals transform igneous and sedimentary complexes - the heritage of the Ural Paleozoic ocean. In fact, these are, in the geological sense, the Ural cities.
The difference in the processes of urbanization of these geostructural zones of the Urals is also manifested in the degree in the nature of the relationship between surface and ground waters.
The cities of the Mountainous Urals are developing in the conditions of open hydrogeological systems. Here, the links between surface and groundwater are simple and effective, therefore, the transformation of surface water during urbanization is directly reflected in the underground hydrosphere. The cities of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals are developing in conditions of closed hydrogeological systems and groundwater resources are better protected here from technogenic impact (Fig. 5).
Russian colonization, with which urbanization is associated, was refracted in the fundamental asymmetry of the geological structure of the Urals. Starting in the Northern Cis-Urals, urbanization spread first to the Trans-Urals, and then to cover the Mountainous Middle and Southern Urals. Ancient and ancient mining centers, known since the era of copper and iron, determined the geography of Peter's factories and cities. Ural urbanization, initially hydromorphic, due to the powerful impulses of Peter's and Stalinist industrialization, acquired geomorphic features: the location of the Ural cities obeys the symmetry of the geological space, the structure of the Ural mountain-fold belt, its mineragenic zoning.
Fig. 5. Hydrogeological aspects of urbanization
A - open hydrogeological systems (Gorny Ural)
B - closed hydrogeological systems (western edge of the West Siberian plate).
Aquifers:
B1 - modern alluvium;
B2 - buried alluvium;
B3 - aquifers with a recharge area in zone A;
B4 - fresh water protected from degradation;
B5 - mineralized and salty waters.
The sequence of transformation of water resources due to urbanization:
A® A1® B1® B2® B3® B4® B5
